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Lv J, Ding S, Zhang L, Xu D, Zhang Y, Sun M, Ge Y, Li J. Low temperature delays degreening of apple fruit by inhibiting pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO) pathway and chlorophyll oxidation during ripening. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14173. [PMID: 35383957 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low temperature (LT) on chlorophyll (Chl) degradation in peel of apple fruit during ripening were investigated. Apples collected at commercial maturity were stored at 4 ± 0.5°C. Our data indicated that LT treatment reduced respiration rate and ethylene production and slowed down softening of apple fruit during ripening. The LT treatment delayed increase in L*, a*, and b* values and decrease in Chl content compared with controls. The LT treatment reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and decelerated superoxide anion (O2 ·- ) production rate in chloroplast of peel compared with controls during ripening. The LT treatment differentially reduced activities of pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase (PPH), Mg-dechelatase (MDcase), chlorophyll-degrading peroxidase (Chl-POX), and Chl oxidase, while enhanced SOD activity in chloroplast of peel during ripening. Expression levels of MdHCARa, MdNYC1, MdNYC3, MdNYE1, MdRCCR2, MdPPH1, MdPAO6, MdPAO8, and MdNOL2 in peel were differentially reduced by LT treatment during ripening. Our results indicated that LT treatment might delay Chl degradation through inhibiting PAO pathway and Chl oxidation during ripening of apple fruit. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The LT is a common practice used to extend storage life of apple fruit. Degreening caused by Chl degradation is an integral part of fruit ripening, and elucidating its mechanism is an important subject for fruit quality maintenance. Our data indicated that LT delayed degreening of apple fruit by inhibiting PAO pathway and Chl oxidation during ripening. These results will provide useful information for clarifying molecular mechanisms of LT in regulation of degreening and also for quality maintenance of apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Siyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Inspection and Testing Certification Center, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Dongle Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Yingzhi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Mingyu Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Yonghong Ge
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, PR China
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Wang G, Peng M, Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhu S. Preharvest Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment Delays Leaf Senescence of Chinese Flowering Cabbage During Storage by Reducing Water Loss and Activating Antioxidant Defense System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856646. [PMID: 35432398 PMCID: PMC9009452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf yellowing, an indicator of senescence, reduces commercial value of Chinese flowering cabbage after harvest. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a dual role in mediating plant stress responses, but it is not clear whether and how it affects leaf senescence when exogenously stimulating the plants before harvest. Here, we found that preharvest application with low concentrations of H2O2 to root delays leaf senescence. Around 10 mM H2O2 reduced leaf yellowing rate by 8.2 and 26.4% relative to the control following 4 and 8 days storage, respectively. The H2O2-treated cabbages showed higher chlorophyll and lower relative expression of senescence-associated gene (SAG) BrSAG12 than the control. Proteomic analysis revealed 118 and 204 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in H2O2-treated plants at 4 and 8 days of storage, respectively. The main DEPs are involved in chlorophyll degradation and synthesis, water deprivation, antioxidant activity, and protections on chloroplast membranes. Decline of water loss in H2O2-treated cabbages was coincide with increase of proline contents and modulation of leaf stomatal aperture. Alleviation of oxidative stress was indicated by suppression of respiratory burst oxidase homolog and upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging-related genes. These results were also supported by the alleviation of lipid peroxidation and the protections on cell integrity and photochemical efficiency in H2O2-treated group. Collectively, preharvest H2O2 treatment alleviates water loss and activates antioxidant defense system, protects chloroplast membrane from oxidative damage, and ultimately delays leaf senescence during storage. This study provides novel insights into the roles of H2O2 for regulating leaf senescence of Chinese flowering cabbage.
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Wu C, Corrigan N, Lim CH, Liu W, Miyake G, Boyer C. Rational Design of Photocatalysts for Controlled Polymerization: Effect of Structures on Photocatalytic Activities. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5476-5518. [PMID: 34982536 PMCID: PMC9815102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of photocatalysts (PCs) in controlled polymerization has brought new opportunities in sophisticated macromolecular synthesis. However, the selection of PCs in these systems has been typically based on laborious trial-and-error strategies. To tackle this limitation, computer-guided rational design of PCs based on knowledge of structure-property-performance relationships has emerged. These rational strategies provide rapid and economic methodologies for tuning the performance and functionality of a polymerization system, thus providing further opportunities for polymer science. This review provides an overview of PCs employed in photocontrolled polymerization systems and summarizes their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art. Background theories on electronic transitions are also introduced to establish the structure-property-performance relationships from a perspective of quantum chemistry. Typical examples for each type of structure-property relationships are then presented to enlighten future design of PCs for photocontrolled polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | | | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- New Iridium Incorporated, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Garret Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Wong DCJ, Perkins J, Peakall R. Anthocyanin and Flavonol Glycoside Metabolic Pathways Underpin Floral Color Mimicry and Contrast in a Sexually Deceptive Orchid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860997. [PMID: 35401591 PMCID: PMC8983864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive plants secure pollination by luring specific male insects as pollinators using a combination of olfactory, visual, and morphological mimicry. Flower color is a key component to this attraction, but its chemical and genetic basis remains poorly understood. Chiloglottis trapeziformis is a sexually deceptive orchid which has predominantly dull green-red flowers except for the central black callus projecting from the labellum lamina. The callus mimics the female of the pollinator and the stark color contrast between the black callus and dull green or red lamina is thought to enhance the visibility of the mimic. The goal of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and genetic regulation of temporal and spatial color patterns leading to visual mimicry, by integrating targeted metabolite profiling and transcriptomic analysis. Even at the very young bud stage, high levels of anthocyanins were detected in the dark callus, with peak accumulation by the mature bud stage. In contrast, anthocyanin levels in the lamina peaked as the buds opened and became reddish-green. Coordinated upregulation of multiple genes, including dihydroflavonol reductase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, and the downregulation of flavonol synthase genes (FLS) in the callus at the very young bud stage underpins the initial high anthocyanin levels. Conversely, within the lamina, upregulated FLS genes promote flavonol glycoside over anthocyanin production, with the downstream upregulation of flavonoid O-methyltransferase genes further contributing to the accumulation of methylated flavonol glycosides, whose levels peaked in the mature bud stage. Finally, the peak anthocyanin content of the reddish-green lamina of the open flower is underpinned by small increases in gene expression levels and/or differential upregulation in the lamina in select anthocyanin genes while FLS patterns showed little change. Differential expression of candidate genes involved in specific transport, vacuolar acidification, and photosynthetic pathways may also assist in maintaining the distinct callus and contrasting lamina color from the earliest bud stage through to the mature flower. Our findings highlight that flower color in this sexually deceptive orchid is achieved by complex tissue-specific coordinated regulation of genes and biochemical pathways across multiple developmental stages.
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55
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Arzac MI, Fernández-Marín B, García-Plazaola JI. More than just lipid balls: quantitative analysis of plastoglobule attributes and their stress-related responses. PLANTA 2022; 255:62. [PMID: 35141783 PMCID: PMC8828631 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastoglobules are ubiquitous under non-stress conditions and their morphology, closely related to their composition, changes differently depending on the specific stress that the plant undergoes. Plastoglobules are lipoprotein structures attached to thylakoid membranes, which participate in chloroplast metabolism and stress responses. Their structure contains a coating lipid monolayer and a hydrophobic core that differ in composition. Their function in chloroplasts has been studied focussing on their composition. However, we currently lack a comprehensive study that quantitatively evaluates the occurrence and morphology of plastoglobules. Following a literature search strategy, we quantified the main morphological attributes of plastoglobules from photosynthetic chloroplasts of more than 1000 TEM images published over the last 53 years, covering more than 100 taxa and 15 stress types. The analysis shows that plastoglobules under non-stress conditions are spherical, with an average diameter of 100-200 nm and cover less than 3% of the chloroplast cross-section area. This percentage rises under almost every type of stress, particularly in senescence. Interestingly, an apparent trade-off between increasing either the number or the diameter of plastoglobules governs this response. Our results show that plastoglobules are ubiquitous in chloroplasts of higher plants under non-stress conditions. Besides, provided the specific molecular composition of the core and coat of plastoglobules, we conclude that specific stress-related variation in plastoglobules attributes may allow inferring precise responses of the chloroplast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren I. Arzac
- Department Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - José I. García-Plazaola
- Department Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Wang C, Ding Y, Wang W, Zhao X, Liu Y, Timko MP, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Insights into Gene Regulation of Jasmonate-Induced Whole-Plant Senescence of Tobacco under Non-Starvation Conditions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:45-56. [PMID: 34523687 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate (JA)-induced plant senescence has been mainly studied with a dark/starvation-promoted system using detached leaves; yet, the induction of whole-plant senescence by JA remains largely unclear. This work reports the finding of a JA-induced whole-plant senescence of tobacco under light/non-starvation conditions and the investigation of underlying regulations. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment induces the whole-plant senescence of tobacco in a light-intensity-dependent manner, which is suppressed by silencing of NtCOI1 that encodes the receptor protein of JA-Ile (the bioactive derivative of JA). MeJA treatment could induce the senescence-specific cysteine protease gene SAG12 and another cysteine protease gene SAG-L1 to high expression levels in the detached leaf patches under dark conditions but failed to induce their expression in tobacco whole plants under light conditions. Furthermore, MeJA attenuates the RuBisCo activase (RCA) level in the detached leaves but has no effect on this protein in the whole plant under light conditions. A genome-wide transcriptional assay also supports the presence of a differential regulatory pattern of senescence-related genes during MeJA-induced whole-plant senescence under non-starvation conditions and results in the finding of a chlorophylase activity increase in this process. We also observed that the MeJA-induced senescence of tobacco whole plants is reversible, which is accompanied by a structural change of chloroplasts. This work provides novel insights into JA-induced plant senescence under non-starvation conditions and is helpful to dissect the JA-synchronized process of whole-plant senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunkai Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Fourth Keyuan Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yongqiang Ding
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Fourth Keyuan Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Fourth Keyuan Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Fourth Keyuan Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Fourth Keyuan Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Fourth Keyuan Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Fourth Keyuan Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
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57
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Zhu F, Alseekh S, Koper K, Tong H, Nikoloski Z, Naake T, Liu H, Yan J, Brotman Y, Wen W, Maeda H, Cheng Y, Fernie AR. Genome-wide association of the metabolic shifts underpinning dark-induced senescence in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:557-578. [PMID: 34623442 PMCID: PMC8774053 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dark-induced senescence provokes profound metabolic shifts to recycle nutrients and to guarantee plant survival. To date, research on these processes has largely focused on characterizing mutants deficient in individual pathways. Here, we adopted a time-resolved genome-wide association-based approach to characterize dark-induced senescence by evaluating the photochemical efficiency and content of primary and lipid metabolites at the beginning, or after 3 or 6 days in darkness. We discovered six patterns of metabolic shifts and identified 215 associations with 81 candidate genes being involved in this process. Among these associations, we validated the roles of four genes associated with glycine, galactinol, threonine, and ornithine levels. We also demonstrated the function of threonine and galactinol catabolism during dark-induced senescence. Intriguingly, we determined that the association between tyrosine contents and TYROSINE AMINOTRANSFERASE 1 influences enzyme activity of the encoded protein and transcriptional activity of the gene under normal and dark conditions, respectively. Moreover, the single-nucleotide polymorphisms affecting the expression of THREONINE ALDOLASE 1 and the amino acid transporter gene AVT1B, respectively, only underlie the variation in threonine and glycine levels in the dark. Taken together, these results allow us to present a very detailed model of the metabolic aspects of dark-induced senescence, as well as the process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Kaan Koper
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Hao Tong
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Thomas Naake
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Haijun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Weiwei Wen
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Lei S, yuane Z, Yuting C, Lu C, Kang C, Fu C. Effects of different processing methods on the chlorophyll structure in kiwifruit. Food Funct 2022; 13:2109-2119. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kiwifruit puree was treated with high and normal temperature withal pressure as independent variables to determinate the structural changes of chlorophyll derivatives. Two groups of colored elution samples were identified...
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59
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ELAM E, LV YM, WANG W, THAKUR K, MA WP, NI ZJ, WEI ZJ. Effects of nitric oxide on postharvest storage quality of Lycium barbarum fruit. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.84122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kiran THAKUR
- North Minzu University, China; Hefei University of Technology, China
| | | | | | - Zhao-Jun WEI
- North Minzu University, China; Hefei University of Technology, China
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60
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Bhakta S, Negi S, Tak H, Singh S, Ganapathi TR. MusaATAF2 like protein, a stress-related transcription factor, induces leaf senescence by regulating chlorophyll catabolism and H 2 O 2 accumulation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13593. [PMID: 34761415 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NAC transcription factors are known for their diverse role in plants. In this study, we have demonstrated the role of MusaATAF2, a banana NAC transcription factor, in leaf senescence. Its expression gets strongly up-regulated during the early stress responses of drought and high salinity exposure and down-regulated under ABA application, which suggests MusaATAF2 is a stress-related NAC transcription factor. To study the role of MusaATAF2 in banana, we have transformed the banana embryogenic cells with MusaATAF2 coding region and generated transgenic banana plants. Overexpression of MusaATAF2 in banana plants caused yellow leaf phenotype under control condition, suggesting its role as a senescence-associated transcription factor. Transgenic banana leaves exhibited low chlorophyll content and high H2 O2 accumulation. Hormone analysis of the leaves demonstrated a higher accumulation of ABA in the transgenic plants than the controls. Transgenic plants overexpressing MusaATAF2 have a higher transcript abundance of two chlorophyll catabolic pathway genes (PAO and HCAR) and lower transcript abundance of ROS scavenging enzymes (TDP, THIO, CAT, APX, and PRXDN) than control. Together, all these analyses indicate that MusaATAF2 induces senescence by inducing chlorophyll degradation and H2 O2 accumulation in banana plants and controls its own expression using an ABA-dependent feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Bhakta
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjana Negi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Himanshu Tak
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudhir Singh
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Plant Biotechnology & Secondary Metabolites Section, Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Thumbali R Ganapathi
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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61
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Zhang L, Zhang C, Xu R, Yu W, Liu J. A strategy for promoting carbon flux into fatty acid and astaxanthin biosynthesis by inhibiting the alternative oxidase respiratory pathway in Haematococcus pluvialis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126275. [PMID: 34748980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the mechanisms for facilitating fatty acid and astaxanthin biosynthesis-related processes by inhibiting the alternative oxidase (AOX) respiratory pathway in Haematococcus pluvialis was investigated. The restriction of the AOX pathway induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, NAD(P)H and its substrates (acetyl-CoA, pyruvate and glyceraldehy-3-phosphate), which are required for fatty acid and astaxanthin production, thereby promoting the carbon flux into fatty acid and astaxanthin biosynthesis. During a 9-day incubation period, the fatty acid and astaxanthin contents increased by 20.6% and 20.7%, respectively, when the AOX pathway was inhibited approximately 37.7%. The AOX pathway may be inhibited by nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removal, inhibitor addition and air/CO2 aeration adjustments in the large-scale cultivation of H. pluvialis. Therefore, the current study provides a useful enhancement strategy for fatty acid and astaxanthin coproduction and elucidates the roles of the AOX pathway in regulating fatty acid and astaxanthin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Ran Xu
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Shandong Engineering Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Edible microalgae, Qingdao Langyatai Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266400, PR China.
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Lv YM, Elnur E, Wang W, Thakur K, Du J, Li HN, Ma WP, Liu YQ, Ni ZJ, Wei ZJ. Hydrogen sulfide treatment increases the antioxidant capacity of fresh Lingwu Long Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba cv. Mill) fruit during storage. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:949-957. [PMID: 35677650 PMCID: PMC9168060 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified as an important gaseous signal molecule in plants. Here, we investigated the effects of H2S on postharvest senescence and antioxidant metabolism of Lingwu Long Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba cv. Mill) fruits (LLJF). Fumigation of Jujube fruits with H2S released from 0.4 mm NaHS could significantly prolong the postharvest shelf life of jujube fruits, reduce the decay rate of fruit, the weight loss of fruit, and inhibit the fruit loss, hardness, color, soluble solids, and titratable acidity. Compared with the control group, exogenous H2S fumigation significantly decreased the loss of chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble protein, ascorbic acid, phenols, and flavonoids in jujube fruits during post-harvest storage. At the same time, H2S could significantly delay the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2∙−) and promote catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) activity, and inhibit polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. To summarize, H2S can effectively alleviate postharvest senescence and decay of jujube fruits by regulating the ROS accumulation and antioxidant enzymes, and prolong the storage period of postharvest. H2S treatment could significantly prolong the postharvest shelf life of jujube fruits. H2S could significantly delay the accumulation of MDA, H2O2 and O2∙− during storage of jujube fruits. H2S treatment promote CAT, SOD, APX, POD activity, and inhibit PPO activity during storage of jujube fruits. Provides a new method for storage of post-harvest jujube fruits.
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63
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Light Spectrum Variably Affects the Acclimatization of Grafted Watermelon Seedlings While Maintaining Fruit Quality. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In many countries of Europe and Eastern Asia, watermelon production is mainly based on the use of grafted seedlings. Upon grafting, seedlings undergo a period of healing where artificial lighting is provided by light-emitting diodes in controlled chambers in order to accelerate and improve the healing process. The objective of our study was to test the effect of light quality on the final product (i.e., seedlings ready for transplanting) in the nursery, as well as to evaluate the possible implications on fruit quality after field cultivation. Narrow-band blue (B) and red (R) wavelengths, 64–36% R-B (36B), 76–24% R-B (24B), 88–12% R-B (12B), and 83–12% R-B plus 5% far-red (12B+FR) wavelengths were tested. 12B+FR enhanced the root dry weight, root architecture, and maximum photosynthetic rate, while RB combinations generally showed better root system development with increased blue portion. R light induced inferior root dry weight and quality indices (root/shoot and shoot–dry–weight/length ratios), lower gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll content, but high shoot length and leaf area. B light led to inferior root architecture, lower stem diameter, leaf area, and maximum photosynthetic rate. Both R and B wavelengths showed decreased concentration of macronutrients and trace elements. After field cultivation, fruit quality (i.e., morphology and color), and valuable nutritive characteristics (i.e., phenolics, carotenoids, lycopene, antioxidants) maintained high quality irrespective of light treatments. Overall, 12B+FR performed well in almost all qualitative parameters including the morphology, the root development, and photosynthesis, while also maintaining high fruit quality.
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Hu X, Khan I, Jiao Q, Zada A, Jia T. Chlorophyllase, a Common Plant Hydrolase Enzyme with a Long History, Is Still a Puzzle. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121871. [PMID: 34946820 PMCID: PMC8702186 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyllase (Chlase, CLH) is one of the earliest discovered enzymes present in plants and green algae. It was long considered to be the first enzyme involved in chlorophyll (Chl) degradation, while strong evidence showed that it is not involved in Chl breakdown during leaf senescence. On the other hand, it is possible that CLH is involved in Chl breakdown during fruit ripening. Recently, it was discovered that Arabidopsis CLH1 is located in developing chloroplasts but not in mature chloroplasts, and it plays a role in protecting young leaves from long-term photodamage by catalysing Chl turnover in the photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle. However, there remain other important questions related to CLH. In this article, we briefly reviewed the research progress on CLH and listed the main unanswered questions related to CLH for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Hu
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (Q.J.)
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Imran Khan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Qingsong Jiao
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (Q.J.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ahmad Zada
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ting Jia
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (Q.J.)
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Damoo DY, Durnford DG. Long-term survival of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during conditional senescence. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5333-5344. [PMID: 34383108 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii undergoes conditional senescence when grown in batch culture due to nutrient limitation. Here, we explored plastid and photo-physiological adaptations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during a long-term ageing experiment by methodically sampling them over 22 weeks. Following exponential growth, Chlamydomonas entered an extended declining growth phase where cells continued to divide, although at a lower rate. Ultimately, this ongoing division was fueled by the recycling of macromolecules that was obvious in the rapidly declining protein and chlorophyll content in the cell during this phase. This process was sufficient to maintain a high level of cell viability as the culture entered stationary phase. Beyond that the cell viability starts to plummet. During the turnover of macromolecules after exponential growth that saw RuBisCO levels drop, the LHCII antenna was relatively stable. This, along with the upregulation of the light stress-related proteins (LHCSR), contributes to an efficient energy dissipation mechanism to protect the ageing cells from photooxidative stress during the senescence process. Ultimately, viability dropped to about 7% at 22 weeks in a batch culture. We anticipate that this research will help further understand the various acclimation strategies carried out by Chlamydomonas to maximize survival under conditional senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djihane Yushrina Damoo
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dion G Durnford
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Yu Q, Hua X, Yao H, Zhang Q, He J, Peng L, Li D, Yang Y, Li X. Abscisic acid receptors are involves in the Jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1948243. [PMID: 34224307 PMCID: PMC8331031 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1948243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones jasmonates (JAs) act as important molecules of elicitors for the chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis. JAs do usually not act independently but integrate in complex networks linking to other hormonal signaling transduction. Here, the crosstalk was detected between the JAs (jasmonic acid) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways in the mediation of chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this study, we found that the ABA receptor mutants, pyr1pyl1pyl2pyl4 (1124) and pyr1pyl1ply2pyl4pyl5pyl8 (112458) showed less level of chlorophyll and anthocyanin than the wild-type plants, while gain-of-function of RCAR13 transgenic lines inhibited chlorophyll degradation and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation after MeJA treatment. The amidohydrolases, including ILL6 and IAR3 and cytochrome P450 (CYP94B3), encoding JA-Ile catabolism were markedly depressed by ABA receptors. While transcripts of the enzymes for activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were analyzed, the results indicating that JA biosynthetic genes, including allene oxide synthase (AOS), LOX3 and LOX4 were enhanced by the link of JAs and ABA receptors. Moreover, the ABA receptors are also involved in JAs signal transduction through the regulation of COI, JAZ and MYC2 transcripts. These findings elucidate a connection between a core component of the ABA signaling pathway and JA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Hua
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan University Jinjiang College, School of Liquor-making Engineering, Meishan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kanojia A, Shrestha DK, Dijkwel PP. Primary metabolic processes as drivers of leaf ageing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6351-6364. [PMID: 34279698 PMCID: PMC8558203 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ageing in plants is a highly coordinated and complex process that starts with the birth of the plant or plant organ and ends with its death. A vivid manifestation of the final stage of leaf ageing is exemplified by the autumn colours of deciduous trees. Over the past decades, technological advances have allowed plant ageing to be studied on a systems biology level, by means of multi-omics approaches. Here, we review some of these studies and argue that these provide strong support for basic metabolic processes as drivers for ageing. In particular, core cellular processes that control the metabolism of chlorophyll, amino acids, sugars, DNA and reactive oxygen species correlate with leaf ageing. However, while multi-omics studies excel at identifying correlative processes and pathways, molecular genetic approaches can provide proof that such processes and pathways control ageing, by means of knock-out and ectopic expression of predicted regulatory genes. Therefore, we also review historic and current molecular evidence to directly test the hypotheses unveiled by the systems biology approaches. We found that the molecular genetic approaches, by and large, confirm the multi-omics-derived hypotheses with notable exceptions, where there is scant evidence that chlorophyll and DNA metabolism are important drivers of leaf ageing. We present a model that summarises the core cellular processes that drive leaf ageing and propose that developmental processes are tightly linked to primary metabolism to inevitably lead to ageing and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakansha Kanojia
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski 139 Blvd., Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Deny K Shrestha
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul P Dijkwel
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Nakano Y, Mitsuda N, Ide K, Mori T, Mira FR, Rosmalawati S, Watanabe N, Suzuki K. Transcriptome analysis of Pará rubber tree (H. brasiliensis) seedlings under ethylene stimulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:420. [PMID: 34517831 PMCID: PMC8436496 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyioprene, NR) is an indispensable industrial raw material obtained from the Pará rubber tree (H. brasiliensis). Natural rubber cannot be replaced by synthetic rubber compounds because of the superior resilience, elasticity, abrasion resistance, efficient heat dispersion, and impact resistance of NR. In NR production, latex is harvested by periodical tapping of the trunk bark. Ethylene enhances and prolongs latex flow and latex regeneration. Ethephon, which is an ethylene-releasing compound, applied to the trunk before tapping usually results in a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in latex yield. However, intense mechanical damage to bark tissues by excessive tapping and/or over-stimulation with ethephon induces severe oxidative stress in laticifer cells, which often causes tapping panel dryness (TPD) syndrome. To enhance NR production without causing TPD, an improved understanding of the molecular mechanism of the ethylene response in the Pará rubber tree is required. Therefore, we investigated gene expression in response to ethephon treatment using Pará rubber tree seedlings as a model system. RESULTS After ethephon treatment, 3270 genes showed significant differences in expression compared with the mock treatment. Genes associated with carotenoids, flavonoids, and abscisic acid biosynthesis were significantly upregulated by ethephon treatment, which might contribute to an increase in latex flow. Genes associated with secondary cell wall formation were downregulated, which might be because of the reduced sugar supply. Given that sucrose is an important molecule for NR production, a trade-off may arise between NR production and cell wall formation for plant growth and for wound healing at the tapping panel. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic changes in gene expression occur specifically in response to ethephon treatment. Certain genes identified may potentially contribute to latex production or TPD suppression. These data provide valuable information to understand the mechanism of ethylene stimulation, and will contribute to improved management practices and/or molecular breeding to attain higher yields of latex from Pará rubber trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kohei Ide
- Bridgestone Corporation, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8531, Japan
| | - Teppei Mori
- Bridgestone Corporation, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8531, Japan
| | - Farida Rosana Mira
- Laboratory for Biotechnology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Build. 630, Puspiptek area, Serpong, Tangerang, Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Syofi Rosmalawati
- Laboratory for Biotechnology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Build. 630, Puspiptek area, Serpong, Tangerang, Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Norie Watanabe
- Bridgestone Corporation, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8531, Japan
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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Boonsiriwit A, Lee M, Kim M, Itkor P, Lee YS. Exogenous Melatonin Reduces Lignification and Retains Quality of Green Asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.). Foods 2021; 10:foods10092111. [PMID: 34574221 PMCID: PMC8472629 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is highly perishable because of its high respiration rate, which continues after harvesting and leads to weight loss, increased hardness, color change, and limited shelf life. Melatonin is an indoleamine that plays an important role in abiotic stress. This study was designed to investigate the effects of melatonin on the quality attributes of green asparagus during cold storage. Green asparagus was soaked in a melatonin solution (50, 100, and 200 μM) for 30 min and then stored at 4 °C under 90% relative humidity for 25 days. The results indicated that melatonin treatment delayed the post-harvest senescence of asparagus and maintained high chlorophyll and vitamin C levels. Melatonin treatment hindered phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase activities and reduced lignin content, thereby delaying the increase in firmness. Moreover, melatonin treatment enhanced catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, leading to reduced hydrogen peroxide content. These results indicate that melatonin treatment can be used to maintain the post-harvest quality and prolong the shelf life of green asparagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athip Boonsiriwit
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea; (A.B.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (P.I.)
- Rattanakosin International College of Creative Entrepreneurship (RICE), Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Myungho Lee
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea; (A.B.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (P.I.)
| | - Minhwi Kim
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea; (A.B.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (P.I.)
| | - Pontree Itkor
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea; (A.B.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (P.I.)
| | - Youn Suk Lee
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea; (A.B.); (M.L.); (M.K.); (P.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-760-2395
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Cheng J, Ke J, Hou X, Li S, Luo Q, Shen G, Wu H, Li M, Liu X, Chen A, Zhang Z. Changes in qualities of dried Zanthoxylum armatum DC. at different storage methods. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu W, Chen G, Chen J, Jahan MS, Guo S, Wang Y, Sun J. Overexpression of 7-hydroxymethyl Chlorophyll a Reductase from Cucumber in Tobacco Accelerates Dark-Induced Chlorophyll Degradation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10091820. [PMID: 34579353 PMCID: PMC8465020 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll (Chl) a reductase (HCAR) plays critical roles in the Chl cycle and degradation during leaf senescence, however, its function in horticultural crops remains unknown. Here, we identified an HCAR gene (CsHCAR) from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and investigated its roles in response to dark-induced Chl degradation. CsHCAR encoded 459 amino acids, which were orthologous to Arabidopsis HCAR, had the conserved domains, and localized in the chloroplast. Gene expression analysis showed that CsHCAR expression was the highest in senescent leaves and was responsive to different stresses and phytohormone treatments. Overexpression of CsHCAR in tobacco accelerated dark-induced Chl degradation through enhancing the expression of Chl catabolic genes. After 10 d of darkness treatment, the biomass of CsHCAR overexpression plants was reduced. Furthermore, the value of net photosynthetic rate, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, and effective quantum yield of photosystem II in CsHCAR overexpression plants was significantly reduced in comparison to that in wild-type (WT) plants. The photosynthetic protein content, including Lhcb1, Lhcb2, Lhcb4, RbcS, and RbcL in CsHCAR overexpression plants exhibited a lower level as compared to that observed in WT plants. In addition, the expression of genes encoding these proteins in CsHCAR overexpression plants was significantly lower than that in WT plants. Moreover, CsHCAR overexpression plants inhibited the dark-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results indicate that CsHCAR affects the stability of photosynthetic proteins in chloroplasts, positively regulates Chl degradation, and plays an important role in maintaining ROS homeostasis in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yu Wang
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Jin Sun
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.S.)
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Zeng C, Jia T, Gu T, Su J, Hu X. Progress in Research on the Mechanisms Underlying Chloroplast-Involved Heat Tolerance in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091343. [PMID: 34573325 PMCID: PMC8471720 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming is a serious challenge plant production has to face. Heat stress not only affects plant growth and development but also reduces crop yield and quality. Studying the response mechanisms of plants to heat stress will help humans use these mechanisms to improve the heat tolerance of plants, thereby reducing the harm of global warming to plant production. Research on plant heat tolerance has gradually become a hotspot in plant molecular biology research in recent years. In view of the special role of chloroplasts in the response to heat stress in plants, this review is focusing on three perspectives related to chloroplasts and their function in the response of heat stress in plants: the role of chloroplasts in sensing high temperatures, the transmission of heat signals, and the improvement of heat tolerance in plants. We also present our views on the future direction of research on chloroplast related heat tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Zeng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.Z.); (T.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Ting Jia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tongyu Gu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.Z.); (T.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jinling Su
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.Z.); (T.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Xueyun Hu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.Z.); (T.G.); (J.S.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Zheng XT, Yu ZC, Tang JW, Cai ML, Chen YL, Yang CW, Chow WS, Peng CL. The major photoprotective role of anthocyanins in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana under long-term high light treatment: antioxidant or light attenuator? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:25-40. [PMID: 32462454 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments in plants known for their photoprotective role against photoinhibitory and photooxidative damage under high light (HL). However, it remains unclear whether light-shielding or antioxidant activity plays a major role in the photoprotection exerted by anthocyanins under HL stress. To shed light on this question, we analyzed the physiological and biochemical responses to HL of three Arabidopsis thaliana lines (Col, chi, ans) with different light absorption and antioxidant characteristics. Under HL, ans had the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by Col, and finally chi; Col had the strongest light attenuation capacity, followed by chi, and finally ans. The line ans had weaker physiological activity of chloroplasts and more severe oxidative damage than chi after HL treatment. Col with highest photoprotection of light absorption capacity had highest resistance to HL among the three lines. The line ans with high antioxidant capacity could not compensate for its disadvantages in HL caused by the absence of the light-shielding function of anthocyanins. In addition, the expression level of the Anthocyanin Synthase (ANS) gene was most upregulated after HL treatment, suggesting that the conversion of colorless into colored anthocyanin precursors was necessary under HL. The contribution of anthocyanins to flavonoids, phenols, and antioxidant capacity increased in the late period of HL, suggesting that plants prefer to synthesize red anthocyanins (a group of colored antioxidants) over other colorless antioxidants to cope with HL. These experimental observations indicate that the light attenuation role of anthocyanins is more important than their antioxidant role in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Chao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Wei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Ling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
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Fraga OT, de Melo BP, Quadros IPS, Reis PAB, Fontes EPB. Senescence-Associated Glycine max ( Gm) NAC Genes: Integration of Natural and Stress-Induced Leaf Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8287. [PMID: 34361053 PMCID: PMC8348617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a genetically regulated developmental process that can be triggered by a variety of internal and external signals, including hormones and environmental stimuli. Among the senescence-associated genes controlling leaf senescence, the transcriptional factors (TFs) comprise a functional class that is highly active at the onset and during the progression of leaf senescence. The plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) TFs are essential for controlling leaf senescence. Several members of Arabidopsis AtNAC-SAGs are well characterized as players in elucidated regulatory networks. However, only a few soybean members of this class display well-known functions; knowledge about their regulatory circuits is still rudimentary. Here, we describe the expression profile of soybean GmNAC-SAGs upregulated by natural senescence and their functional correlation with putative AtNAC-SAGs orthologs. The mechanisms and the regulatory gene networks underlying GmNAC081- and GmNAC030-positive regulation in leaf senescence are discussed. Furthermore, new insights into the role of GmNAC065 as a negative senescence regulator are presented, demonstrating extraordinary functional conservation with the Arabidopsis counterpart. Finally, we describe a regulatory circuit which integrates a stress-induced cell death program with developmental leaf senescence via the NRP-NAC-VPE signaling module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Teixeira Fraga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, INCTIPP–BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes de Melo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília 70770.917, DF, Brazil
| | - Iana Pedro Silva Quadros
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, INCTIPP–BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Braga Reis
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, INCTIPP–BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Pacheco Batista Fontes
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, INCTIPP–BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Wu S, Chen Y, Yu D, Chen L. AtWRKY75 positively regulates age-triggered leaf senescence through gibberellin pathway. PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:331-340. [PMID: 34485776 PMCID: PMC8390916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors play essential roles during leaf senescence. However, the mechanisms by which they regulate this process remains largely unknown. Here, we identified the transcription factor WRKY75 as a positive regulator during leaf senescence. Mutations of WRKY75 caused a delay in age-triggered leaf senescence, whereas overexpression of WRKY75 markedly accelerated this process. Expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) was suppressed in WRKY75 mutants but increased in WRKY75-overexpressing plants. Further analysis demonstrated that WRKY75 directly associates with the promoters of SAG12 and SAG29, to activate their expression. Conversely, GAI and RGL1, two DELLA proteins, can suppress the WRKY75-mediated activation, thereby attenuating SAG expression during leaf senescence. Genetic analyses showed that GAI gain-of-function or RGL1 overexpression can partially rescue the accelerated senescence phenotype caused by WRKY75 overexpression. Furthermore, WRKY75 can positively regulate WRKY45 expression during leaf senescence. Our data thus imply that WRKY75 may positively modulate age-triggered leaf senescence through the gibberellin-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132, Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Songguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Diqiu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Yunnan, 650091, China
- Corresponding author. CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China. Fax: +86 871 65160916.
| | - Ligang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Corresponding author. CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China. Fax: +86 871 65160916.
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Wang YT, Yang CH, Huang KS, Shaw JF. Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081115. [PMID: 34439782 PMCID: PMC8392590 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyllides can be found in photosynthetic organisms. Generally, chlorophyllides have a-, b-, c-, d-, and f-type derivatives, and all chlorophyllides have a tetrapyrrole structure with a Mg ion at the center and a fifth isocyclic pentanone. Chlorophyllide a can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a, divinyl chlorophyllide a, or chlorophyll. In addition, chlorophyllide a can be transformed into chlorophyllide b, chlorophyllide d, or chlorophyllide f. Chlorophyllide c can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a or divinyl protochlorophyllide a. Chlorophyllides have been extensively used in food, medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, chlorophyllides exhibit many biological activities, such as anti-growth, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipathogenic, and antiproliferative activity. The photosensitivity of chlorophyllides that is applied in mercury electrodes and sensors were discussed. This article is the first detailed review dedicated specifically to chlorophyllides. Thus, this review aims to describe the definition of chlorophyllides, biosynthetic routes of chlorophyllides, purification of chlorophyllides, and applications of chlorophyllides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 106214, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
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Pena-Novas I, Archetti M. A test of the photoprotection hypothesis for the evolution of autumn colours: Chlorophyll resorption, not anthocyanin production, is correlated with nitrogen translocation. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1423-1431. [PMID: 34265121 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A prominent hypothesis for the adaptive value of anthocyanin production in the autumn leaves of trees and shrubs is that anthocyanins protect leaves from photooxidative stress at low temperatures, allowing a better resorption of nutrients-in particular, nitrogen-before leaf fall. While there is evidence that anthocyanins enable photoprotection, it is not clear whether this translates to improved nitrogen translocation and how this can explain inter-specific variation in autumn colours. A recent comparative analysis showed no correlation between temperature and anthocyanin production across species but did not analyse nitrogen content and nitrogen resorption efficiency. Here, we provide this comparison by analysing the nitrogen content of mature and senescent leaves and their autumn colours in 55 species of trees. We find no correlation between the presence of anthocyanins and the efficiency of nitrogen resorption. We find, instead, that nitrogen resorption is more efficient in species with yellow autumn colours, pointing to chlorophyll resorption, rather than anthocyanin synthesis, as the main determinant of nitrogen translocation efficiency. Hence, our results do not corroborate the photoprotection hypothesis for the evolution of autumn colours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pena-Novas
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marco Archetti
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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78
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Li Y, Hou R, Tao F. Wheat morpho-physiological traits and radiation use efficiency under interactive effects of warming and tillage management. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2386-2401. [PMID: 33131082 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactive effects of different warming levels and tillage managements on crop morphological and physiological traits and radiation use efficiency (RUE) is essential for breeding climate-resilient cultivars. Here, we conducted temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) experiments on winter wheat during two growth seasons in the North China Plain. The experiments consisted of three warming treatments and two tillage treatments (CT: conventional tillage and NT: no-tillage). In the normal season, warming had significant positive effects on major morphological and physiological traits and increased significantly RUE of yield (RUEY ) and biomass (RUEDM ) by 13.3 and 11.3%, 19.3 and 12.4%, 42.3 and 43.7%, respectively, under the treatments of CTT1, CTT2 and NTT1 relative to the control (CTN, NTN). By contrast, in the warmer season, warming had negative effects on leaf width, light extinction coefficient, light-saturated net photosynthetic rate, aboveground, stems and spike biomass and RUE from anthesis to maturity, and consequently grain yield under conventional tillage, but positive effects under no-tillage. Our findings bring new insights into the mechanisms on the interactive effects of warming and tillage treatments on wheat growth and productivity; provide valuable information on crop ideotypic traits for breeding climate-resilient crop cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fulu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Aubry S, Christ B, Kräutler B, Martinoia E, Thomas H, Zipfel C. An evergreen mind and a heart for the colors of fall. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4625-4633. [PMID: 33860301 PMCID: PMC8219035 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the finest biochemical and molecular approaches, convincing explorative strategies, and long-term vision, Stefan Hörtensteiner succeeded in elucidating the biochemical pathway responsible for chlorophyll degradation. After having contributed to the identification of key chlorophyll degradation products in the course of the past 25 years, he gradually identified and characterized most of the crucial players in the PAO/phyllobilin degradation pathway of chlorophyll. He was one of the brightest plant biochemists of his generation, and his work opened doors to a better understanding of plant senescence, tetrapyrrole homeostasis, and their complex regulation. He sadly passed away on 5 December 2020, aged 57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Christ
- Berries and Medicinal Plants, Plant Production Systems, Agroscope, Conthey, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Howard Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth, Wales, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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80
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Yi SY, Rameneni JJ, Lee M, Song SG, Choi Y, Lu L, Lee H, Lim YP. Comparative Transcriptome-Based Mining of Senescence-Related MADS, NAC, and WRKY Transcription Factors in the Rapid-Senescence Line DLS-91 of Brassica rapa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116017. [PMID: 34199515 PMCID: PMC8199657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a developmental process induced by various molecular and environmental stimuli that may affect crop yield. The dark-induced leaf senescence-91 (DLS-91) plants displayed rapid leaf senescence, dramatically decreased chlorophyll contents, low photochemical efficiencies, and upregulation of the senescence-associated marker gene BrSAG12-1. To understand DLS molecular mechanism, we examined transcriptomic changes in DLS-91 and control line DLS-42 following 0, 1, and 4 days of dark treatment (DDT) stages. We identified 501, 446, and 456 DEGs, of which 16.7%, 17.2%, and 14.4% encoded TFs, in samples from the three stages. qRT-PCR validation of 16 genes, namely, 7 MADS, 6 NAC, and 3 WRKY, suggested that BrAGL8-1, BrAGL15-1, and BrWRKY70-1 contribute to the rapid leaf senescence of DLS-91 before (0 DDT) and after (1 and 4 DDT) dark treatment, whereas BrNAC046-2, BrNAC029-2/BrNAP, and BrNAC092-1/ORE1 TFs may regulate this process at a later stage (4 DDT). In-silico analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements of BrAGL8-1, BrAGL42-1, BrNAC029-2, BrNAC092-1, and BrWRKY70-3 of B. rapa provides insight into the regulation of these genes. Our study has uncovered several AGL-MADS, WRKY, and NAC TFs potentially worthy of further study to understand the underlying mechanism of rapid DLS in DLS-91.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yi
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.Y.Y.); (J.J.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Jana Jeevan Rameneni
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.Y.Y.); (J.J.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Myungjin Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.Y.Y.); (J.J.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Seul Gi Song
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.G.S.); (Y.C.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuri Choi
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.G.S.); (Y.C.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Lu Lu
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.G.S.); (Y.C.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hyeokgeun Lee
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.G.S.); (Y.C.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.G.S.); (Y.C.); (L.L.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-5739; Fax: +82-42-821-8847
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81
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Qin M, Zhang B, Gu G, Yuan J, Yang X, Yang J, Xie X. Genome-Wide Analysis of the G2-Like Transcription Factor Genes and Their Expression in Different Senescence Stages of Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). Front Genet 2021; 12:626352. [PMID: 34135936 PMCID: PMC8202009 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.626352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golden2-like (GLK) transcription factors play important roles in regulating chloroplast growth, development, and senescence in plants. In this study, a total of 89 NtGLK genes (NtGLK1-NtGLK89) were identified in the tobacco genome and were classified into 10 subfamilies with variable numbers of exons and similar structural organizations based on the gene structure and protein motif analyses. Twelve segmental duplication pairs of NtGLK genes were identified in the genome. These NtGLK genes contain two conserved helix regions related to the HLH structure, and the sequences of the first helix region are less conserved than that of the second helix motif. Cis-regulatory elements of the NtGLK promoters were widely involved in light responsiveness, hormone treatment, and physiological stress. Moreover, a total of 206 GLK genes from tomato, tobacco, maize, rice, and Arabidopsis were retrieved and clustered into eight subgroups. Our gene expression analysis indicated that NtGLK genes showed differential expression patterns in tobacco leaves at five senescence stages. The expression levels of six NtGLK genes in group C were reduced, coinciding precisely with the increment of the degree of senescence, which might be associated with the function of leaf senescence of tobacco. Our results have revealed valuable information for further functional characterization of the GLK gene family in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Binghui Zhang
- Institute of Tobacco Science, Fujian Provincial Tobacco Company, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gang Gu
- Institute of Tobacco Science, Fujian Provincial Tobacco Company, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiazheng Yuan
- Department of Biological and Forensic Sciences, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States
| | - Xuanshong Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiahan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Abstract
Understanding the pathways involved in chlorophyll breakdown provides a molecular map to the color changes observed in plant life on a global scale each fall. Surprisingly, little is known about the fate of phytol, chlorophyll’s 20-carbon branched-chain tail, during this process. A recent study from Gutbrod et al. provides evidence using physiological, genetic, and exquisitely sensitive analytical approaches that phytenal is an intermediate in plant phytol catabolism. These insights and techniques open the door to further investigation of this complicated metabolic system, with implications for plant health and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
| | - Ruth Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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He M, Wang Y, Jahan MS, Liu W, Raziq A, Sun J, Shu S, Guo S. Characterization of SlBAG Genes from Solanum lycopersicum and Its Function in Response to Dark-Induced Leaf Senescence. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050947. [PMID: 34068645 PMCID: PMC8151600 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG) family is a group of evolutionarily conserved cochaperones involved in diverse cellular functions. Here, ten putative SlBAG genes were identified in tomato. SlBAG2 and SlBAG5b have the same gene structure and conserved domains, along with highly similar identity to their homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Triticum aestivum. The qPCR data showed that BAG2 and BAG5b were highly expressed in stems and flowers. Moreover, both genes were differentially expressed under diverse abiotic stimuli, including cold stress, heat stress, salt treatment, and UV irradiation, and treatments with phytohormones, namely, ABA, SA, MeJA, and ETH. Subcellular localization showed that SlBAG2 and SlBAG5b were located in the cell membrane and nucleus. To elucidate the functions in leaf senescence of BAG2 and BAG5b, the full-length CDSs of BAG2 and BAG5b were cloned, and transgenic tomatoes were developed. Compared with WT plants, those overexpressing BAG2 and BAG5b had significantly increased chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic rates but obviously decreased ROS levels, chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence related gene expression under dark stress. Conclusively, overexpression SlBAG2 and SlBAG5b could improve the tolerance of tomato leaves to dark stress and delay leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming He
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.H.); (Y.W.); (M.S.J.); (W.L.); (A.R.); (J.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.H.); (Y.W.); (M.S.J.); (W.L.); (A.R.); (J.S.); (S.S.)
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Mohammad Shah Jahan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.H.); (Y.W.); (M.S.J.); (W.L.); (A.R.); (J.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Weikang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.H.); (Y.W.); (M.S.J.); (W.L.); (A.R.); (J.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Abdul Raziq
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.H.); (Y.W.); (M.S.J.); (W.L.); (A.R.); (J.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Jin Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.H.); (Y.W.); (M.S.J.); (W.L.); (A.R.); (J.S.); (S.S.)
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Sheng Shu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.H.); (Y.W.); (M.S.J.); (W.L.); (A.R.); (J.S.); (S.S.)
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.H.); (Y.W.); (M.S.J.); (W.L.); (A.R.); (J.S.); (S.S.)
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian 223800, China
- Correspondence:
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84
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Ma C, Chen Q, Wang S, Lers A. Downregulation of GeBP-like α factor by MiR827 suggests their involvement in senescence and phosphate homeostasis. BMC Biol 2021; 19:90. [PMID: 33941183 PMCID: PMC8091714 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leaf senescence is a genetically controlled degenerative process intimately linked to phosphate homeostasis during plant development and responses to environmental conditions. Senescence is accelerated by phosphate deficiency, with recycling and mobilization of phosphate from senescing leaves serving as a major phosphate source for sink tissues. Previously, miR827 was shown to play a significant role in regulating phosphate homeostasis, and induction of its expression was also observed during Arabidopsis leaf senescence. However, whether shared mechanisms underlie potentially common regulatory roles of miR827 in both processes is not understood. Here, we dissect the regulatory machinery downstream of miR827. Results Overexpression or inhibited expression of miR827 led to an acceleration or delay in the progress of senescence, respectively. The transcriptional regulator GLABRA1 enhancer-binding protein (GeBP)-like (GPLα) gene was identified as a possible target of miR827. GPLα expression was elevated in miR827-suppressed lines and reduced in miR827-overexpressing lines. Furthermore, heterologous co-expression of pre-miR827 in tobacco leaves reduced GPLα transcript levels, but this effect was eliminated when pre-miR827 recognition sites in GPLα were mutated. GPLα expression is induced during senescence and its inhibition or overexpression resulted in senescence acceleration and inhibition, accordingly. Furthermore, GPLα expression was induced by phosphate deficiency, and overexpression of GPLα led to reduced expression of phosphate transporter 1 genes, lower leaf phosphate content, and related root morphology. The encoded GPLα protein was localized to the nucleus. Conclusions We suggest that MiR827 and the transcription factor GPLα may be functionally involved in senescence and phosphate homeostasis, revealing a potential new role for miR827 and the function of the previously unstudied GPLα. The close interactions between senescence and phosphate homeostasis are further emphasized by the functional involvement of the two regulatory components, miR827 and GPLα, in both processes and the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Qiuju Chen
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Amnon Lers
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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85
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Current Understanding of Leaf Senescence in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094515. [PMID: 33925978 PMCID: PMC8123611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence, which is the last developmental phase of plant growth, is controlled by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Leaf yellowing is a visual indicator of senescence due to the loss of the green pigment chlorophyll. During senescence, the methodical disassembly of macromolecules occurs, facilitating nutrient recycling and translocation from the sink to the source organs, which is critical for plant fitness and productivity. Leaf senescence is a complex and tightly regulated process, with coordinated actions of multiple pathways, responding to a sophisticated integration of leaf age and various environmental signals. Many studies have been carried out to understand the leaf senescence-associated molecular mechanisms including the chlorophyll breakdown, phytohormonal and transcriptional regulation, interaction with environmental signals, and associated metabolic changes. The metabolic reprogramming and nutrient recycling occurring during leaf senescence highlight the fundamental role of this developmental stage for the nutrient economy at the whole plant level. The strong impact of the senescence-associated nutrient remobilization on cereal productivity and grain quality is of interest in many breeding programs. This review summarizes our current knowledge in rice on (i) the actors of chlorophyll degradation, (ii) the identification of stay-green genotypes, (iii) the identification of transcription factors involved in the regulation of leaf senescence, (iv) the roles of leaf-senescence-associated nitrogen enzymes on plant performance, and (v) stress-induced senescence. Compiling the different advances obtained on rice leaf senescence will provide a framework for future rice breeding strategies to improve grain yield.
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86
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Doğru A. Effects of heat stress on photosystem II activity and antioxidant enzymes in two maize cultivars. PLANTA 2021; 253:85. [PMID: 33788056 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The main reason for the maize genotype "DKC7221" to be heat tolerant is to have higher photosynthetic activity under heat stress conditions. The genotype "P3167" is sensitive to high temperature because of the heat-induced inhibition in photosynthetic electron transport reactions. In the present study, the effect of heat stress (45 ºC for 20 min) on some physiological changes was investigated through a chlorophyll afluorescence technique, and some endogenous resistance mechanisms (activities of some antioxidant enzymes, free proline, and reduced ascorbate contents) in two maize cultivars (Zea mays L. cvs. P3167 and DKC7221). Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements demonstrated that heat stress led to the reduction in the efficiency of the Hill reaction, accumulation of inactive reaction centers, inhibition of electron flow from reaction centers to the plastoquinone pool, and induction of non-photochemical dissipation of absorbed light energy. Changes in Φo/(1 - Φo), SFIABS and PIABS indicated that electron transport reactions in P3167 were almost completely inhibited by heat stress. In DKC7221, however, photosynthetic electron transport reactions were maintained under heat stress conditions. As a result of impairment in the photosynthetic efficiency in P3167 under heat stress, oxidative stress appeared as shown by lower antioxidant activity, accumulation of H2O2, malondialdehyde, and formazon and photooxidative injuries in chlorophyll pigments in the leaf tissue. DKC7221, on the other hand, had a higher antioxidant efficiency and lower oxidative damage under heat stress. FeSOD activity was found to be responsible for the dismutation of superoxide radicals in both maize genotypes under heat stress. As a result, it may be concluded that the genotype DKC7221 is more tolerant to heat stress than P3167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Doğru
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Sakarya University, Esentepe, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey.
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87
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First Assessment of the Benthic Meiofauna Sensitivity to Low Human-Impacted Mangroves in French Guiana. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioindicators assess the mangroves ecological state according to the types of pressures but they differ with the ecosystem’s specificities. We investigated benthic meiofauna diversity and structure within the low human-impacted mangroves in French Guiana (South America) in response to sediment variables with various distances to the main city. Contaminant’s concentrations differed among the stations, but they remained below toxicity guidelines. Meiofauna structure (Foraminifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda) however varied accordingly. Nematode’s identification brought details on the sediment’s quality. The opportunistic genus Paraethmolaimus (Jensen, 1994) strongly correlated to the higher concentrations of Hg, Pb. Anoxic sediments were marked by organic enrichment in pesticides, PCB, and mangrove litter products and dominance of two tolerant genus, Terschellingia (de Man, 1888) and Spirinia (Gerlach, 1963). In each of these two stations, we found many Desmodora individuals (de Man, 1889) with the presence of epibionts highlighting the nematodes decreased fitness and defenses. Oxic sediments without contaminants were distinguished by the sensitive genera Pseudocella (Filipjev, 1927) and a higher diversity of trophic groups. Our results suggested a nematodes sensitivity to low contaminants concentrations. Further investigations at different spatio-temporal scales and levels of deterioration, would be necessary to use of this group as bioindicator of the mangroves’ ecological status.
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88
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Zhang Z, He Y, Li L, Zhang X, Xu X, Shi Y, Wu JL. Characterization of a novel allele encoding pheophorbide a oxygenase in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1864606. [PMID: 33369525 PMCID: PMC7889113 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1864606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We identified a rapid cell death 2 (rcd2) mutant from an indica cultivar Zhongjian100 mutant bank. The red-brown lesions appeared firstly on young seedling leaves, then gradually merged and the leaves completely withered at the late tillering stage. rcd2 displayed apparent cell death at/around the lesions, accumulation of superoxide anion (O2-) and disturbed ROS scavenging system, impaired photosynthetic capacity with significantly reduced chlorophyll content. The lesion formation was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene and induced by natural light as well as mechanical wounding. A single base mutation (A1726T) at the 6th exon of OsMH_03G0040800 resulted in I576F substitution in the encoding protein, pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO). Functional complementation could rescue the mutant phenotype and PAO-knockout lines exhibited the similar phenotype to rcd2. The activity of PAO decreased significantly while the content of PAO substrate, pheophorbide a, increased apparently in rcd2. The expression of chlorophyll synthesis/degradation-related genes and the contents of metabolic intermediates were largely changed. Furthermore, the level of chlorophyllide a, the product of chlorophyllase, increased significantly, indicating chlorophyllase might play a role in chlorophyll degradation in rice. Our results suggested that the I576F substitution disrupted PAO function, leading to O2- accumulation and chlorophyll degradation breakdown in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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89
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Wang Z, Li ZF, Wang SS, Xiao YS, Xie XD, Wu MZ, Yu JL, Cheng LR, Yang AG, Yang J. NtMYB12a acts downstream of sucrose to inhibit fatty acid accumulation by targeting lipoxygenase and SFAR genes in tobacco. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 43:2287-2300. [PMID: 33225450 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MYB12 promotes flavonol biosynthesis in plants by targeting several early biosynthesis genes (EBGs) of this pathway. The transcriptions of these EBGs are also induced by sucrose signal. However, whether MYB12 is activated by sucrose signal and what the other roles MYB12 has in regulating plant metabolism are poorly understood. In this study, two NtMYB12 genes were cloned from Nicotiana tabacum. Both NtMYB12a and NtMYB12b are involved in regulating flavonoids biosynthesis in tobacco. NtMYB12a is further shown to inhibit the accumulation of fatty acid (FA) in tobacco leaves and seeds. Post-translational activation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that NtMYB12a directly promotes the transcriptions of NtLOX6, NtLOX5, NtSFAR4 and NtGDSL2, which encode lipoxygenase (LOX) or SFAR enzymes catalyzing the degradation of FA. NtLOX6 and NtLOX5 are shown to prevent the accumulation of FA in the mature seeds and significantly reduced the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in tobacco. Sucrose stimulates the transcription of NtMYB12a, and loss function of NtMYB12a partially suppresses the decrease of FA content in tobacco seedlings caused by sucrose treatment. The regulation of sucrose on the expression of NtLOX6 and NtGDSL2 genes is mediated by NtMYB12a, whereas those of NtLOX5 and NtSFAR4 genes are independent of sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ze Feng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan Shan Wang
- Xiangyang Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiangyang, China
| | - Yan Song Xiao
- Chenzhou Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Dong Xie
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhu Wu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Long Yu
- Chenzhou Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Chenzhou, China
| | - Li Rui Cheng
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ai Guo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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90
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Tahoun M, Gee CT, McCoy VE, Sander PM, Müller CE. Chemistry of porphyrins in fossil plants and animals. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7552-7563. [PMID: 35423242 PMCID: PMC8695116 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins are macrocyclic tetrapyrrole derivatives that are widely distributed in nature. They are often complexed with a metal ion located in the center of the ring system and may be modified by various substituents including additional rings, or by ring opening, which leads to a plethora of different functions. Due to their extended conjugated aromatic ring system, porphyrins absorb light in the visible range and therefore show characteristic colors. Well-known natural porphyrins include the red-colored heme present in hemoglobin, which is responsible for blood oxygen transport, and the chlorophylls in some bacteria and in plants which are utilized for photosynthesis. Porphyrins are mostly lipophilic pigments that display relatively high chemical stability. Therefore, they can even survive hundreds of millions of years. The present review article provides an overview of natural porphyrins, their chemical structures, and properties. A special focus is put on porphyrins discovered in the fossil record. Examples will be highlighted, and information on their chemical analysis will be provided. We anticipate that the development of novel analytical methods with increased sensitivity will prompt new discoveries of porphyrins in fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Tahoun
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn An der Immenburg 4 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Carole T Gee
- Institute of Geosciences, Division of Paleontology, University of Bonn Nussallee 8 53115 Bonn Germany
- Huntington Botanical Gardens 1151 Oxford Road San Marino California 91108 USA
| | - Victoria E McCoy
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 3209 N Maryland Ave Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
| | - P Martin Sander
- Institute of Geosciences, Division of Paleontology, University of Bonn Nussallee 8 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn An der Immenburg 4 53121 Bonn Germany
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91
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Yan J, Chen Q, Cui X, Zhao P, Gao S, Yang B, Liu JX, Tong T, Deyholos MK, Jiang YQ. Ectopic overexpression of a membrane-tethered transcription factor gene NAC60 from oilseed rape positively modulates programmed cell death and age-triggered leaf senescence. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:600-618. [PMID: 33119146 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is an integrative final stage of plant development that is governed by internal and external cues. The NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2 (NAC) transcription factor (TF) family is specific to plants and membrane-tethered NAC TFs (MTTFs) constitute a unique and sophisticated mechanism in stress responses and development. However, the function of MTTFs in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) remains unknown. Here, we report that BnaNAC60 is an MTTF associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Expression of BnaNAC60 was induced during the progression of leaf senescence. Translocation of BnaNAC60 into nuclei was induced by ER stress and oxidative stress treatments. It binds to the NTLBS motif, rather than the canonical NAC recognition site. Overexpression of BnaNAC60 devoid of the transmembrane domain, but not the full-length BnaNAC60, induces significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and hypersensitive response-like cell death in both tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and oilseed rape protoplasts. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of BnaNAC60 devoid of the transmembrane domain, but not the full-length BnaNAC60, in Arabidopsis also induces precocious leaf senescence. Furthermore, screening and expression profiling identified an array of functional genes that are significantly induced by BnaNAC60 expression. Further it was found that BnaNAC60 can activate the promoter activities of BnaNYC1, BnaRbohD, BnaBFN1, BnaZAT12, and multiple BnaVPEs in a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to quantitative PCR assays revealed that BnaNAC60 directly binds to the promoter regions of these downstream target genes. To summarize, our data show that BnaNAC60 is an MTTF that modulates cell death, ROS accumulation, and leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qinqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Peiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shidong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jian-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Tiantian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Michael K Deyholos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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92
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Oetama VSP, Pentzold S, Boland W. The fate of chlorophyll in phytophagous insects goes beyond nutrition. Z NATURFORSCH C 2021; 76:1-9. [PMID: 32887212 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is a natural compound that is found in all autotrophic plants. Since phytophagous insects ingest the photosynthetically active material with the plant leaves, the question arises if and how herbivores deal with Chl and its degradation products. Here we review findings on Chl degradation in phytophagous insects and highlight the role of these ubiquitous plant metabolites for plant-feeding insects. Due to the anaerobic gut of many insects, the degradation is limited to the removal of the peripheral substituents, while the tetrapyrrole core remains intact. Proteins, such as red fluorescent protein, P252 (a novel 252-kDa protein), and chlorophyllide binding protein have been reported to occur in the insect gut and might be indirectly connected to Chl degradation. Besides of an nutritional value, e.g., by taking up Mg2+ ions or by sequestration of carbon from the phytol side chain, the Chl degradation products may serve the insect, after binding to certain proteins, as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral factors. The protein complexes may also confer protection against reactive oxygen species. The antibiotic potential of proteins and degradation products does not only benefit phytophagous insects but also human being in medical application of cancer treatment for instance. This review highlights these aspects from a molecular, biochemical, and ecological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincensius S P Oetama
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Pentzold
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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93
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Jahan MS, Shu S, Wang Y, Hasan MM, El-Yazied AA, Alabdallah NM, Hajjar D, Altaf MA, Sun J, Guo S. Melatonin Pretreatment Confers Heat Tolerance and Repression of Heat-Induced Senescence in Tomato Through the Modulation of ABA- and GA-Mediated Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:650955. [PMID: 33841479 PMCID: PMC8027311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress and abscisic acid (ABA) induce leaf senescence, whereas melatonin (MT) and gibberellins (GA) play critical roles in inhibiting leaf senescence. Recent research findings confirm that plant tolerance to diverse stresses is closely associated with foliage lifespan. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the signaling interaction of MT with GA and ABA regarding heat-induced leaf senescence largely remains undetermined. Herein, we investigated putative functions of melatonin in suppressing heat-induced leaf senescence in tomato and how ABA and GA coordinate with each other in the presence of MT. Tomato seedlings were pretreated with 100 μM MT or water and exposed to high temperature (38/28°C) for 5 days (d). Heat stress significantly accelerated senescence, damage to the photosystem and upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generating RBOH gene expression. Melatonin treatment markedly attenuated heat-induced leaf senescence, as reflected by reduced leaf yellowing, an increased Fv/Fm ratio, and reduced ROS production. The Rbohs gene, chlorophyll catabolic genes, and senescence-associated gene expression levels were significantly suppressed by MT addition. Exogenous application of MT elevated the endogenous MT and GA contents but reduced the ABA content in high-temperature-exposed plants. However, the GA and ABA contents were inhibited by paclobutrazol (PCB, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) and sodium tungstate (ST, an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor) treatment. MT-induced heat tolerance was compromised in both inhibitor-treated plants. The transcript abundance of ABA biosynthesis and signaling genes was repressed; however, the biosynthesis genes MT and GA were upregulated in MT-treated plants. Moreover, GA signaling suppressor and catabolic gene expression was inhibited, while ABA catabolic gene expression was upregulated by MT application. Taken together, MT-mediated suppression of heat-induced leaf senescence has collaborated with the activation of MT and GA biosynthesis and inhibition of ABA biosynthesis pathways in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shah Jahan
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Md. Mahadi Hasan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ahmed Abou El-Yazied
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadiyah M. Alabdallah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Hajjar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Altaf
- Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of the South China Sea, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shirong Guo,
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94
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Meagher E, Rangsrikitphoti P, Faridi B, Zamzam G, Durnford DG. Photoacclimation to high-light stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during conditional senescence relies on generating pH-dependent, high-quenching centres. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:136-145. [PMID: 33307425 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae can respond to long-term increases in light intensity by altering the concentration of photosynthetic complexes. Under active growth, the ability of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to acclimate to excess light is dependent on cell division to reduce the concentration of photosynthetic complexes. But, in batch culture, cells eventually reach stationary phase where their ability to divide is limited; this should impact their capacity to undergo photoacclimation. Our goal is to dissect excess-light responses as cells approach stationary phase and to determine how the strategies of photoacclimation differ compared to cells in the exponential-growth phase. In this study, cultures exited exponential growth and transitioned into a declining growth phase (DGP), where cells continued a slow rate of growth for the next seven days in both low (LL) and high-light (HL). During this period, both cultures experience a conditional senescence-related decline in chlorophyll levels. Under HL, however, the senescing cultures have a rapid decline in PSII reaction centres, maintain a stable concentration of LHCII antenna, rapidly increase LHCSR levels, and have a sustained increase in Fo/Fm. Collectively this implies that the remaining antenna act as pH-dependent, quenching centres, presumably to protect the senescing chloroplast against HL. We discovered that acclimating to HL post-exponential phase involves active degradation that is intertwined with the normal senescence process that allowed for a limited rate of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Meagher
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | | | - Babar Faridi
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ghaith Zamzam
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Dion G Durnford
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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95
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Yoo JY, Ko KS, Vu BN, Lee YE, Yoon SH, Pham TT, Kim JY, Lim JM, Kang YJ, Hong JC, Lee KO. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II Is Involved in Plant Growth and Development Under Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761064. [PMID: 34804097 PMCID: PMC8596550 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase [EC 2.4.1.143, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GnTII)] catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue from the nucleotide sugar donor UDP-GlcNAc to the α1,6-mannose residue of the di-antennary N-glycan acceptor GlcNAc(Xyl)Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2 in the Golgi apparatus. Although the formation of the GlcNAc2(Xyl)Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2 N-glycan is known to be associated with GnTII activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, its physiological significance is still not fully understood in plants. To address the physiological importance of the GlcNAc2(Xyl)Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2 N-glycan, we examined the phenotypic effects of loss-of-function mutations in GnTII in the presence and absence of stress, and responsiveness to phytohormones. Prolonged stress induced by tunicamycin (TM) or sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment increased GnTII expression in wild-type Arabidopsis (ecotype Col-0) but caused severe developmental damage in GnTII loss-of-function mutants (gnt2-1 and gnt2-2). The absence of the 6-arm GlcNAc residue in the N-glycans in gnt2-1 facilitated the TM-induced unfolded protein response, accelerated dark-induced leaf senescence, and reduced cytokinin signaling, as well as susceptibility to cytokinin-induced root growth inhibition. Furthermore, gnt2-1 and gnt2-2 seedlings exhibited enhanced N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid-induced inhibition of tropic growth and development. Thus, GnTII's promotion of the 6-arm GlcNAc addition to N-glycans is important for plant growth and development under stress conditions, possibly via affecting glycoprotein folding and/or distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Yoo
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ki Seong Ko
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju, South Korea
| | - Bich Ngoc Vu
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program), Jinju, South Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program), Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seok Han Yoon
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program), Jinju, South Korea
| | - Thao Thi Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Min Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Yang Jae Kang
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Life Science, Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Bio & Medical Bigdata (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program), Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Life Science, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program), Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Life Science, Jinju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kyun Oh Lee,
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96
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López CM, Pineda M, Alamillo JM. Differential Regulation of Drought Responses in Two Phaseolus vulgaris Genotypes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9121815. [PMID: 33371446 PMCID: PMC7768404 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Drought is probably the most harmful stress affecting common bean crops. Domestication, worldwide spread and local farming practices has entailed the development of a wide variety of common bean genotypes with different degrees of resistance to water stress. In this work, physiological and molecular responses to water stress have been compared in two common bean accessions, PHA-0683 and PMB-0220, previously identified as highly and moderately resistant to water stress, respectively. Our hypothesis was that only quantitative differences in the expression patterns of key genes should be found if molecular mechanisms regulating drought resistance are similar in the two accessions. However, results presented here indicate that the resistance to drought in PMB-0220 and PHA-0683 common bean accessions is regulated by different molecular mechanisms. Differential regulation of ABA synthesis and ABA signaling related genes among the two genotypes, and the control of the drought-induced senescence have a relevant contribution to the higher resistance level of PHA-0683 accession. Our results also suggest that expression patterns of key senescence-related transcription factors could be considered in the screening for drought resistance in common bean germplasm collections.
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97
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Hu KD, Zhang XY, Yao GF, Rong YL, Ding C, Tang J, Yang F, Huang ZQ, Xu ZM, Chen XY, Li YH, Hu LY, Zhang H. A nuclear-localized cysteine desulfhydrase plays a role in fruit ripening in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:211. [PMID: 33328464 PMCID: PMC7736880 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that plays multiple roles in plant development. However, whether endogenous H2S plays a role in fruit ripening in tomato is still unknown. In this study, we show that the H2S-producing enzyme L-cysteine desulfhydrase SlLCD1 localizes to the nucleus. By constructing mutated forms of SlLCD1, we show that the amino acid residue K24 of SlLCD1 is the key amino acid that determines nuclear localization. Silencing of SlLCD1 by TRV-SlLCD1 accelerated fruit ripening and reduced H2S production compared with the control. A SlLCD1 gene-edited mutant obtained through CRISPR/Cas9 modification displayed a slightly dwarfed phenotype and accelerated fruit ripening. This mutant also showed increased cysteine content and produced less H2S, suggesting a role of SlLCD1 in H2S generation. Chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation were enhanced in the SlLCD1 mutant. Other ripening-related genes that play roles in chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid biosynthesis, cell wall degradation, ethylene biosynthesis, and the ethylene signaling pathway were enhanced at the transcriptional level in the lcd1 mutant. Total RNA was sequenced from unripe tomato fruit treated with exogenous H2S, and transcriptome analysis showed that ripening-related gene expression was suppressed. Based on the results for a SlLCD1 gene-edited mutant and exogenous H2S application, we propose that the nuclear-localized cysteine desulfhydrase SlLCD1 is required for endogenous H2S generation and participates in the regulation of tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Di Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China
| | - Gai-Fang Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Lei Rong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Ding
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, 221131, Xuzhou, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, 221131, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Qin Huang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, 221131, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Mu Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China
| | - Lan-Ying Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China.
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98
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Morcol TB, Wysocki K, Sankaran RP, Matthews PD, Kennelly EJ. UPLC-QTof-MS E Metabolomics Reveals Changes in Leaf Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Hop ( Humulus lupulus L.) Plants under Drought Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14698-14708. [PMID: 33236890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an important specialty crop used in beer production. Untargeted UPLC-QTof-MSE metabolomics was used to determine metabolite changes in the leaves of hop plants under varying degrees of drought stress. Principal component analysis revealed that drought treatments produced qualitatively distinct changes in the overall chemical composition of three out of four genotypes tested (i.e., Cascade, Sultana, and a wild var. neomexicanus accession but not Aurora), although differences among treatments were smaller than differences among genotypes. A total of 14 compounds consistently increased or decreased in response to drought stress, and this effect was generally progressive as the severity of drought increased. A total of 10 of these marker compounds were tentatively identified as follows: five glycerolipids, glutaric acid, pheophorbide A, abscisic acid, roseoside, and dihydromyricetin. Some of the observed metabolite changes likely occur across all plants under drought conditions, while others may be specific to hops or to the type of drought treatments performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylan B Morcol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Konrad Wysocki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
| | - Renuka P Sankaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Paul D Matthews
- Department of Research and Development, Hopsteiner, S.S. Steiner, Inc., 1 West Washington Avenue, Yakima, Washington 98903, United States
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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99
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Hallmark HT, Rashotte AM. Cytokinin isopentenyladenine and its glucoside isopentenyladenine-9G delay leaf senescence through activation of cytokinin-associated genes. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00292. [PMID: 33364544 PMCID: PMC7751127 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are well-known as a class of phytohormones capable of delaying senescence in detached leaves. However, CKs are often treated as a monolithic group of compounds even though dozens of CK species are present in plants with varied degrees of reported biological activity. One specific type of CK, isopentenyladenine base (iP), has been demonstrated as having roles in delaying leaf senescence, inhibition of root growth, and promoting shoot regeneration. However, its N-glucosides isopentenyladenine-7- and -9-glucoside (iP7G, iP9G) have remained understudied and thought of as inactive cytokinins for several decades, despite their relatively high concentrations in plants such as the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we show that iP and one of its glucosides, iP9G, are capable of delaying senescence in leaves, though the glucosides having little to no activity in other bioassays. Additionally, we performed the first transcriptomic study of iP-delayed cotyledon senescence which shows that iP is capable of upregulating photosynthetic genes and downregulating catabolic genes in detached cotyledons. Transcriptomic analysis also shows iP9G has limited effects on gene expression, but that the few affected genes are CK-related and are similar to those seen from iP effects during senescence as seen for the type-A response regulator ARR6. These findings suggest that iP9G functions as an active CK during senescence.
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100
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Wen B, Xiao W, Mu Q, Li D, Chen X, Wu H, Li L, Peng F. How does nitrate regulate plant senescence? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:60-69. [PMID: 33091797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development and plays an important role in the whole life process of plants. Nitrogen is an important component of amino acids, chlorophyll, plant hormones and secondary metabolites. Nitrogen deficiency leads to early senescence in plants, which is accompanied by changes in gene expression, metabolism, growth, development, and physiological and biochemical traits, which ensures efficient nitrogen recycling and enhances the plant's tolerance to low nitrogen. Therefore, it is very important to understand the adaptation mechanisms of plants under nitrogen deficiency for the efficient utilization of nitrogen and gene regulation. With the popularization of molecular biology, bioinformatics and transgenic technology, the metabolic pathways of nitrogen-deficient plants have been verified, and important progress has been made. However, how the responses of plants to nitrogen deficiency affect the biological processes of the plants is not well understood. The current research also cannot completely explain how the metabolic pathways identified show other reactions or phenotypes through interactions or cascades after nitrogen inhibition. Nitrate is the main form of nitrogen absorption. In this review, we discuss the role of nitrate in plant senescence. Understanding how nitrate inhibition affects nitrate absorption, transport, and assimilation; chlorophyll synthesis; photosynthesis; anthocyanin synthesis; and plant hormone synthesis is key to sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qin Mu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiude Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Futian Peng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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