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Panayi S, Galbraith A. Acute Ingestion of a Commercially Available Pre-workout Supplement Improves Anaerobic Power Output and Reduces Muscular Fatigue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:455-472. [PMID: 35519437 PMCID: PMC9022706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a pre-workout supplement on anaerobic power output and muscular fatigue was examined. 18 participants took part in this double-blinded crossover study, reporting for testing on 3 occasions. Participants completed a 6×6 second repeated sprint test, with 20s recovery between sprints. Anaerobic power output was recorded as the highest power achieved during sprint test. Muscular fatigue was reported as a fatigue index across the six sprints ((maximum power - minimum power) ÷ total sprint time). During a baseline visit, participants consumed 250ml of water 30 minutes prior to testing, whilst in subsequent visits a taste-matched placebo (250ml water mixed with sugar-free juice) or a pre-workout supplement (250ml water mixed with one serving of 'THE PRE' myprotein.com). Anaerobic power output increased following pre-workout ingestion (pre-workout supplement, 885.8 ± 216.9W; Placebo, 853.6 ± 206.5W; Baseline, 839.3 ± 192.6W). Baseline vs pre-workout supplement (p = 0.01, g = 0.30); Placebo vs pre-workout supplement (p = 0.01, g = 0.20); Baseline vs Placebo (p = 0.59 g = 0.09). Muscular fatigue was reduced following pre-workout ingestion (Baseline, 4.92 ± 1.83W.s; Placebo, 4.39 ± 1.93W.s; pre-workout supplement, 3.31 ± 1.34W.s). Baseline vs pre-workout supplement (p = < 0.01 g = 0.98); Placebo vs pre-workout supplement (p = 0.01, g = 0.63); Baseline vs Placebo (p = 0.20, g = 0.28). Acute ingestion of a pre-workout supplement significantly improves anaerobic power output and attenuates muscular fatigue during repeated sprint cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Panayi
- University of East London, Applied Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, Water Lane, Stratford, London, GREAT BRITTIAN
| | - Andy Galbraith
- University of East London, Applied Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, Water Lane, Stratford, London, GREAT BRITTIAN
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Dietary Supplements for Athletic Performance in Women: Beta-Alanine, Caffeine, and Nitrate. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:311-323. [PMID: 35196646 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Beta-alanine, caffeine, and nitrate are dietary supplements generally recognized by the sport and exercise science community as evidence-based ergogenic performance aids. Evidence supporting the efficacy of these supplements, however, is greatly skewed due to research being conducted primarily in men. The physiological differences between men and women, most notably in sex hormones and menstrual cycle fluctuations, make generalizing male data to the female athlete inappropriate, and potentially harmful to women. This narrative review outlines the studies conducted in women regarding the efficacy of beta-alanine, caffeine, and nitrate supplementation for performance enhancement. Only nine studies on beta-alanine, 15 on caffeine, and 10 on nitrate in healthy women under the age of 40 years conducted in normoxia conditions were identified as relevant to this research question. Evidence suggests that beta-alanine may lower the rate of perceived exertion and extend training bouts in women, leading to greater functional adaptations. Studies of caffeine in women suggest the physiological responder status and caffeine habituation may contribute to caffeine's efficacy, with a potential plateau in the dose-response relationship of performance enhancement. Nitrate appears to vary in influence based on activity type and primary muscle group examined. However, the results summarized in the limited literature for each of these three supplements provide no consensus on dosage, timing, or efficacy for women. Furthermore, the literature lacks considerations for hormonal status and its role in metabolism. This gap in sex-based knowledge necessitates further research on these ergogenic supplements in women with greater considerations for the effects of hormonal status.
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Adami PE, Koutlianos N, Baggish A, Bermon S, Cavarretta E, Deligiannis A, Furlanello F, Kouidi E, Marques-Vidal P, Niebauer J, Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Solberg EE, Stuart M, Papadakis M. Cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids in relation to sports: a position statement of the sport cardiology and exercise nucleus of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:559-575. [PMID: 35081615 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of substances and medications with potential cardiovascular effects among those practicing sports and physical activity has progressively increased in recent years. This is also connected to the promotion of physical activity and exercise as core aspects of a healthy lifestyle, which has led also to an increase in sport participation across all ages. In this context, three main users' categories can be identified, (i) professional and amateur athletes using substances to enhance their performance, (ii) people with chronic conditions, which include physical activity and sport in their therapeutic plan, in association with prescribed medications, and (iii) athletes and young individuals using supplements or ergogenic aids to integrate their diet or obtaining a cognitive enhancement effect. All the substances used for these purposes have been reported to have side effects, among whom the cardiovascular consequences are the most dangerous and could lead to cardiac events. The cardiovascular effect depends on the type of substance, the amount, the duration of use, and the individual response to the substances, considering the great variability in responses. This Position Paper reviews the recent literature and represents an update to the previously published Position Paper published in 2006. The objective is to inform physicians, athletes, coaches, and those participating in sport for a health enhancement purpose, about the adverse cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids, when associated with sport and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 6-8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco 98000, Monaco
| | - Nikolaos Koutlianos
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aaron Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 6-8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco 98000, Monaco
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79 - 04100 - Latina (LT), Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Via Orazio, 2, 80122, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Asterios Deligiannis
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Francesco Furlanello
- Aritmologia Clinica e Sportiva, IRCCS Gruppo MultiMedica Elettrofisiologia, Via Milanese 300, 20099, Sesto San Giovanni(MI), Italy
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josef Niebauer
- Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Sports Medicine and Science Institute, CONI, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | | | - Mark Stuart
- International Testing Agency-ITA, Av. de Rhodanie 58, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Papadakis
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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54
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The use of Dietary and Protein Supplements by Women Attending Fitness Clubs on a Recreational Basis and an Analysis of the Factors Influencing their Consumption. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2022.3-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Rilstone S, Spurway P, Oliver N, Hill NE. Nutritional support for a person with type 1 diabetes undertaking endurance swimming. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1038294. [PMID: 36425473 PMCID: PMC9679002 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1038294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long distance and open water swimming have increased in popularity over recent years. Swimming a long distance in lakes, rivers and the sea present numerous challenges, including cold water exposure and maintaining adequate nutritional intake to fuel exercising muscles. Guidelines exist outlining issues to consider and potential solutions to overcome the difficulties in feeding athletes. Exercising with type 1 diabetes adds further complexity, mostly around matching insulin to the recommended high carbohydrate intake, but also because of the way in which higher circulating insulin levels affect glucose utilisation and fat oxidation. This paper describes the nutritional considerations for people with type 1 diabetes intending to undertake long distance open water events, and insulin management suggestions to trial alongside. In addition, we include personal testimony from a swimmer with type 1 diabetes describing the challenges and considerations he faced when undertaking marathon swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân Rilstone
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Siân Rilstone,
| | | | - Nick Oliver
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil E. Hill
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Dos Santos Nunes de Moura HP, Jäger R, Purpura M, Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC, Rossi FE. Dose Response of Acute ATP Supplementation on Strength Training Performance. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:780459. [PMID: 34957398 PMCID: PMC8692774 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.780459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic oral ATP supplementation benefits cardiovascular health, muscular performance, body composition, and recovery while attenuating muscle breakdown and fatigue. A single 400 mg dose of oral ATP supplementation improved lower body resistance training performance and energy expenditure in recreational resistance trained males, however, the minimal effective dose is currently unknown. Materials and Methods: Twenty recreationally trained men (age 28.6 ± 1.0 years, body mass 81.2 ± 2.0 kg, height 175.2 ± 1.4 cm, 1RM 141.5 ± 5.0 kg) consumed a single dose of either 400 mg, 200 mg, or 100 mg ATP (PEAK ATP®, TSI USA LLC, Missoula, MT, USA) or a placebo in a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design, separated by a one week wash out between treatments. After warm-up, participants performed 4 sets of half-squats using free-weights until movement failure separated by 2 mins of rest between sets. Results: In comparison to placebo, 400 mg ATP significantly increased the number of set 1 repetitions (+13%, p = 0.04), and numerically increased total repetitions (+7%, p = 0.19) and total weight lifted (+6%, p = 0.22). 200 mg ATP numerically increased set 1 repetitions (+4% p = 0.47), while 100 mg ATP showed no improvements over placebo. 100 mg ATP (−4%, p < 0.05) and 400 mg ATP (−4%, p = 0.11) decreased the perceived rate of exertion compared to placebo. Conclusions: In this study, the effective minimal dose of acute oral ATP supplementation during resistance exercise to increase performance was determined to be 400 mg, while as little as 100 mg showed improvements in perceived exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helton Pereira Dos Santos Nunes de Moura
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Postgraduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - John A Rathmacher
- MTI BioTech, Inc., Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Fabrício E Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Postgraduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil
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Oliver LS, Sullivan JP, Russell S, Peake JM, Nicholson M, McNulty C, Kelly VG. Effects of Nutritional Interventions on Accuracy and Reaction Time with Relevance to Mental Fatigue in Sporting, Military, and Aerospace Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:307. [PMID: 35010566 PMCID: PMC8744602 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Research in sport, military, and aerospace populations has shown that mental fatigue may impair cognitive performance. The effect of nutritional interventions that may mitigate such negative effects has been investigated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of nutritional interventions on cognitive domains often measured in mental fatigue research. Methods: A systematic search for articles was conducted using key terms relevant to mental fatigue in sport, military, and aerospace populations. Two reviewers screened 11,495 abstracts and 125 full texts. A meta-analysis was conducted whereby effect sizes were calculated using subgroups for nutritional intervention and cognitive domains. Results: Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The consumption of energy drinks was found to have a small positive effect on reaction time, whilst the use of beta-alanine, carbohydrate, and caffeine had no effect. Carbohydrate and caffeine use had no effect on accuracy. Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that consuming energy drinks may improve reaction time. The lack of effect observed for other nutritional interventions is likely due to differences in the type, timing, dosage, and form of administration. More rigorous randomized controlled trials related to the effect of nutrition interventions before, during, and after induced mental fatigue are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam S. Oliver
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
| | | | - Suzanna Russell
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD 4014, Australia;
| | - Jonathan M. Peake
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Mitchell Nicholson
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
| | - Craig McNulty
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
| | - Vincent G. Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
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58
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Gilsanz L, López-Seoane J, Jiménez SL, Pareja-Galeano H. Effect of β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate co-supplementation on the body's buffering capacity and sports performance: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-14. [PMID: 34882489 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2012642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscle acidification is one of the main factors causing fatigue during exercise, thus compromising performance. The sport supplements beta alanine (β-A) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) are thought to enhance the effects of the body's buffer systems by reducing H+ concentrations. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of β-A and SB co-supplementation on the organism's buffering capacity and sport performance. The databases PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus were searched until November 2021 following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials, at least single-blind, performed in athletes of any age were considered. Nine studies including a total of 221 athletes were identified for review. Athletes were supplemented with β-A and SB while they performed exercise tests to assess physical performance and buffer capacity. Five of the nine studies indicated there was some additional improvement in buffering capacity and performance with co-supplementation, while one study concluded that the effect was comparable to the added effects of the individual supplements. According to the results of the studies reviewed, we would recommend β-A and SB co-supplementation during high intensity exercises lasting between 30 s and 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gilsanz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime López-Seoane
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud (EXERNET), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio L Jiménez
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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59
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Çakıcı ÖU, Dinçer S. The effect of amino acids on the bladder cycle: a concise review. Amino Acids 2021; 54:13-31. [PMID: 34853916 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human bladder maintains a cycle of filling, storing, and micturating throughout an individual's lifespan. The cycle relies on the ability of the bladder to expand without increasing the intravesical pressure, which is only possible with the controlled relaxation of well-complaint muscles and the congruously organized construction of the bladder wall. A competent bladder outlet, which functions in a synchronous fashion with the bladder, is also necessary for this cycle to be completed successfully without deterioration. In this paper, we aimed to review the contemporary physiological findings on bladder physiology and examine the effects of amino acids on clinical conditions affecting the bladder, with special emphasis on the available therapeutic evidence and possible future roles of the amino acids in the treatment of the bladder-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özer Ural Çakıcı
- Attending Urologist, Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey.
- PhD Candidate in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Dinçer
- Professor in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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60
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de Salazar L, Segarra I, López-Román FJ, Torregrosa-García A, Pérez-Piñero S, Ávila-Gandía V. Increased Bioavailability of β-Alanine by a Novel Controlled-Release Powder Blend Compared to a Slow-Release Tablet. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1517. [PMID: 34575593 PMCID: PMC8467909 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Alanine is a sport supplement with increasing popularity due to its consistent ability to improve physical performance, with the downside of requiring several weeks of supplementation as imposed to the maximum daily and single dose tolerated without side effects (i.e., paresthesia). To date, the only alternative to overcome this problem has been use of a sustained-release tablet, while powders are the most commonly used format to deliver several grams of amino acids in a single dose. In this study we assessed the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and paresthesia effect of β-alanine after administration in a novel controlled-released powder blend (test) versus a sustained-release tablet (reference). METHODS Twelve subjects (25.6 ± 3.2 y, 50% female) participated in a randomized, single-blind, crossover study. Each participant was administered orally the test (β-alanine 8 g, l-histidine 300 mg, carnosine 100 mg) or the reference product (10 tablets to reach β-alanine 8 g, Zinc 20 mg) with a 1-week washout period. β-Alanine plasma concentrations (0-8 h) were determined by LC-MS/MS and model-independent pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out. Paresthesia intensity was evaluated using a Visual Analog Score (VAS) and the categorical Intensity Sensory Score (ISS). RESULTS The CMAX and AUC0→∞ increased 1.6- and 2.1-fold (both p < 0.001) in the test product, respectively, which yielded 2.1-fold higher bioavailability; Ka decreased in the test (0.0199 ± 0.0107 min-1) versus the reference (0.0299 ± 0.0121 min-1) product (p = 0.0834) as well as V/F and Cl/F (both p < 0.001); MRT0→last increased in the test (143 ± 19 min) versus reference (128 ± 16 min) formulation (p = 0.0449); t1/2 remained similar (test: 63.5 ± 8.7 min, reference: 68.9 ± 9.8 min). Paresthesia EMAX increased 1.7-fold using the VAS (p = 0.086) and the ISS (p = 0.009). AUEC increased 1.9-fold with the VAS (p = 0.107) and the ISS (p = 0.019) reflecting scale intrinsic differences. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis showed a clockwise hysteresis loop without prediction ability between CMAX, AUC0→∞ and EMAX or AUEC. No side effects were reported (except paresthesia). CONCLUSIONS The novel controlled-release powder blend shows 100% higher bioavailability of β-alanine, opening a new paradigm that shifts from chronic to short or mid-term supplementation strategies to increase carnosine stores in sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia de Salazar
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain; (L.d.S.); (S.P.-P.); (V.Á.-G.)
| | - Ignacio Segarra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain;
- Pharmacokinetics, Patient Care and Translational Bioethics Research Group, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Román
- Health Sciences Department, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Torregrosa-García
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain; (L.d.S.); (S.P.-P.); (V.Á.-G.)
- Health Sciences PhD Program, Campus de los Jerónimos N° 135, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Piñero
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain; (L.d.S.); (S.P.-P.); (V.Á.-G.)
| | - Vicente Ávila-Gandía
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain; (L.d.S.); (S.P.-P.); (V.Á.-G.)
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61
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Abreu R, Figueiredo P, Beckert P, Marques JP, Amorim S, Caetano C, Carvalho P, Sá C, Cotovio R, Cruz J, Dias T, Fernandes G, Gonçalves E, Leão C, Leitão A, Lopes J, Machado E, Neves M, Oliveira A, Pereira AI, Pereira B, Ribeiro F, Silva LM, Sousa F, Tinoco T, Teixeira VH, Sousa M, Brito J. Portuguese Football Federation consensus statement 2020: nutrition and performance in football. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001082. [PMID: 34527279 PMCID: PMC8395276 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is an undeniable part of promoting health and performance among football (soccer) players. Nevertheless, nutritional strategies adopted in elite football can vary significantly depending on culture, habit and practical constraints and might not always be supported by scientific evidence. Therefore, a group of 28 Portuguese experts on sports nutrition, sports science and sports medicine sought to discuss current practices in the elite football landscape and review the existing evidence on nutritional strategies to be applied when supporting football players. Starting from understanding football's physical and physiological demands, five different moments were identified: preparing to play, match-day, recovery after matches, between matches and during injury or rehabilitation periods. When applicable, specificities of nutritional support to young athletes and female players were also addressed. The result is a set of practical recommendations that gathered consensus among involved experts, highlighting carbohydrates periodisation, hydration and conscious use of dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Paulo Beckert
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - José P Marques
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | | | | | - Pedro Carvalho
- Universidade Catolica Portuguesa Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Sá
- ISMAI, Castelo da Maia, Porto, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Braganca, Portugal
| | | | - Joana Cruz
- Portimonense Futebol SAD, Portimao, Portugal
| | - Tiago Dias
- Clube Desportivo Santa Clara, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | | | | | - César Leão
- Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Melgaco, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,FC Paços de Ferreira, Paços de Ferreira, Portugal
| | | | - João Lopes
- Sporting Clube de Portugal, SAD, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Mónica Neves
- Vitória Futebol Clube, Setúbal, Portugal.,Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Sports Medicine Control Training Unit, Instituto Portugues do Desporto e Juventude, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal.,Moreirense FC, Moreira, Portugal
| | - Luis M Silva
- Centro de Medicina Desportiva do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Sousa
- Futebol Clube de Vizela, Vizela, Portugal.,Futbolniy Klub Shakhtar, Shakhtar, Ukraine
| | | | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal.,Futebol Clube do Porto SAD, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Sousa
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,NOVA Medical School, CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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Honceriu C, Curpan AS, Ciobica A, Ciobica A, Trus C, Timofte D. Connections between Different Sports and Ergogenic Aids-Focusing on Salivary Cortisol and Amylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57080753. [PMID: 34440959 PMCID: PMC8400367 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Athletes are exposed to a tremendous amount of stress, both physically and mentally, when performing high intensity sports with frequent practices, pushing numerous athletes into choose to use ergogenic aids such as caffeine or β-alanine to significantly improve their performance and ease the stress and pressure that is put onto the body. The beneficial or even detrimental effects of these so-called ergogenic aids can be appreciated through the use of numerous diagnostic tools that can analyze various body fluids. In the recent years, saliva samples are gaining more ground in the field of diagnostic as it is a non-invasive procedure, contains a tremendous amount of analytes that are subject to pathophysiological changes caused by diseases, exercises, fatigue as well as nutrition and hydration. Thus, we describe here the current progress regarding potential novel biomarkers for stress and physical activity, salivary α-amylase and salivary cortisol, as well as their use and measurement in combination with different already-known or new ergogenic aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Honceriu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alexandrina-Stefania Curpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, No 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei nr. 54, Sector 5, 050094 Bucuresti, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Andrei Ciobica
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Constantin Trus
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dunarea de Jos University, 800008 Galati, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Daniel Timofte
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (D.T.)
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Kusy K, Główka N, Zieliński J. The effect of multi-ingredient intra- versus extra-cellular buffering supplementation combined with branched-chain amino acids and creatine on exercise-induced ammonia blood concentration and aerobic capacity in taekwondo athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:48. [PMID: 34127014 PMCID: PMC8204562 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the effect of multi-ingredient intra- (BA) versus extra- (ALK) cellular buffering factor supplementation, combined with the customary intake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and creatine malate (TCM), on body composition, exercise variables, and biochemical and hematological parameters in 9 elite taekwondo athletes. Methods Eight-week randomized double-blind crossover BA (5.0 g·day−1 of β-alanine) versus ALK (0.07 g·kgFFM−1·day−1 of sodium bicarbonate) supplementation combined with BCAA (0.2 g·kgFFM−1·day−1) and TCM (0.05 g·kgFFM−1·day−1) during a standard 8-week taekwondo training period was implemented. In the course of the experiment, body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), aerobic capacity (ergospirometric measurements during an incremental treadmill test until exhaustion), and exercise blood biomarkers concentrations were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures within-between interaction analysis of variance with the inclusion of experimental supplementation order. Results The maximum post-exercise blood ammonia concentration decreased in both groups after supplementation (from 80.3 ± 10.6 to 72.4 ± 10.2 µmol∙L−1, p = 0.013 in BA; from 81.4 ± 8.7 to 74.2 ± 8.9 µmol∙L−1, p = 0.027 in ALK), indicating reduced exercise-related adenosine triphosphate degradation. However, no differences were found in body composition, aerobic capacity, blood lactate concentration, and hematological parameters after neither BA (combined with BCAA and TCM) nor ALK (combined with BCAA and TCM) supplementation. Conclusions In highly trained taekwondo athletes, neither extra- nor intracellular buffering enhancement resulting from BA and ALK supplementation, combined with BCAA and TCM treatment, affects body mass and composition, maximum oxygen uptake, and hematological indices, even though certain advantageous metabolic adaptations can be observed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00451-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871, Poznań, Poland. .,Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Główka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871, Poznań, Poland
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Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis Provides No Evidence of Intervention Response Variation in Individuals Supplementing With Beta-Alanine. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:305-313. [PMID: 34098531 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the extent of interindividual variability in response to beta-alanine (BA) supplementation, nor what proportion of said variability can be attributed to external factors or to the intervention itself (intervention response). To investigate this, individual participant data on the effect of BA supplementation on a high-intensity cycling capacity test (CCT110%) were meta-analyzed. Changes in time to exhaustion (TTE) and muscle carnosine were the primary and secondary outcomes. Multilevel distributional Bayesian models were used to estimate the mean and SD of BA and placebo group change scores. The relative sizes of group SDs were used to infer whether observed variation in change scores were due to intervention or non-intervention-related effects. Six eligible studies were identified, and individual data were obtained from four of these. Analyses showed a group effect of BA supplementation on TTE (7.7, 95% credible interval [CrI] [1.3, 14.3] s) and muscle carnosine (18.1, 95% CrI [14.5, 21.9] mmol/kg DM). A large intervention response variation was identified for muscle carnosine (σIR = 5.8, 95% CrI [4.2, 7.4] mmol/kg DM) while equivalent change score SDs were shown for TTE in both the placebo (16.1, 95% CrI [13.0, 21.3] s) and BA (15.9, 95% CrI [13.0, 20.0] s) conditions, with the probability that SD was greater in placebo being 0.64. In conclusion, the similarity in observed change score SDs between groups for TTE indicates the source of variation is common to both groups, and therefore unrelated to the supplement itself, likely originating instead from external factors such as nutritional intake, sleep patterns, or training status.
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65
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Sas-Nowosielski K, Wyciślik J, Kaczka P. Beta-Alanine Supplementation and Sport Climbing Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105370. [PMID: 34069981 PMCID: PMC8157844 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementing β-alanine (BA) improves exercise performance in efforts that are highly dependent on anaerobic glycolysis. As it has not yet been established whether it relates to climbing, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of BA on climbing-specific performance. METHODS Fifteen elite climbers performed intermittent high-force high-velocity campus board exercise, and two bouldering traverses, hard and easy. They ingested 4.0 g·d-1 BA or placebo for four weeks in a double-blind, pre/post experimental design. RESULTS In the campus board trial, ANOVA revealed a tendency toward significance (p = 0.066). Post hoc analysis revealed that there was a significant (p = 0.002) and "large" (d = 1.55) increase in the total number of "slaps" in the BA group. No significant supplementation × group interaction was found in "hard" traverse and a significant interaction for mean changes in number of moves (p = 0.025) and in time to failure (p = 0.044) on an "easy" traverse. Post hoc analysis revealed that only the BA group significantly improved from baseline in number of moves (+9.5) and time to failure (+32 s). Effect sizes were d = 1.73 and d = 1.44, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of BA supplementation can improve performance during continuous climbing lasting about 1 min and repeated bouts of upper body campus-like movements. However, it failed to enhance climbing of a shorter duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski
- Institute of Sport, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, ul. Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Judyta Wyciślik
- BLO Katowice Climbing Gym, ul Karoliny 18, 40-176 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Piotr Kaczka
- Institute of Sport, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, ul. Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
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Yanshin N, Kushnareva A, Lemesheva V, Birkemeyer C, Tarakhovskaya E. Chemical Composition and Potential Practical Application of 15 Red Algal Species from the White Sea Coast (the Arctic Ocean). Molecules 2021; 26:2489. [PMID: 33923301 PMCID: PMC8123152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Though numerous valuable compounds from red algae already experience high demand in medicine, nutrition, and different branches of industry, these organisms are still recognized as an underexploited resource. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the chemical composition of 15 Arctic red algal species from the perspective of their practical relevance in medicine and the food industry. We show that several virtually unstudied species may be regarded as promising sources of different valuable metabolites and minerals. Thus, several filamentous ceramialean algae (Ceramium virgatum, Polysiphonia stricta, Savoiea arctica) had total protein content of 20-32% of dry weight, which is comparable to or higher than that of already commercially exploited species (Palmaria palmata, Porphyra sp.). Moreover, ceramialean algae contained high amounts of pigments, macronutrients, and ascorbic acid. Euthora cristata (Gigartinales) accumulated free essential amino acids, taurine, pantothenic acid, and floridoside. Thalli of P. palmata and C. virgatum contained the highest amounts of the nonproteinogenic amino acid β-alanine (9.1 and 3.2 μM g-1 DW, respectively). Several red algae tend to accumulate heavy metals; although this may limit their application in the food industry, it makes them promising candidates for phytoremediation or the use as bioindicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Yanshin
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.Y.); (V.L.)
| | | | - Valeriia Lemesheva
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.Y.); (V.L.)
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Elena Tarakhovskaya
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.Y.); (V.L.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, St. Petersburg Branch, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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67
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Wohlgemuth KJ, Arieta LR, Brewer GJ, Hoselton AL, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33794937 PMCID: PMC8015182 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a plethora of information available regarding the impact of nutrition on exercise performance, many recommendations are based on male needs due to the dominance of male participation in the nutrition and exercise science literature. Female participation in sport and exercise is prevalent, making it vital for guidelines to address the sex-specific nutritional needs. Female hormonal levels, such as estrogen and progesterone, fluctuate throughout the mensural cycle and lifecycle requiring more attention for effective nutritional considerations. Sex-specific nutritional recommendations and guidelines for the active female and female athlete have been lacking to date and warrant further consideration. This review provides a practical overview of key physiological and nutritional considerations for the active female. Available literature regarding sex-specific nutrition and dietary supplement guidelines for women has been synthesized, offering evidenced-based practical information that can be incorporated into the daily lives of women to improve performance, body composition, and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealey J Wohlgemuth
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Luke R Arieta
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew L Hoselton
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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68
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Creatine Supplementation in Women's Health: A Lifespan Perspective. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030877. [PMID: 33800439 PMCID: PMC7998865 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on creatine, evidence for use among females is understudied. Creatine characteristics vary between males and females, with females exhibiting 70–80% lower endogenous creatine stores compared to males. Understanding creatine metabolism pre- and post-menopause yields important implications for creatine supplementation for performance and health among females. Due to the hormone-related changes to creatine kinetics and phosphocreatine resynthesis, supplementation may be particularly important during menses, pregnancy, post-partum, during and post-menopause. Creatine supplementation among pre-menopausal females appears to be effective for improving strength and exercise performance. Post-menopausal females may also experience benefits in skeletal muscle size and function when consuming high doses of creatine (0.3 g·kg−1·d−1); and favorable effects on bone when combined with resistance training. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence indicates positive effects from creatine supplementation on mood and cognition, possibly by restoring brain energy levels and homeostasis. Creatine supplementation may be even more effective for females by supporting a pro-energetic environment in the brain. The purpose of this review was to highlight the use of creatine in females across the lifespan with particular emphasis on performance, body composition, mood, and dosing strategies.
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69
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Why Are Masters Sprinters Slower Than Their Younger Counterparts? Physiological, Biomechanical, and Motor Control Related Implications for Training Program Design. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:708-719. [PMID: 33450731 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Elite sprint performances typically peak during an athlete's 20s and decline thereafter with age. The mechanisms underpinning this sprint performance decline are often reported to be strength-based in nature with reductions in strength capacities driving increases in ground contact time and decreases in stride lengths and frequency. However, an as-of-yet underexplored aspect of Masters sprint performance is that of age-related degradation in neuromuscular infrastructure, which manifests as a decline in both strength and movement coordination. Here, the authors explore reductions in sprint performance in Masters athletes in a holistic fashion, blending discussion of strength and power changes with neuromuscular alterations along with mechanical and technical age-related alterations. In doing so, the authors provide recommendations to Masters sprinters-and the aging population, in general-as to how best to support sprint ability and general function with age, identifying nutritional interventions that support performance and function and suggesting useful programming strategies and injury-reduction techniques.
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Shbib S, Rashidlamir A, Hakak Dokht E. The effects of plyometric training and β-alanine supplementation on anaerobic power and serum level of carnosine in handball players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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71
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Friedlander MSH, Admani S. Aquagenic pruritus in an adolescent effectively managed with β-alanine supplementation. Pediatr Dermatol 2021; 38:320-321. [PMID: 33170524 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aquagenic pruritus is a rare debilitating condition, which can be idiopathic, iatrogenic, or associated with systemic disease. In idiopathic cases, treatment can be challenging as options are limited and of variable efficacy. Here, we report the case of a teenage boy with refractory idiopathic aquagenic pruritus effectively managed with administration of β-alanine supplementation, a treatment gaining traction in lay media but not yet reported in the medical literature. This report adds to the limited options published for treatment of idiopathic aquagenic pruritus in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shehla Admani
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Inside the Belly of a Beast: Individualizing Nutrition for Young, Professional Male Rugby League Players: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 31:73-89. [PMID: 33321472 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Professional rugby league (RL) football is a contact sport involving repeated collisions and high-intensity efforts; both training and competition involve high energy expenditure. The present review summarizes and critiques the available literature relating the physiological demands of RL to nutritional requirements and considers potential ergogenic supplements that could improve players' physical capacity, health, and recovery during the preparatory and competition phases of a season. Although there may not be enough data to provide RL-specific recommendations, the available data suggest that players may require approximately 6-8 g·kg-1·day-1 carbohydrate, 1.6-2.6 g·kg-1·day-1 protein, and 0.7-2.2 g·kg-1·day-1 fat, provided that the latter also falls within 20-35% of total energy intake. Competition nutrition should maximize glycogen availability by consuming 1-4 g/kg carbohydrate (∼80-320 g) plus 0.25 g/kg (∼20-30 g) protein, 1-4 hr preexercise for 80-120 kg players. Carbohydrate intakes of approximately 80-180 g (1.0-1.5 g/kg) plus 20-67 g protein (0.25-0.55 g/kg) 0-2 hr postexercise will optimize glycogen resynthesis and muscle protein synthesis. Supplements that potentially improve performance, recovery, and adaptation include low to moderate dosages of caffeine (3-6 mg/kg) and ∼300 mg polyphenols consumed ∼1 hr preexercise, creatine monohydrate "loading" (0.3 g·kg-1·day-1) and/or maintenance (3-5 g/day), and beta-alanine (65-80 mg·kg-1·day-1). Future research should quantify energy expenditures in young, professional male RL players before constructing recommendations.
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Costa MS, Toscano LT, Toscano LDLT, Luna VR, Torres RA, Silva JA, Silva AS. Ergogenic potential of foods for performance and recovery: a new alternative in sports supplementation? A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1480-1501. [PMID: 33226268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1844137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been studies in the literature reporting the ergogenic effect of some different foods on sports performance. Given the reasonable number of studies in which some food has shown improvement in some physiological variables related to physical performance, a review is pertinent in order to produce a compilation of these studies, providing new elements for athletes and coaches which aim to optimize their performance. Thus, the objective of this work was to present a systematic review of the findings regarding the potential ergogenic effect of food for athletes. Researchers performed a double-blind research in Medline/PubMed considering articles published until January 2019 which resulted in 71 articles. Increased time until exhaustion, improved aerobic capacity and strength recovery were the most commonly reported physical effects. In general, food showed equal or superior ergogenic activity over supplements. Although the number of foods investigated is reasonable, there is still no body of evidence for each studied food, except beets. The current data support the possibility of certain foods being able to enhance athletic performance, as well as serving as an energy source. However, a larger volume of studies is needed to form a body of evidence on each of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus S Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luciana T Toscano
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Lydiane de Lima Tavares Toscano
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Luna
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rayanne A Torres
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Janilson A Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. Histidine Metabolism and Function. J Nutr 2020; 150:2570S-2575S. [PMID: 33000155 PMCID: PMC7527268 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidine is a dietary essential amino acid because it cannot be synthesized in humans. The WHO/FAO requirement for adults for histidine is 10 mg · kg body weight-1 · d-1. Histidine is required for synthesis of proteins. It plays particularly important roles in the active site of enzymes, such as serine proteases (e.g., trypsin) where it is a member of the catalytic triad. Excess histidine may be converted to trans-urocanate by histidine ammonia lyase (histidase) in liver and skin. UV light in skin converts the trans form to cis-urocanate which plays an important protective role in skin. Liver is capable of complete catabolism of histidine by a pathway which requires folic acid for the last step, in which glutamate formiminotransferase converts the intermediate N-formiminoglutamate to glutamate, 5,10 methenyl-tetrahydrofolate, and ammonia. Inborn errors have been recognized in all of the catabolic enzymes of histidine. Histidine is required as a precursor of carnosine in human muscle and parts of the brain where carnosine appears to play an important role as a buffer and antioxidant. It is synthesized in the tissue by carnosine synthase from histidine and β-alanine, at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. Histidine can be decarboxylated to histamine by histidine decarboxylase. This reaction occurs in the enterochromaffin-like cells of the stomach, in the mast cells of the immune system, and in various regions of the brain where histamine may serve as a neurotransmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Brosnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - John T Brosnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Meys R, Stoffels AAF, de Brandt J, van Hees HWH, Franssen FME, Sillen MJH, Wouters EFM, Burtin C, Klijn P, Bij de Vaate E, van den Borst B, Otker JM, Donkers J, Schleich FN, Hayot M, Pomiès P, Everaert I, Derave W, Spruit MA. Beta-alanine supplementation in patients with COPD receiving non-linear periodised exercise training or neuromuscular electrical stimulation: protocol of two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038836. [PMID: 32928863 PMCID: PMC7488791 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise intolerance is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and, although multifactorial, it is largely caused by lower-limb muscle dysfunction. Research has shown that patients with severe to very severe COPD have significantly lower levels of muscle carnosine, which acts as a pH buffer and antioxidant. Beta-alanine (BA) supplementation has been shown to consistently elevate muscle carnosine in a variety of populations and may therefore improve exercise tolerance and lower-limb muscle function. The primary objective of the current studies is to assess the beneficial effects of BA supplementation in enhancing exercise tolerance on top of two types of exercise training (non-linear periodised exercise (NLPE) training or neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)) in patients with COPD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have been designed. Patients will routinely receive either NLPE (BASE-TRAIN trial) or NMES (BASE-ELECTRIC trial) as part of standard exercise-based care during their 8-to-10 week pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programme. A total of 222 patients with COPD (2×77 = 154 patients in the BASE-TRAIN trial and 2×34 = 68 patients in the BASE-ELECTRIC trial) will be recruited from two specialised PR centres in The Netherlands. For study purposes, patients will receive 3.2 g of oral BA supplementation or placebo per day. Exercise tolerance is the primary outcome, which will be assessed using the endurance shuttle walk test (BASE-TRAIN) or the constant work rate cycle test (BASE-ELECTRIC). Furthermore, quadriceps muscle strength and endurance, cognitive function, carnosine levels (in muscle), BA levels (in blood and muscle), markers of oxidative stress and inflammation (in blood, muscles and lungs), physical activity and quality of life will be measured. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Both trials were approved by CMO Regio Arnhem-Nijmegen, The Netherlands (NL70781.091.19. and NL68757.091.19). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NTR8427 (BASE-TRAIN) and NTR8419 (BASE-ELECTRIC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Meys
- Department of Research and Development, CIRO, Horn, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk A F Stoffels
- Department of Research and Development, CIRO, Horn, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud UMC Dekkerswald, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana de Brandt
- Reval Rehabilitation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, DIepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Frits M E Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, CIRO, Horn, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Research and Development, CIRO, Horn, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Burtin
- Reval Rehabilitation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, DIepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Klijn
- Department of Pulmonology, Merem Pulmonary Rehabilitation Centre, Hilversum, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Bij de Vaate
- Department of Pulmonology, Merem Pulmonary Rehabilitation Centre, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van den Borst
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud UMC Dekkerswald, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Otker
- Patient Advisory Council, Lung Foundation Netherlands, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Client Council, CIRO, Horn, The Netherlands
| | | | - Florence N Schleich
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Sart-Tilman Liege, GIGA I3, Liege, Belgium
| | - Maurice Hayot
- PhyMedExp, INSERM - CNRS, University of Montpellier - Montpellier CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Pomiès
- PhyMedExp, INSERM - CNRS, University of Montpellier - Montpellier CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Inge Everaert
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn A Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, CIRO, Horn, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Reval Rehabilitation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, DIepenbeek, Belgium
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Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Aerobic-Anaerobic Transition Zones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092490. [PMID: 32824885 PMCID: PMC7551186 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-alanine supplementation (BA) has a positive impact on physical performance. However, evidence showing a benefit of this amino acid in aerobic-anaerobic transition zones is scarce and the results controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyze the effects of BA supplementation on physical performance in aerobic-anaerobic transition zones. At the same time, the effect of different dosages and durations of BA supplementation were identified. The search was designed in accordance with the PRISMA® guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses and performed in Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and MEDLINE between 2010 and 2020. The methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The main variables were the Time Trial Test (TTT) and Time to Exhaustion (TTE) tests, the latter separated into the Limited Time Test (LTT) and Limited Distance Test (LDT). The analysis was carried out with a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) through Hedges' g test (95% CI). Nineteen studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, revealing a small effect for time in the TTT (SMD, -0.36; 95% CI, -0.87-0.16; I2 = 59%; p = 0.010), a small effect for LTT (SMD, 0.25; 95% CI, -0.01-0.51; I2 = 0%; p = 0.53), and a large effect for LDT (SMD, 4.27; 95% CI, -0.25-8.79; I2 = 94%; p = 0.00001). BA supplementation showed small effects on physical performance in aerobic-anaerobic transition zones. Evidence on acute supplementation is scarce (one study); therefore, exploration of acute supplementation with different dosages and formats on physical performance in aerobic-anaerobic transition zones is needed.
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77
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Baranauskas M, Jablonskienė V, Abaravičius JA, Samsonienė L, Stukas R. Dietary Acid-Base Balance in High-Performance Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5332. [PMID: 32722186 PMCID: PMC7432059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise leads to metabolic changes that affect the acid-base balance in skeletal muscles and other tissues. Nutrition is one of the factors that may influence the acid-base balance in the body. Keeping alkaline circumstances in the body is important not only for health and athletic performance in training but also during competition in many sport events. This is especially significant for athletes who practice in sport at the highest level of competition. The aim of the study was to determine the dietary acid-base balance in competitive Lithuanian high-performance athletes, and to evaluate the effect of actual diets of athletes on NEAP (net endogenous acid production), muscle mass and body mineral content during a four-year Olympic cycle. The research participants were 18.1 ± 3.3-year-old Lithuanian high performance athletes (n = 323). The actual diet was investigated using the 24 h recall dietary survey method. The measurements of body composition were performed using BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis). The potential renal acid load of the diets of athletes (dietary PRAL) and NEAP were calculated. In 10.2% of athletes, NEAP exceeds 100 mEq · day-1 and is on average 126.1 ± 32.7 mEq · day-1. Higher NEAP in athletes is associated with lower muscle mass (β -1.2% of body weight, p < 0.001) but has no effect on the amount of minerals in the body (β 0.01% of body weight, p = 0.073). Overall, 25-30% of Lithuanian high-performance athletes use high-protein diets (2.0-4.8 g · kg-1 · day-1) leading to a dietary acid-base imbalance as well as an excessive production of endogenous acids in the body. Athletes are recommended to consume higher amounts of potassium and magnesium. An increase in calcium intake up to 1500 mg per day is recommended. In exceptional cases, periodised nutrition for athletes may involve diets complemented with bicarbonate and/or beta-alanine supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Baranauskas
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.J.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Valerija Jablonskienė
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.J.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Jonas Algis Abaravičius
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.J.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Laimutė Samsonienė
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Rimantas Stukas
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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78
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Beckner ME, Pihoker AA, Darnell ME, Beals K, Lovalekar M, Proessl F, Flanagan SD, Arciero PJ, Nindl BC, Martin BJ. Effects of Multi-ingredient Preworkout Supplements on Physical Performance, Cognitive Performance, Mood State, and Hormone Concentrations in Recreationally Active Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2493-2501. [PMID: 32569125 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Beckner, ME, Pihoker, AA, Darnell, ME, Beals, K, Lovalekar, M, Proessl, F, Flanagan, SD, Arciero, PJ, Nindl, BC, and Martin, BJ. Effects of multi-ingredient preworkout supplements on physical performance, cognitive performance, mood state, and hormone concentrations in recreationally active men and women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Performance enhancement supplement research has primarily focused on the effectiveness of individual ingredients, rather than the combination. This study investigated the acute effects of 2 multi-ingredient preworkout supplements (MIPS), with beta-alanine and caffeine (BAC) and without (NBAC), compared with placebo (PLA) on anaerobic performance, endurance capacity, mood state, cognitive function, vascular function, and anabolic hormones. Thirty exercise-trained individuals (24.4 ± 4.9 years, 15 men and 15 women) completed a fatiguing exercise protocol on 3 separate occasions, 30 minutes after ingestion of BAC, NBAC, or PLA. Outcomes were analyzed using one-way or two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, as appropriate (alpha = 0.05). Anaerobic power was greater when supplementing with NBAC (10.7 ± 1.2 W·kg) and BAC (10.8 ± 1.4 W·kg) compared with PLA (10.4 ± 1.2 W·kg) (p = 0.014 and p = 0.022, respectively). BAC improved V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak time to exhaustion (p = 0.006), accompanied by an increase in blood lactate accumulation (p < 0.001), compared with PLA. Both NBAC and BAC demonstrated improved brachial artery diameter after workout (p = 0.041 and p = 0.005, respectively), but PLA did not. L-arginine concentrations increased from baseline to postsupplement consumption of BAC (p = 0.017). Reaction time significantly decreased after exercise for all supplements. There was no effect of supplement on mood states. Exercise-trained individuals looking to achieve modest improvements in power and endurance may benefit from consuming MIPS before exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E Beckner
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexis A Pihoker
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew E Darnell
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kim Beals
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix Proessl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Health & Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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79
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Zhao J, Conklin DJ, Guo Y, Zhang X, Obal D, Guo L, Jagatheesan G, Katragadda K, He L, Yin X, Prodhan MAI, Shah J, Hoetker D, Kumar A, Kumar V, Wempe MF, Bhatnagar A, Baba SP. Cardiospecific Overexpression of ATPGD1 (Carnosine Synthase) Increases Histidine Dipeptide Levels and Prevents Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015222. [PMID: 32515247 PMCID: PMC7429021 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with complex pathophysiological changes characterized by pH imbalance, the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products acrolein and 4-hydroxy trans-2-nonenal, and the depletion of ATP levels. Cardioprotective interventions, designed to address individual mediators of I/R injury, have shown limited efficacy. The recently identified enzyme ATPGD1 (Carnosine Synthase), which synthesizes histidyl dipeptides such as carnosine, has the potential to counteract multiple effectors of I/R injury by buffering intracellular pH and quenching lipid peroxidation products and may protect against I/R injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We report here that β-alanine and carnosine feeding enhanced myocardial carnosine levels and protected the heart against I/R injury. Cardiospecific overexpression of ATPGD1 increased myocardial histidyl dipeptides levels and protected the heart from I/R injury. Isolated cardiac myocytes from ATPGD1-transgenic hearts were protected against hypoxia reoxygenation injury. The overexpression of ATPGD1 prevented the accumulation of acrolein and 4-hydroxy trans-2-nonenal-protein adducts in ischemic hearts and delayed acrolein or 4-hydroxy trans-2-nonenal-induced hypercontracture in isolated cardiac myocytes. Changes in the levels of ATP, high-energy phosphates, intracellular pH, and glycolysis during low-flow ischemia in the wild-type mice hearts were attenuated in the ATPGD1-transgenic hearts. Two natural dipeptide analogs (anserine and balenine) that can either quench aldehydes or buffer intracellular pH, but not both, failed to protect against I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS Either exogenous administration or enhanced endogenous formation of histidyl dipeptides prevents I/R injury by attenuating changes in intracellular pH and preventing the accumulation of lipid peroxidation derived aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Yiru Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Detlef Obal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative and Pain MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA
| | - Luping Guo
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Ganapathy Jagatheesan
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Kartik Katragadda
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Liqing He
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Xinmin Yin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | | | - Jasmit Shah
- Department of MedicineThe Aga Khan UniversityMedical CollegeNairobiKenya
| | - David Hoetker
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ColoradoDenverCO
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ColoradoDenverCO
| | - Michael F. Wempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ColoradoDenverCO
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Shahid P. Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
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Cerullo G, Parimbelli M, Perna S, Pecoraro M, Liguori G, Negro M, D’Antona G. Sodium citrate supplementation: An updated revision and practical recommendations on exercise performance, hydration status, and potential risks. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cerullo
- Department of Movement and Wellbeing Sciences University of Naples, Parthenope Naples Italy
| | | | - Simone Perna
- Department of Biology College of Science University of Bahrain Sakhir Bahrain
| | | | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement and Wellbeing Sciences University of Naples, Parthenope Naples Italy
| | - Massimo Negro
- CRIAMS‐Sport Medicine Centre University of Pavia Voghera Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Antona
- CRIAMS‐Sport Medicine Centre University of Pavia Voghera Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy
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81
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Nutritional Strategies to Optimize Performanceand Recovery in Rowing Athletes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061685. [PMID: 32516908 PMCID: PMC7352678 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rowing is a high-intensity sport requiring a high level of aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Although good nutrition is essential for successful performance in a rowing competition, its significance is not sufficiently established. This review aimed to provide nutritional strategies to optimize performance and recovery in rowing athletes based on a literature review. Following the guidelines given in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), we performed web searches using online databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, ACS Publications, and SciFinder). Typically, a rowing competition involves a 6–8-min high-intensity exercise on a 2000-m course. The energy required for the exercise is supplied by muscle-stored glycogens, which are derived from carbohydrates. Therefore, rowing athletes can plan their carbohydrate consumption based on the intensity, duration, and type of training they undergo. For effective and safe performance enhancement, rowing athletes can take supplements such as β-alanine, caffeine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), and beetroot juice (nitrate). An athlete may consume carbohydrate-rich foods or use a carbohydrate mouth rinse. Recovery nutrition is also very important to minimize the risk of injury or unexplained underperformance syndrome (UUPS) from overuse. It must take into account refueling (carbohydrate), rehydration (fluid), and repair (protein). As lightweight rowing athletes often attempt acute weight loss by limiting food and fluid intake to qualify for a competition, they require personalized nutritional strategies and plans based on factors such as their goals and environment. Training and competition performance can be maximized by including nutritional strategies in training plans.
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82
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Bardanzellu F, Puddu M, Fanos V. The Human Breast Milk Metabolome in Preeclampsia, Gestational Diabetes, and Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Implications for Child Growth and Development. J Pediatr 2020; 221S:S20-S28. [PMID: 32482230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Melania Puddu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU University of Cagliari, Italy
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Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to Augment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance Adaptations-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020390. [PMID: 32024038 PMCID: PMC7071320 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves short bursts of intense activity interspersed by periods of low-intensity exercise or rest. HIIT is a viable alternative to traditional continuous moderate-intensity endurance training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake and endurance performance. Combining nutritional strategies with HIIT may result in more favorable outcomes. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight key dietary interventions that may augment adaptations to HIIT, including creatine monohydrate, caffeine, nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, protein, and essential amino acids, as well as manipulating carbohydrate availability. Nutrient timing and potential sex differences are also discussed. Overall, sodium bicarbonate and nitrates show promise for enhancing HIIT adaptations and performance. Beta-alanine has the potential to increase training volume and intensity and improve HIIT adaptations. Caffeine and creatine have potential benefits, however, longer-term studies are lacking. Presently, there is a lack of evidence supporting high protein diets to augment HIIT. Low carbohydrate training enhances the upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes, however, there does not seem to be a performance advantage, and a periodized approach may be warranted. Lastly, potential sex differences suggest the need for future research to examine sex-specific nutritional strategies in response to HIIT.
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84
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Abstract
The popularity of physique sports is increasing, yet there are currently few comprehensive nutritional guidelines for these athletes. Physique sport now encompasses more than just a short phase before competition and offseason guidelines have recently been published. Therefore, the goal of this review is to provide an extensive guide for male and female physique athletes in the contest preparation and recovery period. As optimal protein intake is largely related to one’s skeletal muscle mass, current evidence supports a range of 1.8-2.7 g/kg. Furthermore, as a benefit from having adequate carbohydrate to fuel performance and activity, low-end fat intake during contest preparation of 10-25% of calories allows for what calories remain in the “energy budget” to come from carbohydrate to mitigate the negative impact of energy restriction and weight loss on training performance. For nutrient timing, we recommend consuming four or five protein boluses per day with one consumed near training and one prior to sleep. During competition periods, slower rates of weight loss (≤0.5% of body mass per week) are preferable for attenuating the loss of fat-free mass with the use of intermittent energy restriction strategies, such as diet breaks and refeeds, being possibly beneficial. Additionally, physiological and psychological factors are covered, and potential best-practice guidelines are provided for disordered eating and body image concerns since physique athletes present with higher incidences of these issues, which may be potentially exacerbated by certain traditional physique practices. We also review common peaking practices, and the critical transition to the post-competition period.
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Filippini T, Fiore M, Tesauro M, Malagoli C, Consonni M, Violi F, Arcolin E, Iacuzio L, Oliveri Conti G, Cristaldi A, Zuccarello P, Zucchi E, Mazzini L, Pisano F, Gagliardi I, Patti F, Mandrioli J, Ferrante M, Vinceti M. Clinical and Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030857. [PMID: 32019087 PMCID: PMC7037077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease of the motor neurons. The etiology of ALS remains largely unknown, particularly with reference to the potential environmental determinants. Methods: We performed a population-based case-control study in four provinces from both Northern and Southern Italy in order to assess non-genetic ALS risk factors by collecting through tailored questionnaires information about clinical and lifestyle factors. We estimated ALS risk by calculating odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) using unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age and educational attainment. Results: We recruited 230 participants (95 cases and 135 controls). We found a possible positive association of ALS risk with trauma, particularly head trauma (OR = 2.61, 95% CI 1.19–5.72), electric shock (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 0.62–7.06), and some sports, although at a competitive level only. In addition, our results suggest an increased risk for subjects reporting use of private wells for drinking water (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.73–2.27) and for use of herbicides during gardening (OR = 1.95, 95% CI 0.88–2.27). Conversely, there was a suggestion of an inverse association with overall fish consumption (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.12–0.60), but with no dose-response relation. Consumption of some dietary supplements, namely those containing amino acids and, in the Southern Italy population, vitamins and minerals such as selenium, seemed associated with a statistically imprecise increased risk. Conclusions: Our results suggest a potential etiologic role a number of clinical and lifestyle factors with ALS risk. However, caution is needed due to some study limitations. These include the small sample size and the low number of exposed subjects, which affect statistical precision of risk estimates, the potential for exposure misclassification, and the uncertainties about mechanisms underpinning the possible association between these factors and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN—Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (C.M.); (F.V.); (E.A.); (L.I.)
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Fiore
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Catania University, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.C.); (A.C.); (P.Z.); (F.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Marina Tesauro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- CREAGEN—Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (C.M.); (F.V.); (E.A.); (L.I.)
| | - Michela Consonni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Federica Violi
- CREAGEN—Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (C.M.); (F.V.); (E.A.); (L.I.)
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elisa Arcolin
- CREAGEN—Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (C.M.); (F.V.); (E.A.); (L.I.)
| | - Laura Iacuzio
- CREAGEN—Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (C.M.); (F.V.); (E.A.); (L.I.)
- Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Catania University, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.C.); (A.C.); (P.Z.); (F.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Antonio Cristaldi
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Catania University, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.C.); (A.C.); (P.Z.); (F.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Pietro Zuccarello
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Catania University, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.C.); (A.C.); (P.Z.); (F.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Elisabetta Zucchi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- ALS Centre Department of Neurology, ‘Maggiore della Carità’ University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.M.); (I.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Pisano
- Neurological Rehabilitation Division, Policlinico San Marco di Zingonia, 24046 Zingonia (BG), Italy;
| | - Ileana Gagliardi
- ALS Centre Department of Neurology, ‘Maggiore della Carità’ University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.M.); (I.G.)
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Catania University, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.C.); (A.C.); (P.Z.); (F.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, S. Agostino Estense Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy;
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Catania University, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.C.); (A.C.); (P.Z.); (F.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN—Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (T.F.); (C.M.); (F.V.); (E.A.); (L.I.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence:
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Milioni F, de Poli RAB, Saunders B, Gualano B, da Rocha AL, Sanchez Ramos da Silva A, Muller PDTG, Zagatto AM. Effect of β-alanine supplementation during high-intensity interval training on repeated sprint ability performance and neuromuscular fatigue. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1599-1610. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00321.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the influence of β-alanine supplementation during a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on repeated sprint ability (RSA) performance. This study was randomized, double-blinded, and placebo controlled. Eighteen men performed an incremental running test until exhaustion (TINC) at baseline and followed by 4-wk HIIT (10 × 1-min runs 90% maximal TINCvelocity [1-min recovery]). Then, participants were randomized into two groups and performed a 6-wk HIIT associated with supplementation of 6.4 g/day of β-alanine (Gβ) or dextrose (placebo group; GP). Pre- and post-6-wk HIIT + supplementation, participants performed the following tests: 1) TINC; 2) supramaximal running test; and 3) 2 × 6 × 35-m sprints (RSA). Before and immediately after RSA, neuromuscular function was assessed by vertical jumps, maximal isometric voluntary contractions of knee extension, and neuromuscular electrical stimulations. Muscle biopsies were performed to determine muscle carnosine content, muscle buffering capacity in vitro (βmin vitro), and content of phosphofructokinase (PFK), monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Both groups showed a significant time effect for maximal oxygen uptake (Gβ: 6.2 ± 3.6% and GP: 6.5 ± 4.2%; P > 0.01); only Gβ showed a time effect for total (−3.0 ± 2.0%; P = 0.001) and best (−3.3 ± 3.0%; P = 0.03) RSA times. A group-by-time interaction was shown after HIIT + Supplementation for muscle carnosine (Gβ: 34.4 ± 2.3 mmol·kg−1·dm−1and GP: 20.7 ± 3.0 mmol·kg−1·dm−1; P = 0.003) and neuromuscular voluntary activation after RSA (Gβ: 87.2 ± 3.3% and GP: 78.9 ± 12.4%; P = 0.02). No time effect or group-by-time interaction was shown for supramaximal running test performance, βm, and content of PFK, MCT4, and HIF-1α. In summary, β-alanine supplementation during HIIT increased muscle carnosine and attenuated neuromuscular fatigue, which may contribute to an enhancement of RSA performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY β-Alanine supplementation during a high-intensity interval training program increased repeated sprint performance. The improvement of muscle carnosine content induced by β-alanine supplementation may have contributed to an attenuation of central fatigue during repeated sprint. Overall, β-alanine supplementation may be a useful dietary intervention to prevent fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Milioni
- Post Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Bonetti de Poli
- Post Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paul, Rheumatology Division, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paul, Rheumatology Division, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisson L. da Rocha
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo de Tarso Guerrero Muller
- Laboratory of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- Post Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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87
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Schwarz NA, McKinley-Barnard SK, Blahnik ZJ. Effect of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® combined with four weeks of resistance training on lean body mass, maximal strength, mircoRNA expression, and serum IGF-1 in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:54. [PMID: 31744521 PMCID: PMC6862793 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to determine if 4 weeks of consumption of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® (BMB; Vital Pharmaceuticals Inc., Weston, FL) combined with resistance training resulted in greater increases in muscle mass and maximal strength compared with resistance training combined with placebo (PLA). Additionally, we aimed to determine if BMB ingestion combined with resistance training preferentially altered resting skeletal muscle expression of microRNAs (miRs) or resting serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Methods Sixteen recreationally-active men completed the study. The study employed a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design. Participants completed two testing sessions separated by 4 weeks of resistance exercise combined with daily supplementation of BMB or PLA. At each testing session, hemodynamics, body composition, and muscle and blood samples were obtained followed by strength assessments of the lower- and upper-body via measurement of squat and bench press one-repetition maximum (1-RM), respectively. A separate general linear model was utilized for analysis of each variable to determine the effect of each supplement (between-factor) over time (within-factor) using an a priori probability level of ≤0.05. Results No significant effects were observed for dietary intake, hemodynamics, fat mass, body fat percentage, or serum IGF-1. A greater increase in total body mass (3.19 kg, 95% CI, 1.98 kg, 4.40 kg vs. 0.44 kg, 95% CI, − 0.50 kg, 1.39 kg) and lean body mass (3.15 kg, 95% CI, 1.80 kg, 4.49 kg vs. 0.89 kg, 95% CI, − 0.14 kg, 1.93 kg) was observed for the BMB group compared with PLA (p < 0.01). A significant increase over time was observed for miR-23a (p = 0.02) and miR-23b (p = 0.05) expression. A greater increase in squat 1-RM was observed for the BMB group (23.86 kg, 95% CI, 16.75 kg, 30.97 kg) compared with the PLA group (14.20 kg, 95% CI, 7.04 kg, 21.37 kg, p = 0.04). Conclusions BMB supplementation combined with resistance exercise training for 4 weeks resulted in superior adaptations in maximal strength and LBM compared with resistance training with a placebo. No adverse resting hemodynamic or clinical blood safety markers were observed as a result of BMB supplementation. The superior outcomes associated with BMB supplementation could not be explained by resting serum IGF-1 or the skeletal muscle miRs measured, although resting miR-23a and miR-23b expression both increased as a result of resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Schwarz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
| | - Sarah K McKinley-Barnard
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Zachary J Blahnik
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
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Smith CR, Harty PS, Stecker RA, Kerksick CM. A Pilot Study to Examine the Impact of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Anaerobic Exercise Performance in Collegiate Rugby Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7110231. [PMID: 31703346 PMCID: PMC6915363 DOI: 10.3390/sports7110231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-alanine (BA) is a precursor to carnosine which functions as a buffer assisting in the maintenance of intracellular pH during high-intensity efforts. Rugby is a sport characterized by multiple intermittent periods of maximal or near maximal efforts with short periods of rest/active recovery. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of six weeks of beta-alanine supplementation on anaerobic performance measures in collegiate rugby players. Twenty-one male, collegiate rugby players were recruited, while fifteen completed post-testing (Mean ± SD; Age: 21.0 ± 1.8 years, Height: 179 ± 6.3 cm, Body Mass: 91.8 ± 13.3 kg, % Body Fat: 21.3 ± 4.4). Supplementation was randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled manner between 6.4 g/d of beta-alanine and 6.4 g/d of maltodextrin placebo. Body composition, upper and lower-body maximal strength and muscular endurance, intermittent sprint performance, and post-exercise lactate, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion were assessed before and after supplementation. Data were analyzed using a 2 × 2 (group × time) mixed factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on time. No significant interaction effects were noted for body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, and percent bodyfat (p > 0.05). No performance effects resulting from beta-alanine supplementation were detected. Results from this initial pilot investigation suggest that BA exerts little to no impact on body composition parameters, muscular strength, muscular endurance, or intermittent sprinting performance. With the limited research exploring the impact of BA in this sporting context, these initial findings offer little support for BA use, but more research is needed to fully understand the potential impact of BA on various aspects of resistance exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Smith
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina—Columbia, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Richard A. Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA;
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-63301-(636)-627-4629
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Stecker RA, Harty PS, Jagim AR, Candow DG, Kerksick CM. Timing of ergogenic aids and micronutrients on muscle and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:37. [PMID: 31477133 PMCID: PMC6721335 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of macronutrient ingestion in relation to exercise is a purported strategy to augment muscle accretion, muscle and athletic performance, and recovery. To date, the majority of macronutrient nutrient timing research has focused on carbohydrate and protein intake. However, emerging research suggests that the strategic ingestion of various ergogenic aids and micronutrients may also have beneficial effects. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to critically evaluate and summarize the available literature examining the timing of ergogenic aids (caffeine, creatine, nitrates, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine) and micronutrients (iron, calcium) on muscle adaptations and exercise performance. In summary, preliminary data is available to indicate the timing of caffeine, nitrates, and creatine monohydrate may impact outcomes such as exercise performance, strength gains and other exercise training adaptations. Furthermore, data is available to suggest that timing the administration of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate may help to minimize known untoward adverse events while maintaining potential ergogenic outcomes. Finally, limited data indicates that timed ingestion of calcium and iron may help with the uptake and metabolism of these nutrients. While encouraging, much more research is needed to better understand how timed administration of these nutrients and others may impact performance, health, or other exercise training outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Human Performance Lab, Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
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Perim P, Marticorena FM, Ribeiro F, Barreto G, Gobbi N, Kerksick C, Dolan E, Saunders B. Can the Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation Be Optimized? Front Nutr 2019; 6:135. [PMID: 31508423 PMCID: PMC6718727 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is an abundant histidine-containing dipeptide in human skeletal muscle and formed by beta-alanine and L-histidine. It performs various physiological roles during exercise and has attracted strong interest in recent years with numerous investigations focused on increasing its intramuscular content to optimize its potential ergogenic benefits. Oral beta-alanine ingestion increases muscle carnosine content although large variation in response to supplementation exists and the amount of ingested beta-alanine converted into muscle carnosine appears to be low. Understanding of carnosine and beta-alanine metabolism and the factors that influence muscle carnosine synthesis with supplementation may provide insight into how beta-alanine supplementation may be optimized. Herein we discuss modifiable factors that may further enhance the increase of muscle carnosine in response to beta-alanine supplementation including, (i) dose; (ii) duration; (iii) beta-alanine formulation; (iv) dietary influences; (v) exercise; and (vi) co-supplementation with other substances. The aim of this narrative review is to outline the processes involved in muscle carnosine metabolism, discuss theoretical and mechanistic modifiable factors which may optimize the muscle carnosine response to beta-alanine supplementation and to make recommendations to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Perim
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Miguel Marticorena
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ribeiro
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathan Gobbi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chad Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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91
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The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091961. [PMID: 31438535 PMCID: PMC6769605 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to verify the effect of intra- (beta-alanine—BA) versus extra- (alkaline agents—ALK) cellular buffering agent supplementation, combined with customarily used branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and creatine malate (TCM) treatment in natural training conditions. Thirty-one elite athletes (11 sprinters and 20 endurance athletes) participated in the study. Eight-week randomized double-blind, crossover, combined supplementation with BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM and ALK-BAplaBCAA&TCM was implemented. In the course of the experiment, body composition, aerobic capacity, and selected blood markers were assayed. After BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM supplementation, total fat-free mass increased in sprinters (p = 0.009). No other differences were found in body composition, respiratory parameters, aerobic capacity, blood lactate concentration, and hematological indices after BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM/ALK-BAplaBCAA&TCM supplementation. The maximum post-exercise blood ammonia (NH3) concentration decreased in both groups after BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM supplementation (endurance, p = 0.002; sprint, p < 0.0001). Also, lower NH3 concentrations were observed in endurance athletes in the post-exercise recovery period. The results of our study indicate that combined BCAA, TCM, and BA supplementation is more effective than combined BCAA, TCM and ALK supplementation for an increase in fat-free mass and exercise adaptation, but not for aerobic capacity improvement. Besides, it seems that specific exercise stimuli and the training status are key factors affecting exercise performance, even in athletes using efficient supplementation.
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Lutsch DJ, Camic CL, Jagim AR, Johnston NJ, Musgjerd TL. Acute Effects of a Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplement On 5-KM Running Performance in Recreationally-Trained Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2019; 12:1045-1056. [PMID: 31523345 PMCID: PMC6719810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of an acute dose of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement on 5-km running performance and subjective measures of fatigue. Twenty aerobically-trained, males (n = 10, mean ± SD = 80.8 ± 6.1 kg) and females (n = 10, 64.5 ± 6.6 kg) completed two 5-km running races for time in a double-blind, cross-over fashion. During the first session, subjects were randomly assigned to ingest the supplement or placebo 30 minutes prior to running a 5-km race. The supplement contained multiple ingredients including caffeine anhydrous (150 mg), beta alanine (1.6 g), and arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) (1.0 g). Subjects also completed a 5-point Likert scale (1 = low, 5 = high) questionnaire to determine feelings of fatigue immediately prior to ingesting the substance (baseline), 30 minutes post-ingestion (immediately pre-race), and 5 minutes post-race. For the second session, subjects ingested the opposite substance (supplement or placebo) and underwent the same testing procedures (including time of day) as the first session. The results indicated there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in 5-km race time between the supplement (23.62 ± 2.08 min) and placebo (23.51 ± 1.97 min) conditions. For the feelings of fatigue, there were no significant condition × time interactions or main effects for condition, but there were main effects for time. These findings indicated that the pre-workout supplement provided no ergogenic effect on 5-km race time or subjective feelings of fatigue when administered on an acute basis in aerobically-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lutsch
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Clayton L Camic
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Nora J Johnston
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
| | - Taylor L Musgjerd
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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Directo D, Wong MW, Elam ML, Falcone P, Osmond A, Jo E. The Effects of a Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplement Combined with Resistance Training on Exercise Volume, Muscular Strength, and Body Composition. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E152. [PMID: 31242635 PMCID: PMC6628438 DOI: 10.3390/sports7060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a multi-ingredient performance supplement (MIPS) incorporating a mixture of branched chain amino acids, beta-alanine, glutamine, creatine, and piperine on resistance training (RT)-induced adaptations remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of this investigational MIPS during six weeks of RT on performance and body composition. Thirty recreationally trained males and females were recruited for this pair-matched, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation. Subjects were assigned to consume either an experimental MIPS (MIPS) (n = 15) or a placebo (PLA) (n = 15) concurrently with a six-week periodized RT program. Body composition, one-repetition maximum (1RM), and muscular power were assessed at pre- and post-training. Weekly relative volume load was compared between groups. The MIPS and PLA groups demonstrated a significant increase in total body mass (MIPS = +2.9 ± 1.3%; PLA = +2.5 ± 1.7%) and lean mass (MIPS = +5.0 ± 2.1%; PLA = +3.1 ± 1.9%) (p < 0.001) with no changes in fat mass. There were no group × time interactions for any of the body composition measures. Both groups demonstrated similar improvements in maximum strength for the back squat, bench press, and deadlift as well as lower body power from pre- to post-training (p < 0.001). Within the limitations of the current investigation, results failed to demonstrate the benefits of the experimental MIPS for muscular strength and body composition across six weeks of RT compared to PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Directo
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State University Pomona, Pomona, CA 92805, USA; (D.D.); (M.W.H.W.); (P.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Michael W.H. Wong
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State University Pomona, Pomona, CA 92805, USA; (D.D.); (M.W.H.W.); (P.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Marcus L. Elam
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, California State University Pomona, Pomona, CA 92805, USA;
| | - Paul Falcone
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State University Pomona, Pomona, CA 92805, USA; (D.D.); (M.W.H.W.); (P.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Adam Osmond
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State University Pomona, Pomona, CA 92805, USA; (D.D.); (M.W.H.W.); (P.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Edward Jo
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State University Pomona, Pomona, CA 92805, USA; (D.D.); (M.W.H.W.); (P.F.); (A.O.)
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Sekulic D, Tahiraj E, Maric D, Olujic D, Bianco A, Zaletel P. What drives athletes toward dietary supplement use: objective knowledge or self-perceived competence? Cross-sectional analysis of professional team-sport players from Southeastern Europe during the competitive season. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:25. [PMID: 31200782 PMCID: PMC6570862 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Issues related to knowledge of nutrition and dietary supplementation (DS) are understudied in professional athletes. This study aimed to examine the possible association between knowledge of nutrition and DS (KN&DS) and dietary supplement use (DSU) among professional athletes involved in team sports. METHODS The sample comprised professional team-sport athletes (N = 912, age: 22.11 ± 3.37 years, 356 females) involved in four Olympic sports: basketball (N = 228), soccer (N = 324), volleyball (N = 154), and handball (N = 206). The participants were tested by previously validated questionnaires to examine their self-perceived competence on nutrition and DS (S/KN&DS), their objectively evaluated (tested) KN&DS (O/KN&DS), sociodemographic and sport-specific variables (predictors), and DSU (criterion). Associations between the predictors and the criterion (No-DSU - Irregular-DSU - Regular-DSU) were determined by multinomial regression analysis for the total sample and separately for the studied sports. RESULTS DSU was found to be less prevalent in older and more successful players. The O/KN&DS and S/KN&DS were positively correlated with DSU, but S/KN&DS was a stronger predictor of DSU than O/KN&DS. Sport-specific associations between predictors and criterion were identified, with stronger correlations in sports with a higher prevalence of DSU. CONCLUSIONS Due to the low correlations between O/KN&DS and S/KN&DS in the studied players, this study highlights the necessity for more frequent monitoring of biomarkers of nutritional status and its usage by coaches and practitioners to provide quantitative instruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | | | - Dora Maric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000, Split, Croatia.,Department of Psychological, Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Pedagogical and Education Sciences, University of Palermo, 90144, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dragana Olujic
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychological, Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Pedagogical and Education Sciences, University of Palermo, 90144, Palermo, Italy
| | - Petra Zaletel
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
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95
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Jenner SL, Buckley GL, Belski R, Devlin BL, Forsyth AK. Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations-A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051160. [PMID: 31126159 PMCID: PMC6567121 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: to develop sport-specific and effective dietary advice, it is important to understand the dietary intakes of team sport athletes. This systematic literature review aims to (1) assess the dietary intakes of professional and semi-professional team sport athletes and (2) to identify priority areas for dietetic intervention. Methods: an extensive search of MEDLINE, Sports DISCUS, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in April–May 2018 was conducted and identified 646 studies. Included studies recruited team sport, competitive (i.e., professional or semi-professional) athletes over the age of 18 years. An assessment of dietary intake in studies was required and due to the variability of data (i.e., nutrient and food group data) a meta-analysis was not undertaken. Two independent authors extracted data using a standardised process. Results: 21 (n = 511) studies that assessed dietary intake of team sport athletes met the inclusion criteria. Most reported that professional and semi-professional athletes’ dietary intakes met or exceeded recommendations during training and competition for protein and/or fat, but not energy and carbohydrate. Limitations in articles include small sample sizes, heterogeneity of data and existence of underreporting. Conclusions: this review highlights the need for sport-specific dietary recommendations that focus on energy and carbohydrate intake. Further exploration of factors influencing athletes’ dietary intakes including why athletes’ dietary intakes do not meet energy and/or carbohydrate recommendations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Jenner
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia.
- Carlton Football Club, Ikon Park, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Georgina L Buckley
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Regina Belski
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Brooke L Devlin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia.
| | - Adrienne K Forsyth
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia.
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96
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Short-Time β-Alanine Supplementation on the Acute Strength Performance after High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise in Recreationally Trained Men. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050108. [PMID: 31075911 PMCID: PMC6571921 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We investigated the effects of 28 days of beta-alanine (β-alanine) supplementation on the acute interference effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on lower-body resistance exercise performance, body composition, and strength when combined with a resistance training program. (2) Methods: Twenty-two males were randomized into: β-alanine supplementation (6.4 g/day) or placebo (6.4 g/day maltodextrin) during 28 days. Total body water, intracellular and extracellular water, fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass were assessed using bioelectrical impedance. Participants performed 5000-m HIIE (1:1 effort and rest ratio) followed by resistance exercise (four sets of 80% at 45° leg press until muscular failure) at baseline and after 28 days. The resistance training program consisted of three sets of 10 to 12 RM with 90 s of rest, four days per week. (3) Results: For the post-HIIE leg press volume, higher values were observed post-training than pre-training, but no group x time interaction was observed. There was a non-significant trend for an interaction in the FFM change (β-alanine = 2.8% versus placebo = 1.0%, p = 0.072). (4) Conclusion: Twenty-eight days of β-alanine supplementation did not prevent acute strength loss during resistance exercise after high-intensity interval exercise, nor increase strength or hypertrophic adaptations associated with resistance training.
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97
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Yuan SF, Alper HS. Metabolic engineering of microbial cell factories for production of nutraceuticals. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:46. [PMID: 30857533 PMCID: PMC6410520 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering allows for the rewiring of basic metabolism to overproduce both native and non-native metabolites. Among these biomolecules, nutraceuticals have received considerable interest due to their health-promoting or disease-preventing properties. Likewise, microbial engineering efforts to produce these value-added nutraceuticals overcome traditional limitations of low yield from extractions and complex chemical syntheses. This review covers current strategies of metabolic engineering employed for the production of a few key nutraceuticals with selecting polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenolic compounds, carotenoids and non-proteinogenic amino acids as exemplary molecules. We focus on the use of both mono-culture and co-culture strategies to produce these molecules of interest. In each of these cases, metabolic engineering efforts are enabling rapid production of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Fu Yuan
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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98
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Common Ingredient Profiles of Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplements. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020254. [PMID: 30678328 PMCID: PMC6413194 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements are a popular class of dietary supplements which are purported to improve exercise performance. However, the composition of these products varies substantially between formulations, thus making comparisons challenging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify a common ingredient profile of top-selling pre-workout supplements and to compare ingredient dosages to established efficacious values. The top 100 commercially available pre-workout products were analyzed for listed ingredients and amounts, if available, from the supplement facts panel. The mean ± SD number of ingredients per supplement (n = 100) was 18.4 ± 9.7 with 8.1 ± 9.9 of these ingredients included in a proprietary blend at undisclosed quantities. Relative prevalence and average amounts of the top ingredients amounted to: Beta-alanine (87%; 2.0 ± 0.8 g), Caffeine (86%; 254.0 ± 79.5 mg), Citrulline (71%; 4.0 ± 2.5 g), Tyrosine (63%; 348.0 ± 305.7 mg), Taurine (51%; 1.3 ± 0.6 g), and Creatine (49%; 2.1 ± 1.0 g). Nearly half (44.3%) of all ingredients were included as part of a proprietary blend with undisclosed amounts of each ingredient. The average amount of beta-alanine per serving size was below the recommended efficacious dose. The average caffeine content was near the low end for an effective relative dose for a 70 kg individual (3–6 mg·kg−1 of bodyweight).
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99
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Hoffman JR, Gepner Y, Hoffman MW, Zelicha H, Shapira S, Ostfeld I. Effect of High-Dose, Short-Duration β-Alanine Supplementation on Circulating IL-10 Concentrations During Intense Military Training. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:2978-2981. [PMID: 29746388 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hoffman, JR, Gepner, Y, Hoffman, M, Zelicha, H, Shapira, S, and Ostfeld, I. Effect of high dose, short-duration β-alanine supplementation on circulating IL-10 concentrations during intense military training. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2978-2981, 2018-This study examined the effect of β-alanine as a potential anti-inflammatory agent during intense military training. Twenty soldiers (20.1 ± 0.6 years) from an elite combat unit were randomly assigned to either a β-Alanine (BA) or placebo (PL) group. Soldiers were provided with 12 g·d of either BA or PL for 7 days between 2 intensive periods of navigational training and restricted sleep. During the initial training period, soldiers navigated on average 27.8 km·d with ∼50% of their body mass in their packs for 5 days. Soldiers returned to base and began a 7-day supplementation program before departing for an additional period of intense field training. During the second period of field training, soldiers navigated 10 km·d for an additional 5 days, carrying similar loading as the initial week, performed tactical missions, and slept approximately 5 hours per day. Blood samples were obtained after the initial training period and after the second training period and analyzed for IL-10. Magnitude-based inferences that were used to provide inferences on the true effect BA may have had on IL-10 concentrations compared with PL, calculated from 90% confidence intervals. Data analysis indicated that changes in circulating IL-10 concentrations (mean difference 0.86 pg·ml) were possibly greater (57%) for BA than PL. Results of this study suggest that 1 week of high-dose BA ingestion may enhance the anti-inflammatory response during intense military training, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of BA during intense training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Hoffman
- Sport and Exercise Science Department, Burnet School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Sport and Exercise Science Department, Burnet School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | | | - Hila Zelicha
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Israel
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100
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Roveratti MC, Jacinto JL, Oliveira DB, da Silva RA, Andraus RAC, de Oliveira EP, Ribeiro AS, Aguiar AF. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle function during recovery from resistance exercise in young adults. Amino Acids 2019; 51:589-597. [PMID: 30627787 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-02686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Alanine supplementation has been shown to increase muscle carnosine levels and exercise performance. However, its effects on muscle recovery from resistance exercise (RE) remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of β-alanine supplementation on muscle function during recovery from a single session of high-intensity RE. Twenty-four untrained young adults (22.1 ± 4.6 years old) were assigned to one of two groups (N = 12 per group): a placebo-supplement group (4.8 g/day) or an β-alanine-supplement group (4.8 g/day). The groups completed a single session of high-intensity RE after 28 days of supplementation and were then evaluated for muscle function on the three subsequent days (at 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise) to assess the time course of muscle recovery. The following indicators of muscle recovery were assessed: number of repetitions until failure, rating of perceived exertion, muscle soreness, and blood levels of creatine kinase (CK). Number of repetitions until failure increased from 24 to 48 h and 72 h of recovery (time P < 0.01), with no difference between groups. There was a significant increase in the rating of perceived exertion among the sets during the RE session (time P < 0.01), with no difference between the groups. No difference was observed over time and between groups in rating of perceived exertion in the functional tests during recovery period. Blood CK levels and muscle soreness increased at 24 h postexercise and then progressively declined at 48 and 72 h postexercise, respectively (time P < 0.05), with no difference between groups. In conclusion, our data indicate that β-alanine supplementation does not improve muscle recovery following a high-intensity RE session in untrained young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Casonato Roveratti
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, PR, CEP: 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Lucas Jacinto
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, PR, CEP: 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Douglas Bendito Oliveira
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, PR, CEP: 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Rubens Alexandre da Silva
- Département des Sciences de la Santé, Programme de Physiothérapie de L'université McGill Offert em Extension à L'UNIVERSITÉ du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), 555 boul. De L'université, ville du Saguenay, Québec, QC, G7H 5B8, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Antonio Carvalho Andraus
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, PR, CEP: 86041-120, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Silva Ribeiro
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, PR, CEP: 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Andreo Fernando Aguiar
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Avenue Paris, 675, Jardim Piza, Londrina, PR, CEP: 86041-120, Brazil.
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