51
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Liu Q, Dwyer GK, Zhao Y, Li H, Mathews LR, Chakka AB, Chandran UR, Demetris JA, Alcorn JF, Robinson KM, Ortiz LA, Pitt BR, Thomson AW, Fan MH, Billiar TR, Turnquist HR. IL-33-mediated IL-13 secretion by ST2+ Tregs controls inflammation after lung injury. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123919. [PMID: 30779711 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is an often fatal disease that develops after acute lung injury and trauma. How released tissue damage signals, or alarmins, orchestrate early inflammatory events is poorly understood. Herein we reveal that IL-33, an alarmin sequestered in the lung epithelium, is required to limit inflammation after injury due to an unappreciated capacity to mediate Foxp3+ Treg control of local cytokines and myeloid populations. Specifically, Il33-/- mice are more susceptible to lung damage-associated morbidity and mortality that is typified by augmented levels of the proinflammatory cytokines and Ly6Chi monocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Local delivery of IL-33 at the time of injury is protective but requires the presence of Treg cells. IL-33 stimulates both mouse and human Tregs to secrete IL-13. Using Foxp3Cre × Il4/Il13fl/fl mice, we show that Treg expression of IL-13 is required to prevent mortality after acute lung injury by controlling local levels of G-CSF, IL-6, and MCP-1 and inhibiting accumulation of Ly6Chi monocytes. Our study identifies a regulatory mechanism involving IL-33 and Treg secretion of IL-13 in response to tissue damage that is instrumental in limiting local inflammatory responses and may shape the myeloid compartment after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gaelen K Dwyer
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yifei Zhao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Jake A Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Luis A Ortiz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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52
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Allawzi A, Elajaili H, Redente EF, Nozik-Grayck E. Oxidative Toxicology of Bleomycin: Role of the Extracellular Redox Environment. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019; 13:68-73. [PMID: 31289762 PMCID: PMC6615752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin is a commonly used cancer therapeutic that is associated with oxidative stress leading to pulmonary toxicity. Bleomycin has been used in animal studies to model pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary hypertension secondary to interstitial lung disease. The toxicity with bleomycin is initiated by direct oxidative damage, which then leads to subsequent inflammation and fibrosis mediated by generation of both extracellular ROS and intracellular ROS. While most studies focus on the intracellular ROS implicated in TGFβ signaling and fibrosis, the changes in the extracellular redox environment, particularly with the initiation of early inflammation, is also critical to the pathogenesis of bleomycin induced injury and fibrosis. In this review, we focus on the role of extracellular redox environment in bleomycin toxicity, with attention to the generation of extracellular ROS, alterations in the redox state of extracellular thiols, and the central role of the extracellular isoform of superoxide dismutase in the development of bleomycin induced injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayed Allawzi
- Developmental Lung Biology and Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Hanan Elajaili
- Developmental Lung Biology and Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Elizabeth F. Redente
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Developmental Lung Biology and Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Syed M, Ball JP, Mathis KW, Hall ME, Ryan MJ, Rothenberg ME, Yanes Cardozo LL, Romero DG. MicroRNA-21 ablation exacerbates aldosterone-mediated cardiac injury, remodeling, and dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1154-E1167. [PMID: 30153065 PMCID: PMC6336952 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00155.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is characterized by excess aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland independent of the renin-angiotensin system and accounts for ~10% of hypertensive patients. Excess aldosterone causes cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation, and hypertension. The molecular mechanisms that trigger the onset and progression of aldosterone-mediated cardiac injury remain incompletely understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that have been implicated in multiple cardiac pathologies; however, their regulation and role in aldosterone-mediated cardiac injury and dysfunction remains mostly unknown. We previously reported that microRNA-21 (miR-21) is the most upregulated miRNA by excess aldosterone in the left ventricle in a rat experimental model of primary aldosteronism. To elucidate the role of miR-21 in aldosterone-mediated cardiac injury and dysfunction, miR-21 knockout mice and their wild-type littermates were treated with aldosterone infusion and salt in the drinking water for 2 or 8 wk. miR-21 genetic ablation exacerbated aldosterone/salt-mediated cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. Furthermore, miR-21 genetic ablation increased the cardiac expression of fibrosis and inflammation markers and fetal gene program. miR-21 genetic ablation increased aldosterone/salt-mediated cardiac dysfunction but did not affect aldosterone/salt-mediated hypertension. miR-21 target gene Sprouty 2 may be implicated in the cardiac effects of miR-21 genetic ablation. Our study shows that miR-21 genetic ablation exacerbates aldosterone/salt-mediated cardiac hypertrophy, injury, and dysfunction blood pressure independently. These results suggest that miR-21 plays a protective role in the cardiac pathology triggered by excess aldosterone. Furthermore, miR-21 supplementation may be a novel therapeutic approach to abolish or mitigate excess aldosterone-mediated cardiovascular deleterious effects in primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Syed
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jana P Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Keisa W Mathis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardio Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Licy L Yanes Cardozo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardio Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Damian G Romero
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardio Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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54
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Strowitzki MJ, Kirchberg J, Tuffs C, Schiedeck M, Ritter AS, Biller M, Harnoss JM, Lasitschka F, Schmidt T, Radhakrishnan P, Ulrich A, Schneider M. Loss of Prolyl-Hydroxylase 1 Protects against Biliary Fibrosis via Attenuated Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2826-2838. [PMID: 30248340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, eventually progressing to cirrhosis necessitating liver transplantation, poses a significant clinical problem. Oxygen shortage (hypoxia) and hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) have been acknowledged as important drivers of liver fibrosis. The significance of oxygen-sensing HIF prolyl-hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes in this context has, however, remained elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of PHD1 (PHD1-/-) attenuates the development of liver fibrosis in mice subjected to chronic bile duct injury, induced by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine. This effect was accompanied with reduced recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes and attenuated occurrence of profibrotic myofibroblasts in PHD1-/- livers. Further analyses focused on the significance of PHD1 in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which represent the driving force in liver fibrosis. Primary HSCs isolated from PHD1-/- mice displayed significantly attenuated myofibroblast differentiation and profibrogenic properties compared with HSCs isolated from wild-type mice. Consistently, the expression of various profibrogenic and promitogenic factors was reduced in PHD1-/- HSCs, without alterations in HIF-1α protein levels. Of importance, PHD1 protein was expressed in HSCs within human livers, and PHD1 transcript expression was significantly increased with disease severity in hepatic tissue from patients with liver fibrosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that PHD1 deficiency protects against liver fibrosis and that these effects are partly due to attenuated activation of HSCs. PHD1 may represent a therapeutic target to alleviate liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J Strowitzki
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Kirchberg
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Tuffs
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schiedeck
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina S Ritter
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Biller
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Praveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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55
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Lee CM, Cho SJ, Cho WK, Park JW, Lee JH, Choi AM, Rosas IO, Zheng M, Peltz G, Lee CG, Elias JA. Laminin α1 is a genetic modifier of TGF-β1-stimulated pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99574. [PMID: 30232270 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the pathologic fibrosis in diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are poorly understood. To identify genetic factors affecting susceptibility to IPF, we analyzed a murine genetic model of IPF in which a profibrotic cytokine (TGF-β1) was expressed in the lungs of 10 different inbred mouse strains. Surprisingly, the extent of TGF-β1-induced lung fibrosis was highly strain dependent. Haplotype-based computational genetic analysis and gene expression profiling of lung tissue obtained from fibrosis-susceptible and -resistant strains identified laminin α1 (Lama1) as a genetic modifier for susceptibility to IPF. Subsequent studies demonstrated that Lama1 plays an important role in multiple processes that affect the pulmonary response to lung injury and susceptibility to fibrosis, which include: macrophage activation, fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast transformation, and the production of extracellular matrix. Also, Lama1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in lung tissue obtained from IPF patients. These studies identify Lama1 as the genetic modifier of TGF-β1 effector responses that significantly affects the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Min Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Soo Jung Cho
- Weill Cornell Medicine Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- International Health Care Center, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Wook Park
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Augustine M Choi
- Weill Cornell Medicine Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Medicine-Clinics 3, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jack A Elias
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Division of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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56
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Southard SM, Kotipatruni RP, Rust WL. Generation and selection of pluripotent stem cells for robust differentiation to insulin-secreting cells capable of reversing diabetes in rodents. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203126. [PMID: 30183752 PMCID: PMC6124757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology enables the creation and selection of pluripotent cells with specific genetic traits. This report describes a pluripotent cell line created specifically to form replacement pancreatic cells as a therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes. Beginning with primary pancreatic tissue acquired through organ donation, cells were isolated, re-programmed using non-integrating vectors and exposed to a four day differentiation protocol to generate definitive endoderm, a developmental precursor to pancreas. The best performing iPSC lines were then subjected to a 12-day basic differentiation protocol to generate endocrine pancreas precursors. The line that most consistently generated highly pure populations was selected for further development. This approach created an iPSC-variant cell line, SR1423, with a genetic profile correlated with preferential differentiation toward endodermal lineage at the loss of mesodermal potential. This report further describes an improved differentiation protocol that, coupled with SR1423, generated populations of greater than 60% insulin-expressing cells that secrete insulin in response to glucose and are capable of reversing diabetes in rodents. Created and banked following cGMP guidelines, SR1423 is a candidate cell line for the production of insulin-producing cells useful for the treatment of diabetes.
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57
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Cattani-Cavalieri I, Reis AG, Kennedy-Feitosa E, Pinho-Ribeiro V, Lanzetti M, Gitirana LB, Romana-Souza B, Porto LC, Valença SS. Pulmonary Emphysema Cross-Linking with Pulmonary Fibrosis and Vice Versa: a Non-usual Experimental Intervention with Elastase and Bleomycin. Inflammation 2018; 40:1487-1496. [PMID: 28534139 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Elastase (PPE) is usually used for emphysema models, whereas bleomycin (BLM) is used for fibrosis models. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BLM in PPE-induced emphysema, as well as the effect of PPE in BLM-induced fibrosis. C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups: control, PPE, BLM, PPE + BLM, and BLM + PPE. Mice received saline, PPE (3 U/mouse), or BLM (20 U/kg) by intranasal instillation. Mice from the BLM and BLM + PPE groups received BLM on day 0 and saline or PPE on day 21, respectively. Those in the PPE and PPE + BLM groups received PPE on day 0 and saline or BLM on day 21, respectively. Mice were euthanized on day 42. We performed histology, morphometry in lung sections and ELISA, zymography and western blotting in BAL samples or lung homogenates. In the lungs of PPE + BLM and BLM + PPE groups, we observed inflammation, oxidative stress and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. The alveolar enlargement was reduced in the PPE + BLM group, suggesting that the BLM could participate in the alveolar remodeling process. The significance of this result supports future therapeutic approaches targeting extracellular-matrix deposition in patients with emphysema as a way to repair the enlargement of alveoli and airspaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Cattani-Cavalieri
- Laboratório de Biologia Redox, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco J1-sala 25. Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Adriane Graça Reis
- Laboratório de Biologia Redox, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco J1-sala 25. Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Kennedy-Feitosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Redox, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco J1-sala 25. Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Redox, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco J1-sala 25. Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Manuella Lanzetti
- Laboratório de Biologia Redox, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco J1-sala 25. Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Lycia Brito Gitirana
- Laboratório de Biologia Redox, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco J1-sala 25. Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruna Romana-Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Humana e Experimental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Cristóvão Porto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Humana e Experimental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samuel Santos Valença
- Laboratório de Biologia Redox, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco J1-sala 25. Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.941-902, Brazil.
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Qin W, Liu B, Yi M, Li L, Tang Y, Wu B, Yuan X. Antifibrotic Agent Pirfenidone Protects against Development of Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Murine Model. Radiat Res 2018; 190:396-403. [PMID: 30016220 DOI: 10.1667/rr15017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced complications of the respiratory system are a common side effect of thoracic radiotherapy with no viable treatment option. Here, we investigated the potential therapeutic effect of the orphan drug pirfenidone for treating radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. C57BL/6 mice received a single fraction of 16 Gy to the thorax and were subsequently treated with 300 mg/kg/day pirfenidone for four weeks. Survival and body weight of the mice were quantified. Micro-CT in vivo lung imaging was performed to dynamically observe the developmental process of pulmonary fibrosis. The lungs were excised at the end of the experiment and evaluated for histological changes. Compared to the irradiated mice that received no pirfenidone, mice treated with pirfenidone after irradiation had an extended median survival time (>140 days vs. 73 days, P < 0.01). The accumulation of collagen and fibrosis in lung tissues after irradiation was decreased with pirfenidone treatment. Pirfenidone also reduced the expression of TGF-β1 and phosphorylation of Smad3 in lung tissues. The dose level of Pirfenidone used in this study attenuated pulmonary fibrosis and prolonged the life span of irradiated mice. It may offer a promising approach to treat or minimize radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Minxiao Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bili Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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59
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Murine Nephrotoxic Nephritis as a Model of Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Nephrol 2018; 2018:8424502. [PMID: 29692933 PMCID: PMC5859794 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8424502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the nonaccelerated murine nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) as a model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) could provide an easily inducible model that enables a rapid test of treatments. Originally, the NTN model was developed as an acute model of glomerulonephritis, but in this study we evaluate the model as a CKD model and compare CD1 and C57BL/6 female and male mice. CD1 mice have previously showed an increased susceptibility to CKD in other CKD models. NTN was induced by injecting nephrotoxic serum (NTS) and evaluated by CKD parameters including albuminuria, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), mesangial expansion, and renal fibrosis. Both strains showed significant albuminuria on days 2-3 which remained significant until the last time point on days 36-37 supporting dysfunctional filtration also observed by a significantly declined GFR on days 5-6, 15–17, and 34–37. Both strains showed early progressive mesangial expansion and significant renal fibrosis within three weeks suggesting CKD development. CD1 and C57BL/6 females showed a similar disease progression, but female mice seemed more susceptible to NTS compared to male mice. The presence of albuminuria, GFR decline, mesangial expansion, and fibrosis showed that the NTN model is a relevant CKD model both in C57BL/6 and in CD1 mice.
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60
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Collins FL, Rios-Arce ND, Atkinson S, Bierhalter H, Schoenherr D, Bazil JN, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. Temporal and regional intestinal changes in permeability, tight junction, and cytokine gene expression following ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/9/e13263. [PMID: 28468850 PMCID: PMC5430124 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency that occurs during menopause is associated with wide‐ranging consequences, including effects on the gastrointestinal system. Although previous studies have implicated a role for estrogen in modulating colonic permeability and inflammatory gene expression, the kinetics of these changes following loss of estrogen and whether they are intestinal region specific are unknown. To test this, we performed sham or ovariectomy (OVX) surgery in BALB/c mice and examined permeability (in vivo and ex vivo) and gene expression changes in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon at 1, 4, and 8 weeks postsurgery. In vivo permeability, assessed by FITC‐dextran gavage and subsequent measures of serum levels, indicated that OVX significantly increased whole intestinal permeability 1 week postsurgery before returning to sham levels at 4 and 8 weeks. Permeability of individual intestinal sections, measured ex vivo by Ussing chambers, revealed specific regional and temporal responses to OVX, with the most dynamic changes exhibited by the ileum. Analysis of gene expression, by qPCR and by mathematical modeling, revealed an OVX‐specific effect with tight junction and inflammatory gene expression elevated and suppressed with both temporal and regional specificity. Furthermore, ileal and colonic expression of the tight junction protein occludin was found to be significantly correlated with expression of TNFα and IL‐1β. Together, our studies reveal previously unappreciated effects of estrogen deficiency in specific intestinal segments and further demonstrate temporal links between estrogen deficiency, inflammatory genes, and intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser L Collins
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Naiomy D Rios-Arce
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Shelby Atkinson
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Hayley Bierhalter
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Daniel Schoenherr
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jason N Bazil
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan .,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Biomedical Imaging Research Centre, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Flanders KC, Yang YA, Herrmann M, Chen J, Mendoza N, Mirza AM, Wakefield LM. Quantitation of TGF-β proteins in mouse tissues shows reciprocal changes in TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 in normal vs neoplastic mammary epithelium. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38164-38179. [PMID: 27203217 PMCID: PMC5122380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) regulate tissue homeostasis, and their expression is perturbed in many diseases. The three isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3) have similar bioactivities in vitro but show distinct activities in vivo. Little quantitative information exists for expression of TGF-β isoform proteins in physiology or disease. We developed an optimized method to quantitate protein levels of the three isoforms, using a Luminex® xMAP®-based multianalyte assay following acid-ethanol extraction of tissues. Analysis of multiple tissues and plasma from four strains of adult mice showed that TGF-β1 is the predominant isoform with TGF-β2 being ~10-fold lower. There were no sex-specific differences in isoform expression, but some tissues showed inter-strain variation, particularly for TGF-β2. The only adult tissue expressing appreciable TGF-β3 was the mammary gland, where its levels were comparable to TGF-β1. In situ hybridization showed the luminal epithelium as the major source of all TGF-β isoforms in the normal mammary gland. TGF-β1 protein was 3-8-fold higher in three murine mammary tumor models than in normal mammary gland, while TGF-β3 protein was 2-3-fold lower in tumors than normal tissue, suggesting reciprocal regulation of these isoforms in mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yu-An Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle Herrmann
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - JinQiu Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nerissa Mendoza
- XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Amer M Mirza
- XOMA Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lalage M Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Mizobuchi H, Fujii W, Ishizuka K, Wang Y, Watanabe S, Sanjoba C, Matsumoto Y, Goto Y. MRP14 is dispensable for LPS-induced shock in BALB/c mice. Immunol Lett 2017; 194:13-20. [PMID: 29253495 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 14 and MRP8 are abundantly expressed by myeloid cells and are involved in various inflammatory disorders. Although accumulating evidence revealed the roles of MRP14 and MRP8 in inflammatory responses by using MRP14-knockout (KO) mice, the KO mice were only available in the C57BL/6 background. We established BALB/c-background MRP14-KO mice to examine if its biological functions are conserved in mice with a different genetic background. MRP14-KO BALB/c mice showed different phenotypes from the reported MRP14-KO C57BL/6 mice in terms of bone marrow cell response to LPS and peripheral leukocyte population. When an acute lethal dose of LPS was injected, the survival rate was not different between MRP14-KO and WT mice, which was also different from results previously reported on C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that immunological functions of MRP14, and possibly also the associated molecule MRP8, are different between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, at least in the response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yihan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Tokyo, Japan
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Obeticholic acid raises LDL-cholesterol and reduces HDL-cholesterol in the Diet-Induced NASH (DIN) hamster model. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:449-456. [PMID: 29155143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of rat and mouse models limits the translation to humans for developing novel drugs targeting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Obeticholic acid (OCA) illustrates this limitation since its dyslipidemic effect in humans cannot be observed in these rodents. Conversely, Golden Syrian hamsters have a lipoprotein metabolism mimicking human dyslipidemia since it does express the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). We therefore developed a Diet-Induced NASH (DIN) hamster model and evaluated the impact of OCA. Compared with chow fed controls, hamsters fed for 20 weeks with a free-choice (FC) diet, developed obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and NASH (microvesicular steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning and perisinusoidal to bridging fibrosis). After 20 weeks of diet, FC fed hamsters were treated without or with obeticholic acid (15mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. Although a non-significant trend towards higher dietary caloric intake was observed, OCA significantly lowered body weight after 5 weeks of treatment. OCA significantly increased CETP activity and LDL-C levels by 20% and 27%, and reduced HDL-C levels by 20%. OCA blunted hepatic gene expression of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 and reduced fecal bile acids mass excretion by 64% (P < 0.05). Hamsters treated with OCA showed a trend towards higher scavenger receptor Class B type I (SR-BI) and lower LDL-receptor hepatic protein expression. OCA reduced NAS score for inflammation (P < 0.01) and total NAS score, although not significantly. Compared to mouse and rat models, the DIN hamster replicates benefits and side effects of OCA as observed in humans, and should be useful for evaluating novel drugs targeting NASH.
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Wegner KA, Cadena MT, Trevena R, Turco AE, Gottschalk A, Halberg RB, Guo J, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Vezina CM. An immunohistochemical identification key for cell types in adult mouse prostatic and urethral tissue sections. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188413. [PMID: 29145476 PMCID: PMC5690684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Though many methods can be used to identify cell types contained in complex tissues, most require cell disaggregation and destroy information about where cells reside in relation to their microenvironment. Here, we describe a polytomous key for cell type identification in intact sections of adult mouse prostate and prostatic urethra. The key is organized as a decision tree and initiates with one round of immunostaining for nerve, epithelial, fibromuscular/hematolymphoid, or vascular associated cells. Cell identities are recursively eliminated by subsequent staining events until the remaining pool of potential cell types can be distinguished by direct comparison to other cells. We validated our identification key using wild type adult mouse prostate and urethra tissue sections and it currently resolves sixteen distinct cell populations which include three nerve fiber types as well as four epithelial, five fibromuscular/hematolymphoid, one nerve-associated, and three vascular-associated cell types. We demonstrate two uses of this novel identification methodology. We first used the identification key to characterize prostate stromal cell type changes in response to constitutive phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase activation in prostate epithelium. We then used the key to map cell lineages in a new reporter mouse strain driven by Wnt10aem1(cre/ERT2)Amc. The identification key facilitates rigorous and reproducible cell identification in prostate tissue sections and can be expanded to resolve additional cell types as new antibodies and other resources become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Wegner
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Cadena
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ryan Trevena
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Turco
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Adam Gottschalk
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Halberg
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jill A. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Duke KS, Bonner JC. Mechanisms of carbon nanotube-induced pulmonary fibrosis: a physicochemical characteristic perspective. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10:e1498. [PMID: 28984415 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with numerous beneficial applications. However, they could pose a risk to human health from occupational or consumer exposures. Rodent models demonstrate that exposure to CNTs via inhalation, instillation, or aspiration results in pulmonary fibrosis. The severity of the fibrogenic response is determined by various physicochemical properties of the nanomaterial such as residual metal catalyst content, rigidity, length, aggregation status, or surface charge. CNTs are also increasingly functionalized post-synthesis with organic or inorganic agents to modify or enhance surface properties. The mechanisms of CNT-induced fibrosis involve oxidative stress, innate immune responses of macrophages, cytokine and growth factor production, epithelial cell injury and death, expansion of the pulmonary myofibroblast population, and consequent extracellular matrix accumulation. A comprehensive understanding of how physicochemical properties affect the fibrogenic potential of various types of CNTs should be considered in combination with genetic variability and gain or loss of function of specific genes encoding secreted cytokines, enzymes, or intracellular cell signaling molecules. Here, we cover the current state of the literature on mechanisms of CNT-exposed pulmonary fibrosis in rodent models with a focus on physicochemical characteristics as principal drivers of the mechanisms leading to pulmonary fibrosis. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Duke
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - James C Bonner
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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de Souza Xavier Costa N, Ribeiro Júnior G, dos Santos Alemany AA, Belotti L, Zati DH, Frota Cavalcante M, Matera Veras M, Ribeiro S, Kallás EG, Nascimento Saldiva PH, Dolhnikoff M, Ferraz da Silva LF. Early and late pulmonary effects of nebulized LPS in mice: An acute lung injury model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185474. [PMID: 28953963 PMCID: PMC5617199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has a high mortality rate of 35–46% depending on its severity. Animal models are crucial to better understand the pathophysiology of diseases, including ARDS. This study presents a feasible animal model of acute lung injury (ALI) using nebulized lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a non-invasive approach, focusing on its short and long-term effects. Methods Mice received nebulized LPS or vehicle only (control group). Blood, BALF and lung tissue were collected 24 hours (LPS 24h) or 5 weeks (LPS 5w) after the nebulized LPS-induced lung injury. Inflammatory cytokines were assessed in the blood serum, BALF and lung tissue. Stereological analyses and remodeling changes were assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry at the specified time points. Results The LPS 24h group showed increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, intense cell influx, increased total septal volume, septal thickening and decreased surface density of the alveolar septa. The LPS 5w group showed persistent lung inflammation, septal thickening, increased total lung volume, accentuated collagen deposition, especially of collagen type I, and decreased MMP-2 protein expression. Conclusion We present a feasible, reproducible and non-invasive nebulized-LPS animal model that allows the assessment of both the acute and late phases of acute lung injury. The presence of lung remodeling with collagen deposition after 5 weeks makes it useful to study the pathophysiology, complications, and possible therapeutic intervention studies that aim to understand and reduce pulmonary fibrosis in the late phases of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália de Souza Xavier Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), University of Sao Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriel Ribeiro Júnior
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), University of Sao Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Belotti
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), University of Sao Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Hidalgo Zati
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), University of Sao Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Frota Cavalcante
- Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Sao Paulo–School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Matera Veras
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), University of Sao Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (LIM60), University of Sao Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Esper Georges Kallás
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (LIM60), University of Sao Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), University of Sao Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Ferraz da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), University of Sao Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Figtree GA, Bubb KJ, Tang O, Kizana E, Gentile C. Vascularized Cardiac Spheroids as Novel 3D in vitro Models to Study Cardiac Fibrosis. Cells Tissues Organs 2017; 204:191-198. [DOI: 10.1159/000477436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spheroid cultures are among the most explored cellular biomaterials used in cardiovascular research, due to their improved integration of biochemical and physiological features of the heart in a defined architectural three-dimensional microenvironment when compared to monolayer cultures. To further explore the potential use of spheroid cultures for research, we engineered a novel in vitro model of the heart with vascularized cardiac spheroids (VCSs), by coculturing cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts isolated from dissociated rat neonatal hearts (aged 1-3 days) in hanging drop cultures. To evaluate the validity of VCSs in recapitulating pathophysiological processes typical of the in vivo heart, such as cardiac fibrosis, we then treated VCSs with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), a known profibrotic agent. Our mRNA analysis demonstrated that TGFβ1-treated VCSs present elevated levels of expression of connective tissue growth factor, fibronectin, and TGFβ1 when compared to control cultures. We demonstrated a dramatic increase in collagen deposition following TGFβ1 treatment in VCSs in the PicroSirius Red-stained sections. Doxorubicin, a renowned cardiotoxic and profibrotic agent, triggered apoptosis and disrupted vascular networks in VCSs. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that VCSs are a valid model for the study of the mechanisms involved in cardiac fibrosis, with the potential to be used to investigate novel mechanisms and therapeutics for treating and preventing cardiac fibrosis in vitro.
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68
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Bickelhaupt S, Erbel C, Timke C, Wirkner U, Dadrich M, Flechsig P, Tietz A, Pföhler J, Gross W, Peschke P, Hoeltgen L, Katus HA, Gröne HJ, Nicolay NH, Saffrich R, Debus J, Sternlicht MD, Seeley TW, Lipson KE, Huber PE. Effects of CTGF Blockade on Attenuation and Reversal of Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3064590. [PMID: 28376190 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is a mainstay for the treatment of lung cancer that can induce pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis. The matricellular protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a central mediator of tissue remodeling. Methods A radiation-induced mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was used to determine if transient administration of a human antibody to CTGF (FG-3019) started at different times before or after 20 Gy thoracic irradiation reduced acute and chronic radiation toxicity. Mice (25 mice/group; 10 mice/group in a confirmation study) were examined by computed tomography, histology, gene expression changes, and for survival. In vitro experiments were performed to directly study the interaction of CTGF blockade and radiation. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Administration of FG-3019 prevented (∼50%-80%) or reversed (∼50%) lung remodeling, improved lung function, improved mouse health, and rescued mice from lethal irradiation ( P < .01). Importantly, when antibody treatment was initiated at 16 weeks after thoracic irradiation, FG-3019 reversed established lung remodeling and restored lung function. CTGF blockade abrogated M2 polarized macrophage influx, normalized radiation-induced gene expression changes, and reduced myofibroblast abundance and Osteopontin expression. Conclusion These results indicate that blocking CTGF attenuates radiation-induced pulmonary remodeling and can reverse the process after initiation. CTGF has a central role in radiation-induced fibrogenesis, and FG-3019 may benefit patients with radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis or patients with other forms or origin of chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bickelhaupt
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Erbel
- Departments of Cardiology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Timke
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Wirkner
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Dadrich
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Flechsig
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Tietz
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Pföhler
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gross
- Departments of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Peschke
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Line Hoeltgen
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Departments of Cardiology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Departments of Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Saffrich
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark D Sternlicht
- Departments of Molecular Biology, FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Todd W Seeley
- Departments of Molecular Biology, FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter E Huber
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sharp CN, Siskind LJ. Developing better mouse models to study cisplatin-induced kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F835-F841. [PMID: 28724610 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00285.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic used for the treatment of many types of cancer. However, its dose-limiting side effect is nephrotoxicity leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Patients who develop AKI have an increased risk of mortality and are more likely to develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). Unfortunately, there are no therapeutic interventions for the treatment of AKI. It has been suggested that the lack of therapies is due in part to the fact that the established mouse model used to study cisplatin-induced AKI does not recapitulate the cisplatin dosing regimen patients receive. In recent years, work has been done to develop more clinically relevant models of cisplatin-induced kidney injury, with much work focusing on incorporation of multiple low doses of cisplatin administered over a period of weeks. These models can be used to recapitulate the development of CKD after AKI and, by doing so, increase the likelihood of identifying novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cisplatin-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cierra N Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Leah J Siskind
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and .,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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McCracken JM, Chalise P, Briley SM, Dennis KL, Jiang L, Duncan FE, Pritchard MT. C57BL/6 Substrains Exhibit Different Responses to Acute Carbon Tetrachloride Exposure: Implications for Work Involving Transgenic Mice. Gene Expr 2017; 17:187-205. [PMID: 28234577 PMCID: PMC5500426 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x695050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological differences exist between strains of laboratory mice, and it is becoming increasingly evident that there are differences between substrains. In the C57BL/6 mouse, the primary substrains are called 6J and 6N. Previous studies have demonstrated that 6J and 6N mice differ in response to many experimental models of human disease. The aim of our study was to determine if differences exist between 6J and 6N mice in terms of their response to acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) exposure. Mice were given CCl4 once and were euthanized 12 to 96 h later. Relative to 6J mice, we found that 6N mice had increased liver injury but more rapid repair. This was because of the increased speed with which necrotic hepatocytes were removed in 6N mice and was directly related to increased recruitment of macrophages to the liver. In parallel, enhanced liver regeneration was observed in 6N relative to 6J mice. Hepatic stellate cell activation occurred earlier in 6N mice, but there was no difference in matrix metabolism between substrains. Taken together, these data demonstrate specific and significant differences in how the C57BL/6 substrains respond to acute CCl4, which has important implications for all mouse studies utilizing this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. McCracken
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- †Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shawn M. Briley
- ‡Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Katie L. Dennis
- §Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Francesca E. Duncan
- ‡Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michele T. Pritchard
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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71
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Optimization of a murine and human tissue model to recapitulate dermal and pulmonary features of systemic sclerosis. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28651005 PMCID: PMC5484495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The murine bleomycin (BLM)-induced fibrosis model is the most widely used in systemic sclerosis (SSc) studies. It has been reported that systemic delivery of BLM via continuous diffusion from subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps can cause fibrosis of the skin, lungs, and other internal organs. However, the mouse strain, dosage of BLM, administration period, and additional important features differ from one report to the next. In this study, by employing the pump model in C57BL/6J mice, we show a dose-dependent increase in lung fibrosis by day 28 and a transient increase in dermal thickness. Dermal thickness and the level of collagen in skin treated with high-dose BLM was significantly higher than in skin treated with low dose BLM or vehicle. A reduction in the thickness of the adipose layer was noted in both high and low dose groups at earlier time points suggesting that the loss of the fat layer precedes the onset of fibrosis. High-dose BLM also induced dermal fibrosis and increased expression of fibrosis-associated genes ex vivo in human skin, thus confirming and extending the in vivo findings, and demonstrating that a human organ culture model can be used to assess the effect of BLM on skin. In summary, our findings suggest that the BLM pump model is an attractive model to analyze the underlying mechanisms of fibrosis and test the efficacy of potential therapies. However, the choice of mouse strain, duration of BLM administration and dose must be carefully considered when using this model.
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Johnson LA, Rodansky ES, Moons DS, Larsen SD, Neubig RR, Higgins PDR. Optimisation of Intestinal Fibrosis and Survival in the Mouse S. Typhimurium Model for Anti-fibrotic Drug Discovery and Preclinical Applications. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:724-736. [PMID: 27986839 PMCID: PMC5881735 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal fibrosis is a frequent complication in Crohn's disease [CD]. The mouse Salmonella typhimurium model, due to its simplicity, reproducibility, manipulability, and penetrance, is an established fibrosis model for drug discovery and preclinical trials. However, the severity of fibrosis and mortality are host- and bacterial strain-dependent, thus limiting the original model. We re-evaluated the S. typhimurium model to optimise fibrosis and survival, using commercially available mouse strains. METHODS Fibrotic and inflammatory markers were evaluated across S. typhimurium ΔaroA:C57bl/6 studies performed in our laboratory. A model optimisation study was performed using three commercially available mouse strains [CBA/J, DBA/J, and 129S1/SvImJ] infected with either SL1344 or ΔaroA S. typhimurium. Fibrotic penetrance was determined by histopathology, gene expression, and αSMA protein expression. Fibrosis severity, penetrance, and survival were analysed across subsequent CBA studies. RESULTS Fibrosis severity and survival are both host- and bacterial strain-dependent. Marked tissue fibrosis and 100% survival occurred in the CBA/J strain infected with SL1344. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that CBA/J mice develop extensive intestinal fibrosis, characterised by transmural tissue fibrosis, a Th1/Th17 cytokine response, and induction of pro-fibrotic genes and extracellular matrix proteins. A meta-analysis of subsequent SL1344:CBA/J studies demonstrated that intestinal fibrosis is consistent and highly penetrant across histological, protein, and gene expression markers. As proof-of-concept, we tested the utility of the SL1344:CBA/J fibrosis model to evaluate efficacy of CCG-203971, a novel anti-fibrotic drug. CONCLUSION The S. typhimurium SL1344:CBA/J model is an optimised model for the study of intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eva S Rodansky
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David S Moons
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Peter D R Higgins
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wolf M, Maltseva I, Clay SM, Pan P, Gajjala A, Chan MF. Effects of MMP12 on cell motility and inflammation during corneal epithelial repair. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:11-20. [PMID: 28442300 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Corneal epithelial defects are a common cause of ocular morbidity and can result in corneal scarring if they do not heal properly. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix proteinases that regulate multiple aspects of corneal repair. We have previously shown that MMP12 has a protective effect on corneal fibrosis through its regulation of neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and angiogenesis in a chemical injury model involving full thickness damage to the cornea. However, the role of MMP12 in injuries limited to the corneal epithelium is relatively unknown. This study investigates the reparative effects of MMP12 following isolated corneal epithelial injury. Using a corneal epithelial debridement injury model performed on corneas of wild-type (WT) mice, we show that Mmp12 is expressed early following corneal epithelial injury with highest expression levels at 8 h after injury and lower expression levels at 4 and 8 days after injury. We investigated whether MMP12 has an effect on the rate of epithelial repair and cell migration using in vivo and in vitro scratch assays performed on WT and Mmp12-/- mice. We found that loss of MMP12 results in a slower scratch wound repair rate both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that corneas of Mmp12-/- mice have decreased neutrophil infiltration following injury. Loss of MMP12, however, does not affect cell proliferation in the center of the wounds. These data support a role of MMP12 in promoting early repair processes following corneal epithelial injury by enhancing epithelial cell migration and neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Inna Maltseva
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Selene M Clay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peipei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Abhinay Gajjala
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Matilda F Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Abstract
This systems genetics analysis comprises quantitative measurements of hepatic fibrogenesis in mouse models and mapping of quantitative traits in mouse genetic reference populations. It is part of a large mapping project of fibrogenic genes including the analyses of experimental crosses from different inbred mouse strains. Extensive quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of fibrosis phenotypes and liver expression profiling in combination with in silico mapping facilitated the identification of QTL regions and underlying candidate genes that confer fibrosis susceptibility also in humans. Moreover, the approach led to the identification of interacting QTLs and gene networks in liver fibrosis, providing a key experimental platform for the development of novel, more precise therapeutic interventions. Here, we provide a use case for the application of different analysis tools and the integration of multiple datasets determined in F2 intercrosses and BXD recombinant inbred lines to identify, finemap and affirm fibrosis susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea A Hall
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Gebaude 77, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
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Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. The Role of Lymphocytes in Radiotherapy-Induced Adverse Late Effects in the Lung. Front Immunol 2016; 7:591. [PMID: 28018357 PMCID: PMC5155013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis are dose-limiting side effects of thoracic irradiation. Thoracic irradiation triggers acute and chronic environmental lung changes that are shaped by the damage response of resident cells, by the resulting reaction of the immune system, and by repair processes. Although considerable progress has been made during the last decade in defining involved effector cells and soluble mediators, the network of pathophysiological events and the cellular cross talk linking acute tissue damage to chronic inflammation and fibrosis still require further definition. Infiltration of cells from the innate and adaptive immune systems is a common response of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Herein, lymphocytes represent a versatile and wide-ranged group of cells of the immune system that can react under specific conditions in various ways and participate in modulating the lung environment by adopting pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or even pro- or anti-fibrotic phenotypes. The present review provides an overview on published data about the role of lymphocytes in radiation-induced lung disease and related damage-associated pulmonary diseases with a focus on T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. We also discuss the suspected dual role of specific lymphocyte subsets during the pneumonitic phase and fibrotic phase that is shaped by the environmental conditions as well as the interaction and the intercellular cross talk between cells from the innate and adaptive immune systems and (damaged) resident epithelial cells and stromal cells (e.g., endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and fibroblasts). Finally, we highlight potential therapeutic targets suited to counteract pathological lymphocyte responses to prevent or treat radiation-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
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Reddy M, Fonseca L, Gowda S, Chougule B, Hari A, Totey S. Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Early Stage of Bleomycin Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis: Comparison with Pirfenidone. Int J Stem Cells 2016; 9:192-206. [PMID: 27871152 PMCID: PMC5155715 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible, invariably fatal fibrotic lung disease with no lasting option for therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be a promising modality for the treatment of IPF. Aim of the study was to investigate improvement in survivability and anti-fibrotic efficacy of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) in comparison with pirfenidone in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Methods Human AD-MSCs were administered intravenously on day 3, 6 and 9 after an intra-tracheal challenge with bleomycin, whereas, pirfenidone was given orally in drinking water at the rate of 100 mg/kg body weight three times a day daily from day 3 onward. AD-MSCs were labelled with PKH-67 before administration to detect engraftment. Disease severity and improvement was assessed and compared between sham control and vehicle control groups using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, biochemical and molecular analysis, histopathology and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) parameters at the end of study. Results Results demonstrated that AD-MSCs significantly increase survivability; reduce organ weight and collagen deposition better than pirfenidone group. Histological analyses and HRCT of the lung revealed that AD-MSCs afforded protection against bleomycin induced fibrosis and protect architecture of the lung. Gene expression analysis revealed that AD-MSCs potently suppressed pro-fibrotic genes induced by bleomycin. More importantly, AD-MSCs were found to inhibit pro-inflammatory related transcripts. Conclusions Our results provided direct evidence that AD-MSC-mediated immunomodulation and anti-fibrotic effect in the lungs resulted in marked protection in pulmonary fibrosis, but at an early stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Reddy
- Kasiak Research Pvt Ltd, DIL Complex, Thane, India
| | - Lyle Fonseca
- Kasiak Research Pvt Ltd, DIL Complex, Thane, India
| | | | | | - Aarya Hari
- Kasiak Research Pvt Ltd, DIL Complex, Thane, India
| | - Satish Totey
- Kasiak Research Pvt Ltd, DIL Complex, Thane, India
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Histopathological Evaluation of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Rodent Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3763250. [PMID: 27975052 PMCID: PMC5128699 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3763250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) can occur in 3–25% of patients receiving radiocontrast material (RCM) despite appropriate preventive measures. Often patients with an atherosclerotic vasculature have to receive large doses of RCM. Thus, animal studies to uncover the exact pathomechanism of CI-AKI are needed. Sensitive and specific histologic end-points are lacking; thus in the present review we summarize the histologic appearance of different rodent models of CI-AKI. Single injection of RCM causes overt renal damage only in rabbits. Rats and mice need an additional insult to the kidney to establish a clinically manifest CI-AKI. In this review we demonstrate that the concentrating ability of the kidney may be responsible for species differences in sensitivity to CI-AKI. The most commonly held theory about the pathomechanism of CI-AKI is tubular cell injury due to medullary hypoxia. Thus, the most common additional insult in rats and mice is some kind of ischemia. The histologic appearance is tubular epithelial cell (TEC) damage; however severe TEC damage is only seen if RCM is combined by additional ischemia. TEC vacuolization is the first sign of CI-AKI, as it is a consequence of RCM pinocytosis and lysosomal fusion; however it is not sensitive as it does not correlate with renal function and is not specific as other forms of TEC damage also cause vacuolization. In conclusion, histopathology alone is insufficient and functional parameters and molecular biomarkers are needed to closely monitor CI-AKI in rodent experiments.
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CCN2 reduction mediates protective effects of BMP7 treatment in obstructive nephropathy. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 11:39-48. [PMID: 27766493 PMCID: PMC5362571 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with rhBMP7 exerts profound protective effects in a wide variety of experimental models of renal disease. However, little is known about how these protective effects are mediated, and which cells in the kidney are targeted by exogenous rhBMP7 treatment. To determine if rhBMP7 increases glomerular and tubulointerstitial canonical BMP signaling, we performed Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO, a widely used obstructive nephropathy model) in mice reporting transcriptional activity downstream of canonical BMP signaling by the expression of GFP under the BMP Responsive Element of the Id1 promoter (BRE:gfp mice). We also analysed the impact of rhBMP7 treatment on severity of the UUO phenotype, on TGFβ signaling, and on expression of CCN2 (CTGF). Despite profound protective effects with respect to morphological damage, macrophage infiltration, and fibrosis, no significant difference in GFP-expression was observed upon rhBMP7 administration. Also TGFβ signalling was similar in rhBMP7 and vehicle treated mice, but CCN2 expression in obstructed kidneys was significantly reduced by rhBMP7 treatment. Of note, in heterozygous CCN2 mice (CCN2+/−) treatment with rhBMP7 did not (further) reduce the severity of kidney damage in the UUO-model. These data suggest that protection against obstructive nephropathy by exogenous rhBMP7 treatment relies primarily on non-canonical BMP signaling, and may be mediated in large part by downregulation of CCN2 expression.
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Imasawa T, Obre E, Bellance N, Lavie J, Imasawa T, Rigothier C, Delmas Y, Combe C, Lacombe D, Benard G, Claverol S, Bonneu M, Rossignol R. High glucose repatterns human podocyte energy metabolism during differentiation and diabetic nephropathy. FASEB J 2016; 31:294-307. [PMID: 27825100 PMCID: PMC5161522 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes play a key role in diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis, but alteration of their metabolism remains unknown in human kidney. By using a conditionally differentiating human podocyte cell line, we addressed the functional and molecular changes in podocyte energetics during in vitro development or under high glucose conditions. In 5 mM glucose medium, we observed a stepwise activation of oxidative metabolism during cell differentiation that was characterized by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α)–dependent stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function, with concomitant reduction of the glycolytic enzyme content. Conversely, when podocytes were cultured in high glucose (20 mM), stepwise oxidative phosphorylation biogenesis was aborted, and a glycolytic switch occurred, with consecutive lactic acidosis. Expression of the master regulators of oxidative metabolism transcription factor A mitochondrial, PGC-1α, AMPK, and serine–threonine liver kinase B1 was altered by high glucose, as well as their downstream signaling networks. Focused transcriptomics revealed that myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) expression was inhibited by high glucose levels, and endoribonuclease-prepared small interfering RNA–mediated combined inhibition of those transcription factors phenocopied the glycolytic shift that was observed in high glucose conditions. Accordingly, a reduced expression of MEF2C, MYF5, and PGC-1α was found in kidney tissue sections that were obtained from patients with diabetic nephropathy. These findings obtained in human samples demonstrate that MEF2C-MYF5–dependent bioenergetic dedifferentiation occurs in podocytes that are confronted with a high-glucose milieu.—Imasawa, T., Obre, E., Bellance, N., Lavie, J., Imasawa, T., Rigothier, C., Delmas, Y., Combe, C., Lacombe, D., Benard, G., Claverol, S., Bonneu, M., Rossignol, R. High glucose repatterns human podocyte energy metabolism during differentiation and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Imasawa
- Kidney Center, National Hospital Organization Chiba-East Hospital, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Emilie Obre
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Cellomet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadège Bellance
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Lavie
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tomoko Imasawa
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Rigothier
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, and Dialysis, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Yahsou Delmas
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, and Dialysis, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Christian Combe
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, and Dialysis, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Didier Lacombe
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Benard
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Center of Functional Genomics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Bonneu
- Center of Functional Genomics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- INSERM Unité 1211, Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Metabolism, and Genetics, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Cellomet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
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Sirry MS, Butler JR, Patnaik SS, Brazile B, Bertucci R, Claude A, McLaughlin R, Davies NH, Liao J, Franz T. Characterisation of the mechanical properties of infarcted myocardium in the rat under biaxial tension and uniaxial compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 63:252-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wu Y, Wei FY, Kawarada L, Suzuki T, Araki K, Komohara Y, Fujimura A, Kaitsuka T, Takeya M, Oike Y, Suzuki T, Tomizawa K. Mtu1-Mediated Thiouridine Formation of Mitochondrial tRNAs Is Required for Mitochondrial Translation and Is Involved in Reversible Infantile Liver Injury. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006355. [PMID: 27689697 PMCID: PMC5045200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible infantile liver failure (RILF) is a unique heritable liver disease characterized by acute liver failure followed by spontaneous recovery at an early stage of life. Genetic mutations in MTU1 have been identified in RILF patients. MTU1 is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the 2-thiolation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (τm5s2U) found in the anticodon of a subset of mitochondrial tRNAs (mt-tRNAs). Although the genetic basis of RILF is clear, the molecular mechanism that drives the pathogenesis remains elusive. We here generated liver-specific knockout of Mtu1 (Mtu1LKO) mice, which exhibited symptoms of liver injury characterized by hepatic inflammation and elevated levels of plasma lactate and AST. Mechanistically, Mtu1 deficiency resulted in a loss of 2-thiolation in mt-tRNAs, which led to a marked impairment of mitochondrial translation. Consequently, Mtu1LKO mice exhibited severe disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity and a broad decrease in respiratory complex activities in the hepatocytes. Interestingly, mitochondrial dysfunction induced signaling pathways related to mitochondrial proliferation and the suppression of oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates that Mtu1-dependent 2-thiolation of mt-tRNA is indispensable for mitochondrial translation and that Mtu1 deficiency is a primary cause of RILF. In addition, Mtu1 deficiency is associated with multiple cytoprotective pathways that might prevent catastrophic liver failure and assist in the recovery from liver injury. Mitochondrial transfer tRNA (mt-tRNA) contains a variety of chemical modifications that are introduced post-transcriptionally. Three mt-tRNAs for Lys, Gln and Glu contain 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (τm5s2U) in their anticodons. It is known that the loss of 2-thiolation of τm5s2U is strongly associated with the development of reversible infantile liver failure (RILF) because pathogenic mutations of RILF were found in the MTU1 gene, which encodes an enzyme responsible for the 2-thiolation of τm5s2U. However, the molecular mechanism underlying RILF pathogenesis associated with a lack of MTU1 remains elusive. To understand the physiological function of MTU1 and its association with liver failure, we generated liver-specific Mtu1-deficient (Mtu1LKO) mice. Mtu1 deficiency abolished 2-thiouridine formation in the three mt-tRNAs. Loss of the 2-thiouridine modification resulted in a marked impairment of mitochondrial translation and abnormal mitochondrial structure. Consequently, the Mtu1LKO mice exhibited liver injury, which resembles the symptoms of RILF patients. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction in Mtu1LKO mice induced mitochondrial biogenesis and suppressed oxidative stress. These findings elucidate the cellular and physiological functions of Mtu1 and provide a mouse model for understanding RILF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Layla Kawarada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujimura
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taku Kaitsuka
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Andrade-Sousa AS, Rogério Pereira P, MacKenzie B, Oliveira-Junior MC, Assumpção-Neto E, Brandão-Rangel MAR, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Garcia Caldini E, Velosa APP, Teodoro WR, Ligeiro de Oliveira AP, Dolhnikoff M, Eickelberg O, Vieira RP. Aerobic Exercise Attenuated Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Th2-Dominant Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163420. [PMID: 27677175 PMCID: PMC5038953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise (AE) in reducing bleomycin-induced fibrosis in mice of a Th2-dominant immune background (BALB/c). METHODS BALB/c mice were distributed into: sedentary, control (CON), Exercise-only (EX), sedentary, bleomycin-treated (BLEO) and bleomycin-treated+exercised (BLEO+EX); (n = 8/group). Following treadmill adaptation, 15 days following a single, oro-tracheal administration of bleomycin (1.5U/kg), AE was performed 5 days/week, 60min/day for 4 weeks at moderate intensity (60% of maximum velocity reached during a physical test) and assessed for pulmonary inflammation and remodeling, and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). RESULTS At 45 days post injury, compared to BLEO, BLEO+EX demonstrated reduced collagen deposition in the airways (p<0.001) and also in the lung parenchyma (p<0.001). In BAL, a decreased number of total leukocytes (p<0.01), eosinophils (p<0.001), lymphocytes (p<0.01), macrophages (p<0.01), and neutrophils (p<0.01), as well as reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (CXCL-1; p<0.01), (IL-1β; p<0.001), (IL-5; p<0.01), (IL-6; p<0.001), (IL-13; p<0.01) and pro-fibrotic growth factor IGF-1 (p<0.001) were observed. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased (p<0.001). CONCLUSION AE attenuated bleomycin-induced collagen deposition, inflammation and cytokines accumulation in the lungs of mice with a predominately Th2-background suggesting that therapeutic AE (15-44 days post injury) attenuates the pro-inflammatory, Th2 immune response and fibrosis in the bleomycin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Santos Andrade-Sousa
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rogério Pereira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - BreAnne MacKenzie
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel Carneiro Oliveira-Junior
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Erasmo Assumpção-Neto
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Maysa Alves Rodrigues Brandão-Rangel
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Nilsa Regina Damaceno-Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology (LIM 59), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Elia Garcia Caldini
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology (LIM 59), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pereira Velosa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 17), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Walcy Rosolia Teodoro
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 17), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ligeiro de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Ludwig Maximilian Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, München, Germany
| | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) and Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
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83
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Beauchemin KJ, Wells JM, Kho AT, Philip VM, Kamir D, Kohane IS, Graber JH, Bult CJ. Temporal dynamics of the developing lung transcriptome in three common inbred strains of laboratory mice reveals multiple stages of postnatal alveolar development. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2318. [PMID: 27602285 PMCID: PMC4991849 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize temporal patterns of transcriptional activity during normal lung development, we generated genome wide gene expression data for 26 pre- and post-natal time points in three common inbred strains of laboratory mice (C57BL/6J, A/J, and C3H/HeJ). Using Principal Component Analysis and least squares regression modeling, we identified both strain-independent and strain-dependent patterns of gene expression. The 4,683 genes contributing to the strain-independent expression patterns were used to define a murine Developing Lung Characteristic Subtranscriptome (mDLCS). Regression modeling of the Principal Components supported the four canonical stages of mammalian embryonic lung development (embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular) defined previously by morphology and histology. For postnatal alveolar development, the regression model was consistent with four stages of alveolarization characterized by episodic transcriptional activity of genes related to pulmonary vascularization. Genes expressed in a strain-dependent manner were enriched for annotations related to neurogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, and Wnt signaling. Finally, a comparison of mouse and human transcriptomics from pre-natal stages of lung development revealed conservation of pathways associated with cell cycle, axon guidance, immune function, and metabolism as well as organism-specific expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix organization and protein modification. The mouse lung development transcriptome data generated for this study serves as a unique reference set to identify genes and pathways essential for normal mammalian lung development and for investigations into the developmental origins of respiratory disease and cancer. The gene expression data are available from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) archive (GSE74243). Temporal expression patterns of mouse genes can be investigated using a study specific web resource (http://lungdevelopment.jax.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Beauchemin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | | | - Alvin T. Kho
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Daniela Kamir
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Isaac S. Kohane
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Carol J. Bult
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
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84
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Captur G, Wilson R, Bennett MF, Luxán G, Nasis A, de la Pompa JL, Moon JC, Mohun TJ. Morphogenesis of myocardial trabeculae in the mouse embryo. J Anat 2016; 229:314-25. [PMID: 27020702 PMCID: PMC4948049 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of trabeculae in the embryonic heart and the remodelling that occurs prior to birth is a conspicuous, but poorly understood, feature of vertebrate cardiogenesis. Mutations disrupting trabecular development in the mouse are frequently embryonic lethal, testifying to the importance of the trabeculae, and aberrant trabecular structure is associated with several human cardiac pathologies. Here, trabecular architecture in the developing mouse embryo has been analysed using high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) and three-dimensional (3D) modelling. This study shows that at all stages from mid-gestation to birth, the ventricular trabeculae comprise a complex meshwork of myocardial strands. Such an arrangement defies conventional methods of measurement, and an approach based upon fractal algorithms has been used to provide an objective measure of trabecular complexity. The extent of trabeculation as it changes along the length of left and right ventricles has been quantified, and the changes that occur from formation of the four-chambered heart until shortly before birth have been mapped. This approach not only measures qualitative features evident from visual inspection of 3D models, but also detects subtle, consistent and regionally localised differences that distinguish each ventricle and its developmental stage. Finally, the combination of HREM imaging and fractal analysis has been applied to analyse changes in embryonic heart structure in a genetic mouse model in which trabeculation is deranged. It is shown that myocardial deletion of the Notch pathway component Mib1 (Mib1(flox/flox) ; cTnT-cre) results in a complex array of abnormalities affecting trabeculae and other parts of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Captur
- Institute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Barts Heart CentreBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Robert Wilson
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill LaboratoryThe RidgewayLondonUK
| | - Michael F Bennett
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill LaboratoryThe RidgewayLondonUK
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease LaboratoryCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)Melchor Fernández AlmagroMadridSpain
| | - Arthur Nasis
- Monash Cardiovascular Research CentreMonashHEARTMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease LaboratoryCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)Melchor Fernández AlmagroMadridSpain
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Barts Heart CentreBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Timothy J Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill LaboratoryThe RidgewayLondonUK
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85
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Ragot H, Monfort A, Baudet M, Azibani F, Fazal L, Merval R, Polidano E, Cohen-Solal A, Delcayre C, Vodovar N, Chatziantoniou C, Samuel JL. Loss of Notch3 Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Promotes Severe Heart Failure Upon Hypertension. Hypertension 2016; 68:392-400. [PMID: 27296994 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, which is a risk factor of heart failure, provokes adaptive changes at the vasculature and cardiac levels. Notch3 signaling plays an important role in resistance arteries by controlling the maturation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Notch3 deletion is protective in pulmonary hypertension while deleterious in arterial hypertension. Although this latter phenotype was attributed to renal and cardiac alterations, the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. To investigate the role of Notch3 signaling in the cardiac adaptation to hypertension, we used mice with either constitutive Notch3 or smooth muscle cell-specific conditional RBPJκ knockout. At baseline, both genotypes exhibited a cardiac arteriolar rarefaction associated with oxidative stress. In response to angiotensin II-induced hypertension, the heart of Notch3 knockout and SM-RBPJκ knockout mice did not adapt to pressure overload and developed heart failure, which could lead to an early and fatal acute decompensation of heart failure. This cardiac maladaptation was characterized by an absence of media hypertrophy of the media arteries, the transition of smooth muscle cells toward a synthetic phenotype, and an alteration of angiogenic pathways. A subset of mice exhibited an early fatal acute decompensated heart failure, in which the same alterations were observed, although in a more rapid timeframe. Altogether, these observations indicate that Notch3 plays a major role in coronary adaptation to pressure overload. These data also show that the hypertrophy of coronary arterial media on pressure overload is mandatory to initially maintain a normal cardiac function and is regulated by the Notch3/RBPJκ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Ragot
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Astrid Monfort
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Mathilde Baudet
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Fériel Azibani
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Loubina Fazal
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Régine Merval
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Evelyne Polidano
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Alain Cohen-Solal
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Claude Delcayre
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Nicolas Vodovar
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Christos Chatziantoniou
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.)
| | - Jane-Lise Samuel
- From the Inserm UMR-S 942 and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France (H.R., A.M., M.B., F.A., L.F., R.M., E.P., A.C.-S., C.D., N.V., J.-L.S.); Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France (A.C.-S.); and Inserm UMR-S 1155 and Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France (C.C.).
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86
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Kashyap S, Boyilla R, Zaia PJ, Ghossan R, Nath KA, Textor SC, Lerman LO, Grande JP. Development of renal atrophy in murine 2 kidney 1 clip hypertension is strain independent. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:171-177. [PMID: 27473991 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The murine 2-kidney 1-clip (2K1C) model has been used to identify mechanisms underlying chronic renal disease in human renovascular hypertension. Although this model recapitulates many of the features of human renovascular disease, strain specific variability in renal outcomes and animal-to-animal variation in the degree of arterial stenosis are well recognized limitations. In particular, the C57BL/6J strain is considered to be resistant to chronic renal damage in other models. Our objectives were to determine strain dependent variations in renal disease progression and to identify parameters that predict renal atrophy in murine 2K1C hypertension. We used a 0.20mm polytetrafluoroethylene cuff to establish RAS in 3 strains of mice C57BL/6J (N=321), C57BLKS/J (N=177) and129Sv (N=156). The kidneys and hearts were harvested for histopathologic analysis after 3days or after 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11 or 17weeks. We performed multivariate analysis to define associations between blood pressure, heart and kidney weights, ratio of stenotic kidney/contralateral kidney (STK/CLK) weight, percent atrophy (% atrophy) and plasma renin content. The STK of all 3 strains showed minimal histopathologic alterations after 3days, but later developed progressive interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and inflammation. The STK weight negatively correlated with maximum blood pressure and % atrophy, and positively correlated with STK/CLK ratio. RAS produces severe chronic renal injury in the STK of all murine strains studied, including C57BL/6J. Systolic blood pressure is negatively associated with STK weight, STK/CLK ratio and positively with atrophy and may be used to assess adequacy of vascular stenosis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kashyap
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rajendra Boyilla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paula J Zaia
- Fundacao Lusiada-UNILUS Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 179 11045-101 Boqueirao-Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Roba Ghossan
- Saint Joseph University, Rue de Damas, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karl A Nath
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen C Textor
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Joseph P Grande
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Nephrology & Hypertension Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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87
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Liappas G, González-Mateo GT, Sánchez-Díaz R, Lazcano JJ, Lasarte S, Matesanz-Marín A, Zur R, Ferrantelli E, Ramírez LG, Aguilera A, Fernández-Ruiz E, Beelen RHJ, Selgas R, Sánchez-Madrid F, Martín P, López-Cabrera M. Immune-Regulatory Molecule CD69 Controls Peritoneal Fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3561-3576. [PMID: 27151919 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with ESRD undergoing peritoneal dialysis develop progressive peritoneal fibrosis, which may lead to technique failure. Recent data point to Th17-mediated inflammation as a key contributor in peritoneal damage. The leukocyte antigen CD69 modulates the setting and progression of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases by controlling the balance between Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, the relevance of CD69 in tissue fibrosis remains largely unknown. Thus, we explored the role of CD69 in fibroproliferative responses using a mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis induced by dialysis fluid exposure under either normal or uremic status. We found that cd69-/- mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice showed enhanced fibrosis, mesothelial to mesenchymal transition, IL-17 production, and Th17 cell infiltration in response to dialysis fluid treatment. Uremia contributed partially to peritoneal inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Additionally, antibody-mediated CD69 blockade in WT mice mimicked the fibrotic response of cd69-/- mice. Finally, IL-17 blockade in cd69-/- mice decreased peritoneal fibrosis to the WT levels, and mixed bone marrow from cd69-/- and Rag2-/-γc-/- mice transplanted into WT mice reproduced the severity of the response to dialysis fluid observed in cd69-/- mice, showing that CD69 exerts its regulatory function within the lymphocyte compartment. Overall, our results indicate that CD69 controls tissue fibrosis by regulating Th17-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Liappas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Tirma González-Mateo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Díaz
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Lazcano
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Lasarte
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Matesanz-Marín
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafal Zur
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Evelina Ferrantelli
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center Vrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Robert H J Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center Vrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Selgas
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.,Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Pilar Martín
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Manuel López-Cabrera
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;
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88
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Bertoncello I. Properties of Adult Lung Stem and Progenitor Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2582-9. [PMID: 27062064 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen significant progress in understanding the organisation of regenerative cells in the adult lung. Cell-lineage tracing and in vitro clonogenic assays have enabled the identification and characterisation of endogenous lung epithelial stem and progenitor cells. Selective lung injury models, and genetically engineered mice have revealed highly conserved gene networks, factors, signalling pathways, and cellular interactions important in maintaining lung homeostasis and regulating lung regeneration and repair following injury. This review describes the current models of lung epithelial stem and progenitor cell organisation in adult mice, and the impediments encountered in translational studies aiming to identify and characterise their human homologs. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2582-2589, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bertoncello
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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89
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Vandekerckhove L, Vermeulen Z, Liu ZZ, Boimvaser S, Patzak A, Segers VFM, De Keulenaer GW. Neuregulin-1 attenuates development of nephropathy in a type 1 diabetes mouse model with high cardiovascular risk. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E495-504. [PMID: 26786778 PMCID: PMC4824141 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00432.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is an endothelium-derived growth factor with cardioprotective and antiatherosclerotic properties and is currently being tested in clinical trials as a treatment for systolic heart failure. In clinical practice, heart failure often coexists with renal failure, sharing an overlapping pathophysiological background. In this study, we hypothesized that NRG-1 might protect against cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and nephropathy within one disease process. We tested this hypothesis in a hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) type 1 diabetes mouse model prone to the development of cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and nephropathy and compared the effects of NRG-1 with insulin. Upon onset of hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin, apoE(-/-)mice were treated with vehicle, insulin, or recombinant human (rh)NRG-1 for 14 wk and were compared with nondiabetic apoE(-/-)littermates. Vehicle-treated diabetic apoE(-/-)mice developed left ventricular (LV) dilatation and dysfunction, dense atherosclerotic plaques, and signs of nephropathy. Nephropathy was characterized by abnormalities including hyperfiltration, albuminuria, increased urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), upregulation of renal fibrotic markers, and glomerulosclerosis. rhNRG-1 treatment induced systemic activation of ErbB2 and ErbB4 receptors in both heart and kidneys and prevented LV dilatation, improved LV contractile function, and reduced atherosclerotic plaque size. rhNRG-1 also significantly reduced albuminuria, NGALuria, glomerular fibrosis, and expression of fibrotic markers. Regarding the renal effects of rhNRG-1, further analysis showed that rhNRG-1 inhibited collagen synthesis of glomerular mesangial cells in vitro but did not affect AngII-induced vasoconstriction of glomerular arterioles. In conclusion, systemic administration of rhNRG-1 in hypercholesterolemic type 1 diabetic mice simultaneously protects against complications in the heart, arteries and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leni Vandekerckhove
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and
| | - Zarha Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and
| | - Zhi Zhao Liu
- AG Nierengefäßphysiologie, Institut für Vegetative Physiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Boimvaser
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and
| | - Andreas Patzak
- AG Nierengefäßphysiologie, Institut für Vegetative Physiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and
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90
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Stelzer IA, Mori M, DeMayo F, Lydon J, Arck PC, Solano ME. Differential mouse-strain specific expression of Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM)-B in placental structures. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:2-17. [PMID: 26914234 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1118605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-B, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is involved in stabilization of interendothelial cell-cell contacts, formation of vascular tubes, homeostasis of stem cell niches and promotion of leukocyte adhesion and transmigration. In the human placenta, JAM-B protein is abundant and mRNA transcripts are enriched in first-trimester extravillous trophoblast in comparison to the villous trophoblast. We here aimed to elucidate the yet unexplored spatio-temporal expression of JAM-B in the mouse placenta. We investigated and semi-quantified JAM-B protein expression by immunohistochemistry in early post-implantation si tes and in mid- to late gestation placentae of various murine mating combinations. Surprisingly, the endothelium of the placental labyrinth was devoid of JAM-B expression. JAM-B was mainly present in spongiotrophoblast cells of the junctional zone, as well as in the fetal vessels of the chorionic plate, the umbilical cord and in maternal myometrial smooth muscle. We observed a strain-specific placental increase of JAM-B protein expression from mid- to late gestation in Balb/c-mated C57BL/6 females, which was absent in DBA/2J-mated Balb/c females. Due to the essential role of progesterone during gestation, we further assessed a possible modulation of JAM-B in mid-gestational placentae deficient in the progesterone receptor (Pgr(-/-)) and observed an increased expression of JAM-B in Pgr(-/-) placentae, compared to Pgr(+/+) tissue samples. We propose that JAM-B is an as yet underappreciated trophoblast lineage-specific protein, which is modulated via the progesterone receptor and shows unique strain-specific kinetics. Future work is needed to elucidate its possible contribution to placental processes necessary to ensuring its integrity, ultimately facilitating placental development and fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Annelies Stelzer
- a Laboratory for Exp. Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Mayumi Mori
- a Laboratory for Exp. Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | | | - John Lydon
- b Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Petra Clara Arck
- a Laboratory for Exp. Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Maria Emilia Solano
- a Laboratory for Exp. Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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91
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Das SK, DesAulniers J, Dyck JRB, Kassiri Z, Oudit GY. Resveratrol mediates therapeutic hepatic effects in acquired and genetic murine models of iron-overload. Liver Int 2016; 36:246-57. [PMID: 26077449 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Abnormal iron metabolism and hepatic iron-overload is a major cause of liver injury and in the development of chronic liver diseases. Iron-overload-mediated liver disease leads to end-stage cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS Using a genetic hemochromatosis (hemojuvelin knockout mice) and non-genetic (secondary iron-overload) murine models of hepatic iron-overload, we elucidated the mechanism of hepatic iron injury and the therapeutic effects of resveratrol. RESULTS Hepatic iron-overload was associated with hepatosplenomegaly, increased oxidative stress, hepatic fibrosis, and inflammation, and a pro-apoptotic state which was markedly corrected by resveratrol therapy. Importantly our aging studies with the hemojuvelin knockout mice showed advanced liver disease in association with steatosis in the absence of a diabetic state which recapitulates the essential pathological features seen in clinical iron-overload. Chronic hepatic iron-overload showed increased nuclear localization of acetylated Forkhead fox-O-1 (FoxO1) transcription factor whereas resveratrol dietary intervention reversed the acetylation of FoxO1 in association with increased SIRT1 levels which together with its pleotropic antioxidant properties are likely key mechanisms of its therapeutic action. Importantly, resveratrol treatment did not affect the degree of hepatic iron-overload but rather direct protects the liver from iron-mediated injury. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate a novel and definitive therapeutic action of resveratrol and represent an economically feasible therapeutic intervention to treat hepatic iron-overload and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash K Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jason R B Dyck
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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92
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Sharp CN, Doll MA, Dupre TV, Shah PP, Subathra M, Siow D, Arteel GE, Megyesi J, Beverly LJ, Siskind LJ. Repeated administration of low-dose cisplatin in mice induces fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F560-8. [PMID: 26739893 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00512.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic used for the treatment of solid cancers, has nephrotoxic side effects leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Cisplatin cannot be given to patients that have comorbidities that predispose them to an increased risk for AKI. Even without these comorbidities, 30% of patients administered cisplatin will develop kidney injury, requiring the oncologist to withhold or reduce the next dose, leading to a less effective therapeutic regimen. Although recovery can occur after one episode of cisplatin-induced AKI, longitudinal studies have indicated that multiple episodes of AKI lead to the development of chronic kidney disease, an irreversible disease with no current treatment. The standard mouse model of cisplatin-induced AKI consists of one high dose of cisplatin (>20 mg/kg) that is lethal to the animal 3 days later. This model does not accurately reflect the dosing regimen patients receive nor does it allow for the long-term study of kidney function and biology. We have developed a repeated dosing model whereby cisplatin is given once a week for 4 wk. Comparison of the repeated dosing model with the standard dosing model demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were induced in the repeated dosing model, but levels of cell death were lower in the repeated dosing model. The repeated dosing model had increased levels of fibrotic markers (fibronectin, transforming growth factor-β, and α-smooth muscle actin) and interstitial fibrosis. These data indicate that the repeated dosing model can be used to study the AKI to chronic kidney disease progression as well as the mechanisms of this progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cierra N Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Tess V Dupre
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Parag P Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Marimuthu Subathra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Deanna Siow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Judit Megyesi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas, Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Levi J Beverly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Leah J Siskind
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
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Abstract
Recently, the need for more standardized operation procedures in experimental liver fibrosis research was suggested due to dramatic changes in European animal welfare rules. Here, we present a short series of standard operation procedures (SOPs) summarizing the most relevant and widely accepted experimental models for the induction of liver injury leading to liver fibrosis. The described procedures are based on the long-term experience of the Collaborative Research Centre 'Organ Fibrosis: From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease' (http://www.sfbtrr57.rwth-aachen.de/), which is supported by the German Research Foundation (SFB/TRR57). These SOPs will help to improve standardization of fibrosis models and to increase the comparability of data between different laboratories with the aim of reducing animal experimentation according to the principle that was proposed in 1959 by Russell and Burch as an ethical framework for conducting scientific experiments with animals, namely the replacement, refinement and reduction (3R) principle. In the first section we focus on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) model in mice, which is the toxic model of liver fibrosis induction most commonly used worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scholten
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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94
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Wallace MC, Hamesch K, Lunova M, Kim Y, Weiskirchen R, Strnad P, Friedman SL. Standard operating procedures in experimental liver research: thioacetamide model in mice and rats. Lab Anim 2015; 49:21-9. [PMID: 25835735 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215573040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), thioacetamide (TAA) represents a second widely used model for the induction of experimental liver fibrosis, but can also be employed for the development of acute liver failure and liver tumours. While TAA itself is not hepatotoxic, its reactive metabolites covalently bind to proteins and lipids thereby causing oxidative stress and centrilobular necrosis. Compared with CCl4, TAA leads to more periportal infiltrates and more pronounced ductal proliferation. While TAA has been shown to induce liver fibrosis development in several different mouse strains, wide variations in the administration routes, doses and treatment durations have been reported. Therefore, an adoption of a universal standard operating procedure for the administration of TAA is urgently needed. For that purpose, we are presenting here two TAA models (intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg/kg of TAA three times per week for 11 weeks in rats, and TAA administration in drinking water at 300 mg/L for 2-4 months in mice) with which we have had success in reliably and reproducibly developing chronic liver injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Wallace
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - K Hamesch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Lunova
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Y Kim
- Kyung Hee Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - S L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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95
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Hall RA, Hillebrandt S, Lammert F. Exploring multiple quantitative trait loci models of hepatic fibrosis in a mouse intercross. Mamm Genome 2015; 27:70-80. [PMID: 26547557 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most common diseases are attributed to multiple genetic variants, and the feasibility of identifying inherited risk factors is often restricted to the identification of alleles with high or intermediate effect sizes. In our previous studies, we identified single loci associated with hepatic fibrosis (Hfib1-Hfib4). Recent advances in analysis tools allowed us to model loci interactions for liver fibrosis. We analysed 322 F2 progeny from an intercross of the fibrosis-susceptible strain BALB/cJ and the resistant strain FVB/NJ. The mice were challenged with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 6 weeks to induce chronic hepatic injury and fibrosis. Fibrosis progression was quantified by determining histological fibrosis stages and hepatic collagen contents. Phenotypic data were correlated to genome-wide markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL). Thirteen susceptibility loci were identified by single and composite interval mapping, and were included in the subsequent multiple QTL model (MQM) testing. Models provided evidence for susceptibility loci with strongest association to collagen contents (chromosomes 1, 2, 8 and 13) or fibrosis stages (chromosomes 1, 2, 12 and 14). These loci contained the known fibrosis risk genes Hc, Fasl and Foxa2 and were incorporated in a fibrosis network. Interestingly the hepatic fibrosis locus on chromosome 1 (Hfib5) connects both phenotype networks, strengthening its role as a potential modifier locus. Including multiple QTL mapping to association studies adds valuable information on gene-gene interactions in experimental crosses and human cohorts. This study presents an initial step towards a refined understanding of profibrogenic gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea A Hall
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hillebrandt
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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96
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Dale MA, Suh MK, Zhao S, Meisinger T, Gu L, Swier VJ, Agrawal DK, Greiner TC, Carson JS, Baxter BT, Xiong W. Background differences in baseline and stimulated MMP levels influence abdominal aortic aneurysm susceptibility. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:621-9. [PMID: 26546710 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence has demonstrated profound influence of genetic background on cardiovascular phenotypes. Murine models in Marfan syndrome (MFS) have shown that genetic background-related variations affect thoracic aortic aneurysm formation, rupture, and lifespan of mice. MFS mice with C57Bl/6 genetic background are less susceptible to aneurysm formation compared to the 129/SvEv genetic background. In this study, we hypothesize that susceptibility to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) will be increased in 129/SvEv mice versus C57Bl/6 mice. We tested this hypothesis by assessing differences in aneurysm size, tissue properties, immune response, and MMP expression. METHODS Mice of C57Bl/6 or 129/SvEv background underwent AAA induction by periaortic application of CaCl2. Baseline aortic diameters, tissue properties and MMP levels were measured. After aneurysm induction, diameters, MMP expression, and immune response (macrophage infiltration and bone marrow transplantation) were measured. RESULTS Aneurysms were larger in 129/SvEv mice than C57Bl/6 mice (83.0% ± 13.6 increase compared to 57.8% ± 6.4). The aorta was stiffer in the 129/SvEv mice compared to C57Bl/6 mice (952.5 kPa ± 93.6 versus 621.4 kPa ± 84.2). Baseline MMP-2 and post-aneurysm MMP-2 and -9 levels were higher in 129/SvEv aortas compared to C57Bl/6 aortas. Elastic lamella disruption/fragmentation and macrophage infiltration were increased in 129/SvEv mice. Myelogenous cell reversal by bone marrow transplantation did not affect aneurysm size. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that 129/SvEv mice are more susceptible to AAA compared to C57Bl/6 mice. Intrinsic properties of the aorta between the two strains of mice, including baseline expression of MMP-2, influence susceptibility to AAA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aorta, Abdominal/immunology
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/immunology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Calcium Chloride
- Dilatation, Pathologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Elastic Modulus
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Tropoelastin/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Stiffness
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dale
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Melissa K Suh
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shijia Zhao
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Trevor Meisinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Linxia Gu
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Vicki J Swier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy C Greiner
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Carson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - B Timothy Baxter
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wanfen Xiong
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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97
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Jovicic N, Jeftic I, Jovanovic I, Radosavljevic G, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Pejnovic N. Differential Immunometabolic Phenotype in Th1 and Th2 Dominant Mouse Strains in Response to High-Fat Feeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134089. [PMID: 26218873 PMCID: PMC4517873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune reactivity plays an important role in obesity-associated metabolic disorders. We investigated immunometabolic phenotype of C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice, prototypical Th1 and Th2-type strains, fed chow or high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks. In comparison to C57Bl/6 mice, chow-fed BALB/c mice had higher body weight and weight gain, lower glycemia, more pronounced liver steatosis, but less inflammation and collagen deposition in liver. In response to HFD C57Bl/6 mice exhibited higher weight gain, higher glycemia, HbA1c and liver glycogen content, increased amount of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and number of VAT associated CD3+CXCR3+ T cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) and F4/80+ macrophages than BALB/c mice. More numerous CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, myeloid DCs, proinflammatory macrophages (F4/80+CD11b+CD11+ and F4/80+IL-1β+) and CD11b+Ly6Chigh monocytes and higher levels of proinflammatory IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ were present in liver in HFD-fed C57Bl/6 mice compared with diet-matched BALB/c mice. As opposed to C57Bl/6 mice, HFD induced marked liver steatosis and upregulated the hepatic LXRα and PPARγ genes in BALB/c mice. C57Bl/6 mice fed HFD developed liver fibrosis and increased hepatic procollagen and TGF-β mRNA expression, and IL-33, IL-13 and TGF-β levels in liver homogenates, while BALB/c mice fed HFD had scarce collagen deposition in liver. The obtained results suggest inherent immunometabolic differences in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice. Moreover, HFD Th1-type mice on high fat diet regimen are more susceptible to adiposity, liver inflammation and fibrosis, while Th2-type mice to liver steatosis, which is associated with differential immune cell composition in metabolic tissues. Strain-dependent differences in immunometabolic phenotype may be relevant for studies of obesity-associated metabolic diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Jovicic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Institute of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ilija Jeftic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gordana Radosavljevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nada Pejnovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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98
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Yanguas SC, Cogliati B, Willebrords J, Maes M, Colle I, van den Bossche B, de Oliveira CPMS, Andraus W, Alves VAF, Leclercq I, Vinken M. Experimental models of liver fibrosis. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1025-1048. [PMID: 26047667 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a wound healing response to insults and as such affects the entire world population. In industrialized countries, the main causes of liver fibrosis include alcohol abuse, chronic hepatitis virus infection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A central event in liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells, which is triggered by a plethora of signaling pathways. Liver fibrosis can progress into more severe stages, known as cirrhosis, when liver acini are substituted by nodules, and further to hepatocellular carcinoma. Considerable efforts are currently devoted to liver fibrosis research, not only with the goal of further elucidating the molecular mechanisms that drive this disease, but equally in view of establishing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The present paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vivo and in vitro models used in the field of experimental liver fibrosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Colle
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Bert van den Bossche
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium
| | | | - Wellington Andraus
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratoire d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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99
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Vande Velde G, De Langhe E, Poelmans J, Bruyndonckx P, d'Agostino E, Verbeken E, Bogaerts R, Lories R, Himmelreich U. Longitudinal in vivo microcomputed tomography of mouse lungs: No evidence for radiotoxicity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L271-9. [PMID: 26024893 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00098.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Before microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) can be exploited to its full potential for longitudinal monitoring of transgenic and experimental mouse models of lung diseases, radiotoxic side effects such as inflammation or fibrosis must be considered. We evaluated dose and potential radiotoxicity to the lungs for long-term respiratory-gated high-resolution micro-CT protocols. Free-breathing C57Bl/6 mice underwent four different retrospectively respiratory gated micro-CT imaging schedules of repeated scans during 5 or 12 wk, followed by ex vivo micro-CT and detailed histological and biochemical assessment of lung damage. Radiation exposure, dose, and absorbed dose were determined by ionization chamber, thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements and Monte Carlo calculations. Despite the relatively large radiation dose delivered per micro-CT acquisition, mice did not show any signs of radiation-induced lung damage or fibrosis when scanned weekly during 5 and up to 12 wk. Doubling the scanning frequency and once tripling the radiation dose as to mimic the instant repetition of a failed scan also stayed without detectable toxicity after 5 wk of scanning. Histological analyses confirmed the absence of radiotoxic damage to the lungs, thereby demonstrating that long-term monitoring of mouse lungs using high-resolution micro-CT is safe. This opens perspectives for longitudinal monitoring of (transgenic) mouse models of lung diseases and therapeutic response on an individual basis with high spatial and temporal resolution, without concerns for radiation toxicity that could potentially influence the readout of micro-CT-derived lung biomarkers. This work further supports the introduction of micro-CT for routine use in the preclinical pulmonary research field where postmortem histological approaches are still the gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Langhe
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Poelmans
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Emiliano d'Agostino
- SB Dosimetry and Calibration, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbeken
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Ria Bogaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Lories
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Flanders, Belgium;
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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100
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Schlingmann B, Molina SA, Koval M. Claudins: Gatekeepers of lung epithelial function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:47-57. [PMID: 25951797 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung must maintain a proper barrier between airspaces and fluid filled tissues in order to maintain lung fluid balance. Central to maintaining lung fluid balance are epithelial cells which create a barrier to water and solutes. The barrier function of these cells is mainly provided by tight junction proteins known as claudins. Epithelial barrier function varies depending on the different needs within the segments of the respiratory tree. In the lower airways, fluid is required to maintain mucociliary clearance, whereas in the terminal alveolar airspaces a thin layer of surfactant enriched fluid lowers surface tension to prevent airspace collapse and is critical for gas exchange. As the epithelial cells within the segments of the respiratory tree differ, the composition of claudins found in these epithelial cells is also different. Among these differences is claudin-18 which is uniquely expressed by the alveolar epithelial cells. Other claudins, notably claudin-4 and claudin-7, are more ubiquitously expressed throughout the respiratory epithelium. Claudin-5 is expressed by both pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells. Based on in vitro and in vivo model systems and histologic analysis of lungs from human patients, roles for specific claudins in maintaining barrier function and protecting the lung from the effects of acute injury and disease are being identified. One surprising finding is that claudin-18 and claudin-4 control lung cell phenotype and inflammation beyond simply maintaining a selective paracellular permeability barrier. This suggests claudins have more nuanced roles for the control of airway and alveolar physiology in the healthy and diseased lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schlingmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Samuel A Molina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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