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Lopez-Jaramillo P, Barajas J, Rueda-Quijano SM, Lopez-Lopez C, Felix C. Obesity and Preeclampsia: Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1838. [PMID: 30618843 PMCID: PMC6305943 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a disorder specific of the human being that appears after 20 weeks of pregnancy, characterized by new onset of hypertension and proteinuria. Abnormal placentation and reduced placental perfusion associated to impaired trophoblast invasion and alteration in the compliance of uterine spiral arteries are the early pathological findings that are present before the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. Later on, the endothelial and vascular dysfunction responsible of the characteristic vasoconstriction of preeclampsia appear. Different nutritional risk factors such as a maternal deficit in the intake of calcium, protein, vitamins and essential fatty acids, have been shown to play a role in the genesis of preeclampsia, but also an excess of weight gain during pregnancy or a pre-pregnancy state of obesity and overweight, which are associated to hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance and maternal systemic inflammation, are proposed as one of the mechanism that conduce to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, proteinuria, thrombotic responses, multi-organ damage, and high maternal mortality and morbidity. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that pregnant women that suffer preeclampsia will have an increased risk of future cardiovascular disease and related mortality in their later life. In this article we will discuss the results of studies performed in different populations that have shown an interrelationship between obesity and overweight with the presence of preeclampsia. Moreover, we will review some of the common mechanisms that explain this interrelationship, particularly the alterations in the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway as a crucial mechanism that is common to obesity, preeclampsia and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
- Clinic of Metabolic Syndrome, Prediabetes, and Diabetes, Research Department, FOSCAL, Floridablanca, Colombia.,Masira Institute, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnologica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Barajas
- Clinic of Metabolic Syndrome, Prediabetes, and Diabetes, Research Department, FOSCAL, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Sandra M Rueda-Quijano
- Clinic of Metabolic Syndrome, Prediabetes, and Diabetes, Research Department, FOSCAL, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | | | - Camilo Felix
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnologica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
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Schinzari F, Tesauro M, Cardillo C. Increased endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone in human obesity: effects of gut hormones. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S69-S81. [PMID: 29947529 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy impact of obesity on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease has sparked sustained efforts to uncover the mechanisms linking excess adiposity to vascular dysfunction. Impaired vasodilator reactivity has been recognized as an early hemodynamic abnormality in obese patients, but also increased vasoconstrictor tone importantly contributes to their vascular damage. In particular, upregulation of the endothelin (ET)-1 system, consistently reported in these patients, might accelerate atherosclerosis and its complication, given the pro-inflammatory and mitogenic properties of ET-1. In recent years, a number of gut hormones, in addition to their role as modulators of food intake, energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin secretion and action, have demonstrated favorable vascular actions. They increase the bioavailability of vasodilator mediators like nitric oxide, but they have also been shown to inhibit the ET-1 system. These features make gut hormones promising tools for targeting both the metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity, a view supported by recent large-scale clinical trials indicating that novel drugs for type 2 diabetes with cardiovascular potential may translate into clinically significant advantages. Therefore, there is real hope that better understanding of the properties of gut-derived substances might provide more effective therapies for the obesity-related cardiometabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schinzari
- Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy, Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica e Semeiotica Medica, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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High preoperative plasma endothelin-1 levels are associated with increased acute kidney injury risk after pulmonary endarterectomy. J Nephrol 2018; 31:881-888. [PMID: 30229506 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The only curative treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA). PEA requires cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) which is associated with a high acute kidney injury (AKI) risk. Circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels are elevated in CTEPH, and ET-1 plays a pivotal role in AKI. Because AKI is burdened by high morbidity and mortality, we aimed to evaluate the association between preoperative ET-1 and the risk to develop AKI in CTEPH individuals who undergo PEA. We also evaluated the association of AKI and ET-1 with kidney function and mortality at 1 year after PEA. METHODS In 385 consecutive patients diagnosed with CTEPH who underwent PEA at the Foundation IRCC Policlinico San Matteo (Pavia, Italy) from January 2009 to April 2015, we assessed preoperative circulating ET-1 by ELISA and identified presence of AKI based on 2012 KDIGO criteria. RESULTS AKI occurred in 26.5% of the 347 patients included in the analysis, and was independently associated with preoperative ET-1 (p = 0.008), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.022), male gender (p = 0.005) and duration of CPB (p = 0.002). At 1-year post PEA, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) significantly improved in patients who did not develop AKI [ΔeGFR 5.6 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI 3.6-7.6), p < 0.001] but not in those with perioperative AKI. AKI (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.001), preoperative eGFR (p < 0.001) and systemic hypertension diagnosis (p = 0.015) were independently associated with 1-year ΔeGFR. Neither perioperative AKI nor preoperative ET-1 was associated with 1-year survival. CONCLUSION Perioperative AKI is associated with higher preoperative circulating ET-1 and it negatively influences long-term kidney function in patients with CTEPH who undergo PEA.
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Mihaylova B, Vassilev A, Dimitrova G, Rankova-Yotova C, Petkova I, Ivanova S, Oscar A. Prognostic importance of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor: a plasma levels in the early perimetric stage of primary open-angle glaucoma. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bilyana Mihaylova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anton Vassilev
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Galina Dimitrova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Charita Rankova-Yotova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iva Petkova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stanislava Ivanova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Oscar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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55
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Regulation of blood pressure is influenced by gender: A study in obese Zucker rats. Life Sci 2018; 209:236-241. [PMID: 30098343 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study determined the role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), endothelin system, and eicosanoid system in the blood pressure (BP) regulation in male and female Zucker rats, and whether the pressor response change similarly in lean and obese animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS In female (f) and male (m), lean (L) and obese (O) Zucker rats (ZR) at 22 weeks old, we evaluated the role of the 3 mentioned systems using the following treatments: 1) enalapril (angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor), 2) the ABT-627 (endothelin receptor A (ETA) antagonist), and 3) the 1-aminobenzotriazol (1-ABT: eicosanoid synthesis inhibitor). KEY FINDINGS MAP by radiotelemetry was similar and significantly higher in mOZR (120 ± 2 mm Hg) and fOZR (116 ± 4 mm Hg) (p < 0.05 vs. m-, fLZR), than mLZR (105 ± 3 mm Hg) and fLZR (106 ± 1 mm Hg), that were also similar. Enalapril reduced MAP more in mOZR (23%) and mLZR (26%), than fLZR (20%, p < 0.905 vs. mLZR) or fOZR (9%; p < 0.05 vs. other groups). After 10 days of drug-free and recovery period, ABT-627 reduced MAP in fLZR and mLZR by similar amounts (102 ± 4 to 92 ± 3 mm Hg, n = 6; p < 0.05 and 105 ± 2 vs. 92 ± 3 mm Hg, n = 6; p < 0.05, respectively), but did not affect either fOZR or mOZR. After another 10 days of drug-free and recovery period, 1-ABT reduced MAP in fOZR (116 ± 4 to 95 ± 2, n = 6; p < 0.05), and did not affect all other groups. SIGNIFICANCE We show that the mechanisms responsible for elevated BP in male and female OZR and LZR are different, and suggest that obesity may cause an increase in BP via different mechanisms in men and women as well.
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56
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Gradin K, Persson B. Endothelin A receptor blockade improves endothelium-dependent relaxation in obese woman. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S167-S174. [PMID: 29947537 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension in obesity is associated with increased insulin resistance, vascular mass and body mass index (BMI). The purpose of the study was to visualize endothelin-1 (ET-1) mediated constriction in arteries isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese hypertensive women previously operated by gastric bypass. Functional studies were conducted in a microvascular myograph. Expressed as percentage of contraction elicited by 124 mM KCl concentration-response curves for ET-1 were shifted leftward in arteries from obese hypertensive patients compared to healthy normotensive subjects. The vasodilator response to the ET-1 antagonist BQ123 (1 microM) was significantly higher in arteries from obese hypertensive patients (p<0.001). BQ123 induced relaxation was inhibited by NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (0.1 nM). Preincubation with BQ123 enhanced the relaxation induced by acetylcholine (ACh; 0.1 nM - 0.1 mM) (p<0.001), but not that induced by NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.1 nM - 0.1 mM), in arteries from obese hypertensive patients. The present study show that hypertension yet prevail after gastric bypass surgery and the ET(A) receptor antagonist BQ123 may be a useful tool in reducing blood pressure in obese hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gradin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden, Division of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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57
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Rapoport RM, Merkus D. Endothelin-1 Regulation of Exercise-Induced Changes in Flow: Dynamic Regulation of Vascular Tone. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:517. [PMID: 29114220 PMCID: PMC5660699 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although endothelin (ET)-1 is a highly potent vasoconstrictor with considerable efficacy in numerous vascular beds, the role of endogenous ET-1 in the regulation of vascular tone remains unclear. The perspective that ET-1 plays little role in the on-going regulation of vascular tone at least under physiologic conditions is supported by findings that potential ET-1 constriction is minimized by the release of the vasodilator and ET-1 synthesis inhibitor, nitric oxide (NO). Indeed, ET-1 release and constriction is self-limited by ET-1-induced, endothelial ETB receptor-mediated release of NO. Moreover, even if the balance between ET-1 and NO were reversed as the result of lowered NO activity, as occurs in a number of pathophysiologies associated with endothelial dysfunction, the well-known resistance of ET-1 constriction to reversal (as determined with exogenous ET-1) precludes ET-1 in the dynamic, i.e., moment-to-moment, regulation of vascular tone. On the other hand, and as presently reviewed, findings of ET-1-dependent modulation of organ blood flow with exercise under physiologic conditions demonstrate the dynamic regulation of vascular tone by ET-1. We speculate that this regulation is mediated at least in part through changes in ET-1 synthesis/release caused by pulsatile flow-induced shear stress and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Rapoport
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical School Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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58
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Bain AR, Weil BR, Diehl KJ, Greiner JJ, Stauffer BL, DeSouza CA. Insufficient sleep is associated with impaired nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:41-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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59
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Dow CA, Stauffer BL, Brunjes DL, Greiner JJ, DeSouza CA. Regular aerobic exercise reduces endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone in overweight and obese adults. Exp Physiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A. Dow
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Brian L. Stauffer
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora CO 80045 USA
- Denver Health Medical Center; Denver CO 80204 USA
| | - Danielle L. Brunjes
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Jared J. Greiner
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Christopher A. DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora CO 80045 USA
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60
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Endothelial and Perivascular Adipose Tissue Abnormalities in Obesity-Related Vascular Dysfunction: Novel Targets for Treatment. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 69:360-368. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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61
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Schinzari F, Veneziani A, Mores N, Barini A, Di Daniele N, Cardillo C, Tesauro M. Vascular Effects of Obestatin in Lean and Obese Subjects. Diabetes 2017; 66:1214-1221. [PMID: 28174289 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obese patients have impaired vasodilator reactivity and increased endothelin 1 (ET-1)-mediated vasoconstriction, two abnormalities contributing to vascular dysfunction. Obestatin, a product of the ghrelin gene, in addition to favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, has shown nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilator properties in experimental models. Given these premises, we compared the effects of exogenous obestatin on forearm flow in lean and obese subjects and assessed its influence on ET-1-dependent vasoconstrictor tone in obesity. In both lean and obese participants, infusion of escalating doses of obestatin resulted in a progressive increase in blood flow from baseline (both P < 0.001). This vasodilation was predominantly mediated by enhanced NO activity, because NG-monomethyl-l-arginine markedly blunted the flow response to obestatin in both groups (both P < 0.05 vs. saline). In obese subjects, antagonism of ETA receptors by BQ-123 increased forearm flow during saline (P < 0.001) but did not induce additional vasodilation (P > 0.05) during obestatin. Circulating obestatin levels were not different between lean and obese participants (P = 0.41). Our findings indicate that obestatin causes NO-dependent vasodilation in the human circulation. This effect is preserved in obesity, where it is accompanied by reduced ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction. These latter observations make obestatin a promising target for vascular prevention in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadia Mores
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Barini
- Department of Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Schinzari F, Veneziani A, Mores N, Barini A, Di Daniele N, Cardillo C, Tesauro M. Beneficial Effects of Apelin on Vascular Function in Patients With Central Obesity. Hypertension 2017; 69:942-949. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with central obesity have impaired insulin-stimulated vasodilation and increased ET-1 (endothelin 1) vasoconstriction, which may contribute to insulin resistance and vascular damage. Apelin enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal but also acts as a nitric oxide (NO)–dependent vasodilator and a counter-regulator of AT
1
(angiotensin [Ang] II type 1) receptor–induced vasoconstriction. We, therefore, examined the effects of exogenous (Pyr
1
)apelin on NO-mediated vasodilation and Ang II– or ET-1–dependent vasoconstrictor tone in obese patients. In the absence of hyperinsulinemia, forearm blood flow responses to graded doses of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were not different during saline or apelin administration (both
P
>0.05). During intra-arterial infusion of regular insulin, however, apelin enhanced the vasodilation induced by both acetylcholine and nitroprusside (both
P
<0.05). Interestingly, the vasodilator effect of concurrent blockade of AT
1
(telmisartan) and AT
2
(PD 123,319) receptors was blunted by apelin (3±5% versus 32±9%;
P
<0.05). Similarly, during apelin administration, blockade of ET
A
receptors (BQ-123) resulted in lower vasodilator response than during saline (23±10% versus 65±12%;
P
<0.05). NO synthase inhibition by L-NMMA (
l
-
N
-monometylarginine) during the concurrent blockade of either Ang II or ET
A
receptors resulted in similar vasoconstriction in the absence or presence of apelin (
P
>0.05). In conclusion, in patients with central obesity, apelin has favorable effects not only to improve insulin-stimulated endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilator responses but also to blunt Ang II– and ET-1–dependent vasoconstriction by a mechanism not involving NO. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting the apelin system might favorably impact some hemodynamic abnormalities of insulin-resistant states like obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schinzari
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Augusto Veneziani
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Nadia Mores
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Angela Barini
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
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Endothelial overexpression of endothelin-1 modulates aortic, carotid, iliac and renal arterial responses in obese mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:498-512. [PMID: 28216625 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is essential for mammalian development and life, but it has also been implicated in increased cardiovascular risk under pathophysiological conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of endothelial overexpression of the prepro-endothelin-1 gene on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent responses in the conduit and renal arteries of lean and obese mice. Obesity was induced by high-fat-diet (HFD) consumption in mice with Tie-1 promoter-driven, endothelium-specific overexpression of the prepro-endothelin-1 gene (TEThet) and in wild-type (WT) littermates on a C57BL/6N background. Isometric tension was measured in rings (with endothelium) of the aorta (A), carotid (CA) and iliac (IA) arteries as well as the main (MRA) and segmental renal (SRA) arteries; all experiments were conducted in the absence or presence of L-NAME and/or the COX inhibitor meclofenamate. The release of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 was measured by ELISA. In the MRA, TEThet per se increased contractions to endothelin-1, but the response was decreased in SRA in response to serotonin; there were also improved relaxations to acetylcholine but not insulin in the SRA in the presence of L-NAME. HFD per se augmented the contractions to endothelin-1 (MRA) and to the thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptor agonist U46619 (CA, MRA) as well as facilitated relaxations to isoproterenol (A). The combination of HFD and TEThet overexpression increased the contractions of MRA and SRA to vasoconstrictors but not in the presence of meclofenamate; this combination also augmented further relaxations to isoproterenol in the A. Contractions to endothelin-1 in the IA were prevented by endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ-123 but only attenuated in obese mice by BQ-788. The COX-1 inhibitor FR122047 abolished the contractions of CA to acetylcholine. The release of prostacyclin during the latter condition was augmented in samples from obese TEThet mice and abolished by FR122047. These findings suggest that endothelial TEThet overexpression in lean animals has minimal effects on vascular responsiveness. However, if comorbid with obesity, endothelin-1-modulated, prostanoid-mediated renal arterial dysfunction becomes apparent.
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64
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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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Abstract
Chronic inflammatory state in obesity causes dysregulation of the endocrine and paracrine actions of adipocyte-derived factors, which disrupt vascular homeostasis and contribute to endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and subsequent hypertension. While normal healthy perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) ensures the dilation of blood vessels, obesity-associated PVAT leads to a change in profile of the released adipo-cytokines, resulting in a decreased vasorelaxing effect. Adipose tissue inflammation, nitric oxide (NO)-bioavailability, insulin resistance and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are main participating factors in endothelial dysfunction of obesity. In this chapter, disruption of inter-endothelial junctions between endothelial cells, significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation mediators, which are originated from inflamed endothelial cells, the balance between NO synthesis and ROS , insulin signaling and NO production, and decrease in L-arginine/endogenous asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) ratio are discussed in connection with endothelial dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- , Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ostrem JD, Evanoff NG, Ryder JR, Steinberger J, Sinaiko AR, Bisch KL, Brinck NM, Dengel DR. High-flow-mediated constriction in adults is not influenced by biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic risk. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2017; 45:35-42. [PMID: 27492803 PMCID: PMC5159190 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE During reactive hyperemia, the brachial artery in some individuals constricts prior to dilation. Our aim was to describe the frequency of high-flow-mediated constriction (H-FMC) in adults, and its relationship to body composition and biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic risk. METHODS Two hundred forty-six adults (124 male, 122 female; 36 ± 7 years old) were assessed for H-FMC via sonographic imaging of the brachial artery. Blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipids, and body composition assessed via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were collected. H-FMC was characterized as a 10-second average of maximal postocclusion constriction. Independent t test was used to compare H-FMC versus non-H-FMC individuals. RESULTS H-FMC was observed in approximately 69% of adult participants (54 obese, 57 overweight, and 59 normal weight). Total body mass (82.3 ± 17.5 versus 76.3 ± 16.3 kg, p = 0.012), fat mass (27.7 ± 11.5 versus 23.8 ± 10.5 kg, p = 0.012), body mass index (27.7 ± 4.9 versus 26.1 ± 5.0 kg/m2 , p = 0.018), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (2.41 ± 1.03 versus 2.09 ± 0.72, p = 0.007) were higher in H-FMC than in non-H-FMC individuals. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) (6.12 ± 3.48 versus 8.09 ± 3.02%, p < 0.001) was lower in H-FMC subjects. However, there was no difference in brachial artery dilation between groups (7.57 ± 3.69 versus 8.09 ± 3.02%, p = 0.250) when H-FMC was added to FMD. CONCLUSIONS Increased body mass, fat mass, and body mass index were associated with a greater H-FMC. When H-FMC was present, the FMD response to reactive hyperemia was significantly lower. Because H-FMC has been observed to negatively affect FMD response to reactive hyperemia, we suggest that H-FMC should be noted when analyzing and interpreting FMD data. H-FMC may be an ancillary measure of endothelial health. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:35-42, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Ostrem
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Nicholas G. Evanoff
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Justin R. Ryder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Julia Steinberger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Alan R. Sinaiko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Katie L. Bisch
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Niklas M. Brinck
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Donald R. Dengel
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
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67
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Haley MJ, Lawrence CB. Obesity and stroke: Can we translate from rodents to patients? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2007-2021. [PMID: 27655337 PMCID: PMC5134197 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16670411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for stroke and is consequently one of the most common co-morbidities found in patients. There is therefore an identified need to model co-morbidities preclinically to allow better translation from bench to bedside. In preclinical studies, both diet-induced and genetically obese rodents have worse stroke outcome, characterised by increased ischaemic damage and an altered inflammatory response. However, clinical studies have reported an 'obesity paradox' in stroke, characterised by reduced mortality and morbidity in obese patients. We discuss the potential reasons why the preclinical and clinical studies may not agree, and review the mechanisms identified in preclinical studies through which obesity may affects stroke outcome. We suggest inflammation plays a central role in this relationship, as obesity features increases in inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, and chronic inflammation has been linked to worse stroke risk and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Haley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine B Lawrence
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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68
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The association of endothelin-1 with markers of oxidative stress in a biethnic South African cohort: the SABPA study. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:189-195. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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69
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Sorop O, van den Heuvel M, van Ditzhuijzen NS, de Beer VJ, Heinonen I, van Duin RWB, Zhou Z, Koopmans SJ, Merkus D, van der Giessen WJ, Danser AHJ, Duncker DJ. Coronary microvascular dysfunction after long-term diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1339-H1351. [PMID: 27591223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00458.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) has been proposed as an important component of diabetes mellitus (DM)- and hypercholesterolemia-associated coronary artery disease (CAD). Previously we observed that 2.5 mo of DM and high-fat diet (HFD) in swine blunted bradykinin (BK)-induced vasodilation and attenuated endothelin (ET)-1-mediated vasoconstriction. Here we studied the progression of CMD after 15 mo in the same animal model of CAD. Ten male swine were fed a HFD in the absence (HFD, n = 5) or presence of streptozotocin-induced DM (DM + HFD, n = 5). Responses of small (∼300-μm-diameter) coronary arteries to BK, ET-1, and the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine were examined in vitro and compared with those of healthy (Normal) swine (n = 12). Blood glucose was elevated in DM + HFD (17.6 ± 4.5 mmol/l) compared with HFD (5.1 ± 0.4 mmol/l) and Normal (5.8 ± 0.6 mmol/l) swine, while cholesterol was markedly elevated in DM + HFD (16.8 ± 1.7 mmol/l) and HFD (18.1 ± 2.6 mmol/l) compared with Normal (2.1 ± 0.2 mmol/l) swine (all P < 0.05). Small coronary arteries showed early atherosclerotic plaques in HFD and DM + HFD swine. Surprisingly, DM + HFD and HFD swine maintained BK responsiveness compared with Normal swine due to an increase in NO availability relative to endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors. However, ET-1 responsiveness was greater in HFD and DM + HFD than Normal swine (both P < 0.05), resulting mainly from ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. Moreover, the calculated vascular stiffness coefficient was higher in DM + HFD and HFD than Normal swine (both P < 0.05). In conclusion, 15 mo of DM + HFD, as well as HFD alone, resulted in CMD. Although the overall vasodilation to BK was unperturbed, the relative contributions of NO and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor pathways were altered. Moreover, the vasoconstrictor response to ET-1 was enhanced, involving the ETB receptors. In conjunction with our previous study, these findings highlight the time dependence of the phenotype of CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Sorop
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Mieke van den Heuvel
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke S van Ditzhuijzen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent J de Beer
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W B van Duin
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sietse J Koopmans
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J van der Giessen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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70
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Robberecht H, Hermans N. Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: Biochemical Background and Clinical Significance. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 14:47-93. [PMID: 26808223 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome are divided into four subgroups. Although dividing them in groups has some limitations, it can be used to draw some conclusions. In a first part, the dyslipidemias and markers of oxidative stress are discussed, while inflammatory markers and cardiometabolic biomarkers are reviewed in a second part. For most of them, the biochemical background and clinical significance are discussed, although here also a well-cut separation cannot always be made. Altered levels cannot always be claimed as the cause, risk, or consequence of the syndrome. Several factors are interrelated to each other and act in a concerted, antagonistic, synergistic, or modulating way. Most important conclusions are summarized at the end of every reviewed subgroup. Genetic biomarkers or influences of various food components on concentration levels are not included in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Robberecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NatuRA (Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis), University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NatuRA (Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis), University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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71
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Baretella O, Vanhoutte P. Endothelium-Dependent Contractions. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 77:177-208. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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72
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Harrell JW, Johansson RE, Evans TD, Sebranek JJ, Walker BJ, Eldridge MW, Serlin RC, Schrage WG. Preserved Microvascular Endothelial Function in Young, Obese Adults with Functional Loss of Nitric Oxide Signaling. Front Physiol 2015; 6:387. [PMID: 26733880 PMCID: PMC4686588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Data indicate endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) may be preserved in the skeletal muscle microcirculation of young, obese adults. Preserved EDD might be mediated by compensatory mechanisms, impeding insight into preclinical vascular dysfunction. We aimed to determine the functional roles of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) toward EDD in younger obese adults. We first hypothesized EDD would be preserved in young, obese adults. Further, we hypothesized a reduced contribution of NOS in young, obese adults would be replaced by increased COX signaling. Microvascular EDD was assessed with Doppler ultrasound and brachial artery infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) in younger (27 ± 1 year) obese (n = 29) and lean (n = 46) humans. Individual and combined contributions of NOS and COX were examined with intra-arterial infusions of l-NMMA and ketorolac, respectively. Vasodilation was quantified as an increase in forearm vascular conductance (ΔFVC). Arterial endothelial cell biopsies were analyzed for protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). ΔFVC to ACh was similar between groups. After l-NMMA, ΔFVC to ACh was greater in obese adults (p < 0.05). There were no group differences in ΔFVC to ACh with ketorolac. With combined NOS-COX inhibition, ΔFVC was greater in obese adults at the intermediate dose of ACh. Surprisingly, arterial endothelial cell eNOS and phosphorylated eNOS were similar between groups. Younger obese adults exhibit preserved EDD and eNOS expression despite functional dissociation of NOS-mediated vasodilation and similar COX signaling. Compensatory NOS- and COX-independent vasodilatory mechanisms conceal reduced NOS contributions in otherwise healthy obese adults early in life, which may contribute to vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Harrell
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca E Johansson
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Trent D Evans
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J Sebranek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin J Walker
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marlowe W Eldridge
- The John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald C Serlin
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - William G Schrage
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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73
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Schinzari F, Iantorno M, Campia U, Mores N, Rovella V, Tesauro M, Di Daniele N, Cardillo C. Vasodilator responses and endothelin-dependent vasoconstriction in metabolically healthy obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E787-92. [PMID: 26374766 PMCID: PMC4628941 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00278.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) do not present the cluster of metabolic abnormalities that define the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Whether MHO is associated with lower impairment of vasoreactivity than the MetS is unknown. For this purpose, forearm blood flow (FBF) responses were measured by strain-gauge plethysmography during the intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and/or the selective endothelin type A (ETA) receptor blocker BQ-123 in 119 obese individuals with MHO (n = 34) or with the MetS (n = 85) and in healthy lean controls (n = 56). ACh and SNP caused a significant vasodilation in both obese and lean participants (all P < 0.001). However, the response to both agents was significantly lower in the obese than in the control group (both P < 0.001). Among the obese participants, the reactivity to ACh was higher in MHO than in MetS patients, whereas the responsiveness to SNP was equally impaired in both groups (P = 0.45). Infusion of BQ-123 significantly increased FBF in obese patients (P < 0001), but not in the lean participants; hence, FBF following ETA receptor blockade was higher in both obese groups than in controls (both P < 0.001). FBF response to BQ-123 was significantly higher in patients with the MetS than in those with MHO (P = 0.007). In conclusion, patients with MHO have abnormal vascular reactivity, although their endothelial dysfunction is less pronounced than in patients with the MetS. These findings indicate that obesity is associated with vascular damage independent of those metabolic abnormalities underlying the MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schinzari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Iantorno
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Nadia Mores
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy; and
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy;
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74
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Spradley FT, Palei AC, Granger JP. Increased risk for the development of preeclampsia in obese pregnancies: weighing in on the mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1326-43. [PMID: 26447211 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00178.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder typically presenting as new-onset hypertension and proteinuria. While numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that obesity increases the risk of PE, the mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Growing evidence from animal and human studies implicate placental ischemia in the etiology of this maternal syndrome. It is thought that placental ischemia is brought about by dysfunctional cytotrophoblast migration and invasion into the uterus and subsequent lack of spiral arteriole widening and placental perfusion. Placental ischemia/hypoxia stimulates the release of soluble placental factors into the maternal circulation where they cause endothelial dysfunction, particularly in the kidney, to elicit the clinical manifestations of PE. The most recognized of these factors are the anti-angiogenic sFlt-1 and pro-inflammatory TNF-α and AT1-AA, which promote endothelial dysfunction by reducing levels of the provasodilator nitric oxide and stimulating production of the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 and reactive oxygen species. We hypothesize that obesity-related metabolic factors increase the risk for developing PE by impacting various stages in the pathogenesis of PE, namely, 1) cytotrophoblast migration and placental ischemia; 2) release of soluble placental factors into the maternal circulation; and 3) maternal endothelial and vascular dysfunction. This review will summarize the current experimental evidence supporting the concept that obesity and metabolic factors like lipids, insulin, glucose, and leptin affect placental function and increase the risk for developing hypertension in pregnancy by reducing placental perfusion; enhancing placental release of soluble factors; and by increasing the sensitivity of the maternal vasculature to placental ischemia-induced soluble factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Spradley
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Women's Health Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ana C Palei
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Women's Health Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Joey P Granger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, Women's Health Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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75
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Ostrem JD, Evanoff N, Kelly AS, Dengel DR. Presence of a high-flow-mediated constriction phenomenon prior to flow-mediated dilation in normal weight, overweight, and obese children and adolescents. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2015; 43:495-501. [PMID: 25801746 PMCID: PMC4565738 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE When assessing vasomotor endothelial function by reactive hyperemia, the brachial artery, in some individuals, constricts immediately before beginning to dilate following cuff release. We call this response high-flow-mediated constriction (H-FMC). The aim of this study was to describe the rate of the H-FMC during reactive hyperemia in children and adolescents throughout a range of body mass index (BMI) values, and to investigate differences in flow-mediated dilation (FMD), cardiovascular, and anthropometric measures between subjects with and without H-FMC. METHODS FMD was assessed in 136 children and adolescents (61 male, 75 female; 13 ± 3 years) by sonographic imaging of the brachial artery. H-FMC was characterized as the lowest point from the baseline brachial artery diameter immediately following reactive cuff release. Independent t tests were used to compare subjects with and without H-FMC. RESULTS H-FMC was observed in 91 of the 136 participants (66.9%). No significant difference was found between H-FMC and non-H-FMC subjects for age (p = 0.602), gender (p = 0.767), height (p = 0.227), or weight (p = 0.171). BMI percentile was nonsignificantly higher (91.8 ± 4.9th versus 84.6 ± 22.8th percentile, p = 0.057) and FMD was significantly lower (5.43 ± 3.41% versus 8.05 ± 3.97%, p < 0.001) in H-FMC than in non-H-FMC subjects. Adding H-FMC to FMD produced no significant difference between H-FMC and non-H-FMC individuals (8.03 ± 3.27% versus 8.05 ± 3.97%, p = 0.977). CONCLUSIONS Approximately 67% of participants demonstrated an H-FMC during reactive hyperemia. BMI percentile was nonsignificantly higher and FMD was significantly lower in children and adolescents who displayed this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Ostrem
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Nicholas Evanoff
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Aaron S Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Donald R Dengel
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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76
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Mahajan R, Lau DH, Brooks AG, Shipp NJ, Manavis J, Wood JPM, Finnie JW, Samuel CS, Royce SG, Twomey DJ, Thanigaimani S, Kalman JM, Sanders P. Electrophysiological, Electroanatomical, and Structural Remodeling of the Atria as Consequences of Sustained Obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:1-11. [PMID: 26139051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and atrial fibrillation (AF) are public health issues with significant consequences. OBJECTIVES This study sought to delineate the development of global electrophysiological and structural substrate for AF in sustained obesity. METHODS Ten sheep fed ad libitum calorie-dense diet to induce obesity over 36 weeks were maintained in this state for another 36 weeks; 10 lean sheep with carefully controlled weight served as controls. All sheep underwent electrophysiological and electroanatomic mapping; hemodynamic and imaging assessment (echocardiography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry); and histology and molecular evaluation. Evaluation included atrial voltage, conduction velocity (CV), and refractoriness (7 sites, 2 cycle lengths), vulnerability for AF, fatty infiltration, atrial fibrosis, and atrial transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression. RESULTS Compared with age-matched controls, chronically obese sheep demonstrated greater total body fat (p < 0.001); LA volume (p < 0.001); LA pressure (p < 0.001), and PA pressures (p < 0.001); reduced atrial CV (LA p < 0.001) with increased conduction heterogeneity (p < 0.001); increased fractionated electrograms (p < 0.001); decreased posterior LA voltage (p < 0.001) and increased voltage heterogeneity (p < 0.001); no change in the effective refractory period (ERP) (p > 0.8) or ERP heterogeneity (p > 0.3). Obesity was associated with more episodes (p = 0.02), prolongation (p = 0.01), and greater cumulative duration (p = 0.02) of AF. Epicardial fat infiltrated the posterior LA in the obese group (p < 0.001), consistent with reduced endocardial voltage in this region. Atrial fibrosis (p = 0.03) and TGF-β1 protein (p = 0.002) were increased in the obese group. CONCLUSIONS Sustained obesity results in global biatrial endocardial remodeling characterized by LA enlargement, conduction abnormalities, fractionated electrograms, increased profibrotic TGF-β1 expression, interstitial atrial fibrosis, and increased propensity for AF. Obesity was associated with reduced posterior LA endocardial voltage and infiltration of contiguous posterior LA muscle by epicardial fat, representing a unique substrate for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Mahajan
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders (CHRD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dennis H Lau
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders (CHRD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony G Brooks
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders (CHRD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Shipp
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders (CHRD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jim Manavis
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John P M Wood
- Royal Adelaide Hospital and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Simon G Royce
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darragh J Twomey
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders (CHRD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shivshanker Thanigaimani
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders (CHRD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Kalman
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prashanthan Sanders
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders (CHRD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
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Sánchez A, Martínez P, Muñoz M, Benedito S, García-Sacristán A, Hernández M, Prieto D. Endothelin-1 contributes to endothelial dysfunction and enhanced vasoconstriction through augmented superoxide production in penile arteries from insulin-resistant obese rats: role of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5682-95. [PMID: 25091502 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We assessed whether endothelin-1 (ET-1) inhibits NO and contributes to endothelial dysfunction in penile arteries in a model of insulin resistance-associated erectile dysfunction (ED). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Vascular function was assessed in penile arteries, from obese (OZR) and lean (LZR) Zucker rats, mounted in microvascular myographs. Changes in basal and stimulated levels of superoxide (O2 (-) ) were detected by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence and ET receptor expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS ET-1 stimulated acute O2 (-) production that was blunted by tempol and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, but markedly enhanced in obese animals. ET-1 inhibited the vasorelaxant effects of ACh and of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine in arteries from both LZR and OZR. Selective ETA (BQ123) or ETB receptor (BQ788) antagonists reduced both basal and ET-1-stimulated superoxide generation and reversed ET-1-induced inhibition of NO-mediated relaxations in OZR, while only BQ-123 antagonized ET-1 actions in LZR. ET-1-induced vasoconstriction was markedly enhanced by NO synthase blockade and reduced by endothelium removal and apocynin. In endothelium-denuded penile arteries, apocynin blunted augmented ET-1-induced contractions in OZR. Both ETA and ETB receptors were expressed in smooth muscle and the endothelial layer and up-regulated in arteries from OZR. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ET-1 stimulates ETA -mediated NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation, which inhibits endothelial NO bioavailability and contributes to ET-1-induced contraction in healthy penile arteries. Enhanced vascular expression of ETB receptors contributes to augmented ROS production, endothelial dysfunction and increased vasoconstriction in erectile tissue from insulin-resistant obese rats. Hence, antagonism of ETB receptors might improve the ED associated with insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Miyawaki S, Kohara K, Kido T, Tabara Y, Igase M, Miki T, Sayama K. Facial pigmentation as a biomarker of carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged to elderly healthy Japanese subjects. Skin Res Technol 2015; 22:20-4. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Miyawaki
- Department of Dermatology; Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine; Ehime Japan
| | - K. Kohara
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine; Ehime Japan
| | - T. Kido
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine; Ehime Japan
| | - Y. Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - M. Igase
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine; Ehime Japan
| | - T. Miki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine; Ehime Japan
| | - K. Sayama
- Department of Dermatology; Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine; Ehime Japan
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Martin-Conejero A, Modrego Martín J, Hernández Mateo M, Rodríguez Sierra P, Serrano Hernando F, López Farré A. Efectos del bosentán sobre la función vascular e inflamación de pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad vascular periférica. ANGIOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.angio.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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80
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Mahajan R, Lau DH, Sanders P. Impact of obesity on cardiac metabolism, fibrosis, and function. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015; 25:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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81
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Obesity and atherosclerosis: mechanistic insights. Can J Cardiol 2014; 31:177-83. [PMID: 25661552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease characterized by an accumulation of visceral and subcutaneous fat, which leads to a predisposition toward cardiometabolic diseases. A plethora of mechanisms, including abnormalities in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, adipokine imbalance, and inflammasome activation have been suggested to underlie the relationship between obesity and atherosclerosis. More recent data point toward an emerging role of impaired autophagy and altered gut microbiome homeostasis as potentially contributing factors. This review provides an overview of this area.
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Cabiati M, Belcastro E, Caselli C, Prescimone T, D'Amico A, Guzzardi MA, Iozzo P, Giannessi D, Del Ry S. Endothelin system mRNA variation in the heart of Zucker rats: evaluation of a possible balance with natriuretic peptides. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:1166-1173. [PMID: 25012866 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The deregulation of neurohormonal systems, including the natriuretic peptide (NP) and endothelin (ET) systems, may increase the possibility of developing obesity-related risk. The aim of our paper was to evaluate ET system mRNA variation in heart of the Zucker rat model together with the simultaneous evaluation of the NP system transcriptomic profile. In order to analyze the link between the ET-1 system and the inflammatory process, the cardiac expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was also measured. METHODS AND RESULTS Zucker rats of 11-13 weeks were subdivided into obese rats (O, n = 20) and controls (CO, n = 20): half of them were studied under fasting conditions (CO(fc)-O(fc)) and the remainder after the induction of acute hyperglycemia (CO(AH)-O(AH)). Cardiac mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and NP/ET-1 systems was evaluated by Real-Time polymerase chain reaction. No significant difference for pre-proET-1, ET-A, and ET-B mRNA expression was detected between O and CO, whereas significantly lower mRNA levels of the ECE-1 were observed in O (p = 0.02). Regarding NPs, only BNP mRNA expression decreased significantly in O with respect to CO (p = 0.01). A down-regulation of NPR-B and NPR-C and an up-regulation of NPR-A were observed in O. No significant difference for IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA was revealed. Subdividing into fasting and hyperglycemic rats, many of the genes studied maintained their mRNA expression pattern almost unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The modulation of ET-1/NP systems in obesity could be a useful starting point for future studies aimed at identifying new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cardiometabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cabiati
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Belcastro
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Caselli
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - T Prescimone
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - A D'Amico
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - M A Guzzardi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Iozzo
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Giannessi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Del Ry
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
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Campia U, Tesauro M, Di Daniele N, Cardillo C. The vascular endothelin system in obesity and type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Life Sci 2014; 118:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Martínez AC, Hernández M, Novella S, Martínez MP, Pagán RM, Hermenegildo C, García-Sacristán A, Prieto D, Benedito S. Diminished neurogenic femoral artery vasoconstrictor response in a Zucker obese rat model: differential regulation of NOS and COX derivatives. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106372. [PMID: 25216050 PMCID: PMC4162543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Peripheral arterial disease is one of the macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study addresses femoral artery regulation in a prediabetic model of obese Zucker rats (OZR) by examining cross-talk between endothelial and neural factors. Methods and Results Arterial preparations from lean (LZR) and OZR were subjected to electrical field stimulation (EFS) on basal tone. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform expression patterns were determined by immunohistochemical labelling and Western blotting. Results indicate significantly reduced noradrenergic contractions in preparations from OZR compared with those of LZR. Functional inhibition of endothelial NOS (eNOS) indicated a predominant role of this isoform in LZR and its modified activity in OZR. Neural (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) were activated and their expression was higher in femoral arteries from OZR. Neurotransmission modulated by large-conductance Ca2+-activated (BKCa) or voltage-dependent (KV) K+ channels did not seem compromised in the obese animals. Endothelial COX-1 and COX-2 were expressed in LZR and an additional adventitial location of COX-2 was also observed in OZR, explaining the higher COX-2 protein levels detected in this group. Prostanoids derived from both isoforms helped maintain vasoconstriction in LZR while in OZR only COX-2 was active. Superoxide anion inhibition reduced contractions in endothelium-intact arteries from OZR. Conclusions Endothelial dysfunction led to reduced neurogenic vasoconstriction in femoral arteries from OZR. In a setting of obesity, NO-dependent nNOS and iNOS dilation activity could be an alternative mechanism to offset COX-2- and reactive oxygen species-mediated vasoconstriction, along with impaired endothelial NO relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Medardo Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Novella
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pilar Martínez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María Pagán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Hermenegildo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Albino García-Sacristán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Prieto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Benedito
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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85
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Sansbury BE, Hill BG. Regulation of obesity and insulin resistance by nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:383-99. [PMID: 24878261 PMCID: PMC4112002 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and has quickly become a worldwide pandemic with few tangible and safe treatment options. Although it is generally accepted that the primary cause of obesity is energy imbalance, i.e., the calories consumed are greater than are utilized, understanding how caloric balance is regulated has proven a challenge. Many "distal" causes of obesity, such as the structural environment, occupation, and social influences, are exceedingly difficult to change or manipulate. Hence, molecular processes and pathways more proximal to the origins of obesity-those that directly regulate energy metabolism or caloric intake-seem to be more feasible targets for therapy. In particular, nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as a central regulator of energy metabolism and body composition. NO bioavailability is decreased in animal models of diet-induced obesity and in obese and insulin-resistant patients, and increasing NO output has remarkable effects on obesity and insulin resistance. This review discusses the role of NO in regulating adiposity and insulin sensitivity and places its modes of action into context with the known causes and consequences of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Sansbury
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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86
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Rocha NG, Templeton DL, Greiner JJ, Stauffer BL, DeSouza CA. Metabolic syndrome and endothelin-1 mediated vasoconstrictor tone in overweight/obese adults. Metabolism 2014; 63:951-6. [PMID: 24856242 PMCID: PMC4074589 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether endothelin (ET)-1 vasoconstrictor tone is greater in overweight and obese adults with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). MATERIALS/METHODS Forty overweight/obese middle-aged and older adults (age: 43-71 years; BMI: 25.1-36.9 kg/m²) were studied: 20 without MetS (13 M/7 F) and 20 with MetS (13 M/7 F). MetS was established according to NCEP ATP III guidelines. Forearm blood flow (FBF; plethysmography) responses to intra-arterial infusion of selective ET(A) receptor blockade (BQ-123; 100 nmol/min; for 60 min) and non-selective ET(A/B) receptor blockade (BQ-123 + BQ-788 [50 nmol/min for 60 min]) were determined. RESULTS In response to the selective ET(A) antagonism, there was a significant increase in forearm blood flow from baseline in both groups. However, the increase in forearm blood flow was significantly higher (P=0.03; ~45%) in the overweight/obese group with MetS than the group without MetS. In contrast, there were no significant group differences in FBF responses to non-selective ET(A/B) receptor blockade. Peak vasodilator responses to nonselective ET(A/B) blockade were ~50% higher than baseline blood flow in the overweight/obese groups without and with MetS. CONCLUSION MetS is associated with higher ET-1 vasoconstrictor tone in overweight/obese adults. The enhanced ET-1 vasoconstrictor activity with MetS is mediated by the ET(A) receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G Rocha
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, 24210-130
| | - Danielle L Templeton
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Jared J Greiner
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Brian L Stauffer
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver and the Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045; Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO 80204
| | - Christopher A DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver and the Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045.
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Sarvottam K, Yadav RK. Obesity-related inflammation & cardiovascular disease: efficacy of a yoga-based lifestyle intervention. Indian J Med Res 2014; 139:822-34. [PMID: 25109716 PMCID: PMC4164994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health burden and its prevalence is increasing substantially due to changing lifestyle. Chronic adiposity is associated with metabolic imbalance leading to dyslipidaemia, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ releasing several adipocytokines, and is associated with increased levels of tissue and circulating inflammatory biomolecules causing vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. Further, inflammation is also associated independently with obesity as well as CVD. Keeping this in view, it is possible that a reduction in weight may lead to a decrease in inflammation, resulting in CVD risk reduction, and better management of patients with CVD. Lifestyle intervention has been endorsed by several health authorities in prevention and management of chronic diseases. A yoga-based lifestyle intervention appears to be a promising option in reducing the risk for CVD as well as management of patients with CVD as it is simple to follow and cost-effective with high compliance. The efficacy of such lifestyle intervention programmes is multifaceted, and is achieved via reduction in weight, obesity-related inflammation and stress, thereby culminating into risk reduction towards several chronic diseases including CVD. In this review, the association between obesity-related inflammation and CVD, and the role of yoga-based lifestyle intervention in prevention and management of CVD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sarvottam
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,Reprint requests: Dr Raj Kumar Yadav, Additional Professor, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi 110 029, India e-mail:
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De Mey JGR, Vanhoutte PM. End o' the line revisited: moving on from nitric oxide to CGRP. Life Sci 2014; 118:120-8. [PMID: 24747136 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When endothelin-1(ET-1) was discovered it was hailed as the prototypical endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF). However, over the years little evidence emerged convincingly demonstrating that the peptide actually contributes to moment-to-moment changes in vascular tone elicited by endothelial cells. This has been attributed to the profound inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) on both the production (by the endothelium) and the action (on vascular smooth muscle) of ET-1. Hence, the peptide is likely to initiate acute changes in vascular diameter only under extreme conditions of endothelial dysfunction when the NO bioavailability is considerably reduced if not absent. The present essay discusses whether or not this concept should be revised, in particular in view of the potent inhibitory effect exerted by calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) released from sensorimotor nerves on vasoconstrictor responses to ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo G R De Mey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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89
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Baretella O, Chung SK, Barton M, Xu A, Vanhoutte PM. Obesity and heterozygous endothelial overexpression of prepro-endothelin-1 modulate responsiveness of mouse main and segmental renal arteries to vasoconstrictor agents. Life Sci 2014; 118:206-12. [PMID: 24412387 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Levels of the endothelium-derived peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) are elevated in obese humans, and ET-1 mediated vascular tone is increased. Renal arterial smooth muscle is highly responsive to ET-1. Whether or not endothelium-derived ET-1 affects contractions of the renal artery under normal conditions or in obesity is unknown. The present study was designed to investigate whether or not overexpression of endogenous ET-1 in the endothelium affects the responsiveness of the main and segmental renal arteries differently in obesity. MAIN METHODS Mice with tie-1 promoter-driven endothelium-restricted heterozygous overexpression of preproendothelin-1 were used (TET(het)). Obesity was induced in TET(het) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates by feeding a high fat diet for 30 weeks; lean controls were kept on standard chow. The renal arteries were studied in wire myographs testing contractions (in the presence of l-NAME) to ET-1, serotonin, and U46619. KEY FINDINGS Contractions to ET-1 were comparable between groups in main renal arteries, but augmented in segmental preparations from obese mice. Serotonin-induced responses were enhanced in obese TET(het) mice renal arteries compared to lean controls. Concentration-contraction curves to U46619 were shifted significantly to the left in main renal arteries of obese animals, and the maximal response was significantly increased between lean and obese TET(het) mice. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate an augmented responsiveness of main renal arteries in obesity particularly to TP receptor activation. When combined with endothelial ET-1 overexpression this effect is even more pronounced, which may help to gain further insights into the mechanisms of hypertension in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Baretella
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,China
| | - Sookja K Chung
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,China
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,China.
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Endothelin-1 system activity in adults with borderline high ldl-cholesterol. Artery Res 2014; 8:115-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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91
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased remarkably in the past four decades. Because obesity can promote the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, understanding the mechanisms that engender weight gain and discovering safe antiobesity therapies are of critical importance. In particular, the gaseous signaling molecule, nitric oxide (NO), appears to be a central factor regulating adiposity and systemic metabolism. Obese and diabetic states are characterized by a deficit in bioavailable NO, with such decreases commonly attributed to downregulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), loss of eNOS activity, or quenching of NO by its reaction with oxygen radicals. Gain-of-function studies, in which vascular-derived NO has been increased pharmacologically or genetically, reveal remarkable actions of NO on body composition and systemic metabolism. This review addresses the metabolic actions of eNOS and the potential therapeutic utility of harnessing its antiobesogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Sansbury
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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Dickinson KM, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. A reduction of 3 g/day from a usual 9 g/day salt diet improves endothelial function and decreases endothelin-1 in a randomised cross_over study in normotensive overweight and obese subjects. Atherosclerosis 2013; 233:32-8. [PMID: 24529119 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM It is unclear if a modest reduction in dietary salt intake has beneficial effects on vascular function. The aim was to compare the effects of 9 g salt/day with 6 g salt/day intake on measures of vascular function and explore mechanisms of effect in overweight and obese adults. METHODS Twenty-five overweight/obese subjects (BMI 27-40 kg/m(2)) completed a randomised cross-over study of 6 weeks each on a reduced salt (RS) (6 g/day) and usual salt diet (US) (9 g/day). Flow-mediated-dilatation (FMD), 24 h blood pressure (BP), augmentation index (AIx), pulse wave velocity (PWV), plasma and urinary nitrate/nitrite, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), renin, aldosterone and endothelin-1 and vascular adhesion molecules were measured after 2 days and 6 weeks. Adherence to the diets was determined from two 24 h urine collections. RESULTS Urinary sodium excretion was 155 ± 58 mmol/24 h US vs 113 ± 45 mmol/24 h RS (p = 0.002). Following the RS diet there was a significant improvement in FMD from 3.5 ± 2.8% to 5.6 ± 2.8% (P < 0.001) and decrease in serum endothelin-1 from 1.45 ± 0.38 pg/ml to 1.25 ± 0.39 pg/ml (P < 0.05). Endothelium-independent vasodilatation was also significantly different between treatments (P < 0.05). AIx, PWV, serum ADMA and plasma and urinary nitrate/nitrite concentrations were not different between treatments. Change in FMD was related to the urinary sodium: creatinine ratio (r = -0.47, P < 0.05) and was independent of blood pressure. Aldosterone and renin were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS A small reduction in dietary salt intake of 3 g/day improves endothelial function in normotensive overweight and obese subjects. This response may be mediated by serum endothelin-1. This small reduction in salt had no effect on aldosterone and renin concentrations. This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Unique Identifier: ACTRN12609000321246 http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12609000321246.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie M Dickinson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Animal, Food and Health Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions and Outcomes, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter M Clifton
- The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions and Outcomes, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer B Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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93
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Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Martin JS, Crissey JM, Thyfault JP, Rector RS, Laughlin MH. Differential vasomotor effects of insulin on gastrocnemius and soleus feed arteries in the OLETF rat model: role of endothelin-1. Exp Physiol 2013; 99:262-71. [PMID: 23995100 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.074047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vascular actions of insulin are complex, because it can stimulate both nitric oxide-mediated dilatation and endothelin (ET)-1-mediated constriction. We examined vasoreactivity to insulin in isolated feed arteries of the gastrocnemius (GFA) and soleus muscles (SFA) of 32-week-old Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats, a hyperphagic rodent model of obesity and insulin resistance. The insulin-induced vasoreactivity of SFA and GFA was similar in LETO (healthy) and OLETF (obese/insulin-resistant) rats. However, examination of between-vessel effects revealed a number of novel insights into the heterogeneous vascular effects of insulin. Soleus feed arteries dilated more than GFA in LETO at 100 and 1000 μIU ml(-1) insulin (23 versus 6 and 28 versus 0%, respectively; P < 0.05 for between-vessel differences). Likewise, in OLETF rats there was significantly greater dilatation in SFA than GFA at 10, 100 and 1000 μIU ml(-1) insulin (28 versus 3, 30 versus 0 and 34 versus 0%, respectively; all P < 0.05). In the presence of 3 μm tezosentan, a non-specific endothelin-1 receptor blocker, insulin-induced dilatation of the GFA was enhanced such that differences between vessels were largely abolished in both groups. Furthermore, acetylecholine-induced dilatation was significantly greater in SFA than GFA within each group, whereas sodium nitroprusside-induced dilatory responses were greater in the GFA compared with the SFA. Overall, our findings indicate that the insulin/endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor pathway is more active in GFA than in SFA, independent of obesity in the OLETF rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Jenkins
- N. T. Jenkins: 115M Ramsey Center, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA.
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94
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Prolonged treatment with angiotensin 1-7 improves endothelial function in diet-induced obesity. J Hypertens 2013; 31:730-8. [PMID: 23425706 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835ecbe5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The renin-angiotensin system peptides are critically involved in the regulation of endothelial function with important pathological implications. Angiotensin (Ang) 1-7 has many beneficial effects in the vasculature that modulate the cardiovascular risk. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Ang 1-7 has a protective role against the endothelial defects associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO) in mice. METHODS Ang 1-7 (with or without Ang II) was delivered subcutaneously for 4 weeks using osmotic minipumps. Vascular studies were performed using aortic rings. Arterial pressure and heart rate were measured in separate cohorts of mice by telemetry. RESULTS First, we examined whether chronic administration of Ang 1-7 improves the vascular dysfunctions caused by Ang II. Subcutaneous coinfusion of Ang 1-7 significantly attenuates Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunctions. In addition, DIO mice have significant impairment in the endothelium-dependent relaxation. The contractile responses induced by various stimuli, including serotonin and endothelin-1, were differentially altered in DIO mice. Notably, DIO mice treated with Ang 1-7 for 4 weeks displayed significant improvement in the endothelial function as indicated by the increased acetylcholine-induced relaxation. Consistent with this, chronic treatment with Ang 1-7 reversed the increased aortic expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits (p22(phox) and p47(phox)) and plasma TBARS associated with DIO mice. In contrast, treatment with Ang 1-7 did not normalize the altered contractions associated with DIO mice. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate a novel role for Ang 1-7 in improving obesity-associated endothelial dysfunction.
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95
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Diehl KJ, Templeton DL, Ma J, Weil BR, Greiner JJ, Stauffer BL, DeSouza CA. Impaired fasting blood glucose is associated with increased endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor tone. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:130-3. [PMID: 23643051 PMCID: PMC3726033 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS The experimental aim of this study was to determine whether ET-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone is elevated in adult humans with impaired fasting blood glucose concentrations, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS Forearm blood flow (FBF: plethysmography) responses to intra-arterial infusion of selective ETA receptor blockade (BQ-123: 100 nmol/min for 60 min) and non-selective ETA/B blockade (BQ-123 + BQ-788: 50 nmol/min for 60 min) were determined in 28 middle-aged, sedentary adults (17 M/11 F): 14 with normal fasting blood glucose (age: 57 ± 2 yr; 6 F/8 M; BMI: 29.2 ± 0.9 kg/m(2); glucose: 4.9 ± 0.1 mmol/L) and 14 impaired fasting blood glucose (58 ± 1 yr; 5 F/9 M; 29.6 ± 1.1 kg/m(2); 5.8 ± 0.1 mmol/L) concentrations. RESULTS Selective ETA receptor blockade elicited a significantly greater (∼20%) increase in FBF in the impaired fasting glucose adults compared with the normoglycemia controls. ETA/B blockade resulted in a further 2-fold increase (P < 0.05) in FBF above that elicited by ETA receptor antagonism in the impaired fasting glucose but not normal fasting glucose adults. There was a positive correlation between fasting blood glucose levels and the peak vascular responses to ETA (r = 0.44; P < 0.05) and ETA/B (r = 0.62; P < 0.05) blockade. No other anthropometric, hemodynamic or metabolic variable was correlated with the blood flow responses to ET-1 receptor blockade. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION ET-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone is elevated in adults with impaired fasting blood glucose concentrations, independent of other cardiometabolic risk factors. Enhanced ET-1 system activity may underlie endothelial vasomotor dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk in adults with impaired fasting blood glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Diehl
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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96
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Meyers KEC, Sethna C. Endothelin antagonists in hypertension and kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:711-20. [PMID: 23070275 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The endothelin (ET) system seems to play a pivotal role in hypertension and in proteinuric kidney disease, including the micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a multifunctional peptide that primarily acts as a potent vasoconstrictor with direct effects on systemic vasculature and the kidney. ET-1 and ET receptors are expressed in the vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages in systemic vasculature and arterioles of the kidney, and are associated with collagen accumulation, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and renal fibrosis. Experimental evidence and recent clinical studies suggest that endothelin receptor blockade, in particular selective ETAR blockade, holds promise in the treatment of hypertension, proteinuria, and diabetes. Concomitant blockade of the ETB receptor is not usually beneficial and may lead to vasoconstriction and salt and water retention. The side-effect profile of ET receptor antagonists and relatively poor antagonist selectivity for ETA receptor are limitations that need to be addressed. This review will discuss what is currently known about the endothelin system, the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of hypertension and kidney disease, and summarize literature on the therapeutic potential of endothelin system antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E C Meyers
- Nephrology Division, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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97
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Obesity results in progressive atrial structural and electrical remodeling: Implications for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:90-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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98
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Obesity and airway responsiveness: role of TNFR2. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:444-54. [PMID: 22584291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obese mice exhibit innate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a feature of asthma. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is implicated in the disease progression and chronic inflammatory status of both obesity and asthma. TNF acts via two TNF receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. To examine the role of TNFR2 in the AHR observed in obese mice, we generated obese Cpe(fat) mice that were either sufficient or deficient in TNFR2 (Cpe(fat) and Cpe(fat)/TNFR2(-/-) mice, respectively) and compared them with their lean controls (WT and TNFR2(-/-) mice). Compared to WT mice, Cpe(fat) mice exhibited AHR to aerosolized methacholine (measured using the forced oscillation technique) which was ablated in Cpe(fat)/TNFR2(-/-) mice. Bioplex or ELISA assay indicated significant increases in serum leptin, G-CSF, IL-7, IL-17A, TNFα, and KC in obese versus lean mice, as well as significant obesity-related increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) G-CSF and IP-10, regardless of TNFR2 status. Importantly, BALF IL-17A was significantly increased over lean controls in Cpe(fat) but not Cpe(fat)/TNFR2(-/-) mice. Functional annotation clustering of significantly affected genes identified from microarray analysis comparing gene expression in lungs of Cpe(fat) and WT mice, identified blood vessel morphogenesis as the gene ontology category most affected by obesity. This category included several genes associated with AHR, including endothelin and trkB. Obesity increased pulmonary mRNA expression of endothelin and trkB in TNFR2 sufficient but not deficient mice. Our results indicate that TNFR2 signaling is required for the innate AHR that develops in obese mice, and suggest that TNFR2 may act by promoting IL-17A, endothelin, and/or trkB expression.
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99
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Lobato NS, Neves KB, Filgueira FP, Fortes ZB, Carvalho MHC, Webb RC, Oliveira AM, Tostes RC. The adipokine chemerin augments vascular reactivity to contractile stimuli via activation of the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. Life Sci 2012; 91:600-6. [PMID: 22521290 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cytokines interfere with signaling pathways and mediators of vascular contraction. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays a major role on vascular dysfunction in conditions characterized by increased circulating levels of adipokines. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the adipokine chemerin increases vascular contractile responses via activation of ET-1/ET-1 receptors-mediated pathways. MAIN METHODS Male, 10-12 week-old Wistar rats were used. Endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings were incubated with chemerin (0.5 ng/mL or 5 ng/mL, for 1 or 24h), and isometric contraction was recorded. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Constrictor responses to phenylephrine (PE) and ET-1 were increased in vessels treated for 1h with chemerin. Chemerin incubation for 24h decreased PE contractile response whereas it increased the sensitivity to ET-1. Endothelium removal significantly potentiated chemerin effects on vascular contractile responses to PE and ET-1. Incubation with either an ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) or ETA antagonist (BQ123) abolished chemerin effects on PE- and ET-1-induced vasoconstriction. Phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 was significantly increased in vessels treated with chemerin for 1 and 24h. Phosphorylation of these proteins was further increased in vessels incubated with ET-1 plus chemerin. ET-1 increased MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and MKP1 protein expression to values observed in vessels treated with chemerin. SIGNIFICANCE Chemerin increases contractile responses to PE and ET-1 via ERK1/2 activation. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the adipose tissue affects vascular function and, consequently, the vascular alterations present in obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Lobato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Jatai, GO, Brazil.
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100
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Weil BR, Westby CM, Greiner JJ, Stauffer BL, DeSouza CA. Elevated endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor tone in prehypertensive adults. Can J Cardiol 2012; 28:347-53. [PMID: 22244775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prehypertension (blood pressure [BP] 120-139/80-89 mm Hg) is an independent risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Currently, it is unknown whether endothelin (ET)-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone is elevated with BP in the prehypertensive range. The aims of this study were to determine whether ET-1 vasoconstrictor tone is elevated in prehypertensive adults and, if so, whether ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction contributes to endothelial vasodilator dysfunction in this population. METHODS Forearm blood flow responses to selective ET(A) receptor blockade (BQ-123; 100 nmol/min) were determined in 26 normotensive adults (age 55 ± 1 years; BP 112 ± 1/72 ± 1 mm Hg) and 30 prehypertensive adults (57 ± 1 years; BP 130 ± 1/80 ± 1 mm Hg). In a subset of participants, forearm blood flow responses to nonselective ET-1 receptor blockade (BQ-123 + BQ-788) were determined. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation to acetylcholine (8.0-32.0 μg/100 mL tissue/min) was measured in the absence and presence of selective ET(A) receptor blockade. RESULTS BQ-123 elicited a significantly greater increase in forearm blood flow in prehypertensive (approximately 20%) than in normotensive (approximately 5%) adults. Addition of BQ-788 resulted in a further increase (P < 0.05) in forearm blood flow in prehypertensive but not in normotensive adults. Forearm blood flow responses to acetylcholine were lower (P < 0.05) in prehypertensive (4.6 ± 0.3 to 12.6 ± 0.5 mL/100 mL tissue/min) than in normotensive (4.9 ± 0.3 to 14.7 ± 0.8 mL/100 mL tissue/min) adults. Co-infusion of BQ-123 did not affect acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in normotensive adults but resulted in an approximately 20% increase (P < 0.05) in prehypertensive adults. CONCLUSIONS ET-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone is elevated with prehypertension, contributing to impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. ET-1 vasoconstriction may underlie the increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in prehypertensive adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Weil
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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