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Krasanakis T, Nikolouzakis TK, Sgantzos M, Mariolis-Sapsakos T, Souglakos J, Spandidos DA, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Role of anabolic agents in colorectal carcinogenesis: Myths and realities (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2228-2244. [PMID: 31578582 PMCID: PMC6826302 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the four leading causes of cancer‑related mortality worldwide. Even though over the past few decades the global scientific community has made tremendous efforts to understand this entity, many questions remain to be raised on this issue and even more to be answered. Epidemiological findings have unveiled numerous environmental and genetic risk factors, each one contributing to a certain degree to the final account of new CRC cases. Moreover, different trends have been revealed regarding the age of onset of CRC between the two sexes. That, in addition to newly introduced therapeutic approaches for various diseases based on androgens, anti‑androgens and anabolic hormones has raised some concerns regarding their possible carcinogenic effects or their synergistic potential with other substances/risk factors, predisposing the individual to CRC. Notably, despite the intense research on experimental settings and population studies, the conclusions regarding the majority of anabolic substances are ambiguous. Some of these indicate the carcinogenic properties of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), growth hormone and insulin‑like growth factor (IGF) and others, demonstrating their neutral nature or even their protective one, as in the case of vitamin D. Thus, the synergistic nature of anabolic substances with other CRC risk factors (such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and smoking) has emerged, suggesting a more holistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Krasanakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Markos Sgantzos
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodore Mariolis-Sapsakos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agioi Anargyroi General and Oncologic Hospital of Kifisia, 14564 Athens, Greece
| | - John Souglakos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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Sun L, Liu YL, Ye F, Xie JW, Zeng JW, Qin L, Xue J, Wang YT, Guo KM, Ma MM, Tang YB, Li XY, Gao M. Free fatty acid-induced H 2O 2 activates TRPM2 to aggravate endothelial insulin resistance via Ca 2+-dependent PERK/ATF4/TRB3 cascade in obese mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:288-299. [PMID: 31445205 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-2 (TRPM2) is a nonselective cation channel mediating Ca2+ influx in response to oxidative stress. Given that insulin resistance-related endothelial dysfunction in obesity attributes to fatty-acid-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, in this study, we addressed the possible role of TRPM2 in obesity-related endothelial insulin resistance and the underlying mechanisms. Whole-cell patch clamp technique, intracellular Ca2+ concentration measurement, western blot, vasorelaxation assay, and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese model were employed to assess the relationship between TRPM2 and endothelial insulin response. We found that both the expression and activity of TRPM2 were higher in endothelial cells of obese mice. Palmitate rose a cationic current in endothelial cells which was inhibited or enlarged by TRPM2 knockdown or overexpression. Silencing of TRPM2 remarkably improved insulin-induced endothelial Akt activation, nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and nitric oxide (NO) production, while TRPM2 overexpression resulted in the opposite effects. Furthermore, TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ entry, CaMKII activation and the following activation of PERK/ATF4/TRB3 cascade were involved in the mechanism of obesity or palmitate-induced endothelial insulin resistance. Notably, in vivo study, knockdown of TRPM2 with adeno-associated virus harboring short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) against TRPM2 alleviated endothelial insulin resistance and ameliorated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in obese mice. Thus, these results suggest that TRPM2-activated Ca2+ signaling is necessary to induce insulin resistance-related endothelial dysfunction in obesity. Downregulation or pharmacological inhibition of TRPM2 channels may lead to the development of effective drugs for treatment of endothelial dysfunction associated with oxidative stress state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yan-Li Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Fang Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jing-Wen Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Kai-Min Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yong-Bo Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
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Comparative Transcriptomics of Ex Vivo, Patient-Derived Endothelial Cells Reveals Novel Pathways Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:567-574. [PMID: 31768474 PMCID: PMC6872769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells can be harvested directly from humans, rapidly sorted and subjected to RNA-sequencing to study global gene expression. In endothelial cells isolated from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, pathways involved in TGF-β and Cyclin-D1 signaling were positively enriched while androgen signaling and oxidative phosphorylation were negatively enriched compared to healthy individuals. Patient-derived endothelial cells can be used to discover and validate disease-associated pathways.
In this study low-input RNA-sequencing was used to annotate the molecular identity of endothelial cells isolated and immunopurified with CD144 microbeads. Using this technique, comparative gene expression profiling from healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus identified both known and novel pathways linked with EC dysfunction. Modeling of diabetes by treating cultured ECs with high glucose identified shared changes in gene expression in diabetic cells. Overall, the data demonstrate how purified ECs from patients can be used to generate new hypotheses about mechanisms of human vascular disease.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- EC, endothelial cell
- EDTA, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- IV, intravenous
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Seq, sequencing
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VUMC, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- WBC, white blood cell
- ddCt, delta-delta cycle threshold
- diabetes mellitus
- endothelial cell dysfunction
- endothelial cells
- gene expression
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Xiong R, Lu X, Song J, Li H, Wang S. Molecular mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide against uremic accelerated atherosclerosis through cPKCβII/Akt signal pathway. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:358. [PMID: 31521120 PMCID: PMC6744675 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease is the most common complication and leading cause of death in maintenance hemodialysis patients. The protection mechanism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the specific role of conventional protein kinase C βII (cPKCβII)/Akt signaling pathway in the formation of atherosclerosis is still controversial. Methods 8-week-old male ApoE−/− mice were treated with 5/6 nephrectomy and high-fat diet to make uremia accelerated atherosclerosis (UAAS) model. Mice were divided into normal control group (control group), sham operation group (sham group), UAAS group, L-cysteine group (UAAS+L-cys group), sodium hydrosulfide group (UAAS+NaHS group), and propargylglycine group (UAAS+PPG group). Western blot was used to detect cPKCβII activation, Akt phosphorylation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in mice aorta. Results The membrane translocation of cPKCβII in UAAS group was higher than sham group, and L-cys or NaHS injection could suppress the membrane translocation, but PPG treatment resulted in more membrane translocation of cPKCβII (P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). Akt phosphorylation and the eNOS expression in UAAS group was lower than sham group, and L-cys or NaHS injection could suppress the degradation of Akt phosphorylation and the eNOS expression, but PPG treatment resulted in more decrease in the Akt phosphorylation and the eNOS expression (P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). Conclusion Endogenous cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE)/H2S system protected against the formation of UAAS via cPKCβII/Akt signal pathway. The imbalance of CSE/H2S system may participate in the formation of UAAS by affecting the expression of downstream molecule eNOS, which may be mediated by cPKCβII/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Xiong
- Department of Blood Purification, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xiangxue Lu
- Department of Blood Purification, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jinghong Song
- Department of Blood Purification, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Blood Purification, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Shixiang Wang
- Department of Blood Purification, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
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Cholerton B, Omidpanah A, Verney SP, Nelson LA, Baker LD, Suchy-Dicey A, Longstreth WT, Howard BV, Henderson JA, Montine TJ, Buchwald D. Type 2 diabetes and later cognitive function in older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1050-1057. [PMID: 30924200 PMCID: PMC6579638 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insulin resistance is a substantial health issue for American Indians, with type 2 diabetes overrepresented in this population as compared with non-Hispanic whites. Insulin resistance and its related conditions in turn increase risk for dementia and cognitive impairment. The aim of the current study was to determine whether type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance at midlife was associated with later-life cognitive testing in a large sample of older American Indians, aged 65 and older. METHODS American Indian participants who underwent both fasting blood draw as part of the Strong Heart Study and had subsequent cognitive testing as part of the later adjunct Cerebrovascular Disease and its Consequences in American Indians study were included (n = 790). Regression models examined type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose and subsequent cognitive test performance as part of a longitudinal study design. The relationship between a continuous measure of insulin resistance and later cognitive test performance was assessed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Controlling for demographic and clinical factors, verbal fluency and processing speed/working memory were significantly negatively associated with having type 2 diabetes and with insulin resistance, but not with impaired fasting glucose. CONCLUSION In this sample of American Indians, type 2 diabetes at midlife was associated with subsequent lower performance on measures of executive function. These results may have important implications for future implementation of diagnostic and intervention services in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Adam Omidpanah
- Department of Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steven P. Verney
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lonnie A. Nelson
- Department of Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura D. Baker
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Astrid Suchy-Dicey
- Department of Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William T. Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Department of Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Williams IM, Wu JC. Generation of Endothelial Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1317-1329. [PMID: 31242035 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are critical for several aspects of cardiovascular disease therapy, including vascular regeneration, personalized drug development, and tissue engineering. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) afford us with an unprecedented opportunity to produce virtually unlimited quantities of human ECs. In this review, we highlight key developments and outstanding challenges in our ability to derive ECs de novo from hPSCs. Furthermore, we consider strategies for recapitulating the vessel- and tissue-specific functional heterogeneity of ECs in vitro. Finally, we discuss ongoing attempts to utilize hPSC-derived ECs and their progenitors for various therapeutic applications. Continued progress in generating hPSC-derived ECs will profoundly enhance our ability to discover novel drug targets, revascularize ischemic tissues, and engineer clinically relevant tissue constructs. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Williams
- From the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- From the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, CA
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Pouwels S, Van Genderen ME, Kreeftenberg HG, Ribeiro R, Parmar C, Topal B, Celik A, Ugale S. Utility of the cold pressor test to predict future cardiovascular events. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 17:305-318. [PMID: 30916592 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2019.1598262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cold pressor test (CPT) is a common and extensively validated test, which induces systemic stress involving immersion of an individual's hand in ice water (normally temperature between 0 and 5 degrees Celsius) for a period of time. CPT has been used in various fields, like examining effects of stress on memory, decision-making, pain and cardiovascular health. Areas covered: In terms of cardiovascular health, current research is mainly interested in predicting the occurrence of cardiovascular (CV) events. The objective of this review is to give an overview of the history and methodology of the CPT, and clinical utility in possibly predicting CV events in CAD and other atherosclerotic diseases. Secondly, we will discuss possible future applications of the CPT in clinical care. Expert opinion: An important issue to address is the fact that the physiology of the CPT is not fully understood at this moment. As pointed out multiple mechanisms might be responsible for contributing to either coronary vasodilatation or coronary vasoconstriction. Regarding the physiological mechanism of the CPT and its effect on the measurements of the carotid artery reactivity even less is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjaak Pouwels
- a Department of Surgery , Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland , Rotterdam/Schiedam , The Netherlands
| | - Michel E Van Genderen
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland , Rotterdam/Schiedam , The Netherlands
| | - Herman G Kreeftenberg
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Catharina Hospital , Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,d Department of Intensive Care Medicine , Catharina Hospital , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- e Metabolic Patient Multidisciplinary Centre , Clínica de Santo António , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Chetan Parmar
- f Department of Surgery , Whittington Hospital , London , UK
| | - Besir Topal
- g Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , OLVG , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Alper Celik
- h Department of metabolic surgery , Metabolic Surgery Clinic , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Surendra Ugale
- i Department of Surgery , Virinchi Hospitals , Hyderbad , India
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Altered foetoplacental vascular endothelial signalling to insulin in diabesity. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 66:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ngo DTM, Sverdlov AL, Karki S, Macartney-Coxson D, Stubbs RS, Farb MG, Carmine B, Hess DT, Colucci WS, Gokce N. Oxidative modifications of mitochondrial complex II are associated with insulin resistance of visceral fat in obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E168-E177. [PMID: 30576243 PMCID: PMC6397365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00227.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, particularly visceral adiposity, has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress, which have been suggested as mechanisms of insulin resistance. The mechanism(s) behind this remains incompletely understood. In this study, we hypothesized that mitochondrial complex II dysfunction plays a role in impaired insulin sensitivity in visceral adipose tissue of subjects with obesity. We obtained subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue biopsies from 43 subjects with obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) during planned bariatric surgery. Compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue exhibited decreased complex II activity, which was restored with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (5 mM) ( P < 0.01). A biotin switch assay identified that cysteine oxidative posttranslational modifications (OPTM) in complex II subunit A (succinate dehydrogenase A) were increased in visceral vs. subcutaneous fat ( P < 0.05). Insulin treatment (100 nM) stimulated complex II activity in subcutaneous fat ( P < 0.05). In contrast, insulin treatment of visceral fat led to a decrease in complex II activity ( P < 0.01), which was restored with addition of the mitochondria-specific oxidant scavenger mito-TEMPO (10 µM). In a cohort of 10 subjects with severe obesity, surgical weight loss decreased OPTM and restored complex II activity, exclusively in the visceral depot. Mitochondrial complex II may be an unrecognized and novel mediator of insulin resistance associated with visceral adiposity. The activity of complex II is improved by weight loss, which may contribute to metabolic improvements associated with bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan T M Ngo
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle , Newcastle, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Aaron L Sverdlov
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle , Newcastle, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Shakun Karki
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donia Macartney-Coxson
- Biomarkers Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | | | - Melissa G Farb
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian Carmine
- Department of General Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald T Hess
- Department of General Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wilson S Colucci
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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Yuan T, Yang T, Chen H, Fu D, Hu Y, Wang J, Yuan Q, Yu H, Xu W, Xie X. New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2019; 20:247-260. [PMID: 30384259 PMCID: PMC6205410 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation interact in the development of diabetic atherosclerosis. Intracellular hyperglycemia promotes production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased formation of intracellular advanced glycation end-products, activation of protein kinase C, and increased polyol pathway flux. ROS directly increase the expression of inflammatory and adhesion factors, formation of oxidized-low density lipoprotein, and insulin resistance. They activate the ubiquitin pathway, inhibit the activation of AMP-protein kinase and adiponectin, decrease endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, all of which accelerate atherosclerosis. Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota and changes in microRNA expression that influence the regulation of target genes that occur in diabetes interact with increased ROS and inflammation to promote atherosclerosis. This review highlights the consequences of the sustained increase of ROS production and inflammation that influence the acceleration of atherosclerosis by diabetes. The potential contributions of changes in the gut microbiota and microRNA expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Ting Yang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Huan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Danli Fu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Hong Yu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
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Epigenetic processing in cardiometabolic disease. Atherosclerosis 2018; 281:150-158. [PMID: 30290963 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Albeit a consistent body of evidence supports the notion that genes influence cardiometabolic features and outcomes, the "non-genetic regulation" of this process is gaining increasing attention. Plastic chemical changes of DNA/histone complexes - known as epigenetic changes - critically determine gene activity by rapidly modifying chromatin accessibility to transcription factors. In this review, we describe the emerging role of chromatin modifications as fine tuners of gene transcription in adipogenesis, insulin resistance, macrophage polarization, immuno-metabolism, endothelial dysfunction and metabolic cardiomyopathy. Epigenetic processing participates in the dynamic interplay among different organs in the cardiometabolic patient. DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue enable the transcription of genes implicated in lipo- and adipogenesis, inflammation and insulin resistance. Along the same line, complex networks of chromatin modifying enzymes are responsible for impaired nitric oxide bioavailability and defective insulin signalling in the vasculature, thus leading to reduced capillary recruitment and insulin delivery in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Furthermore, changes in methylation status of IL-4, IFNγ and Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) gene loci are crucial for the polarization of immune cells, thus leading to adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis. Cell-specific epigenetic information could advance our understanding of cardiometabolic processes, thus leading to individualized risk assessment and personalized therapeutic approaches in patients with cardiometabolic disturbances. The development of new chromatin modifying drugs indicates that targeting epigenetic changes is a promising approach to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in this setting.
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Xu H, Wang Y, Lin S, Deng W, Peng D, Cui Q, Xue Y. PTMD: A Database of Human Disease-associated Post-translational Modifications. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:244-251. [PMID: 30244175 PMCID: PMC6205080 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various posttranslational modifications (PTMs) participate in nearly all aspects of biological processes by regulating protein functions, and aberrant states of PTMs are frequently implicated in human diseases. Therefore, an integral resource of PTM–disease associations (PDAs) would be a great help for both academic research and clinical use. In this work, we reported PTMD, a well-curated database containing PTMs that are associated with human diseases. We manually collected 1950 known PDAs in 749 proteins for 23 types of PTMs and 275 types of diseases from the literature. Database analyses show that phosphorylation has the largest number of disease associations, whereas neurologic diseases have the largest number of PTM associations. We classified all known PDAs into six classes according to the PTM status in diseases and demonstrated that the upregulation and presence of PTM events account for a predominant proportion of disease-associated PTM events. By reconstructing a disease–gene network, we observed that breast cancers have the largest number of associated PTMs and AKT1 has the largest number of PTMs connected to diseases. Finally, the PTMD database was developed with detailed annotations and can be a useful resource for further analyzing the relations between PTMs and human diseases. PTMD is freely accessible at http://ptmd.biocuckoo.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Xu
- Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, College of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongbo Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, College of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofeng Lin
- Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, College of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wankun Deng
- Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, College of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Di Peng
- Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, College of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, College of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Bretón‐Romero R, Weisbrod RM, Feng B, Holbrook M, Ko D, Stathos MM, Zhang J, Fetterman JL, Hamburg NM. Liraglutide Treatment Reduces Endothelial Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Insulin Resistance in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e009379. [PMID: 30371206 PMCID: PMC6222937 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Prior studies have shown that nutrient excess induces endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress in nonvascular tissues from patients with diabetes mellitus ( DM ). ER stress and the subsequent unfolded protein response may be protective, but sustained activation may drive vascular injury. Whether ER stress contributes to endothelial dysfunction in patients with DM remains unknown. Methods and Results To characterize vascular ER stress, we isolated endothelial cells from 42 patients with DM and 37 subjects without DM. Endothelial cells from patients with DM displayed higher levels of ER stress markers compared with controls without DM. Both the early adaptive response, evidenced by higher phosphorylated protein kinase-like ER eukaryotic initiation factor-2a kinase and inositol-requiring ER-to-nucleus signaling protein 1 ( P=0.02, P=0.007, respectively), and the chronic ER stress response evidenced by higher C/ EBP α-homologous protein ( P=0.02), were activated in patients with DM . Higher inositol-requiring ER-to-nucleus signaling protein 1 activation was associated with lower flow-mediated dilation, consistent with endothelial dysfunction ( r=0.53, P=0.02). Acute treatment with liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, reduced p-inositol-requiring ER-to-nucleus signaling protein 1 ( P=0.01), and the activation of its downstream target c-jun N-terminal kinase ( P=0.025) in endothelial cells from patients with DM . Furthermore, liraglutide restored insulin-stimulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in patients with DM ( P=0.019). Conclusions In summary, our data suggest that ER stress contributes to vascular insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in patients with DM . Further, we have demonstrated that liraglutide ameliorates ER stress, decreases c-jun N-terminal kinase activation and restores insulin-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in endothelial cells from patients with DM .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bretón‐Romero
- Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Robert M. Weisbrod
- Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Bihua Feng
- Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Monika Holbrook
- Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Darae Ko
- Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Mary M. Stathos
- Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Ji‐Yao Zhang
- Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | | | - Naomi M. Hamburg
- Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
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64
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Nafisa A, Gray SG, Cao Y, Wang T, Xu S, Wattoo FH, Barras M, Cohen N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: Impact of metformin. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:150-162. [PMID: 30056057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction is a key player in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Current evidence suggests that the anti-diabetic drug metformin improves insulin resistance and protects against endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature. Hereby, we provide a timely review on the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of metformin in preventing endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Nafisa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Susan G Gray
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tinghuai Wang
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Feroza H Wattoo
- Department of Biochemistry, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Shamasabad, Muree Road, Rawalpindi 4600, Pakistan..
| | - Michael Barras
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
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65
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Guzik TJ, Cosentino F. Epigenetics and Immunometabolism in Diabetes and Aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:257-274. [PMID: 28891325 PMCID: PMC6012980 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A strong relationship between hyperglycemia, impaired insulin pathway, and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. Immunometabolic pathways link these pathogenic processes and pose important potential therapeutic targets. Recent Advances: The link between immunity and metabolism is bidirectional and includes the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as T2D, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension and the role of metabolic factors in regulation of immune cell functions. Low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, balance between superoxide and nitric oxide, and the infiltration of macrophages, T cells, and B cells in insulin-sensitive tissues lead to metabolic impairment and accelerated aging. CRITICAL ISSUES Inflammatory infiltrate and altered immune cell phenotype precede development of metabolic disorders. Inflammatory changes are tightly linked to alterations in metabolic status and energy expenditure and are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better comprehension of these mechanistic insights is of utmost importance to identify novel molecular targets. In this study, we describe a complex scenario of epigenetic changes and immunometabolism linking to diabetes and aging-associated vascular disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 257-274.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J. Guzik
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Research (ICAMS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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66
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Fetterman JL, Weisbrod RM, Feng B, Bastin R, Tuttle ST, Holbrook M, Baker G, Robertson RM, Conklin DJ, Bhatnagar A, Hamburg NM. Flavorings in Tobacco Products Induce Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1607-1615. [PMID: 29903732 PMCID: PMC6023725 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Use of alternative tobacco products including electronic cigarettes is rapidly rising. The wide variety of flavored tobacco products available is of great appeal to smokers and youth. The flavorings added to tobacco products have been deemed safe for ingestion, but the cardiovascular health effects are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 9 flavors on vascular endothelial cell function. Approach and Results— Freshly isolated endothelial cells from participants who use nonmenthol- or menthol-flavored tobacco cigarettes showed impaired A23187-stimulated nitric oxide production compared with endothelial cells from nonsmoking participants. Treatment of endothelial cells isolated from nonsmoking participants with either menthol (0.01 mmol/L) or eugenol (0.01 mmol/L) decreased A23187-stimulated nitric oxide production. To further evaluate the effects of flavoring compounds on endothelial cell phenotype, commercially available human aortic endothelial cells were incubated with vanillin, menthol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, dimethylpyrazine, diacetyl, isoamyl acetate, eucalyptol, and acetylpyrazine (0.1–100 mmol/L) for 90 minutes. Cell death, reactive oxygen species production, expression of the proinflammatory marker IL-6 (interleukin-6), and nitric oxide production were measured. Cell death and reactive oxygen species production were induced only at high concentrations unlikely to be achieved in vivo. Lower concentrations of selected flavors (vanillin, menthol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and acetylpyridine) induced both inflammation and impaired A23187-stimulated nitric oxide production consistent with endothelial dysfunction. Conclusions— Our data suggest that short-term exposure of endothelial cells to flavoring compounds used in tobacco products have adverse effects on endothelial cell phenotype that may have relevance to cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Fetterman
- From the Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.L.F., R.M.W., B.F., R.B., S.T.T., M.H., G.B., N.M.H.)
| | - Robert M Weisbrod
- From the Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.L.F., R.M.W., B.F., R.B., S.T.T., M.H., G.B., N.M.H.)
| | - Bihua Feng
- From the Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.L.F., R.M.W., B.F., R.B., S.T.T., M.H., G.B., N.M.H.)
| | - Reena Bastin
- From the Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.L.F., R.M.W., B.F., R.B., S.T.T., M.H., G.B., N.M.H.)
| | - Shawn T Tuttle
- From the Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.L.F., R.M.W., B.F., R.B., S.T.T., M.H., G.B., N.M.H.)
| | - Monica Holbrook
- From the Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.L.F., R.M.W., B.F., R.B., S.T.T., M.H., G.B., N.M.H.)
| | - Gregory Baker
- From the Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.L.F., R.M.W., B.F., R.B., S.T.T., M.H., G.B., N.M.H.)
| | | | - Daniel J Conklin
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY (D.J.C., A.B.)
| | | | - Naomi M Hamburg
- From the Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.L.F., R.M.W., B.F., R.B., S.T.T., M.H., G.B., N.M.H.)
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Hao JS, Zhu CJ, Yan BY, Yan CY, Ling R. Stimulation of KLF14/PLK1 pathway by thrombin signaling potentiates endothelial dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:859-866. [PMID: 29710485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) promotes a high oxidative stress and hypercoagulable state that drives microvascular injury and multiple-organ abnormality. Elevated thrombin activity underlies T2DM-linked endothelial dysfunction, but the mechanistic links between T2DM/oxidative stress axis and thrombin-associated endothelial pathologies are incompletely understood. In this work, immunohistochemical studies and quantitative analysis using isolated endothelial cells (ECs) identified accumulated Kru¨ppel-like family of transcription factor 14 (KLF14) deposits in ECs from multiple organs as distinct features of T2DM mice. KLF14 upregulation in ECs, which was stimulated by thrombin treatment, was dependent on multiple pathways including calcium mobilization, activation of PKC and AMPK pathways. Functionally, inhibition of endogenous KLF14 expression significantly attenuated thrombin-induced endotheliocyte proliferation, endothelial cell migration and oxidative stress. Molecularly, by directly binding the promoter, KLF14 functions as a transcriptional activator of PLK1, a polo-like kinase whose overexpression induced excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Transient knockdown of PLK1 was sufficient to suppress KLF14 overexpression-potentiated endothelial dysfunction. Collectively, these data provide proof of concept that deregulation of KLF14/PLK1 cascade plays a key role in thrombin-induced endothelial dysfunction and targeting KLF14 or PLK1 may limit thrombin-associated pathologies in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sheng Hao
- Department of Thyroid Gland and Breast Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Chao-Juan Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Bin-Yuan Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Chang-You Yan
- Family Planning Service Stations of Health and Family Planning Commission of Chengcheng County, Weinan City 714000, PR China.
| | - Rui Ling
- Department of Thyroid Gland and Breast Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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68
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Bhullar KS, Lagarón NO, McGowan EM, Parmar I, Jha A, Hubbard BP, Rupasinghe HPV. Kinase-targeted cancer therapies: progress, challenges and future directions. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:48. [PMID: 29455673 PMCID: PMC5817855 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genome encodes 538 protein kinases that transfer a γ-phosphate group from ATP to serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues. Many of these kinases are associated with human cancer initiation and progression. The recent development of small-molecule kinase inhibitors for the treatment of diverse types of cancer has proven successful in clinical therapy. Significantly, protein kinases are the second most targeted group of drug targets, after the G-protein-coupled receptors. Since the development of the first protein kinase inhibitor, in the early 1980s, 37 kinase inhibitors have received FDA approval for treatment of malignancies such as breast and lung cancer. Furthermore, about 150 kinase-targeted drugs are in clinical phase trials, and many kinase-specific inhibitors are in the preclinical stage of drug development. Nevertheless, many factors confound the clinical efficacy of these molecules. Specific tumor genetics, tumor microenvironment, drug resistance, and pharmacogenomics determine how useful a compound will be in the treatment of a given cancer. This review provides an overview of kinase-targeted drug discovery and development in relation to oncology and highlights the challenges and future potential for kinase-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushwant S Bhullar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Naiara Orrego Lagarón
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eileen M McGowan
- Chronic Disease Solutions Team, School of Life Science, University of Technology, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Indu Parmar
- Division of Product Development, Radient Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Amitabh Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Basil P Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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69
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Olver TD, Grunewald ZI, Jurrissen TJ, MacPherson REK, LeBlanc PJ, Schnurbusch TR, Czajkowski AM, Laughlin MH, Rector RS, Bender SB, Walters EM, Emter CA, Padilla J. Microvascular insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and brain occurs early in the development of juvenile obesity in pigs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R252-R264. [PMID: 29141949 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00213.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impaired microvascular insulin signaling may develop before overt indices of microvascular endothelial dysfunction and represent an early pathological feature of adolescent obesity. Using a translational porcine model of juvenile obesity, we tested the hypotheses that in the early stages of obesity development, impaired insulin signaling manifests in skeletal muscle (triceps), brain (prefrontal cortex), and corresponding vasculatures, and that depressed insulin-induced vasodilation is reversible with acute inhibition of protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ). Juvenile Ossabaw miniature swine (3.5 mo of age) were divided into two groups: lean control ( n = 6) and obese ( n = 6). Obesity was induced by feeding the animals a high-fat/high-fructose corn syrup/high-cholesterol diet for 10 wk. Juvenile obesity was characterized by excess body mass, hyperglycemia, physical inactivity (accelerometer), and marked lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle, with no evidence of overt atherosclerotic lesions in athero-prone regions, such as the abdominal aorta. Endothelium-dependent (bradykinin) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasomotor responses in the brachial and carotid arteries (wire myography), as well as in the skeletal muscle resistance and 2A pial arterioles (pressure myography) were unaltered, but insulin-induced microvascular vasodilation was impaired in the obese group. Blunted insulin-stimulated vasodilation, which was reversed with acute PKCβ inhibition (LY333-531), occurred alongside decreased tissue perfusion, as well as reduced insulin-stimulated Akt signaling in the prefrontal cortex, but not the triceps. In the early stages of juvenile obesity development, the microvasculature and prefrontal cortex exhibit impaired insulin signaling. Such adaptations may underscore vascular and neurological derangements associated with juvenile obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Zachary I Grunewald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thomas J Jurrissen
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Paul J LeBlanc
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
| | - Teagan R Schnurbusch
- National Swine Resource and Research Center University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Alana M Czajkowski
- National Swine Resource and Research Center University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Eric M Walters
- National Swine Resource and Research Center University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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Salusin- β Is Involved in Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction via Degradation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6905217. [PMID: 29359008 PMCID: PMC5735326 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6905217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms for vascular lesions in diabetes mellitus (DM) are complex, among which endothelial dysfunction plays a vital role. Therapeutic target against endothelial injury may provide critical venues for treatment of diabetic vascular diseases. We recently identified that salusin-β contributed to high glucose-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. However, the roles of salusin-β in DM-induced endothelial dysfunction remain largely elusive. Male C57BL/6J mice were used to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in high glucose/high fat (HG/HF) medium. We demonstrated increased expression of salusin-β in diabetic aortic tissues and high-glucose/high-fat- (HG/HF-) incubated HUVECs. Disruption of salusin-β by shRNA abrogated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammation, and nitrotyrosine content of HUVECs cultured in HG/HF medium. The HG/HF-mediated decrease in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression was restored by salusin-β shRNA, and PPARγ inhibitor T0070907 abolished the protective actions of salusin-β shRNA on endothelial injury in HG/HF-treated HUVECs. Salusin-β silencing obviously improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and nitrative stress in diabetic aorta. Taken together, our results highlighted the essential role of salusin-β in pathological endothelial dysfunction, and salusin-β may be a promising target in treatment of vascular complications of DM.
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Mahmoud AM. Exercise Amaliorates Metabolic Disturbances and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Possible Underlying Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:207-230. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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72
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Casey DP, Ueda K, Wegman-Points L, Pierce GL. Muscle contraction induced arterial shear stress increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H854-H859. [PMID: 28801524 PMCID: PMC5668602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00282.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined if local increases in brachial artery shear during repetitive muscle contractions induce changes in protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and/or phosphorylated (p-)eNOS at Ser1177, the primary activation site on eNOS, in endothelial cells (ECs) of humans. Seven young male subjects (25 ± 1 yr) performed 20 separate bouts (3 min each) of rhythmic forearm exercise at 20% of maximum over a 2-h period. Each bout of exercise was separated by 3 min of rest. An additional six male subjects (24 ± 1 yr) served as time controls (no exercise). ECs were freshly isolated from the brachial artery using sterile J-wires through an arterial catheter at baseline and again after the 2-h exercise or time control period. Expression of eNOS or p-eNOS Ser1177 in ECs was determined via immunofluorescence. Brachial artery mean shear rate was elevated compared with baseline and the time control group throughout the 2-h exercise protocol (P < 0.001). p-eNOS Ser1177 expression was increased 57% in ECs in the exercise group [0.06 ± 0.01 vs. 0.10 ± 0.02 arbitrary units (au), P = 0.02] but not in the time control group (0.08 ± 0.01 vs. 0.07 ± 0.01 au, P = 0.72). In contrast, total eNOS expression did not change in either the exercise (0.13 ± 0.04 vs. 0.12 ± 0.03 au) or time control (0.12 ± 0.03 vs. 0.11 ± 0.03 au) group (P > 0.05 for both). Our novel results suggest that elevations in brachial artery shear increase eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation in the absence of changes in total eNOS in ECs of young healthy male subjects, suggesting that this model is sufficient to alter posttranslational modification of eNOS activity in vivo in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Elevations in brachial artery shear in response to forearm exercise increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase Ser1177 phosphorylation in brachial artery endothelial cells of healthy humans. Our present study provides the first evidence in humans that muscle contraction-induced increases in conduit arterial shear lead to in vivo posttranslational modification of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren P Casey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Kenichi Ueda
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
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73
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Jiang H, Bian F, Zhou H, Wang X, Wang K, Mai K, He G. Nutrient sensing and metabolic changes after methionine deprivation in primary muscle cells of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). J Nutr Biochem 2017; 50:74-82. [PMID: 29040838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The low methionine content in plant-based diets is a major limiting factor for feed utilization by animals. However, the molecular consequences triggered by methionine deficiency have not been well characterized, especially in fish species, whose metabolism is unique in many aspects and important for aquaculture industry. In the present study, the primary muscle cells of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) were isolated and treated with or without methionine for 12 h in culture. The responses of nutrient sensing pathways, the proteomic profiling of metabolic processes, and the expressions of key metabolic molecules were systematically examined. Methionine deprivation (MD) suppressed target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and amino acid response (AAR) pathways. Reduced cellular protein synthesis and increased protein degradation by MD led to increased intracellular free amino acid levels and degradations. MD also reduced glycolysis and lipogenesis while stimulated lipolysis, thus resulted in decreased intracellular lipid pool. MD significantly enhanced energy expenditure through stimulated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Collectively, our results identified a comprehensive set of transcriptional, proteomic, and signaling responses generated by MD and provided the molecular insight into the integration of cell homeostasis and metabolic controls in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fuyun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kaidi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Gen He
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Ku YH, Cho BJ, Kim MJ, Lim S, Park YJ, Jang HC, Choi SH. Rosiglitazone increases endothelial cell migration and vascular permeability through Akt phosphorylation. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:62. [PMID: 28854981 PMCID: PMC5577739 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and inhibit endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, which is anti-atherogenic. However, fluid retention, which may lead to congestive heart failure and peripheral edema, is also a concern, which may result from endothelial cell leakage. In the current study, we examined the effects of PPAR-γ agonists on vascular endothelial cell migration and permeability in order to determine its underlying mechanisms. Methods We used rosiglitazone and conducted cell migration assay and permeability assay using HUVEC cells and measured vascular permeability and leakage in male C57BL/6 mice. Results Rosiglitazone significantly promoted endothelial cell migration and induced permeability via activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) – Akt or protein kinase C (PKC)β. In addition, rosiglitazone increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and suppressed expression of tight junction proteins (JAM-A and ZO-1), which might promote neovascularization and vascular leakage. These phenomena were reduced by Akt inhibition. Conclusions Vascular endothelial cell migration and permeability change through Akt phosphorylation might be a mechanism of induced fluid retention and peripheral tissue edema by TZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hyi Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bong-Jun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hak C Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea. .,, 166 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea.
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75
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Tumor necrosis factor-α levels and non-surgical bleeding in continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017; 37:107-115. [PMID: 28651907 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-surgical bleeding (NSB) due to angiodysplasia is common in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients. Thrombin-induced angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) expression in LVAD patients leads to altered angiogenesis and is associated with lower angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and increased NSB. However, the mechanism for decreased Ang-1, made by pericytes, is unknown and the origin of thrombin in LVAD patients is unclear. We hypothesized that high tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in LVAD patients induce pericyte apoptosis, tissue factor (TF) expression and vascular instability. METHODS We incubated cultured pericytes with serum from patients with heart failure (HF), LVAD or orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT), with or without TNF-α blockade. We performed several measurements: Ang-1 expression was assessed by reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and pericyte death fluorescently; TF expression was assessed by RT-PCR in cultured endothelial cells incubated with patient plasma with or without TNF-α blockade; and TF expression was assessed in endothelial biopsy samples from these patients by immunofluorescence. We incubated cultured endothelial cells on Matrigel with patient serum with or without TNF-α blockade and determined tube formation by microscopy. RESULTS Serum from LVAD patients had higher levels of TNF-α, suppressed Ang-1 expression in pericytes, and induced pericyte death, and there was accelerated endothelial tube formation compared with serum from patients without LVADs. TF was higher in both plasma and endothelial cells from LVAD patients, and plasma from LVAD patients induced more endothelial TF expression. All of these effects were reversed or reduced with TNF-α blockade. High levels of TNF-α were associated with increased risk of NSB. CONCLUSIONS Elevated TNF-α in LVAD patients is a central regulator of altered angiogenesis, pericyte apoptosis and expression of TF and Ang-1.
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76
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Redox regulation of ischemic limb neovascularization - What we have learned from animal studies. Redox Biol 2017; 12:1011-1019. [PMID: 28505880 PMCID: PMC5430575 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hindlimb ischemia has been widely used as a model to study peripheral artery disease. Genetic modulation of the enzymatic source of oxidants or components of the antioxidant system reveal that physiological levels of oxidants are essential to promote the process of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis after femoral artery occlusion, although mice with diabetes or atherosclerosis may have higher deleterious levels of oxidants. Therefore, fine control of oxidants is required to stimulate vascularization in the limb muscle. Oxidants transduce cellular signaling through oxidative modifications of redox sensitive cysteine thiols. Of particular importance, the reversible modification with abundant glutathione, called S-glutathionylation (or GSH adducts), is relatively stable and alters protein function including signaling, transcription, and cytoskeletal arrangement. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is an enzyme which catalyzes reversal of GSH adducts, and does not scavenge oxidants itself. Glrx may control redox signaling under fluctuation of oxidants levels. In ischemic muscle increased GSH adducts through Glrx deletion improves in vivo limb revascularization, indicating endogenous Glrx has anti-angiogenic roles. In accordance, Glrx overexpression attenuates VEGF signaling in vitro and ischemic vascularization in vivo. There are several Glrx targets including HIF-1α which may contribute to inhibition of vascularization by reducing GSH adducts. These animal studies provide a caution that excess antioxidants may be counter-productive for treatment of ischemic limbs, and highlights Glrx as a potential therapeutic target to improve ischemic limb vascularization.
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77
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Wang X, Häring MF, Rathjen T, Lockhart SM, Sørensen D, Ussar S, Rasmussen LM, Bertagnolli MM, Kahn CR, Rask-Madsen C. Insulin resistance in vascular endothelial cells promotes intestinal tumour formation. Oncogene 2017; 36:4987-4996. [PMID: 28459466 PMCID: PMC5578899 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The risk of several cancers, including colorectal cancer, is increased in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, conditions characterized by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Because hyperinsulinemia itself is an independent risk factor for cancer development, we examined tissue-specific insulin action in intestinal tumor formation. In vitro, insulin increased proliferation of primary cultures of intestinal tumor epithelial cells from ApcMin/+ mice by over 2-fold. Surprisingly, targeted deletion of insulin receptors in intestinal epithelial cells in ApcMin/+ mice did not change intestinal tumor number or size distribution on either a low or high-fat diet. We therefore asked whether cells in the tumor stroma might explain the association between tumor formation and insulin resistance. To this end, we generated ApcMin/+ mice with loss of insulin receptors in vascular endothelial cells. Strikingly, these mice had 42% more intestinal tumors than controls, no change in tumor angiogenesis, but increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in primary culture of tumor endothelial cells. Insulin decreased VCAM-1 expression and leukocyte adhesion in quiescent tumor endothelial cells with intact insulin receptors and partly prevented increases in VCAM-1 and leukocyte adhesion after treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α. Knockout of insulin receptors in endothelial cells also increased leukocyte adhesion in mesenteric venules and increased the frequency of neutrophils in tumors. We conclude that although insulin is mitogenic for intestinal tumor cells in vitro, its action on tumor cells in vivo is via signals from the tumor microenvironment. Insulin resistance in tumor endothelial cells produces an activated, proinflammatory state that promotes tumorigenesis. Improvement of endothelial dysfunction may reduce colorectal cancer risk in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - M-F Häring
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - T Rathjen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S M Lockhart
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - D Sørensen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - S Ussar
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,JRG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - L M Rasmussen
- Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M M Bertagnolli
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C R Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Rask-Madsen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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78
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Shah MS, Brownlee M. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disorders in Diabetes. Circ Res 2017; 118:1808-29. [PMID: 27230643 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clinical correlations linking diabetes mellitus with accelerated atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, and increased post-myocardial infarction fatality rates are increasingly understood in mechanistic terms. The multiple mechanisms discussed in this review seem to share a common element: prolonged increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in diabetic cardiovascular cells. Intracellular hyperglycemia causes excessive ROS production. This activates nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, which inhibits GAPDH, shunting early glycolytic intermediates into pathogenic signaling pathways. ROS and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase also reduce sirtuin, PGC-1α, and AMP-activated protein kinase activity. These changes cause decreased mitochondrial biogenesis, increased ROS production, and disturbed circadian clock synchronization of glucose and lipid metabolism. Excessive ROS production also facilitates nuclear transport of proatherogenic transcription factors, increases transcription of the neutrophil enzyme initiating NETosis, peptidylarginine deiminase 4, and activates the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome. Insulin resistance causes excessive cardiomyocyte ROS production by increasing fatty acid flux and oxidation. This stimulates overexpression of the nuclear receptor PPARα and nuclear translocation of forkhead box O 1, which cause cardiomyopathy. ROS also shift the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission in favor of increased fission, reducing the metabolic capacity and efficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial oxidative stress also plays a central role in angiotensin II-induced gap junction remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. ROS contribute to sudden death in diabetics after myocardial infarction by increasing post-translational protein modifications, which cause increased ryanodine receptor phosphorylation and downregulation of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(++)-ATPase transcription. Increased ROS also depress autonomic ganglion synaptic transmission by oxidizing the nAch receptor α3 subunit, potentially contributing to the increased risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias associated with diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi S Shah
- From the Diabetes Research Center (M.S.S., M.B.), Departments of Medicine (M.S.S., M.B.), and Pathology (M.B.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY
| | - Michael Brownlee
- From the Diabetes Research Center (M.S.S., M.B.), Departments of Medicine (M.S.S., M.B.), and Pathology (M.B.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY.
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79
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Nebigil CG. Prokineticin Is a New Linker between Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:20. [PMID: 28447033 PMCID: PMC5388695 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a fast growing epidemic event worldwide. Fatness is associated with a number of comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Although obesity can be heredity in 30–70% cases, the environmental contributions also play an important role in the increasing prevalence of obesity. The relationship between development of obesity and CVD is poorly characterized. Obesity and CVD can also be resulted from a common mechanism such as metabolic, inflammatory, and neurohormonal changes. Prokineticins are defined as cytokines (immunoregulatory proteins), adipokines (adipocyte-secreted hormone), angiogenic (increasing vessel formation), or aneroxic (lowering food intake) hormones. Prokineticin-mediated signaling plays a key role in the development of obesity and CVD. Two forms of prokineticins exist in circulation and in various tissues including the brain, heart, kidney, and adipose. Prokineticins act on the two G protein-coupled receptors, namely, PKR1 and PKR2. Prokineticin-2 (PK2) via PKR1 receptor controls food intake and prevents adipose tissue expansion. The anti-adipocyte effect of PKR1 signaling is due to suppression of preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation capacity into adipocytes. PK2/PKR1 signaling promotes transcapillary passages of insulin and increases insulin sensitivity. It also plays an important role in the heart and kidney development and functions. Here, we discuss PK2 as a new adipocytokine in the association between obesity and CVD. We also highlight targeting PKR1 can be a new approach to treat obesity and CVD.
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80
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Evans TD, Sergin I, Zhang X, Razani B. Target acquired: Selective autophagy in cardiometabolic disease. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaag2298. [PMID: 28246200 PMCID: PMC5451512 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aag2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of damaged or excess proteins and organelles is a defining feature of metabolic disease in nearly every tissue. Thus, a central challenge in maintaining metabolic homeostasis is the identification, sequestration, and degradation of these cellular components, including protein aggregates, mitochondria, peroxisomes, inflammasomes, and lipid droplets. A primary route through which this challenge is met is selective autophagy, the targeting of specific cellular cargo for autophagic compartmentalization and lysosomal degradation. In addition to its roles in degradation, selective autophagy is emerging as an integral component of inflammatory and metabolic signaling cascades. In this Review, we focus on emerging evidence and key questions about the role of selective autophagy in the cell biology and pathophysiology of metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and steatohepatitis. Essential players in these processes are the selective autophagy receptors, defined broadly as adapter proteins that both recognize cargo and target it to the autophagosome. Additional domains within these receptors may allow integration of information about autophagic flux with critical regulators of cellular metabolism and inflammation. Details regarding the precise receptors involved, such as p62 and NBR1, and their predominant interacting partners are just beginning to be defined. Overall, we anticipate that the continued study of selective autophagy will prove to be informative in understanding the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and to provide previously unrecognized therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent D Evans
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ismail Sergin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Babak Razani
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Lew JKS, Pearson JT, Schwenke DO, Katare R. Exercise mediated protection of diabetic heart through modulation of microRNA mediated molecular pathways. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28086863 PMCID: PMC5237289 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance collectively impact on the myocardium of people with diabetes, triggering molecular, structural and myocardial abnormalities. These have been suggested to aggravate oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, myocardial lipotoxicity and impaired myocardial substrate utilization. As a consequence, this leads to the development of a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases, which may include but not limited to coronary endothelial dysfunction, and left ventricular remodelling and dysfunction. Diabetic heart disease (DHD) is the term used to describe the presence of heart disease specifically in diabetic patients. Despite significant advances in medical research and long clinical history of anti-diabetic medications, the risk of heart failure in people with diabetes never declines. Interestingly, sustainable and long-term exercise regimen has emerged as an effective synergistic therapy to combat the cardiovascular complications in people with diabetes, although the precise molecular mechanism(s) underlying this protection remain unclear. This review provides an overview of the underlying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia- and insulin resistance-mediated DHD with a detailed discussion on the role of different intensities of exercise in mitigating these molecular alterations in diabetic heart. In particular, we provide the possible role of exercise on microRNAs, the key molecular regulators of several pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kar Sheng Lew
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand.
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand.
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82
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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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83
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Flow signaling and atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1835-1858. [PMID: 28039525 PMCID: PMC5391278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis rarely develops in the region of arteries exposed to undisturbed flow (u-flow, unidirectional flow). Instead, atherogenesis occurs in the area exposed to disturbed flow (d-flow, multidirectional flow). Based on these general pathohistological observations, u-flow is considered to be athero-protective, while d-flow is atherogenic. The fact that u-flow and d-flow induce such clearly different biological responses in the wall of large arteries indicates that these two types of flow activate each distinct intracellular signaling cascade in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), which are directly exposed to blood flow. The ability of ECs to differentially respond to the two types of flow provides an opportunity to identify molecular events that lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. In this review, we will focus on various molecular events, which are differentially regulated by these two flow types. We will discuss how various kinases, ER stress, inflammasome, SUMOylation, and DNA methylation play roles in the differential flow response, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. We will also discuss the interplay among the molecular events and how they coordinately regulate flow-dependent signaling and cellular responses. It is hoped that clear understanding of the way how the two flow types beget each unique phenotype in ECs will lead us to possible points of intervention against endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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84
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Wang X, Lockhart SM, Rathjen T, Albadawi H, Sørensen D, O'Neill BT, Dwivedi N, Preil SR, Beck HC, Dunwoodie SL, Watkins MT, Rasmussen LM, Rask-Madsen C. Insulin Downregulates the Transcriptional Coregulator CITED2, an Inhibitor of Proangiogenic Function in Endothelial Cells. Diabetes 2016; 65:3680-3690. [PMID: 27561725 PMCID: PMC5127242 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In patients with atherosclerotic complications of diabetes, impaired neovascularization of ischemic tissue in the myocardium and lower limb limits the ability of these tissues to compensate for poor perfusion. We identified 10 novel insulin-regulated genes, among them Adm, Cited2, and Ctgf, which were downregulated in endothelial cells by insulin through FoxO1. CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (CITED2), which was downregulated by insulin by up to 54%, is an important negative regulator of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and impaired HIF signaling is a key mechanism underlying the impairment of angiogenesis in diabetes. Consistent with impairment of vascular insulin action, CITED2 was increased in cardiac endothelial cells from mice with diet-induced obesity and from db/db mice and was 3.8-fold higher in arterial tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes than control subjects without diabetes. CITED2 knockdown promoted endothelial tube formation and endothelial cell proliferation, whereas CITED2 overexpression impaired HIF activity in vitro. After femoral artery ligation, induction of an endothelial-specific HIF target gene in hind limb muscle was markedly upregulated in mice with endothelial cell deletion of CITED2, suggesting that CITED2 can limit HIF activity in vivo. We conclude that vascular insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes contributes to the upregulation of CITED2, which impairs HIF signaling and endothelial proangiogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanchun Wang
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Samuel M Lockhart
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | - Thomas Rathjen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ditte Sørensen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simone R Preil
- Center for Individualized Medicine of Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Center for Individualized Medicine of Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Center for Individualized Medicine of Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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85
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Reynolds LJ, Credeur DP, Manrique C, Padilla J, Fadel PJ, Thyfault JP. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and impaired insulin-stimulated blood flow: role of skeletal muscle NO synthase and endothelin-1. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:38-47. [PMID: 27789766 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00286.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) and reduced endothelial nitric oxide phosphorylation (peNOS) are hypothesized to reduce insulin-stimulated blood flow in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but studies examining these links in humans are limited. We sought to assess basal and insulin-stimulated endothelial signaling proteins (ET-1 and peNOS) in skeletal muscle from T2D patients. Ten obese T2D [glucose disposal rate (GDR): 6.6 ± 1.6 mg·kg lean body mass (LBM)-1·min-1] and 11 lean insulin-sensitive subjects (Lean GDR: 12.9 ± 1.2 mg·kg LBM-1·min-1) underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with vastus lateralis biopsies taken before and 60 min into the clamp. Basal biopsies were also taken in 11 medication-naïve, obese, non-T2D subjects. ET-1, peNOS (Ser1177), and eNOS protein and mRNA were measured from skeletal muscle samples containing native microvessels. Femoral artery blood flow was assessed by duplex Doppler ultrasound. Insulin-stimulated blood flow was reduced in obese T2D (Lean: +50.7 ± 6.5% baseline, T2D: +20.8 ± 5.2% baseline, P < 0.05). peNOS/eNOS content was higher in Lean under basal conditions and, although not increased by insulin, remained higher in Lean during the insulin clamp than in obese T2D (P < 0.05). ET-1 mRNA and peptide were 2.25 ± 0.50- and 1.52 ± 0.11-fold higher in obese T2D compared with Lean at baseline, and ET-1 peptide remained 2.02 ± 1.9-fold elevated in obese T2D after insulin infusion (P < 0.05) but did not increase with insulin in either group (P > 0.05). Obese non-T2D subjects tended to also display elevated basal ET-1 (P = 0.06). In summary, higher basal skeletal muscle expression of ET-1 and reduced peNOS/eNOS may contribute to a reduced insulin-stimulated leg blood flow response in obese T2D patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although impairments in endothelial signaling are hypothesized to reduce insulin-stimulated blood flow in type 2 diabetes (T2D), human studies examining these links are limited. We provide the first measures of nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 expression from skeletal muscle tissue containing native microvessels in individuals with and without T2D before and during insulin stimulation. Higher basal skeletal muscle expression of endothelin-1 and reduced endothelial nitric oxide phosphorylation (peNOS)/eNOS may contribute to reduced insulin-stimulated blood flow in obese T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leryn J Reynolds
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Daniel P Credeur
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique
- Department of Medicine-Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
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86
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Han J, Weisbrod RM, Shao D, Watanabe Y, Yin X, Bachschmid MM, Seta F, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Matsui R, Zang M, Hamburg NM, Cohen RA. The redox mechanism for vascular barrier dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders: Glutathionylation of Rac1 in endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2016; 9:306-319. [PMID: 27693992 PMCID: PMC5045950 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is implicated in increased vascular permeability associated with metabolic disorders, but the underlying redox mechanism is poorly defined. S-glutathionylation, a stable adduct of glutathione with protein sulfhydryl, is a reversible oxidative modification of protein and is emerging as an important redox signaling paradigm in cardiovascular physiopathology. The present study determines the role of protein S-glutathionylation in metabolic stress-induced endothelial cell permeability. METHODS AND RESULTS In endothelial cells isolated from patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, protein S-glutathionylation level was increased. This change was also observed in aortic endothelium in ApoE deficient (ApoE-/-) mice fed on Western diet. Metabolic stress-induced protein S-glutathionylation in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) was positively correlated with elevated endothelial cell permeability, as reflected by disassembly of cell-cell adherens junctions and cortical actin structures. These impairments were reversed by adenoviral overexpression of a specific de-glutathionylation enzyme, glutaredoxin-1 in cultured HAECs. Consistently, transgenic overexpression of human Glrx-1 in ApoE-/- mice fed the Western diet attenuated endothelial protein S-glutathionylation, actin cytoskeletal disorganization, and vascular permeability in the aorta. Mechanistically, glutathionylation and inactivation of Rac1, a small RhoGPase, were associated with endothelial hyperpermeability caused by metabolic stress. Glutathionylation of Rac1 on cysteine 81 and 157 located adjacent to guanine nucleotide binding site was required for the metabolic stress to inhibit Rac1 activity and promote endothelial hyperpermeability. CONCLUSIONS Glutathionylation and inactivation of Rac1 in endothelial cells represent a novel redox mechanism of vascular barrier dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Han
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robert M Weisbrod
- Evans Department of Medicine and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Di Shao
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yosuke Watanabe
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Yin
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus M Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Seta
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mengwei Zang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Evans Department of Medicine and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard A Cohen
- Vascular Biology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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87
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Farb MG, Karki S, Park SY, Saggese SM, Carmine B, Hess DT, Apovian C, Fetterman JL, Bretón-Romero R, Hamburg NM, Fuster JJ, Zuriaga MA, Walsh K, Gokce N. WNT5A-JNK regulation of vascular insulin resistance in human obesity. Vasc Med 2016; 21:489-496. [PMID: 27688298 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x16666693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with the development of vascular insulin resistance; however, pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood. We sought to investigate the role of WNT5A-JNK in the regulation of insulin-mediated vasodilator responses in human adipose tissue arterioles prone to endothelial dysfunction. In 43 severely obese (BMI 44±11 kg/m2) and five metabolically normal non-obese (BMI 26±2 kg/m2) subjects, we isolated arterioles from subcutaneous and visceral fat during planned surgeries. Using videomicroscopy, we examined insulin-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses and characterized adipose tissue gene and protein expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. Immunofluorescence was used to quantify endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation. Insulin-mediated vasodilation was markedly impaired in visceral compared to subcutaneous vessels from obese subjects (p<0.001), but preserved in non-obese individuals. Visceral adiposity was associated with increased JNK activation and elevated expression of WNT5A and its non-canonical receptors, which correlated negatively with insulin signaling. Pharmacological JNK antagonism with SP600125 markedly improved insulin-mediated vasodilation by sixfold (p<0.001), while endothelial cells exposed to recombinant WNT5A developed insulin resistance and impaired eNOS phosphorylation (p<0.05). We observed profound vascular insulin resistance in the visceral adipose tissue arterioles of obese subjects that was associated with up-regulated WNT5A-JNK signaling and impaired endothelial eNOS activation. Pharmacological JNK antagonism markedly improved vascular endothelial function, and may represent a potential therapeutic target in obesity-related vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Farb
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shakun Karki
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Song-Young Park
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha M Saggese
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Carmine
- Department of General Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald T Hess
- Department of General Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosa Bretón-Romero
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José J Fuster
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - María A Zuriaga
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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88
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan G Nebigil
- From the Biotechnology and Cell Signaling Laboratory (UMR 7242), CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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89
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Tabit CE, Chen P, Kim GH, Fedson SE, Sayer G, Coplan MJ, Jeevanandam V, Uriel N, Liao JK. Elevated Angiopoietin-2 Level in Patients With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices Leads to Altered Angiogenesis and Is Associated With Higher Nonsurgical Bleeding. Circulation 2016; 134:141-52. [PMID: 27354285 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.019692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsurgical bleeding is the most common adverse event in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) and is caused by arteriovenous malformations. We hypothesized that deregulation of an angiogenic factor, angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), in patients with LVADs leads to increased angiogenesis and higher nonsurgical bleeding. METHODS Ang-2 and thrombin levels were measured by ELISA and Western blotting, respectively, in blood samples from 101 patients with heart failure, LVAD, or orthotopic heart transplantation. Ang-2 expression in endothelial biopsy was quantified by immunofluorescence. Angiogenesis was determined by in vitro tube formation from serum from each patient with or without Ang-2-blocking antibody. Ang-2 gene expression was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in endothelial cells incubated with plasma from each patient with or without the thrombin receptor blocker vorapaxar. RESULTS Compared with patients with heart failure or those with orthotopic heart transplantation, serum levels and endothelial expression of Ang-2 were higher in LVAD patients (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). This corresponded to an increased angiogenic potential of serum from patients with LVADs (P<0.001), which was normalized with Ang-2 blockade. Furthermore, plasma from LVAD patients contained higher amounts of thrombin (P=0.003), which was associated with activation of the contact coagulation system. Plasma from LVAD patients induced more Ang-2 gene expression in endothelial cells (P<0.001), which was reduced with thrombin receptor blockade (P=0.013). LVAD patients with Ang-2 levels above the mean (12.32 ng/mL) had more nonsurgical bleeding events compared with patients with Ang-2 levels below the mean (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that thrombin-induced Ang-2 expression in LVAD patients leads to increased angiogenesis in vitro and may be associated with higher nonsurgical bleeding events. Ang-2 therefore may contribute to arteriovenous malformation formation and subsequent bleeding in LVAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey E Tabit
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (C.E.T., P.C., G.H.K., G.S., M.J.C., N.U., J.K.L.) and Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery (V.T.), University of Chicago, IL; and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.E.F.)
| | - Phetcharat Chen
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (C.E.T., P.C., G.H.K., G.S., M.J.C., N.U., J.K.L.) and Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery (V.T.), University of Chicago, IL; and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.E.F.)
| | - Gene H Kim
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (C.E.T., P.C., G.H.K., G.S., M.J.C., N.U., J.K.L.) and Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery (V.T.), University of Chicago, IL; and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.E.F.)
| | - Savitri E Fedson
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (C.E.T., P.C., G.H.K., G.S., M.J.C., N.U., J.K.L.) and Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery (V.T.), University of Chicago, IL; and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.E.F.)
| | - Gabriel Sayer
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (C.E.T., P.C., G.H.K., G.S., M.J.C., N.U., J.K.L.) and Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery (V.T.), University of Chicago, IL; and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.E.F.)
| | - Mitchell J Coplan
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (C.E.T., P.C., G.H.K., G.S., M.J.C., N.U., J.K.L.) and Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery (V.T.), University of Chicago, IL; and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.E.F.)
| | - Valluvan Jeevanandam
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (C.E.T., P.C., G.H.K., G.S., M.J.C., N.U., J.K.L.) and Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery (V.T.), University of Chicago, IL; and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.E.F.)
| | - Nir Uriel
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (C.E.T., P.C., G.H.K., G.S., M.J.C., N.U., J.K.L.) and Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery (V.T.), University of Chicago, IL; and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.E.F.)
| | - James K Liao
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (C.E.T., P.C., G.H.K., G.S., M.J.C., N.U., J.K.L.) and Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery (V.T.), University of Chicago, IL; and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.E.F.).
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90
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Chang E, Abe JI. Kinase-SUMO networks in diabetes-mediated cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 2016; 65:623-633. [PMID: 27085771 PMCID: PMC5226250 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common comorbidity in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Epidemiological studies including the Framingham, UKPDS, and MRFIT studies have shown diabetes to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease associated with increased incidence of morbidity and mortality. However, major randomized controlled clinical trials including ADVANCE, VAD, and ACCORD have failed to demonstrate a significant reduction in CVD complications from longstanding DM with strict glycemic control. This suggests that despite the strong clinical correlation between DM and CVD, the precise mechanisms of DM-mediated CVD pathogenesis remain unclear. Signal transduction investigations have shed some light on this question with numerous studies demonstrating the role of kinase pathways in facilitating DM and CVD pathology. Abnormalities in endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and myocardial function from the pathological insults of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in diabetes are thought to accelerate the development of cardiovascular disease. Extensive interplay between kinase pathways that regulate the complex pathology of DM-mediated CVD is heavily regulated by a number of post-translational modifications (PTMs). In this review, we focus on the role of a dynamic PTM known as SUMOylation and its role in regulating these kinase networks to provide a mechanistic link between DM and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Chang
- Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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91
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Chang SW, Gong Y, McDonough CW, Langaee TY, Nasiri Kenari N, Beitelshees AL, Gums JG, Chapman AB, Turner ST, Johnson JA, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Melatonin Pathway and Atenolol-Related Glucose Dysregulation: Is There a Correlation? Clin Transl Sci 2016; 9:114-22. [PMID: 26946962 PMCID: PMC4915567 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower melatonin level, melatonin receptor gene variations, and atenolol treatment are associated with glucose dysregulation. We investigated whether atenolol‐related glucose and melatonin changes are correlated, and whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in melatonin candidate genes contribute to interindividual variation in glucose change. Hypertensive Caucasians (n = 232) from the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) study treated with atenolol for 9 weeks were studied. Urinary 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) was measured pre‐ and posttreatment and normalized to urinary creatinine. Pharmacogenetic effects on glucose change of 160 SNPs in 16 melatonin candidate genes were assessed with multiple linear regression. Atenolol was associated with increased glucose (1.8 ± 10.1mg/dl, P = 0.02) and decreased aMT6s (–4.5 ± 10.1 ng/mg, P < 0.0001). However, the aMT6s change was not correlated with post‐atenolol glucose change. SNP rs11649514 in PRKCB was associated with glucose change (P = 1.0×10−4). PRKCB is involved in the melatonin‐insulin regulatory pathway, and may be important in mediating clinically meaningful atenolol‐related hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Chang
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center of Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Y Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center of Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - C W McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center of Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - T Y Langaee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center of Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - N Nasiri Kenari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - A L Beitelshees
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J G Gums
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - A B Chapman
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - J A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center of Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - R M Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center of Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Zhu DD, Tang RN, Lv LL, Wen Y, Liu H, Zhang XL, Ma KL, Liu BC. Interleukin-1β mediates high glucose induced phenotypic transition in human aortic endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:42. [PMID: 26944557 PMCID: PMC4779230 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that high glucose (HG) induced endothelial cell (EC) damage via a phenotypic transition of EC. There is increasing evidence suggesting the role of inflammatory cytokines in mediated HG-induced EC damage. However, little is known about the potential role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the process. The aim of present study was to investigate whether IL-1β mediated HG–induced phenotypic transition in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and to determine the possible underlying mechanism. Methods Primary HAECs were exposed to normal glucose (NG, 5.5 nM), high glucose (HG,30 nM), IL-1β (10 ng/ml), HG + IL-1β (10 ng/ml) and HG + anti-IL-1β antibodies (1000 ng/ml) or HG + IL-1β small interfering RNA (siRNA). Pathological changes were investigated using confocal microscopy and electron microscopy. Confocal microscopy was performed to detect the co-expression of CD31 and fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP1). To study the effect of protein kinase C-β (PKCβ) activation on IL-1β in HAECs, HAECs were stimulated with 30 nM PMA (PKCβ activator) and 0.3 μM PKCβ inhibition (LY317615) for 48 h in the NG or HG group. The expressions of PKCβ and IL-1β were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. And the concentration of IL-1β in the supernatant of HAECs was measured by ELISA. The expressions of FSP1, a-SMA and CD31 were detected by Western blot. Results It was shown that the HG resulted in significant increase in the expressions of PKCβ and IL-1β in dose-and time-dependent manners. The HG or exogenous IL-1β alone inhibited the expression of CD31 and markly increased the expressions of FSP1 and α-SMA. Furthermore, we observed that the HG and IL-1β synergistically increased FSP1 and a-SMA expressions compared with the HG or IL-1β alone group (P < 0.05). Confocal microscopy revealed a colocalization of CD31 and FSP1 and that some cells acquired spindle-shaped morphologies and a loss of CD31 staining. Electron microscopy showed that the HG resulted in the increased microfilamentation and a roughened endoplasmic reticulum structure in the cytoplasm. However, the changes above were attenuated by the intervention of anti-IL-1β antibodies or IL-1β siRNA (P < 0.05). In addition, the PMA induced the expressions of PKCβ and IL-1β in HAECs. The PKCβ activation may mediate the effect of the HG on IL-1β production, which could be attenuated by the PKCβ selective inhibitor (LY317615) (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our findings suggested that HG-induced phenotypic transition of HAECs might require IL-β activation via the PKCβ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Zhu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ri-Ning Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yi Wen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Liang Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Kun-Ling Ma
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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93
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Fetterman JL, Holbrook M, Flint N, Feng B, Bretón-Romero R, Linder EA, Berk BD, Duess MA, Farb MG, Gokce N, Shirihai OS, Hamburg NM, Vita JA. Restoration of autophagy in endothelial cells from patients with diabetes mellitus improves nitric oxide signaling. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:207-17. [PMID: 26926601 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction contributes to cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Autophagy is a multistep mechanism for the removal of damaged proteins and organelles from the cell. Under diabetic conditions, inadequate autophagy promotes cellular dysfunction and insulin resistance in non-vascular tissue. We hypothesized that impaired autophagy contributes to endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured autophagy markers and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation in freshly isolated endothelial cells from diabetic subjects (n = 45) and non-diabetic controls (n = 41). p62 levels were higher in cells from diabetics (34.2 ± 3.6 vs. 20.0 ± 1.6, P = 0.001), indicating reduced autophagic flux. Bafilomycin inhibited insulin-induced activation of eNOS (64.7 ± 22% to -47.8 ± 8%, P = 0.04) in cells from controls, confirming that intact autophagy is necessary for eNOS signaling. In endothelial cells from diabetics, activation of autophagy with spermidine restored eNOS activation, suggesting that impaired autophagy contributes to endothelial dysfunction (P = 0.01). Indicators of autophagy initiation including the number of LC3-bound puncta and beclin 1 expression were similar in diabetics and controls, whereas an autophagy terminal phase indicator, the lysosomal protein Lamp2a, was higher in diabetics. In endothelial cells under diabetic conditions, the beneficial effect of spermidine on eNOS activation was blocked by autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin or 3-methyladenine. Blocking the terminal stage of autophagy with bafilomycin increased p62 (P = 0.01) in cells from diabetics to a lesser extent than in cells from controls (P = 0.04), suggesting ongoing, but inadequate autophagic clearance. CONCLUSION Inadequate autophagy contributes to endothelial dysfunction in patients with diabetes and may be a target for therapy of diabetic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica Holbrook
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Flint
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bihua Feng
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosa Bretón-Romero
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erika A Linder
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany D Berk
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mai-Ann Duess
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa G Farb
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Joseph A Vita
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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94
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Bretón-Romero R, Feng B, Holbrook M, Farb MG, Fetterman JL, Linder EA, Berk BD, Masaki N, Weisbrod RM, Inagaki E, Gokce N, Fuster JJ, Walsh K, Hamburg NM. Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Diabetes Is Mediated by Wnt5a-JNK Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:561-9. [PMID: 26800561 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction is linked to insulin resistance, inflammatory activation, and increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus; however, the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have identified proinflammatory signaling of wingless-type family member (Wnt) 5a through c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as a regulator of metabolic dysfunction with potential relevance to vascular function. We sought to gain evidence that increased activation of Wnt5a-JNK signaling contributes to impaired endothelial function in patients with diabetes mellitus. APPROACH AND RESULTS We measured flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery and characterized freshly isolated endothelial cells by protein expression, eNOS activation, and nitric oxide production in 85 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=42) and age- and sex-matched nondiabetic controls (n=43) and in human aortic endothelial cells treated with Wnt5a. Endothelial cells from patients with diabetes mellitus displayed 1.3-fold higher Wnt5a levels (P=0.01) along with 1.4-fold higher JNK activation (P<0.01) without a difference in total JNK levels. Higher JNK activation was associated with lower flow-mediated dilation, consistent with endothelial dysfunction (r=0.53, P=0.02). Inhibition of Wnt5a and JNK signaling restored insulin and A23187-mediated eNOS activation and improved nitric oxide production in endothelial cells from patients with diabetes mellitus. In endothelial cells from nondiabetic controls, rWnt5a treatment inhibited eNOS activation replicating the diabetic endothelial phenotype. In human aortic endothelial cells, Wnt5a-induced impairment of eNOS activation and nitric oxide production was reversed by Wnt5a and JNK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that noncanonical Wnt5a signaling and JNK activity contribute to vascular insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction and may represent a novel therapeutic opportunity to protect the vasculature in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bretón-Romero
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Bihua Feng
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Monika Holbrook
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Melissa G Farb
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Erika A Linder
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Brittany D Berk
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Nobuyuki Masaki
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Robert M Weisbrod
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Elica Inagaki
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Noyan Gokce
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Jose J Fuster
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA.
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95
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Tampakakis E, Tabit CE, Holbrook M, Linder EA, Berk BD, Frame AA, Bretón‐Romero R, Fetterman JL, Gokce N, Vita JA, Hamburg NM. Intravenous Lipid Infusion Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Endothelial Cells and Blood Mononuclear Cells of Healthy Adults. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002574. [PMID: 26755554 PMCID: PMC4859375 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the subsequent unfolded protein response may initially be protective, but when prolonged, have been implicated in atherogenesis in diabetic conditions. Triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFAs) are elevated in patients with diabetes and may contribute to ER stress. We sought to evaluate the effect of acute FFA elevation on ER stress in endothelial and circulating white cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-one healthy subjects were treated with intralipid (20%; 45 mL/h) plus heparin (12 U/kg/h) infusion for 5 hours. Along with increased triglyceride and FFA levels, intralipid/heparin infusion reduced the calf reactive hyperemic response without a change in conduit artery flow-mediated dilation consistent with microvascular dysfunction. To investigate the short-term effects of elevated triglycerides and FFA, we measured markers of ER stress in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs). In VECs, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and phospho-inositol requiring kinase 1 (pIRE1) proteins were elevated after infusion (both P<0.05). In PBMCs, ATF6 and spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1) gene expression increased by 2.0- and 2.5-fold, respectively (both P<0.05), whereas CHOP and GADD34 decreased by ≈67% and 74%, respectively (both P<0.01). ATF6 and pIRE1 protein levels also increased (both P<0.05), and confocal microscopy revealed the nuclear localization of ATF6 after infusion, suggesting activation. CONCLUSIONS Along with microvascular dysfunction, intralipid infusion induced an early protective ER stress response evidenced by activation of ATF6 and IRE1 in both leukocytes and endothelial cells. Our results suggest a potential link between metabolic disturbances and ER stress that may be relevant to vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Tampakakis
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineJohns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsBaltimoreMD
| | - Corey E. Tabit
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Monika Holbrook
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Erika A. Linder
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Brittany D. Berk
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Alissa A. Frame
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Rosa Bretón‐Romero
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Jessica L. Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Joseph A. Vita
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Naomi M. Hamburg
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
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96
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Ti Y, Xie GL, Wang ZH, Ding WY, Zhang Y, Zhong M, Zhang W. Tribbles 3: A potential player in diabetic aortic remodelling. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2016; 13:69-80. [PMID: 26410836 DOI: 10.1177/1479164115605645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tribbles 3, whose expression is up-regulated by insulin resistance, was confirmed to be involved in diabetic cardiomyopathy in our previous study. However, it is not known whether Tribbles 3 has a role on conduit arteries such as the aorta in diabetes. Type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin. We evaluated the characteristics of diabetic rats by serial ultrasonography and histopathologic analyses of aortic wall architecture. Diabetic rats displayed increased aortic medial thickness, excessive collagen deposition, diminished elastic fibres and reduced vascular compliance together with Tribbles 3 overexpression. To further investigate the role of Tribbles 3 in aortic remodelling, we used Tribbles 3 gene silencing in vivo 12 weeks after onset of diabetes. Silence of Tribbles 3 significantly reversed pathological aortic remodelling without blood pressure modification. In Tribbles 3-small interfering RNA group, medial thickness and perivascular fibrosis were markedly decreased; moreover, there were prominent reductions in collagen content and collagen/elastin ratio, resulting in an improved arterial compliance. Additionally, with Tribbles 3 silencing, the diminished phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt was restored, and increased activation of MKK4/JNK was decreased. Silence of Tribbles 3 is potent in mediating reversal of aortic remodelling, implicating that Tribbles 3 is proposed to be a potential therapeutic target for vascular complication in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ti
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Guo-lu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-hao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Wen-yuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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97
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Paneni F, Costantino S. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: let's push forward with translational research. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2015; 5:407-11. [PMID: 26543828 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.05.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Albeit advances in therapy have reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes, cardiovascular (CV) risk is far to be eradicated. This is partially due to the fact that breakthrough therapies have yet to be approved to counteract the atherosclerotic burden in this setting. Therefore, it is very important to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning diabetes-related CV complications. Growing evidence is supporting the concept that translational research is perhaps the best approach to unveil novel insights into disease etiology and its link with CV phenotypes. The recent employment of high throughput "omics" (i.e., metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics) is a clinically relevant approach which may provide insightful interpretations of diabetes-related biological signals. The possibility to analyse thousands or more molecules simultaneously has given "omics" the ability to generate enormous quantities of data which may somehow offer a precious "window on the disease". In the present article, we critically discuss the importance of translational research in diabetes, including potential difficulties which may arise in the implementation and development of promising technologies from the laboratory to the marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paneni
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Costantino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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98
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Costantino S, Paneni F, Cosentino F. Ageing, metabolism and cardiovascular disease. J Physiol 2015; 594:2061-73. [PMID: 26391109 DOI: 10.1113/jp270538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is one of the major risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). About one-fifth of the world population will be aged 65 or older by 2030, with an exponential increase in CVD prevalence. It is well established that environmental factors (overnutrition, smoking, pollution, sedentary lifestyles) may lead to premature defects in mitochondrial functionality, insulin signalling, endothelial homeostasis and redox balance, fostering early senescent features. Over the last few years, molecular investigations have unveiled common signalling networks which may link the ageing process with deterioration of cardiovascular homeostasis and metabolic disturbances, namely insulin resistance. These different processes seem to be highly interconnected and their interplay may favour adverse vascular and cardiac phenotypes responsible for myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. In the present review, we carefully describe novel molecular cues underpinning ageing, metabolism and CVD. In particular, we describe a dynamic interplay between emerging pathways such as FOXOs, AMPK, SIRT1, p66(Shc) , JunD and NF-kB. This overview will provide the background for attractive molecular targets to prevent age-driven pathology in the vasculature and the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Costantino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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99
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Farb MG, Gokce N. Visceral adiposopathy: a vascular perspective. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 21:125-36. [PMID: 25781557 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as one of the most critical health care problems globally that is associated with the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Central adiposity with intra-abdominal deposition of visceral fat, in particular, has been closely linked to cardiometabolic consequences of obesity. Increasing epidemiological, clinical and experimental data suggest that both adipose tissue quantity and perturbations in its quality termed "adiposopathy" contribute to mechanisms of cardiometabolic disease. The current review discusses regional differences in adipose tissue characteristics and highlights profound abnormalities in vascular endothelial function and angiogenesis that are manifest within the visceral adipose tissue milieu of obese individuals. Clinical data demonstrate up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic mediators in dysfunctional adipose tissue that may support pathological vascular changes not only locally in fat but also in multiple organ systems, including coronary and peripheral circulations, potentially contributing to mechanisms of obesity-related cardiovascular disease.
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100
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Zhu D, Wang H, Zhang J, Zhang X, Xin C, Zhang F, Lee Y, Zhang L, Lian K, Yan W, Ma X, Liu Y, Tao L. Irisin improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes through reducing oxidative/nitrative stresses. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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