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Stojkov D, Gigon L, Peng S, Lukowski R, Ruth P, Karaulov A, Rizvanov A, Barlev NA, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Metabolic Pathways for NET Formation and Other Neutrophil Functions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826515. [PMID: 35251008 PMCID: PMC8889909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most numerous cells in the leukocyte population and essential for innate immunity. To limit their effector functions, neutrophils are able to modulate glycolysis and other cellular metabolic pathways. These metabolic pathways are essential not only for energy usage, but also for specialized effector actions, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), chemotaxis, phagocytosis, degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). It has been demonstrated that activated viable neutrophils can produce NETs, which consists of a DNA scaffold able to bind granule proteins and microorganisms. The formation of NETs requires the availability of increased amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as it is an active cellular and therefore energy-dependent process. In this article, we discuss the glycolytic and other metabolic routes in association with neutrophil functions focusing on their role for building up NETs in the extracellular space. A better understanding of the requirements of metabolic pathways for neutrophil functions may lead to the discovery of molecular targets suitable to develop novel anti-infectious and/or anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lea Gigon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shuang Peng
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Lukowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Ruth
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Regulation of Cell Signaling Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
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Reis APC, Celestrino GA, Igoa MVB, Jesus TM, França TT, Moreira DVS, Rigato PO, Sato PK, Condino-Neto A, Noronha IL, Dias-Melicio LA, Lalwani PJ, Benard G, Sousa MGT. The Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Release by Human Neutrophils. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020147. [PMID: 35205902 PMCID: PMC8874784 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first leukocytes recruited to the site of infection and are thought to be responsible for fungal elimination from the skin such as dermatophytes. Neutrophils are able to secrete reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that can kill different fungi, including Aspergillus, spp., Candida albicans, and Phialophora verrucosa. However, NET production in response to Trichophyton rubrum, the main etiologic agent of dermatophytosis, has yet to be studied. We demonstrated that human neutrophils produce NETs against different morphotypes of T. rubrum in a dose-dependent manner and NET formation is dependent on ROS production. In addition, ROS production by human neutrophils in response to T. rubrum is dependent on NADPH oxidase, but not on fungal viability. NETs mediated killing of T. rubrum. Collectively, these results demonstrate that T. rubrum was able to trigger the production of NETs, suggesting that these extracellular structures may represent an important innate immune effector mechanism controlling physiological response to T. rubrum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Carvalho Reis
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.P.C.R.); (G.A.C.); (M.V.B.I.); (T.M.J.); (D.V.S.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanna Azevedo Celestrino
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.P.C.R.); (G.A.C.); (M.V.B.I.); (T.M.J.); (D.V.S.M.); (G.B.)
- Laboratory of Cellular, Genetic and Molecular Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Mariana Villas Bôas Igoa
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.P.C.R.); (G.A.C.); (M.V.B.I.); (T.M.J.); (D.V.S.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Thais Martins Jesus
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.P.C.R.); (G.A.C.); (M.V.B.I.); (T.M.J.); (D.V.S.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Tábata Takahashi França
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (A.C.-N.)
| | - Daniel Valério Silva Moreira
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.P.C.R.); (G.A.C.); (M.V.B.I.); (T.M.J.); (D.V.S.M.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Paula Keiko Sato
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM-48), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (A.C.-N.)
| | - Irene L. Noronha
- Laboratory of Cellular, Genetic and Molecular Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | | | | | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.P.C.R.); (G.A.C.); (M.V.B.I.); (T.M.J.); (D.V.S.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Gloria Teixeira Sousa
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.P.C.R.); (G.A.C.); (M.V.B.I.); (T.M.J.); (D.V.S.M.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence:
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53
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Brings C, Fröbel J, Cadeddu P, Germing U, Haas R, Gattermann N. Impaired formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in patients with MDS. Blood Adv 2022; 6:129-137. [PMID: 34653237 PMCID: PMC8753191 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibers primarily composed of DNA and histone proteins, which bind pathogens. We investigated NET formation in 12 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and 15 age-adjusted normal controls after stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Histones and neutrophil elastase were visualized by immunostaining. Since NET formation is triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly produced by reduced NADP-oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO), ROS were analyzed by flow cytometry using hydroethidine, 3'-(p-aminophenyl) fluorescein, and 3'-(hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein. On fluorescence microscopy, PMA-stimulated MDS neutrophils generated fewer NETs than controls (stimulated increase from 17% to 67% vs 17% to 85%) (P = .02) and showed less cellular swelling (P = .04). The decrease in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, indicating chromatin decondensation, was significantly less in MDS neutrophils than controls (ΔMFI 3467 vs ΔMFI 4687, P = .03). In addition, the decrease in MFI for fluorescein isothiocyanate, indicating release of neutrophil elastase from cytoplasmic granules, was diminished in patients with MDS (P = .00002). On flow cytometry, less cell swelling after PMA (P = .02) and a smaller decrease in granularity after H2O2 stimulation (P = .002) were confirmed. PMA-stimulated ROS production and oxidative burst activity did not reveal significant differences between MDS and controls. However, inhibition of MPO activity was more easily achieved in patients with MDS (P = .01), corroborating the notion of a partial MPO defect. We conclude that NET formation is significantly impaired in MDS neutrophils. Although we found abnormalities of MPO-dependent generation of hypochloride, impaired ROS production may not be the only cause of deficient NETosis in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Brings
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Fröbel
- Department of Immunology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany; and
| | - Patrick Cadeddu
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Germing
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Gattermann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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54
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Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: More Complicated Than Anticipated. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant leucocytes in the circulation in humans. They represent a heterogeneous population exerting diverse functions through several activities. Usually described as typical pro-inflammatory cells, immunomodulatory properties of PMNs have been reported. Among others, once activated and depending on the stimulus, PMNs expel neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) in the extracellular space. NETs are complexes made of DNA and granule proteins representing an innate immune mechanism fighting infections. Nevertheless, an excess of NET formation might be involved in the development of inflammatory or autoimmune responses. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune diseases of unknown etiology and affecting mostly women. Several abnormal or non-classical functions of PMNs or PMN sub-populations have been described in SLE and RA. Particularly, NETs have been suggested to trigger pro-inflammatory responses by exposing pro-inflammatory mediators. Likewise, NETs may be the targets of autoantibodies or even might trigger the development of autoantibodies by exposing autoantigens. In the present review, we will summarize heterogeneous properties of human PMNs and we will discuss recent evidence linking PMNs and NETs to the pathogenesis of both SLE and RA.
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55
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Macrophage and Neutrophil Interactions in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Drive the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010194. [PMID: 35008355 PMCID: PMC8750413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The survival rates for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are very low. This dismal prognosis is due in part to late detection and early development of metastases, and successful treatments for pancreatic adenocarcinoma are also lacking. One potential method of treatment is immunotherapy, which has been successfully implemented in several cancers. Despite success in other cancer types, there has been little progress in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. To understand these shortcomings, we explore the roles of macrophages and neutrophils, two prominent immune cell types in the pancreatic tumor environment. In this review, we discuss how macrophages and neutrophils lead to the harsh environment that is unique to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We further explore how these immune cells can impact standard of care therapies and decrease their effectiveness. Macrophages and neutrophils could ultimately be targeted to improve outcomes for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Abstract Despite modest improvements in survival in recent years, pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a deadly disease with a 5-year survival rate of only 9%. These poor outcomes are driven by failure of early detection, treatment resistance, and propensity for early metastatic spread. Uncovering innovative therapeutic modalities to target the resistance mechanisms that make pancreatic cancer largely incurable are urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the immune composition of pancreatic tumors, including the counterintuitive fact that there is a significant inflammatory immune infiltrate in pancreatic cancer yet anti-tumor mechanisms are subverted and immune behaviors are suppressed. Here, we emphasize how immune cell interactions generate tumor progression and treatment resistance. We narrow in on tumor macrophage (TAM) spatial arrangement, polarity/function, recruitment, and origin to introduce a concept where interactions with tumor neutrophils (TAN) perpetuate the microenvironment. The sequelae of macrophage and neutrophil activities contributes to tumor remodeling, fibrosis, hypoxia, and progression. We also discuss immune mechanisms driving resistance to standard of care modalities. Finally, we describe a cadre of treatment targets, including those intended to overcome TAM and TAN recruitment and function, to circumvent barriers presented by immune infiltration in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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56
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Parker HA, Forrester L, Kaldor CD, Dickerhof N, Hampton MB. Antimicrobial Activity of Neutrophils Against Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782495. [PMID: 35003097 PMCID: PMC8732375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterium genus contains a broad range of species, including the human pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. These bacteria are best known for their residence inside host cells. Neutrophils are frequently observed at sites of mycobacterial infection, but their role in clearance is not well understood. In this review, we discuss how neutrophils attempt to control mycobacterial infections, either through the ingestion of bacteria into intracellular phagosomes, or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Despite their powerful antimicrobial activity, including the production of reactive oxidants such as hypochlorous acid, neutrophils appear ineffective in killing pathogenic mycobacteria. We explore mycobacterial resistance mechanisms, and how thwarting neutrophil action exacerbates disease pathology. A better understanding of how mycobacteria protect themselves from neutrophils will aid the development of novel strategies that facilitate bacterial clearance and limit host tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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57
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Skin Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121888. [PMID: 34944704 PMCID: PMC8698493 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the primary innate immune cells, and serve as sentinels for invading pathogens. To this end, neutrophils exert their effector functions via phagocytosis, degranulation, reactive oxygen species generation, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release. Pathogens and pathogen-derived components trigger NET formation, leading to the clearance of pathogens. However, NET formation is also induced by non-related pathogen proteins, such as cytokines and immune complexes. In this regard, NET formation can be induced under both non-sterile and sterile conditions. NETs are enriched by components with potent cytotoxic and inflammatory properties, thereby occasionally damaging tissues and cells and dysregulating immune homeostasis. Research has uncovered the involvement of NETs in the pathogenesis of several connective tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis. In dermatology, several skin diseases clinically develop local or systemic sterile pustules and abscesses. The involvement of neutrophils and subsequent NET formation has recently been elucidated in these skin diseases. Therefore, this review highlights the NETs in these neutrophil-associated diseases.
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Parker HA, Jones HM, Kaldor CD, Hampton MB, Winterbourn CC. Neutrophil NET Formation with Microbial Stimuli Requires Late Stage NADPH Oxidase Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111791. [PMID: 34829662 PMCID: PMC8614658 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils respond to a range of stimuli by releasing extracellular traps (NETs), a mesh consisting of chromatin plus granule and cytoplasmic proteins. We have investigated NET release in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and the involvement of NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities. An oxidative mechanism was involved with each stimulus, and the NOX2 inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) gave almost total inhibition. Notably, DPI added up to 60-90 min after stimulation still gave significant inhibition of subsequent NET formation. As most of the NOX2 activity had already occurred by that time, this indicates a requirement for late-stage low-level oxidant production. Inhibition of histone citrullination did not suppress NET formation, indicating that this was not the essential oxidant-dependent step. With PMA and P. aeruginosa PAO1, MPO activity played an important role in the induction of NETs and MPO inhibitors added up to 30-90 min after stimulation suppressed NET formation. NET formation with S. aureus and C. albicans was insensitive to MPO inhibition. Thus, MPO products are important with some stimuli but not others. Our results extend earlier observations with PMA and show that induction of NETs by microbial stimuli requires late stage oxidant production. Others have shown that NET formation involves NOX2-dependent elastase release from granules. As this is an early event, we conclude from our results that there is more than one oxidant-dependent step.
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Sollberger G. Approaching Neutrophil Pyroptosis. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167335. [PMID: 34757055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
All cells must die at some point, and the dogma is that they do it either silently via apoptosis or via pro-inflammatory, lytic forms of death. Amongst these lytic cell death pathways, pyroptosis is one of the best characterized. Pyroptosis depends on inflammatory caspases which activate members of the gasdermin family of proteins, and it is associated with the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Pyroptosis is an essential component of innate immunity, it initiates and amplifies inflammation and it removes the replication niche for intracellular pathogens. Most of the literature on pyroptosis focuses on monocytes and macrophages. However, the most abundant phagocytes in humans are neutrophils. This review addresses whether neutrophils undergo pyroptosis and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, I discuss how and why neutrophils might be able to resist pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sollberger
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Dow Street, DD1 5EH Dundee, UK; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Angeletti A, Volpi S, Bruschi M, Lugani F, Vaglio A, Prunotto M, Gattorno M, Schena F, Verrina E, Ravelli A, Ghiggeri GM. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps-DNase Balance and Autoimmunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102667. [PMID: 34685647 PMCID: PMC8534732 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are macromolecular structures programmed to trap circulating bacteria and viruses. The accumulation of NETs in the circulation correlates with the formation of anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA antibodies and is considered a causative factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The digestion of DNA by DNase1 and DNases1L3 is the rate- limiting factor for NET accumulation. Mutations occurring in one of these two DNase genes determine anti-DNA formation and are associated with severe Lupus-like syndromes and lupus nephritis (LN). A second mechanism that may lead to DNase functional impairment is the presence of circulating DNase inhibitors in patients with low DNase activity, or the generation of anti-DNase antibodies. This phenomenon has been described in a relevant number of patients with SLE and may represent an important mechanism determining autoimmunity flares. On the basis of the reviewed studies, it is tempting to suppose that the blockade or selective depletion of anti-DNase autoantibodies could represent a potential novel therapeutic approach to prevent or halt SLE and LN. In general, strategies aimed at reducing NET formation might have a similar impact on the progression of SLE and LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeletti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, GenoaLargo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (E.V.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, GenoaLargo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (S.V.); (M.G.); (F.S.); (A.R.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno Infantili, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, GenoaLargo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesca Lugani
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, GenoaLargo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Augusto Vaglio
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Firenze, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Marco Prunotto
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (S.V.); (M.G.); (F.S.); (A.R.)
- Clinics of Pediatrics and Rheumatology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Schena
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (S.V.); (M.G.); (F.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Enrico Verrina
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, GenoaLargo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (E.V.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, GenoaLargo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Angelo Ravelli
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (S.V.); (M.G.); (F.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, GenoaLargo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (E.V.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, GenoaLargo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence:
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61
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Johnson JL, Ramadass M, Rahman F, Meneses-Salas E, Zgajnar NR, Carvalho Gontijo R, Zhang J, Kiosses WB, Zhu YP, Hedrick CC, Perego M, Gunton JE, Pestonjamasp K, Napolitano G, Catz SD. The atypical small GTPase GEM/Kir is a negative regulator of the NADPH oxidase and NETs production through macroautophagy. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:629-649. [PMID: 34085299 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0421-123r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the important function of neutrophils in the eradication of infections and induction of inflammation, the molecular mechanisms regulating the activation and termination of the neutrophil immune response is not well understood. Here, the function of the small GTPase from the RGK family, Gem, is characterized as a negative regulator of the NADPH oxidase through autophagy regulation. Gem knockout (Gem KO) neutrophils show increased NADPH oxidase activation and increased production of extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enhanced ROS production in Gem KO neutrophils was associated with increased NADPH oxidase complex-assembly as determined by quantitative super-resolution microscopy, but normal exocytosis of gelatinase and azurophilic granules. Gem-deficiency was associated with increased basal autophagosomes and autolysosome numbers but decreased autophagic flux under phorbol ester-induced conditions. Neutrophil stimulation triggered the localization of the NADPH oxidase subunits p22phox and p47phox at LC3-positive structures suggesting that the assembled NADPH oxidase complex is recruited to autophagosomes, which was significantly increased in Gem KO neutrophils. Prevention of new autophagosome formation by treatment with SAR405 increased ROS production while induction of autophagy by Torin-1 decreased ROS production in Gem KO neutrophils, and also in wild-type neutrophils, suggesting that macroautophagy contributes to the termination of NADPH oxidase activity. Autophagy inhibition decreased NETs formation independently of enhanced ROS production. NETs production, which was significantly increased in Gem-deficient neutrophils, was decreased by inhibition of both autophagy and calmodulin, a known GEM interactor. Intracellular ROS production was increased in Gem KO neutrophils challenged with live Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Salmonella Typhimurium, but phagocytosis was not affected in Gem-deficient cells. In vivo analysis in a model of Salmonella Typhimurium infection indicates that Gem-deficiency provides a genetic advantage manifested as a moderate increased in survival to infections. Altogether, the data suggest that Gem-deficiency leads to the enhancement of the neutrophil innate immune response by increasing NADPH oxidase assembly and NETs production and that macroautophagy differentially regulates ROS and NETs in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Ramadass
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Farhana Rahman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elsa Meneses-Salas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nadia R Zgajnar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jinzhong Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - William B Kiosses
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity, and Endocrinology (CDOE), The Westmead Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yanfang Peipei Zhu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marta Perego
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jenny E Gunton
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity, and Endocrinology (CDOE), The Westmead Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kersi Pestonjamasp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Sergio D Catz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Makatsariya AD, Slukhanchuk EV, Bitsadze VO, Khizroeva JK, Tretyakova MV, Makatsariya NA, Akinshina SV, Shkoda AS, Pankratyeva LL, Di Renzo GC, Rizzo G, Grigorieva KN, Tsibizova VI, Gris JC, Elalamy I. Neutrophil extracellular traps: a role in inflammation and dysregulated hemostasis as well as in patients with COVID-19 and severe obstetric pathology. OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION 2021. [DOI: 10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2021.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have proven a close relationship between inflammatory diseases and the state of hypercoagulability. In fact, thromboembolic complications represent one of the main causes of disability and mortality in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer and obstetric complications. Despite this, the processes of hemostasis and immune responses have long been considered separately; currently, work is underway to identify the molecular basis for a relationship between such systems. It has been identified that various pro-inflammatory stimuli are capable of triggering a coagulation cascade, which in turn modulates inflammatory responses. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are the networks of histones of extracellular DNA generated by neutrophils in response to inflammatory stimuli. The hemostasis is activated against infection in order to minimize the spread of infection and, if possible, inactivate the infectious agent. Another molecular network is based on fibrin. Over the last 10 years, there has been accumulated a whole body of evidence that NETs and fibrin are able to form a united network within a thrombus, stabilizing each other. Similarities and molecular cross-reactions are also present in the processes of fibrinolysis and lysis of NETs. Both NETs and von Willebrand factor (vWF) are involved in thrombosis as well as inflammation. During the development of these conditions, a series of events occurs in the microvascular network, including endothelial activation, NETs formation, vWF secretion, adhesion, aggregation, and activation of blood cells. The activity of vWF multimers is regulated by the specific metalloproteinase ADAMTS-13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13). Studies have shown that interactions between NETs and vWF can lead to arterial and venous thrombosis and inflammation. In addition, the contents released from activated neutrophils or NETs result in decreased ADAMTS-13 activity, which can occur in both thrombotic microangiopathies and acute ischemic stroke. Recently, NETs have been envisioned as a cause of endothelial damage and immunothrombosis in COVID-19. In addition, vWF and ADAMTS-13 levels predict COVID-19 mortality. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics and interactions of NETs, vWF, and ADAMTS-13, the effect of NETs on hemostasis regulation and discuss their role in thrombotic conditions, sepsis, COVID-19, and obstetric complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A. S. Shkoda
- Vorokhobov City Clinical Hospital № 67, Moscow Healthcare Department
| | - L. L. Pankratyeva
- Vorokhobov City Clinical Hospital № 67, Moscow Healthcare Department; Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Health Ministry of Russian Federation
| | - G. C. Di Renzo
- Sechenov University; Center for Prenatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia
| | - G. Rizzo
- Sechenov University; University of Rome Tor Vergata
| | | | - V. I. Tsibizova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Health Ministry of Russian Federation
| | - J.-C. Gris
- Sechenov University; University of Montpellier
| | - I. Elalamy
- Sechenov University; Medicine Sorbonne University; Hospital Tenon
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Peroxiredoxin Asp f3 Is Essential for Aspergillus fumigatus To Overcome Iron Limitation during Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e0097621. [PMID: 34399627 PMCID: PMC8406167 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00976-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an important fungal pathogen that causes allergic reactions but also life-threatening infections. One of the most abundant A. fumigatus proteins is Asp f3. This peroxiredoxin is a major fungal allergen and known for its role as a virulence factor, vaccine candidate, and scavenger of reactive oxygen species. Based on the hypothesis that Asp f3 protects A. fumigatus against killing by immune cells, we investigated the susceptibility of a conditional aspf3 mutant by employing a novel assay. Surprisingly, Asp f3-depleted hyphae were killed as efficiently as the wild type by human granulocytes. However, we identified an unexpected growth defect of mutants that lack Asp f3 under low-iron conditions, which explains the avirulence of the Δaspf3 deletion mutant in a murine infection model. A. fumigatus encodes two Asp f3 homologues which we named Af3l (Asp f3-like) 1 and Af3l2. Inactivation of Af3l1, but not of Af3l2, exacerbated the growth defect of the conditional aspf3 mutant under iron limitation, which ultimately led to death of the double mutant. Inactivation of the iron acquisition repressor SreA partially compensated for loss of Asp f3 and Af3l1. However, Asp f3 was not required for maintaining iron homeostasis or siderophore biosynthesis. Instead, we show that it compensates for a loss of iron-dependent antioxidant enzymes. Iron supplementation restored the virulence of the Δaspf3 deletion mutant in a murine infection model. Our results unveil the crucial importance of Asp f3 to overcome nutritional immunity and reveal a new biological role of peroxiredoxins in adaptation to iron limitation.
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64
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Shao BZ, Yao Y, Li JP, Chai NL, Linghu EQ. The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:714357. [PMID: 34476216 PMCID: PMC8406742 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.714357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are vital components of innate and adaptive immunity. It is widely acknowledged that in various pathological conditions, neutrophils are activated and release condensed DNA strands, triggering the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs have been shown to be effective in fighting against microbial infections and modulating the pathogenesis and progression of diseases, including malignant tumors. This review describes the current knowledge on the biological characteristics of NETs. Additionally, the mechanisms of NETs in cancer are discussed, including the involvement of signaling pathways and the crosstalk between other cancer-related mechanisms, including inflammasomes and autophagy. Finally, based on previous and current studies, the roles of NET formation and the potential therapeutic targets and strategies related to NETs in several well-studied types of cancers, including breast, lung, colorectal, pancreatic, blood, neurological, and cutaneous cancers, are separately reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ning-Li Chai
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - En-Qiang Linghu
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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65
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Han Y, Zhang Q, Chen L, Yang D, Zhao J. Mitochondria are essential for antibacterial extracellular trap formation mediated by zymosan in hemocytes of Ruditapes philippinarum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104094. [PMID: 33823212 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of extracellular traps (ETs) is an important innate immune mechanism that serves to combat different invading pathogens. In this study, zymosan significantly induced the formation of ETs in the hemocytes of Ruditapes philippinarum, and this effect was accompanied by translocation of the mitochondria to the cell surface. Zymosan stimulation clearly induced an increase in intracellular ROS and MPO production and an overexpression of ROS-related genes (PI3K, AKT and HIF). In response to the ROS burst, the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opened. Conversely, mitochondrial superoxide inhibitor (Mito-TEMPO) significantly inhibited the formation of ETs, suggesting that mitochondrial ROS were necessary for the formation of ETs. In addition, we found that zymosan-induced ETs showed antibacterial activities against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, such as Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus. Taken together, these findings elucidated a new antibacterial approach for R. philippinarum and highlighted the role of mitochondria in the formation of zymosan-induced ETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Han
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, Shandong, 264006, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China.
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66
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A Fragile Balance: Does Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Drive Pulmonary Disease Progression? Cells 2021; 10:cells10081932. [PMID: 34440701 PMCID: PMC8394734 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils act as the first line of defense during infection and inflammation. Once activated, they are able to fulfil numerous tasks to fight inflammatory insults while keeping a balanced immune response. Besides well-known functions, such as phagocytosis and degranulation, neutrophils are also able to release "neutrophil extracellular traps" (NETs). In response to most stimuli, the neutrophils release decondensed chromatin in a NADPH oxidase-dependent manner decorated with histones and granule proteins, such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathelicidins. Although primarily supposed to prevent microbial dissemination and fight infections, there is increasing evidence that an overwhelming NET response correlates with poor outcome in many diseases. Lung-related diseases especially, such as bacterial pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aspergillosis, influenza, and COVID-19, are often affected by massive NET formation. Highly vascularized areas as in the lung are susceptible to immunothrombotic events promoted by chromatin fibers. Keeping this fragile equilibrium seems to be the key for an appropriate immune response. Therapies targeting dysregulated NET formation might positively influence many disease progressions. This review highlights recent findings on the pathophysiological influence of NET formation in different bacterial, viral, and non-infectious lung diseases and summarizes medical treatment strategies.
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Burn GL, Foti A, Marsman G, Patel DF, Zychlinsky A. The Neutrophil. Immunity 2021; 54:1377-1391. [PMID: 34260886 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are immune cells with unusual biological features that furnish potent antimicrobial properties. These cells phagocytose and subsequently kill prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms very efficiently. Importantly, it is not only their ability to attack microbes within a constrained intracellular compartment that endows neutrophils with antimicrobial function. They can unleash their effectors into the extracellular space, where, even post-mortem, their killing machinery can endure and remain functional. The antimicrobial activity of neutrophils must not be misconstrued as being microbe specific and should be viewed more generally as biotoxic. Outside of fighting infections, neutrophils can harness their noxious machinery in other contexts, like cancer. Inappropriate or dysregulated neutrophil activation damages the host and contributes to autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Here we review a number of topics related to neutrophil biology based on contemporary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth Lawrence Burn
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Foti
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerben Marsman
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dhiren Ferise Patel
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Wei R, Li X, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang N, Wang J, Yang J, Zhang X, Gong P, Li J. Trypanosoma evansi triggered neutrophil extracellular traps formation dependent on myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathways. Vet Parasitol 2021; 296:109502. [PMID: 34214944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi infects a wide range of hosts to cause huge economic losses in livestock industry. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) play a critical role in combating parasite infections. However, the role of NETs in the resistance to T. evansi infection is still unclear. In this study, T. evansi induced NETs were observed and their components were determined. The effect of NETs on the viability and motility of T. evansi were estimated. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the process of T. evansi-induced NETs formation were detected. The effect of ERK1/2 signaling pathway, neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase on T. evansi triggered NETs formation were determined. The results showed that neutrophils could release ETs after being stimulated with T. evansi and the structures of NETs mainly consisted of DNA decorated with histone 3 (H3), NE, and MPO. NETs could reduce the parasite motility without affecting the parasite viability. T. evansi-induced NETs formation was dose and time-dependent and was accompanied by ROS production. Inhibitor assays suggested that the formation of NETs induced by T. evansi was dependent on MPO, NE and ERK1/2 signaling pathway but independent on NADPH oxidase and SOCE. In addition, there was no significant changes in LDH activity during NETs formation. This study is the first report of T. evansi-induced NETs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Jingsen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Ju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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69
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Neutrophils and Influenza: A Thin Line between Helpful and Harmful. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060597. [PMID: 34199803 PMCID: PMC8228962 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are one of the most prevalent respiratory pathogens known to humans and pose a significant threat to global public health each year. Annual influenza epidemics are responsible for 3-5 million infections worldwide and approximately 500,000 deaths. Presently, yearly vaccinations represent the most effective means of combating these viruses. In humans, influenza viruses infect respiratory epithelial cells and typically cause localized infections of mild to moderate severity. Neutrophils are the first innate cells to be recruited to the site of the infection and possess a wide range of effector functions to eliminate viruses. Some well-described effector functions include phagocytosis, degranulation, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, while these mechanisms can promote infection resolution, they can also contribute to the pathology of severe disease. Thus, the role of neutrophils in influenza viral infection is nuanced, and the threshold at which protective functions give way to immunopathology is not well understood. Moreover, notable differences between human and murine neutrophils underscore the need to exercise caution when applying murine findings to human physiology. This review aims to provide an overview of neutrophil characteristics, their classic effector functions, as well as more recently described antibody-mediated effector functions. Finally, we discuss the controversial role these cells play in the context of influenza virus infections and how our knowledge of this cell type can be leveraged in the design of universal influenza virus vaccines.
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70
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Dumas A, Knaus UG. Raising the 'Good' Oxidants for Immune Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698042. [PMID: 34149739 PMCID: PMC8213335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox medicine is a new therapeutic concept targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secondary reaction products for health benefit. The concomitant function of ROS as intracellular second messengers and extracellular mediators governing physiological redox signaling, and as damaging radicals instigating or perpetuating various pathophysiological conditions will require selective strategies for therapeutic intervention. In addition, the reactivity and quantity of the oxidant species generated, its source and cellular location in a defined disease context need to be considered to achieve the desired outcome. In inflammatory diseases associated with oxidative damage and tissue injury, ROS source specific inhibitors may provide more benefit than generalized removal of ROS. Contemporary approaches in immunity will also include the preservation or even elevation of certain oxygen metabolites to restore or improve ROS driven physiological functions including more effective redox signaling and cell-microenvironment communication, and to induce mucosal barrier integrity, eubiosis and repair processes. Increasing oxidants by host-directed immunomodulation or by exogenous supplementation seems especially promising for improving host defense. Here, we summarize examples of beneficial ROS in immune homeostasis, infection, and acute inflammatory disease, and address emerging therapeutic strategies for ROS augmentation to induce and strengthen protective host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Dumas
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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71
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Vermot A, Petit-Härtlein I, Smith SME, Fieschi F. NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:890. [PMID: 34205998 PMCID: PMC8228183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) was first identified in the membrane of phagocytic cells. For many years, its only known role was in immune defense, where its ROS production leads to the destruction of pathogens by the immune cells. NOX from phagocytes catalyzes, via one-electron trans-membrane transfer to molecular oxygen, the production of the superoxide anion. Over the years, six human homologs of the catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the NOX2/gp91phox component present in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly itself, the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. NOX are complex multidomain proteins with varying requirements for assembly with combinations of other proteins for activity. The recent structural insights acquired on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic NOX open new perspectives for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms inherent to NOX regulation and ROS production (superoxide or hydrogen peroxide). This new structural information will certainly inform new investigations of human disease. As specialized ROS producers, NOX enzymes participate in numerous crucial physiological processes, including host defense, the post-translational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. These diversities of physiological context will be discussed in this review. We also discuss NOX misregulation, which can contribute to a wide range of severe pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, lung fibrosis, cancer, or neurodegenerative diseases, giving this family of membrane proteins a strong therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Vermot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Isabelle Petit-Härtlein
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Susan M. E. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
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72
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Chirivi RGS, van Rosmalen JWG, van der Linden M, Euler M, Schmets G, Bogatkevich G, Kambas K, Hahn J, Braster Q, Soehnlein O, Hoffmann MH, Es HHGV, Raats JMH. Therapeutic ACPA inhibits NET formation: a potential therapy for neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1528-1544. [PMID: 32203195 PMCID: PMC8166830 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is associated with disease severity and contributes to tissue injury, followed by severe organ damage. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of NET release reduces pathology in multiple inflammatory disease models, indicating that NETs are potential therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate using a preclinical basket approach that our therapeutic anti-citrullinated protein antibody (tACPA) has broad therapeutic potential. Treatment with tACPA prevents disease symptoms in various mouse models with plausible NET-mediated pathology, including inflammatory arthritis (IA), pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. We show that citrulline residues in the N-termini of histones 2A and 4 are specific targets for therapeutic intervention, whereas antibodies against other N-terminal post-translational histone modifications have no therapeutic effects. Because citrullinated histones are generated during NET release, we investigated the ability of tACPA to inhibit NET formation. tACPA suppressed NET release from human neutrophils triggered with physiologically relevant human disease-related stimuli. Moreover, tACPA diminished NET release and potentially initiated NET uptake by macrophages in vivo, which was associated with reduced tissue damage in the joints of a chronic arthritis mouse model of IA. To our knowledge, we are the first to describe an antibody with NET-inhibiting properties and thereby propose tACPA as a drug candidate for NET-mediated inflammatory diseases, as it eliminates the noxious triggers that lead to continued inflammation and tissue damage in a multidimensional manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato G S Chirivi
- ModiQuest B.V., Oss, The Netherlands.
- Citryll B.V., Oss, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Maximilien Euler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Galina Bogatkevich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Jonas Hahn
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Quinte Braster
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus H Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Iliadi V, Konstantinidou I, Aftzoglou K, Iliadis S, Konstantinidis TG, Tsigalou C. The Emerging Role of Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Thrombosis in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5368. [PMID: 34065210 PMCID: PMC8161034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that COVID-19 leads to thrombotic complications, which have been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Neutrophils are the largest population of white blood cells and play a pivotal role in innate immunity. During an infection, neutrophils migrate from circulation to the infection site, contributing to killing pathogens. This mechanism is regulated by chemokines such as IL-8. Moreover, it was shown that neutrophils play an important role in thromboinflammation. Through a diverse repertoire of mechanisms, neutrophils, apart from directly killing pathogens, are able to activate the formation of thrombi. In COVID-19 patients, neutrophil activation promotes neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, platelet aggregation, and cell damage. Furthermore, neutrophils participate in the pathogenesis of endothelitis. Overall, this review summarizes recent progress in research on the pathogenesis of COVID-19, highlighting the role of the prothrombotic action of neutrophils in NET formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iliadi
- Medical School, Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia; (V.I.); (S.I.)
| | | | | | - Sergios Iliadis
- Medical School, Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia; (V.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Theocharis G. Konstantinidis
- Blood Transfusion Center, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis Dragana Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
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74
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Neutrophil specific granule and NETosis defects in gray platelet syndrome. Blood Adv 2021; 5:549-564. [PMID: 33496751 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray platelet syndrome (GPS) is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterized by a lack of α-granules in platelets and progressive myelofibrosis. Rare loss-of-function variants in neurobeachin-like 2 (NBEAL2), a member of the family of beige and Chédiak-Higashi (BEACH) genes, are causal of GPS. It is suggested that BEACH domain containing proteins are involved in fusion, fission, and trafficking of vesicles and granules. Studies in knockout mice suggest that NBEAL2 may control the formation and retention of granules in neutrophils. We found that neutrophils obtained from the peripheral blood from 13 patients with GPS have a normal distribution of azurophilic granules but show a deficiency of specific granules (SGs), as confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy and mass spectrometry proteomics analyses. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from patients with GPS differentiated into mature neutrophils also lacked NBEAL2 expression but showed similar SG protein expression as control cells. This is indicative of normal granulopoiesis in GPS and identifies NBEAL2 as a potentially important regulator of granule release. Patient neutrophil functions, including production of reactive oxygen species, chemotaxis, and killing of bacteria and fungi, were intact. NETosis was absent in circulating GPS neutrophils. Lack of NETosis is suggested to be independent of NBEAL2 expression but associated with SG defects instead, as indicated by comparison with HSC-derived neutrophils. Since patients with GPS do not excessively suffer from infections, the consequence of the reduced SG content and lack of NETosis for innate immunity remains to be explored.
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75
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Chen X, Kang R, Kroemer G, Tang D. Ferroptosis in infection, inflammation, and immunity. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 2021; 218:212093. [PMID: 33978684 PMCID: PMC8126980 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated necrosis that is triggered by a combination of iron toxicity, lipid peroxidation, and plasma membrane damage. The upstream inducers of ferroptosis can be divided into two categories (biological versus chemical) and activate two major pathways (the extrinsic/transporter versus the intrinsic/enzymatic pathways). Excessive or deficient ferroptotic cell death is implicated in a growing list of physiological and pathophysiological processes, coupled to a dysregulated immune response. This review focuses on new discoveries related to how ferroptotic cells and their spilled contents shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease. Understanding the immunological characteristics and activity of ferroptotic death not only illuminates an intersection between cell death and immunity but may also lead to the development of novel treatment approaches for immunopathological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daolin Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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76
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Mónaco A, Canales-Huerta N, Jara-Wilde J, Härtel S, Chabalgoity JA, Moreno M, Scavone P. Salmonella Typhimurium Triggers Extracellular Traps Release in Murine Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:639768. [PMID: 33981627 PMCID: PMC8107695 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.639768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella comprises two species and more than 2500 serovars with marked differences in host specificity, and is responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from localized gastroenteritis to severe life-threatening invasive disease. The initiation of the host inflammatory response, triggered by many Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) that Salmonella possesses, recruits innate immune cells in order to restrain the infection at the local site. Neutrophils are known for killing bacteria through oxidative burst, amid other mechanisms. Amongst those mechanisms for controlling bacteria, the release of Extracellular Traps (ETs) represents a newly described pathway of programmed cell death known as ETosis. Particularly, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) were first described in 2004 and since then, a number of reports have demonstrated their role as a novel defense mechanism against different pathogens. This released net-like material is composed of cellular DNA decorated with histones and cellular proteins. These structures have shown ability to trap, neutralize and kill different kinds of microorganisms, ranging from viruses and bacteria to fungi and parasites. Salmonella was one of the first microorganisms that were reported to be killed by NETs and several studies have confirmed the observation and deepened into its variants. Nevertheless, much less is known about their counterparts in other immune cells, e.g. Macrophage Extracellular Traps (METs) and Salmonella-induced MET release has never been reported so far. In this work, we observed the production of METs induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and recorded their effect on bacteria, showing for the first time that macrophages can also release extracellular DNA traps upon encounter with Salmonella Typhimurium. Additionally we show that METs effectively immobilize and reduce Salmonella survival in a few minutes, suggesting METs as a novel immune-mediated defense mechanism against Salmonella infection. Of note, this phenomenon was confirmed in primary macrophages, since MET release was also observed in bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with Salmonella. The evidence of this peculiar mechanism provides new incipient insights into macrophages´ role against Salmonella infection and can help to design new strategies for the clinical control of this transcendental pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Mónaco
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicole Canales-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes Científicas SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge Jara-Wilde
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes Científicas SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes Científicas SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Centro de Informática Médica y Telemedicina CIMT, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,National Center for Health Information Systems CENS, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Jose Alejandro Chabalgoity
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Moreno
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paola Scavone
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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77
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Riera Romo M. Cell death as part of innate immunity: Cause or consequence? Immunology 2021; 163:399-415. [PMID: 33682112 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated or programmed cell death plays a critical role in the development and tissue organization and function. In addition, it is intrinsically connected with immunity and host defence. An increasing cellular and molecular findings cause a change in the concept of cell death, revealing an expanding network of regulated cell death modalities and their biochemical programmes. Likewise, recent evidences demonstrate the interconnection between cell death pathways and how they are involved in different immune mechanisms. This work provides an overview of the main cell death programmes and their implication in innate immunity not only as an immunogenic/inflammatory process, but also as an active defence strategy during immune response and at the same time as a regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Riera Romo
- Radiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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78
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López-Pedrera C, Villalba JM, Patiño-Trives AM, Luque-Tévar M, Barbarroja N, Aguirre MÁ, Escudero-Contreras A, Pérez-Sánchez C. Therapeutic Potential and Immunomodulatory Role of Coenzyme Q 10 and Its Analogues in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040600. [PMID: 33924642 PMCID: PMC8069673 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a mitochondrial electron carrier and a powerful lipophilic antioxidant located in membranes and plasma lipoproteins. CoQ10 is endogenously synthesized and obtained from the diet, which has raised interest in its therapeutic potential against pathologies related to mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced oxidative stress. Novel formulations of solubilized CoQ10 and the stabilization of reduced CoQ10 (ubiquinol) have improved its bioavailability and efficacy. Synthetic analogues with increased solubility, such as idebenone, or accumulated selectively in mitochondria, such as MitoQ, have also demonstrated promising properties. CoQ10 has shown beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases. Leukocytes from antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients exhibit an oxidative perturbation closely related to the prothrombotic status. In vivo ubiquinol supplementation in APS modulated the overexpression of inflammatory and thrombotic risk-markers. Mitochondrial abnormalities also contribute to immune dysregulation and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Idebenone and MitoQ improved clinical and immunological features of lupus-like disease in mice. Clinical trials and experimental models have further demonstrated a therapeutic role for CoQ10 in Rheumatoid Arthritis, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. This review summarizes the effects of CoQ10 and its analogs in modulating processes involved in autoimmune disorders, highlighting the potential of these therapeutic approaches for patients with immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chary López-Pedrera
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital/Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.M.P.-T.); (M.L.-T.); (N.B.); (M.Á.A.); (A.E.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-957-213795
| | - José Manuel Villalba
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Physiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Córdoba, ceiA3, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.M.V.); (C.P.-S.)
| | - Alejandra Mª Patiño-Trives
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital/Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.M.P.-T.); (M.L.-T.); (N.B.); (M.Á.A.); (A.E.-C.)
| | - Maria Luque-Tévar
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital/Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.M.P.-T.); (M.L.-T.); (N.B.); (M.Á.A.); (A.E.-C.)
| | - Nuria Barbarroja
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital/Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.M.P.-T.); (M.L.-T.); (N.B.); (M.Á.A.); (A.E.-C.)
| | - Mª Ángeles Aguirre
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital/Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.M.P.-T.); (M.L.-T.); (N.B.); (M.Á.A.); (A.E.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Escudero-Contreras
- Rheumatology Service, Reina Sofia Hospital/Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.M.P.-T.); (M.L.-T.); (N.B.); (M.Á.A.); (A.E.-C.)
| | - Carlos Pérez-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Physiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Córdoba, ceiA3, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.M.V.); (C.P.-S.)
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79
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Moghadam ZM, Henneke P, Kolter J. From Flies to Men: ROS and the NADPH Oxidase in Phagocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:628991. [PMID: 33842458 PMCID: PMC8033005 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.628991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) represents an evolutionary ancient antimicrobial defense system against microorganisms. The NADPH oxidases (NOX), which are predominantly localized to endosomes, and the electron transport chain in mitochondria are the major sources of ROS. Like any powerful immunological process, ROS formation has costs, in particular collateral tissue damage of the host. Moreover, microorganisms have developed defense mechanisms against ROS, an example for an arms race between species. Thus, although NOX orthologs have been identified in organisms as diverse as plants, fruit flies, rodents, and humans, ROS functions have developed and diversified to affect a multitude of cellular properties, i.e., far beyond direct antimicrobial activity. Here, we focus on the development of NOX in phagocytic cells, where the so-called respiratory burst in phagolysosomes contributes to the elimination of ingested microorganisms. Yet, NOX participates in cellular signaling in a cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic manner, e.g., via the release of ROS into the extracellular space. Accordingly, in humans, the inherited deficiency of NOX components is characterized by infections with bacteria and fungi and a seemingly independently dysregulated inflammatory response. Since ROS have both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, their tight regulation in space and time is required for an efficient and well-balanced immune response, which allows for the reestablishment of tissue homeostasis. In addition, distinct NOX homologs expressed by non-phagocytic cells and mitochondrial ROS are interlinked with phagocytic NOX functions and thus affect the overall redox state of the tissue and the cellular activity in a complex fashion. Overall, the systematic and comparative analysis of cellular ROS functions in organisms of lower complexity provides clues for understanding the contribution of ROS and ROS deficiency to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mansoori Moghadam
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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80
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Silva JDC, Thompson-Souza GDA, Barroso MV, Neves JS, Figueiredo RT. Neutrophil and Eosinophil DNA Extracellular Trap Formation: Lessons From Pathogenic Fungi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634043. [PMID: 33679665 PMCID: PMC7929991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a worldwide health problem. Fungal pathogens are responsible for a variety of conditions, including superficial diseases, allergic pathologies and potentially lethal invasive infections. Neutrophils and eosinophils have been implicated as effector cells in several pathologies. Neutrophils are major effector cells involved in the control of fungal infections and exhibit a plethora of antifungal mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, degranulation, extracellular vesicle formation, and DNA extracellular trap (ET) release. Eosinophils are polymorphonuclear cells classically implicated as effector cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and helminthic infections, although their roles as immunomodulatory players in both innate and adaptive immunity are currently recognized. Eosinophils are also endowed with antifungal activities and are abundantly found in allergic conditions associated with fungal colonization and sensitization. Neutrophils and eosinophils have been demonstrated to release their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in response to many pathogens and pro-inflammatory stimuli. ETs have been implicated in the killing and control of many pathogens, as well as in promoting inflammation and tissue damage. The formation of ETs by neutrophils and eosinophils has been described in response to pathogenic fungi. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in the release of neutrophil and eosinophil ETs in response to fungal pathogens. General implications for understanding the formation of ETs and the roles of ETs in fungal infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Costa Silva
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Valente Barroso
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josiane Sabbadini Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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81
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Vorobjeva NV. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: New Aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 75:173-188. [PMID: 33583971 PMCID: PMC7869772 DOI: 10.3103/s0096392520040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the "first line" of defense against pathogens in the locus of inflammation, where they use effector functions such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In 2004, Artuto Zychlinsky characterized one more neutrophil effector function-the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (or NETs). NETs are a modified chromatin "decorated" by bactericidal proteins of granules, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The release of NETs can be activated by diverse physiological and pharmacological stimuli and depends on ROS, for which NADPH oxidase is the main source. In the process of NET formation, the release of bactericidal components of granules into the cytoplasm, modification of histones leading to chromatin decondensation, destruction of the nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic membrane with the involvement of gasdermin D protein, and, finally, the release of chromatin outside the cell occurs. At the same time, uncontrolled formation of NETs is a provoking factor in the development of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. NETs were found at autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and vasculitis; NETs are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological diseases. In this review, the main ideas about the mechanisms of NET formation, as well as their role in physiological processes and pathogenesis of a number of diseases (including COVID-19), are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Vorobjeva
- Department of Biology, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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82
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Zonta YR, Dezen ALO, Della Coletta AM, Yu KST, Carvalho L, Dos Santos LA, Deprá IDC, Kratofil RM, Willson ME, Zbytnuik L, Kubes P, Ximenes VF, Dias-Melicio LA. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Releases a DNase-Like Protein That Degrades NETs and Allows for Fungal Escape. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:592022. [PMID: 33643928 PMCID: PMC7902888 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.592022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease, considered endemic in Latin America. Its etiological agents, fungi of the Paracoccidioides complex, have restricted geographic habitat, conidia as infecting form, and thermo-dimorphic characteristics. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are responsible for an important defense response against fungus, releasing Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), which can wrap and destroy the yeasts. However, it has been described that some pathogens are able to evade from these DNA structures by releasing DNase as an escape mechanism. As different NETs patterns have been identified in PMNs cultures challenged with different isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the general objective of this study was to identify if different patterns of NETs released by human PMNs challenged with Pb18 (virulent) and Pb265 (avirulent) isolates would be correlated with fungal ability to produce a DNase-like protein. To this end, PMNs from healthy subjects were isolated and challenged in vitro with both fungal isolates. The production, release, and conformation of NETs in response to the fungi were evaluated by Confocal Microscopy, Scanning Microscopy, and NETs Quantification. The identification of fungal DNase production was assessed by DNase TEST Agar, and the relative gene expression for hypothetical proteins was investigated by RT-qPCR, whose genes had been identified in the fungal genome in the GenBank (PADG_11161 and PADG_08285). It was possible to verify the NETs release by PMNs, showing different NETs formation when in contact with different isolates of the fungus. The Pb18 isolate induced the release of looser, larger, and more looking like degraded NETs compared to the Pb265 isolate, which induced the release of denser and more compact NETs. DNase TEST Agar identified the production of a DNase-like protein, showing that only Pb18 showed the capacity to degrade DNA in these plates. Besides that, we were able to identify that both PADG_08528 and PADG_11161 genes were more expressed during interaction with neutrophil by the virulent isolate, being PADG_08528 highly expressed in these cultures, demonstrating that this gene could have a greater contribution to the production of the protein. Thus, we identified that the virulent isolate is inducing more scattered and loose NETs, probably by releasing a DNase-like protein. This factor could be an important escape mechanism used by the fungus to escape the NETs action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Ricci Zonta
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents - LIAI, UNIPEX - Experimental Research Unity, Sector 5, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Ortega Dezen
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents - LIAI, UNIPEX - Experimental Research Unity, Sector 5, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Amanda Manoel Della Coletta
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents - LIAI, UNIPEX - Experimental Research Unity, Sector 5, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Kaio Shu Tsyr Yu
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents - LIAI, UNIPEX - Experimental Research Unity, Sector 5, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Larissa Carvalho
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents - LIAI, UNIPEX - Experimental Research Unity, Sector 5, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Leandro Alves Dos Santos
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, UNIPEX - Experimental Research Unity, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Igor de Carvalho Deprá
- Laboratory of Genetic Basis of Endocrinological Diseases, Experimental Research Unity (UNIPEX), Sector 5, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rachel M Kratofil
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michelle Elizabeth Willson
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lori Zbytnuik
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Luciane Alarcão Dias-Melicio
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Infectious Agents - LIAI, UNIPEX - Experimental Research Unity, Sector 5, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.,Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, UNIPEX - Experimental Research Unity, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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83
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Song W, Ye J, Pan N, Tan C, Herrmann M. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Tied to Rheumatoid Arthritis: Points to Ponder. Front Immunol 2021; 11:578129. [PMID: 33584645 PMCID: PMC7878527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.578129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, neutrophil extracellular traps at the forefront of neutrophil biology have proven to help capture and kill pathogens involved in the inflammatory process. There is growing evidence that persistent neutrophil extracellular traps drive the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we summarize the potential of neutrophil extracellular traps to drive the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and experimental animal models. We also describe the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in association with neutrophil extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Song
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nanfang Pan
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyu Tan
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinik Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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84
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Bruschi M, Moroni G, Sinico RA, Franceschini F, Fredi M, Vaglio A, Cavagna L, Petretto A, Pratesi F, Migliorini P, Manfredi A, Ramirez GA, Esposito P, Negrini S, Trezzi B, Emmi G, Santoro D, Scolari F, Volpi S, Mosca M, Tincani A, Candiano G, Prunotto M, Verrina E, Angeletti A, Ravelli A, Ghiggeri GM. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Autoimmunity Context. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:614829. [PMID: 33829021 PMCID: PMC8019736 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.614829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a strategy utilized by neutrophils for capturing infective agents. Extracellular traps consist in a physical net made of DNA and intracellular proteins externalized from neutrophils, where bacteria and viruses are entrapped and killed by proteolysis. A complex series of events contributes to achieving NET formation: signaling from infectious triggers comes first, followed by decondensation of chromatin and extrusion of the nucleosome components (DNA, histones) from the nucleus and, after cell membrane breakdown, outside the cell. NETs are composed of either DNA or nucleosome proteins and hundreds of cytoplasm proteins, a part of which undergo post-translational modification during the steps leading to NETs. There is a thin balance between the production and the removal of circulating NETs from blood where digestion of DNA by circulating DNases 1 and IL3 has a critical role. A delay in NET removal may have consequences for autoimmunity. Recent studies have shown that circulating NET levels are increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for a functional block of NET removal mediated by anti-DNase antibodies or, in rare cases, by DNase IL3 mutations. In SLE, the persistence in circulation of NETs signifies elevated concentrations of either free DNA/nucleosome components and oxidized proteins that, in some cases, are recognized as non-self and presented to B-cells by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). In this way, it is activated as an immunologic response, leading to the formation of IgG2 auto-antibody. Monitoring serum NET levels represents a potential new way to herald the development of renal lesions and has clinical implications. Modulating the balance between NET formation and removal is one of the objectives of basic research that are aimed to design new drugs for SLE. Clinical Trial Registration Number: The Zeus study was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov (study number: NCT02403115).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Moroni
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Franco Franceschini
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili and Università of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Micaela Fredi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili and Università of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Augusto Vaglio
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Firenze, and Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cavagna
- Division of Rheumatology, University and IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities-Proteomics Laboratory, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Pratesi
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Migliorini
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Manfredi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A. Ramirez
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Division of Nephrology, University of Genoa and Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Negrini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Trezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Lupus Clinic Department of Biomedicine, University of Florence, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, University of Messina and G. Martino Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Scolari
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Brescia and Ospedale di Montichiari, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Mosca
- Rheumatologu Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Tincani
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili and Università of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Prunotto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Verrina
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Ravelli
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gian Marco Ghiggeri
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85
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Ulfig A, Leichert LI. The effects of neutrophil-generated hypochlorous acid and other hypohalous acids on host and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:385-414. [PMID: 32661559 PMCID: PMC7873122 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are predominant immune cells that protect the human body against infections by deploying sophisticated antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis of bacteria and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill exogenous pathogens before we focus on one particular weapon in their arsenal: the generation of the oxidizing hypohalous acids HOCl, HOBr and HOSCN during the so-called oxidative burst by the enzyme myeloperoxidase. We look at the effects of these hypohalous acids on biological systems in general and proteins in particular and turn our attention to bacterial strategies to survive HOCl stress. HOCl is a strong inducer of protein aggregation, which bacteria can counteract by chaperone-like holdases that bind unfolding proteins without the need for energy in the form of ATP. These chaperones are activated by HOCl through thiol oxidation (Hsp33) or N-chlorination of basic amino acid side-chains (RidA and CnoX) and contribute to bacterial survival during HOCl stress. However, neutrophil-generated hypohalous acids also affect the host system. Recent studies have shown that plasma proteins act not only as sinks for HOCl, but get actively transformed into modulators of the cellular immune response through N-chlorination. N-chlorinated serum albumin can prevent aggregation of proteins, stimulate immune cells, and act as a pro-survival factor for immune cells in the presence of cytotoxic antigens. Finally, we take a look at the emerging role of HOCl as a potential signaling molecule, particularly its role in neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ulfig
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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86
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Lv X, Liu Z, Xu L, Song E, Song Y. Tetrachlorobenzoquinone exhibits immunotoxicity by inducing neutrophil extracellular traps through a mechanism involving ROS-JNK-NOX2 positive feedback loop. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115921. [PMID: 33187846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetrachlorobenzoquinone (TCBQ) is a common metabolite of persistent organic pollutants pentachlorophenol (PCP) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Current reports on the toxicity of TCBQmainly focused on its reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity and cardiovascular toxicity. However, the possible immunotoxicity of TCBQ remains unclear. The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a recently discovered immune response mechanism, however, excess NETs play a pathogenic role in various immune diseases. In an attempt to address concerns regarding the immunotoxicity of TCBQ, we adopted primary mouse neutrophils as the research object, explored the influence of TCBQ on the formation of NETs. The results showed that TCBQ could induce NETs rapidly in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Moreover, TCBQ promoted the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not p38 or extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) in neutrophils. Mechanistically, JNK activation enhanced the expression of NADPH oxidase enzyme 2 (NOX2), which further accelerated the generation of ROS and thus amplified the formation of NETs. The pharmacologic blockage of JNK or NOX2 effectively ameliorated TCBQ-induced ROS and NETs, implying that ROS-JNK-NOX2 positive feedback loop was involved in TCBQ-induced NETs. In conclusion, we speculated that targeting NETs formation would be a promising therapeutic strategy in modulating the immunotoxicity of TCBQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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87
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Houghton BC, Booth C. Gene Therapy for Primary Immunodeficiency. Hemasphere 2021; 5:e509. [PMID: 33403354 PMCID: PMC7773329 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades, there has been significant progress in refining gene therapy technologies and procedures. Transduction of hematopoietic stem cells ex vivo using lentiviral vectors can now create a highly effective therapeutic product, capable of reconstituting many different immune system dysfunctions when reinfused into patients. Here, we review the key developments in the gene therapy landscape for primary immune deficiency, from an experimental therapy where clinical efficacy was marred by adverse events, to a commercialized product with enhanced safety and efficacy. We also discuss progress being made in preclinical studies for challenging disease targets and emerging gene editing technologies that are showing promising results, particularly for conditions where gene regulation is important for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Houghton
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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88
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Lehman HK, Davé R. Candida Glabrata Lymphadenitis Following Infliximab Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Patient With Chronic Granulomatous Disease: Case Report and Literature Review. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:707369. [PMID: 34760850 PMCID: PMC8573330 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.707369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity caused by inactivating genetic mutations in any one of the components of the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. Phagocytic cell reactive oxygen species generation is impaired in the absence of a functional NADPH oxidase complex. As a result, patients with CGD are at high risk of developing deep-seated infections with certain bacteria and fungi. Additionally, aberrant inflammation and granuloma formation may occur in multiple organs including the bowels, with inflammatory bowel disease seen as a common inflammatory complication of CGD. Traditionally, TNF-α inhibitors are considered effective biological therapies for moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease. While limited case series and reports of patients with CGD have shown improvement in fistula healing with use of TNF-α inhibitors, several patients have developed severe, even fatal, infections with CGD-related pathogens while on TNF-inhibitor therapy. In this case report, we describe an adolescent male with X-linked CGD and steroid-refractory colitis with perirectal fistula and abscesses, who was initiated on treatment with infliximab, a TNF-α inhibitor. Following his first two infliximab doses, the patient developed a Candida glabrata lymphadenitis and associated ulcerating oropharyngeal lesions, requiring hospitalization and therapy with amphotericin B for resolution. We compare our patient's case to prior reports of infliximab use in CGD-related inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahool Davé
- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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89
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Íñiguez-Gutiérrez L, Godínez-Méndez LA, Fafutis-Morris M, Padilla-Arellano JR, Corona-Rivera A, Bueno-Topete MR, Rojas-Rejón ÓA, Delgado-Rizo V. Physiological concentrations of short-chain fatty acids induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in vitro. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 34:2058738420958949. [PMID: 33373277 PMCID: PMC7783874 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420958949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils represent the first line of host cellular defense against various
pathogens. The most recently described microbicidal mechanism of these cells is
the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Currently, a wide range of
chemical and biological stimuli are known to induce this response; however, the
effect of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the induction of NET is still
unknown. SCFAs are produced mainly by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber
and are found in host tissues and blood. This study aimed to determine whether
physiological levels of SCFAs can induce the formation of NET. Previously
reported concentrations of SCFAs (as found in the colonic lumen and peripheral
blood in postprandial and basal states) were used to stimulate the neutrophils.
In order to determine the signaling pathway utilized by SCFAs, we tested the
inhibition of the Free Fatty Acid 2 Receptor (FFA2R) expressed in neutrophils
using CATPB, the inhibitor of FFA2R, genistein, an inhibitor of the downstream
Gα/q11 proteins and DPI, an inhibitor of the NADPH oxidase complex. The SCFAs at
colonic intestinal lumen concentrations were able to induce the formation of
NET, and when tested at concentrations found in the peripheral blood, only
acetic acid at 100 μM (fasting equivalent) and 700 μM (postprandial equivalent)
was found to induce the formation of NET. The administration of the competitive
inhibitor against the receptor or blockade of relevant G protein signaling and
the inhibition of NADPH oxidase complex decreased NET release. SCFAs stimulate
NET formation in vitro and this effect is mediated, in part, by the FFA2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Íñiguez-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento
de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lucila A Godínez-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento
de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y
Dermatología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge R Padilla-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento
de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Corona-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento
de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miriam Ruth Bueno-Topete
- Instituto de Enfermedades
Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro
Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara,
Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Óscar A Rojas-Rejón
- Departamento de Procesos Tecnológicos e
Industriales, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente,
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Vidal Delgado-Rizo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento
de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Vidal Delgado-Rizo, Laboratorio de
Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la
Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Sierra Mojada 950, Colonia Independencia,
Guadalajara, Jalisco 45604, Mexico.
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90
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Puerta-Arias JD, Mejía SP, González Á. The Role of the Interleukin-17 Axis and Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Endemic and Systemic Mycoses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595301. [PMID: 33425780 PMCID: PMC7793882 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic and endemic mycoses are considered life-threatening respiratory diseases which are caused by a group of dimorphic fungal pathogens belonging to the genera Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides, Talaromyces, and the newly described pathogen Emergomyces. T-cell mediated immunity, mainly T helper (Th)1 and Th17 responses, are essential for protection against these dimorphic fungi; thus, IL-17 production is associated with neutrophil and macrophage recruitment at the site of infection accompanied by chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines production, a mechanism that is mediated by some pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Dectin-1, Dectine-2, TLRs, Mannose receptor (MR), Galectin-3 and NLPR3, and the adaptor molecules caspase adaptor recruitment domain family member 9 (Card9), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). However, these PRRs play distinctly different roles for each pathogen. Furthermore, neutrophils have been confirmed as a source of IL-17, and different neutrophil subsets and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have also been described as participating in the inflammatory process in these fungal infections. However, both the Th17/IL-17 axis and neutrophils appear to play different roles, being beneficial mediating fungal controls or detrimental promoting disease pathologies depending on the fungal agent. This review will focus on highlighting the role of the IL-17 axis and neutrophils in the main endemic and systemic mycoses: histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Puerta-Arias
- Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,School of Health Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Susana P Mejía
- Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ángel González
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Research Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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91
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Camilli G, Blagojevic M, Naglik JR, Richardson JP. Programmed Cell Death: Central Player in Fungal Infections. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:179-196. [PMID: 33293167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal diseases contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in humans. Although recent research has improved our understanding of the complex and dynamic interplay that occurs between pathogenic fungi and the human host, much remains to be elucidated concerning the molecular mechanisms that drive fungal pathogenicity and host responses to fungal infections. In recent times, there has been a significant increase in studies investigating the immunological functions of microbial-induced host cell death. In addition, pathogens use many strategies to manipulate host cell death pathways to facilitate their survival and dissemination. This review will focus on the mechanisms of host programmed cell death that occur during opportunistic fungal infections, and explore how cell death pathways may affect immunity towards pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Camilli
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Mariana Blagojevic
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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92
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Hu J, Kang H, Chen H, Yao J, Yi X, Tang W, Wan M. Targeting neutrophil extracellular traps in severe acute pancreatitis treatment. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820974913. [PMID: 33281940 PMCID: PMC7692350 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820974913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a critical abdominal disease associated with high death rates. A systemic inflammatory response promotes disease progression, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction. The functions of neutrophils in the pathology of SAP have been presumed traditionally to be activation of chemokine and cytokine cascades accompanying the inflammatory process. Recently, since their discovery, a new type of antimicrobial mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and their role in SAP, has attracted widespread attention from the scientific community. Significantly different from phagocytosis and degranulation, NETs kill extracellular microorganisms by releasing DNA fibers decorated with granular proteins. In addition to their strong antimicrobial functions, NETs participate in the pathophysiological process of many noninfectious diseases. In SAP, NETs injure normal tissues under inflammatory stress, which is associated with the activation of inflammatory cells, to cause an inflammatory cascade, and SAP products also trigger NET formation. Thus, due to the interaction between NET generation and SAP, a treatment targeting NETs might become a key point in SAP therapy. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of NETs in protecting the host from pathogen invasion, the stimulus that triggers NET formation, organ injury associated with SAP involving NETs, methods to interrupt the harmful effects of NETs, and different therapeutic strategies to preserve the organ function of patients with SAP by targeting NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huan Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenfu Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Rosazza T, Warner J, Sollberger G. NET formation - mechanisms and how they relate to other cell death pathways. FEBS J 2020; 288:3334-3350. [PMID: 33047496 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is an integral part of both infectious and sterile inflammatory reactions. Many cell death pathways cause the dying cell to lyse, thereby amplifying inflammation. A special form of lytic cell death is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), large structures of chromatin and antimicrobial proteins, which are released by dying neutrophils to capture extracellular pathogens and limit the spread of infections. The molecular mechanisms of NET formation remain incompletely understood. Recent research demonstrated substantial crosstalk between different cell death pathways, most notably between apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis. Here, we review suicidal and vital NET formation and discuss potential crosstalk of their mechanisms of release with other forms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Rosazza
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Jordan Warner
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Gabriel Sollberger
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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94
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Impact of Blood Type O on Mortality of Sepsis Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10100826. [PMID: 33076323 PMCID: PMC7602578 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABO blood groups have been implicated as potential risk factors for various diseases. However, no study has investigated the association between sepsis mortality and ABO blood types. We aimed to evaluate the impact of these blood types on mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock. This retrospective observational study was conducted at two general hospitals in Japan. Patients diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock were included and divided into four groups based on blood type (O, A, B, and AB). The association between type O vs. other types and 28- and 90-day mortalities was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and Sequential (Sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment score. This study included 415 patients, of whom 131 (31.6%), 171 (41.2%), 81 (19.5%), and 32 (7.7%) had type O, A, B, and AB, respectively. Blood type O was not associated with 28-day (odds ratio: 1.7 p = 0.08) or 90-day mortality (odds ratio: 1.53, p = 0.091). However, type O was significantly associated with higher 90-day mortality (odds ratio: 3.26, p = 0.009) in patients with septic shock. The role of ABO blood type in risk stratification for septic shock and the mechanisms that potentially affect the prognosis of sepsis patients need further investigation.
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95
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Competitive sgRNA Screen Identifies p38 MAPK as a Druggable Target to Improve HSPC Engraftment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102194. [PMID: 33003308 PMCID: PMC7600420 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous gene therapy trials for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) lacked long-term engraftment of corrected hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Chronic inflammation and high levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) might have caused aberrant cell cycling in X-CGD HSPCs with a concurrent loss of their long-term repopulating potential. Thus, we performed a targeted CRISPR-Cas9-based sgRNA screen to identify candidate genes that counteract the decreased repopulating capacity of HSPCs during gene therapy. The candidates were validated in a competitive transplantation assay and tested in a disease context using IL1B-challenged or X-CGD HSPCs. The sgRNA screen identified Mapk14 (p38) as a potential target to increase HSPC engraftment. Knockout of p38 prior to transplantation was sufficient to induce a selective advantage. Inhibition of p38 increased expression of the HSC homing factor CXCR4 and reduced apoptosis and proliferation in HSPCs. For potential clinical translation, treatment of IL1B-challenged or X-CGD HSPCs with a p38 inhibitor led to a 1.5-fold increase of donor cell engraftment. In summary, our findings demonstrate that p38 may serve as a potential druggable target to restore engraftment of HSPCs in the context of X-CGD gene therapy.
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96
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Jofra Hernández R, Calabria A, Sanvito F, De Mattia F, Farinelli G, Scala S, Visigalli I, Carriglio N, De Simone M, Vezzoli M, Cecere F, Migliavacca M, Basso-Ricci L, Omrani M, Benedicenti F, Norata R, Rancoita PMV, Di Serio C, Albertini P, Cristofori P, Naldini L, Gentner B, Montini E, Aiuti A, Mortellaro A. Hematopoietic Tumors in a Mouse Model of X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease after Lentiviral Vector-Mediated Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2020; 29:86-102. [PMID: 33010230 PMCID: PMC7791081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder due to loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding the NADPH oxidase subunits. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) gene therapy (GT) using regulated lentiviral vectors (LVs) has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for CGD patients. We performed non-clinical Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and laboratory-grade studies to assess the safety and genotoxicity of LV targeting myeloid-specific Gp91phox expression in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (XCGD) mice. We found persistence of gene-corrected cells for up to 1 year, restoration of Gp91phox expression and NADPH oxidase activity in XCGD phagocytes, and reduced tissue inflammation after LV-mediated HSPC GT. Although most of the mice showed no hematological or biochemical toxicity, a small subset of XCGD GT mice developed T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (2.94%) and myeloid leukemia (5.88%). No hematological malignancies were identified in C57BL/6 mice transplanted with transduced XCGD HSPCs. Integration pattern analysis revealed an oligoclonal composition with rare dominant clones harboring vector insertions near oncogenes in mice with tumors. Collectively, our data support the long-term efficacy of LV-mediated HSPC GT in XCGD mice and provide a safety warning because the chronic inflammatory XCGD background may contribute to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Jofra Hernández
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanvito
- GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiola De Mattia
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Farinelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Scala
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Visigalli
- GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Carriglio
- GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura De Simone
- GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Vezzoli
- GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cecere
- GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Migliavacca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Basso-Ricci
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maryam Omrani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Norata
- GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Clelia Di Serio
- University Centre for Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Albertini
- GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cristofori
- GLP Test Facility, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Non-Clinical Safety In Vivo Translation Research, Glaxo Smith Kline, Ware, UK
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Medical School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Medical School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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97
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98
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Prince BT, Thielen BK, Williams KW, Kellner ES, Arnold DE, Cosme-Blanco W, Redmond MT, Hartog NL, Chong HJ, Holland SM. Geographic Variability and Pathogen-Specific Considerations in the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2020; 11:257-268. [PMID: 32801991 PMCID: PMC7383027 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s254253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare but serious primary immunodeficiency with varying prevalence and rates of X-linked and autosomal recessive disease worldwide. Functional defects in the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex predispose patients to a relatively narrow spectrum of bacterial and fungal infections that are sometimes fastidious and often difficult to identify. When evaluating and treating patients with CGD, it is important to consider their native country of birth, climate, and living situation, which may predispose them to types of infections that are atypical to your routine practice. In addition to recurrent and often severe infections, patients with CGD and X-linked female carriers are also susceptible to developing many non-infectious complications including tissue granuloma formation and autoimmunity. The DHR-123 oxidation assay is the gold standard for making the diagnosis and it along with genetic testing can help predict the severity and prognosis in patients with CGD. Disease management focuses on prophylaxis with antibacterial, antifungal, and immunomodulatory medications, prompt identification and treatment of acute infections, and prevention of secondary granulomatous complications. While hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the only widely available curative treatment for patients with CGD, recent advances in gene therapy may provide a safer, more direct alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Prince
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Beth K Thielen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelli W Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Erinn S Kellner
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Danielle E Arnold
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wilfredo Cosme-Blanco
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Veteran Affairs Caribbean Healthcare System, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Margaret T Redmond
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas L Hartog
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Hey J Chong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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99
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Abstract
Neutrophils are critical to innate immunity, including host defense against bacterial and fungal infections. They achieve their host defense role by phagocytosing pathogens, secreting their granules full of cytotoxic enzymes, or expelling neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during the process of NETosis. NETs are weblike DNA structures decorated with histones and antimicrobial proteins released by activated neutrophils. Initially described as a means for neutrophils to neutralize pathogens, NET release also occurs in sterile inflammation, promotes thrombosis, and can mediate tissue damage. To effectively manipulate this double-edged sword to fight a particular disease, researchers must work toward understanding the mechanisms driving NETosis. Such understanding would allow the generation of new drugs to promote or prevent NETosis as needed. While knowledge regarding the (patho)physiological roles of NETosis is accumulating, little is known about the cellular and biophysical bases of this process. In this review, we describe and discuss our current knowledge of the molecular, cellular, and biophysical mechanisms mediating NET release as well as open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawa Racine Thiam
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; ,
| | - Siu Ling Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; ,
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100
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Langer S, Radhakrishnan N, Pradhan S, Das J, Saraf A, Kotwal J. Clinical and Laboratory Profiles of 17 Cases of Chronic Granulomatous Disease in North India. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2020; 37:45-51. [PMID: 33707834 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-020-01316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary immune deficiency disorder is often suspected in children with recurrent deep seated and fungal infections and those admitted to pediatric intensive care units. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is inherited disorder leading to infections caused due to defective superoxide production. Cases referred for testing for a primary immunodeficiency disorder were tested for Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) assay by flow cytometry and nitroblue tetrazolium dye (NBT) slide test. The unstimulated and stimulated samples were tested for oxidative burst activity which gives bright fluorescence due to formation of Rhodamine 123 on flow cytometry and blue formazan pigment in NBT slide test. The test results were reported in real time. From a total of 330 patients screened for chronic granulomatous disease using DHR and NBT slide test, 17 patients (5.1%) were found to have CGD. These included 12 boys and 5 girls. They presented with deep seated infections, recurrent and multiple abscess, recurrent pneumonia and granulomatous lymphadenitis. The causative organisms were Mycobacteriae, Staphylococcus, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus and Cytomegalovirus. In 6 out of 17 positive cases family studies were carried out. On follow up five children succumbed to disease, two patients underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplant, the chimerism status was demonstrated by repeat DHR assay at day 50 post-transplant. Rest are in follow up under prophylactic antibiotics and supportive care. As facilities for molecular testing are not easily available for primary immuno deficiency disorders, flow cytometry based clinical laboratories can help to screen for some of the frequently suspected disorders like chronic granulomatous disease. This has aided in paediatric care in our centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Langer
- Sir Ganga Rama Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | | | - Soma Pradhan
- Sir Ganga Rama Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Jasmita Das
- Sir Ganga Rama Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Amrita Saraf
- Department of Haematology and Clinical Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Jyoti Kotwal
- Department of Haematology and Clinical Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060 India
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