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Experimental Arthritis Inhibits Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050791. [PMID: 35269413 PMCID: PMC8909078 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adult-born neurons of the hippocampal dentate gyrus play a role in specific forms of learning, and disturbed neurogenesis seems to contribute to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as major depression. Neuroinflammation inhibits adult neurogenesis, but the effect of peripheral inflammation on this form of neuroplasticity is ambiguous. Objective: Our aim was to investigate the influence of acute and chronic experimental arthritis on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and to elucidate putative regulatory mechanisms. Methods: Arthritis was triggered by subcutaneous injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paws of adult male mice. The animals were killed either seven days (acute inflammation) or 21 days (chronic inflammation) after the CFA injection. Behavioral tests were used to demonstrate arthritis-related hypersensitivity to painful stimuli. We used in vivo bioluminescence imaging to verify local inflammation. The systemic inflammatory response was assessed by complete blood cell counts and by measurement of the cytokine/chemokine concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, KC and MIP-2 in the inflamed hind limbs, peripheral blood and hippocampus to characterize the inflammatory responses in the periphery and in the brain. In the hippocampal dentate gyrus, the total number of newborn neurons was determined with quantitative immunohistochemistry visualizing BrdU- and doublecortin-positive cells. Microglial activation in the dentate gyrus was determined by quantifying the density of Iba1- and CD68-positive cells. Results: Both acute and chronic arthritis resulted in paw edema, mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. We found phagocytic infiltration and increased levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, KC and MIP-2 in the inflamed hind paws. Circulating neutrophil granulocytes and IL-6 levels increased in the blood solely during the acute phase. In the dentate gyrus, chronic arthritis reduced the number of doublecortin-positive cells, and we found increased density of CD68-positive macrophages/microglia in both the acute and chronic phases. Cytokine levels, however, were not altered in the hippocampus. Conclusions: Our data suggest that acute peripheral inflammation initiates a cascade of molecular and cellular changes that eventually leads to reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which was detectable only in the chronic inflammatory phase.
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52
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Matisz C, Gruber A. Neuroinflammatory remodeling of the anterior cingulate cortex as a key driver of mood disorders in gastrointestinal disease and disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 133:104497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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53
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Hughes HK, Rowland ME, Onore CE, Rogers S, Ciernia AV, Ashwood P. Dysregulated gene expression associated with inflammatory and translation pathways in activated monocytes from children with autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:39. [PMID: 35082275 PMCID: PMC8791942 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication, and stereotypical behaviors. Immune dysfunction is a common co-morbidity seen in ASD, with innate immune activation seen both in the brain and periphery. We previously identified significant differences in peripheral monocyte cytokine responses after stimulation with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which activate toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and 4 respectively. However, an unbiased examination of monocyte gene expression in response to these stimulants had not yet been performed. To identify how TLR activation impacts gene expression in ASD monocytes, we isolated peripheral blood monocytes from 26 children diagnosed with autistic disorder (AD) or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and 22 typically developing (TD) children and cultured them with LTA or LPS for 24 h, then performed RNA sequencing. Activation of both TLR2 and TLR4 induced expression of immune genes, with a subset that were differentially regulated in AD compared to TD samples. In response to LPS, monocytes from AD children showed a unique increase in KEGG pathways and GO terms that include key immune regulator genes. In contrast, monocytes from TD children showed a consistent decrease in expression of genes associated with translation in response to TLR stimulation. This decrease was not observed in AD or PDDNOS monocytes, suggesting a failure to properly downregulate a prolonged immune response in monocytes from children with ASD. As monocytes are involved in early orchestration of the immune response, our findings will help elucidate the mechanisms regulating immune dysfunction in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Megan E Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Charity E Onore
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sally Rogers
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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54
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Craig CF, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Bornstein JC, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Neuroinflammation as an etiological trigger for depression comorbid with inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:4. [PMID: 34983592 PMCID: PMC8729103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population. An etiological trigger of depressive symptoms is theorised to be inflammation within the central nervous system. It is believed that heightened intestinal inflammation and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system (ENS) contribute to impaired intestinal permeability, which facilitates the translocation of intestinal enterotoxins into the blood circulation. Consequently, these may compromise the immunological and physiological functioning of distant non-intestinal tissues such as the brain. In vivo models of colitis provide evidence of increased blood–brain barrier permeability and enhanced central nervous system (CNS) immune activity triggered by intestinal enterotoxins and blood-borne inflammatory mediators. Understanding the immunological, physiological, and structural changes associated with IBD and neuroinflammation may aid in the development of more tailored and suitable pharmaceutical treatment for IBD-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Level 4 Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
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55
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Mitchell J, Kim SJ, Howe C, Lee S, Her JY, Patel M, Kim G, Lee J, Im E, Rhee SH. Chronic Intestinal Inflammation Suppresses Brain Activity by Inducing Neuroinflammation in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:72-86. [PMID: 34619134 PMCID: PMC8759038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic gut inflammation such as inflammatory bowel disease is believed to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases in humans. However, the direct evidence for and the underlying mechanism of this brain-gut interaction remain elusive. In this study, manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess functional brain activity from awake and freely moving mice with chronic colitis. Manganese ion uptake (indicative of Ca2+ influx into neuronal cells) and accumulation were reduced in the hippocampus of chronic colitis mice compared with control mice. Long-term memory declined and neuroinflammatory signals, including IL-1β production and activation of caspase-1, caspase-11, and gasdermin, were induced. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels were elevated both in the serum and in the hippocampus; however, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels remained at low levels without significant changes in these samples. The blood-brain barrier permeability was increased in chronic colitis mice. In the presence of LPS, HMGB1 treatment induced the activation of caspase-11 and gasdermin in the mouse microglial cell line SIM-A9. These findings suggest that HMGB1 released from the inflamed intestine may move to the brain through the blood circulatory system; in conjunction with a low level of endogenous LPS, elevated HMGB1 can subsequently activate caspase-mediated inflammatory responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan; College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cody Howe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Seulah Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Her
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Marisa Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Gayoung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Jaewon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan.
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IL-1 reprogramming of adult neural stem cells limits neurocognitive recovery after viral encephalitis by maintaining a proinflammatory state. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:383-396. [PMID: 34695572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses to emerging RNA viruses are increasingly recognized as having significant contributions to neurologic sequelae, especially memory disorders. Using a recovery model of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, we show that, while macrophages deliver the antiviral and anti-neurogenic cytokine IL-1β during acute infection; viral recovery is associated with continued astrocyte inflammasome-mediated production of inflammatory levels of IL-1β, which is maintained by hippocampal astrogenesis via IL-1R1 signaling in neural stem cells (NSC). Accordingly, aberrant astrogenesis is prevented in the absence of IL-1 signaling in NSC, indicating that only newly generated astrocytes exert neurotoxic effects, preventing synapse repair and promoting spatial learning deficits. Ex vivo evaluation of IL-1β-treated adult hippocampal NSC revealed the upregulation of developmental differentiation pathways that derail adult neurogenesis in favor of astrogenesis, following viral infection. We conclude that NSC-specific IL-1 signaling within the hippocampus during viral encephalitis prevents synapse recovery and promotes spatial learning defects via altered fates of NSC progeny that maintain inflammation.
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57
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Sohrabi M, Sahu B, Kaur H, Hasler WA, Prakash A, Combs CK. Gastrointestinal Changes and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:335-350. [PMID: 35718965 PMCID: PMC10497313 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220617121255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a well-described mechanism of communication between the brain and gastrointestinal system in which both organs influence the function of the other. This bi-directional communication suggests that disease in either organ may affect function in the other. OBJECTIVE To assess whether the evidence supports gastrointestinal system inflammatory or degenerative pathophysiology as a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS A review of both rodent and human studies implicating gastrointestinal changes in AD was performed. RESULTS Numerous studies indicate that AD changes are not unique to the brain but also occur at various levels of the gastrointestinal tract involving both immune and neuronal changes. In addition, it appears that numerous conditions and diseases affecting regions of the tract may communicate to the brain to influence disease. CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal changes represent an overlooked aspect of AD, representing a more system influence of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sohrabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Bijayani Sahu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Wendie A Hasler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Atish Prakash
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
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58
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Talley S, Valiauga R, Anderson L, Cannon AR, Choudhry MA, Campbell EM. DSS-induced inflammation in the colon drives a proinflammatory signature in the brain that is ameliorated by prophylactic treatment with the S100A9 inhibitor paquinimod. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:263. [PMID: 34758843 PMCID: PMC8578918 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is established to drive pathological sequelae in organ systems outside the intestine, including the central nervous system (CNS). Many patients exhibit cognitive deficits, particularly during disease flare. The connection between colonic inflammation and neuroinflammation remains unclear and characterization of the neuroinflammatory phenotype in the brain during colitis is ill-defined. Methods Transgenic mice expressing a bioluminescent reporter of active caspase-1 were treated with 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days to induce acute colitis, and colonic, systemic and neuroinflammation were assessed. In some experiments, mice were prophylactically treated with paquinimod (ABR-215757) to inhibit S100A9 inflammatory signaling. As a positive control for peripheral-induced neuroinflammation, mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Colonic, systemic and brain inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were measured by cytokine bead array (CBA) and Proteome profiler mouse cytokine array. Bioluminescence was quantified in the brain and caspase activation was confirmed by immunoblot. Immune cell infiltration into the CNS was measured by flow cytometry, while light sheet microscopy was used to monitor changes in resident microglia localization in intact brains during DSS or LPS-induced neuroinflammation. RNA sequencing was performed to identify transcriptomic changes occurring in the CNS of DSS-treated mice. Expression of inflammatory biomarkers were quantified in the brain and serum by qRT-PCR, ELISA and WB. Results DSS-treated mice exhibited clinical hallmarks of colitis, including weight loss, colonic shortening and inflammation in the colon. We also detected a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines in the serum and brain, as well as caspase and microglia activation in the brain of mice with ongoing colitis. RNA sequencing of brains isolated from DSS-treated mice revealed differential expression of genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. This inflammatory phenotype was similar to the signature detected in LPS-treated mice, albeit less robust and transient, as inflammatory gene expression returned to baseline following cessation of DSS. Pharmacological inhibition of S100A9, one of the transcripts identified by RNA sequencing, attenuated colitis severity and systemic and neuroinflammation. Conclusions Our findings suggest that local inflammation in the colon drives systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, and this can be ameliorated by inhibition of the S100 alarmin, S100A9. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02317-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Talley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Rasa Valiauga
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lillian Anderson
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Abigail R Cannon
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Mashkoor A Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA. .,Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
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59
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Kim N, Jeon SH, Ju IG, Gee MS, Do J, Oh MS, Lee JK. Transplantation of gut microbiota derived from Alzheimer's disease mouse model impairs memory function and neurogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:357-365. [PMID: 34500036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes memory and cognitive decline. Although many studies have attempted to clarify the causes of AD occurrence, it is not clearly understood. Recently, the emerging role of the gut microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, has received much attention. The gut microbiota composition of AD patients and AD mouse models is different from that of healthy controls, and these changes may affect the brain environment. However, the specific mechanisms by which gut microbiota that influence memory decline are currently unclear. In this study, we performed fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to clarify the role of 5xFAD mouse-derived microbiota in memory decline. We observed that FMT from 5xFAD mice into normal C57BL/6 mice (5xFAD-FMT) decreased adult hippocampal neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and increased p21 expression, resulting in memory impairment. Microglia in the hippocampus of the 5xFAD-FMT mice were activated, which caused the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β). Moreover, we observed that pro-inflammatory cytokines increased in the colon and plasma of 5xFAD-FMT mice. The gut microbiota composition of the 5xFAD-FMT mice was different from that of the control mice or wild type-FMT mice. Collectively, 5xFAD mouse-derived microbiota decreased neurogenesis by increasing colonic inflammation, thereby contributing to memory loss. Our findings provide further evidence concerning the role of gut microbial dysbiosis in AD pathogenesis and suggest that targeting the gut microbiota may be a useful therapeutic strategy for the development of novel candidates for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namkwon Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Jeon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyoung Ju
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Gee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Do
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
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60
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Devarakonda S, Malipatlolla DK, Patel P, Grandér R, Kuhn HG, Steineck G, Sjöberg F, Rascón A, Nyman M, Eriksson Y, Danial J, Ittner E, Naama Walid R, Prykhodko O, Masuram S, Kalm M, Bull C. Dietary Fiber and the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche in a Model of Pelvic Radiotherapy. Neuroscience 2021; 475:137-147. [PMID: 34487821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether radiation to the colorectum had an impact on parameters of hippocampal neurogenesis and, if so, whether it could be modulated by a fiber-rich diet. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a diet containing bioprocessed oat bran or a fiber-free diet, starting two weeks before colorectal irradiation with 4 fractions of 8 Gray or sham-irradiation. Diets were then continued for 1, 6 or 18 weeks, whereafter parameters of hippocampal neurogenesis were analyzed and correlated to serum cytokine levels. No statistically significant changes in neuronal markers or cell proliferation were found at one week post-irradiation. Six weeks post-irradiation there was a decreased cell proliferation in the subgranular zone that appeared slightly more pronounced in irradiated animals on a fiber-free diet and increased numbers of immature neurons per mm2 dentate gyrus in the irradiated mice, with a statistically significant increase in mice on a fiber-rich diet. Microglial abundancy was similar between all groups. 18 weeks post-irradiation, a fiber-free diet had reduced the number of immature neurons, whereas irradiation resulted in an increase. Despite this, the population of mature neurons was stable. Analysis of serum cytokines revealed a negative correlation between MIP1-α and the number of immature neurons one week after irradiation, regardless of diet. Our findings show that pelvic radiotherapy has the potential to cause a long-lasting impact on hippocampal neurogenesis, and dietary interventions may modulate this impact. More in-depth studies on the relationship between irradiation-induced intestinal injury and brain health are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Devarakonda
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dilip Kumar Malipatlolla
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Piyush Patel
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rita Grandér
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Steineck
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fei Sjöberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ana Rascón
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Nyman
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yohanna Eriksson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jolie Danial
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ella Ittner
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rukaya Naama Walid
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olena Prykhodko
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Spandana Masuram
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Kalm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Bull
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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61
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Siebenhüner AR, Rossel JB, Schreiner P, Butter M, Greuter T, Krupka N, Jordi SBU, Biedermann L, Rogler G, Misselwitz B, von Känel R. Effects of anti-TNF therapy and immunomodulators on anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a 5-year analysis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211033763. [PMID: 34484421 PMCID: PMC8411653 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211033763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Anxiety and depression are prevalent in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), especially during IBD flares. IBD therapies can profoundly affect the mood of patients with IBD. We aimed to determine the long-term impact of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) and immunomodulators (IM) on anxiety and depressive symptoms in IBD patients. METHODS We compared three treatment groups with IM only (group A), anti-TNF ± IM (group B) and no such therapy (group C). Patients completed the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after start of treatment. RESULTS In total, 581 patients with IBD (42.9% Crohn's disease, 57.1% ulcerative colitis/IBD unclassified) participated in this study. Effects of treatment were analyzed in a mixed effects model, with and without correction for confounders. Compared with group C, group B showed a significant treatment-related improvement in both anxiety and depressive symptoms within the first 2.5 years and also thereafter. Group A showed a significant long-term improvement of anxiety and both short-term and long-term improvement in depressive symptoms. The significance of these results was maintained after correction for confounders, including corticosteroid treatment. Additionally, both groups A and B showed a significant decrease in disease activity in the first 2.5 years after start of treatment and also thereafter. Anti-TNF and IM treatment were associated with a similarly significant decrease in anxiety and depressive symptoms over an observation period of up to 5 years. CONCLUSION Besides a clear benefit for disease activity, anti-TNF and IM apparently improve the mood of patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Benoît Rossel
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health
(Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schreiner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Matthias Butter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Thomas Greuter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Niklas Krupka
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine,
Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian B. U. Jordi
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine,
Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luc Biedermann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
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Li L, Ma J, Xu J, Zheng Y, Xie Q, Rong L, Liang Z. Brain functional changes in patients with Crohn's disease: A resting-state fMRI study. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2243. [PMID: 34124857 PMCID: PMC8413760 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic recurrent intestinal inflammatory disease, often accompanied by poor adaptation and excessive stress response. However, the potential neurological mechanisms of these symptoms have not yet been studied in-depth. OBJECTIVE To investigate alterations in brain activity in patients with Crohn's disease and study the relationship between altered regions and clinical indices. METHODS A total of 15 CD patients and 26 matched healthy controls were recruited. All participants underwent fMRI scans. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) assessed differences in spontaneous regional brain activity. Differences between the groups were selected as seeds for functional connectivity (FC) analyses. Correlations between disease duration and ALFF/ReHo/FC values in abnormal regions were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with CD had significantly higher ALFF values in the left superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and supplementary motor area, and lower values in the left hippocampus. They also had higher ReHo values in the left anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, putamen, and the bilateral superior frontal gyri. FC strength in the left precentral and middle temporal gyri was found to be increased when the left superior frontal gyrus was used as the seed point. FC strength was also observed to be increased in the left postcentral, middle frontal gyri, inferior frontal orbital cortex, and right rolandic operculum when the left anterior cingulate cortex was used as the seed point. CONCLUSION CD demonstrated abnormal neural activity and FC in various regions primarily associated with emotional, pain and cognitive-related functions, which provides more information to further understand the neural mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Radiology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Rehabilitation ScienceShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jian‐Guang Xu
- School of Rehabilitation ScienceShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yan‐Ling Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Radiology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lan Rong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zong‐Hui Liang
- Department of Radiology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Elesawy BH, Alsanie WF, Algahtany MA, Al-Ashkhari JM, Alyarobi AK, Sakr HF. Whole and refined grains change behavior and reduce brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 in rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13867. [PMID: 34278588 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In most of the world, wheat is one of the main staple foods, and is also widely used in livestock feed. In the current study, we investigated the effects of wheat grain consumption on the rat behavior and neurogenesis markers. Thirty male rats were divided into three equal groups (n = 10). Group 1 was the control group fed with chow diet (Carbohydrates 63%, fat 13% and protein 24%), the Group 2 rats were fed with whole grains and the Group 3 rats were fed with refined grains. After 12 weeks, we measured the hippocampal and prefrontal cortical brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Also, we evaluated the rat behavior by forced swimming test (FST) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Additionally, we measured serum level of glucose, lipid profile, insulin and cortisol. Weight gain at the end of the study was measured in each group. The rats on a diet of whole and refined grains had low BDNF, NT-3, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin significantly (p < .01) in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex as compared to control rats. Moreover, the MDA increased significantly with significant reduction in GSH versus the control rats. Moreover, in response to grain consumption, the performance in FST showed a significant (p < .01) shortage in the latency of the attempts to escape as well as a significant prolongation (p < .01) in behavioral immobility as compared to control rats with significant (p < .05) prolongation in time spent in closed arm in EPM. An exclusive diet of either whole or refined grain in a rat model induced anxiety and depressive behaviors and negatively affected the BDNF and NT-3 and modulated the level of the neurotransmitters with significant shift in their behavior. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Grains are considered the major caloric source all over the world that may predispose to the development of chronic diseases. In this research, we evaluated the role of grains in modulating the rate of production of neurogenic factors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem H Elesawy
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak Ali Algahtany
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher M Al-Ashkhari
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Aya K Alyarobi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hussein F Sakr
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, University, Mansoura, Egypt
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64
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Sefiani A, Geoffroy CG. The Potential Role of Inflammation in Modulating Endogenous Hippocampal Neurogenesis After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682259. [PMID: 34220440 PMCID: PMC8249862 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there are approximately 291,000 people suffering from a spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States. SCI is associated with traumatic changes in mobility and neuralgia, as well as many other long-term chronic health complications, including metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoporosis, and elevated inflammatory markers. Due to medical advances, patients with SCI survive much longer than previously. This increase in life expectancy exposes them to novel neurological complications such as memory loss, cognitive decline, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, these usually age-associated disorders are more prevalent in people living with SCI. A common factor of these disorders is the reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis. Inflammation, which is elevated after SCI, plays a major role in modulating hippocampal neurogenesis. While there is no clear consensus on the mechanism of the decline in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition after SCI, we will examine in this review how SCI-induced inflammation could modulate hippocampal neurogenesis and provoke age-associated neurological disorders. Thereafter, we will discuss possible therapeutic options which may mitigate the influence of SCI associated complications on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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65
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Chen LM, Bao CH, Wu Y, Liang SH, Wang D, Wu LY, Huang Y, Liu HR, Wu HG. Tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism: a link between the gut and brain for depression in inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:135. [PMID: 34127024 PMCID: PMC8204445 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which mainly includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a group of chronic bowel diseases that are characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. IBD is strongly associated with depression, and its patients have a higher incidence of depression than the general population. Depression also adversely affects the quality of life and disease prognosis of patients with IBD. The tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway degrades more than 90% of tryptophan (TRP) throughout the body, with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the key metabolic enzyme, being activated in the inflammatory environment. A series of metabolites of the pathway are neurologically active, among which kynerunic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QUIN) are molecules of great interest in recent studies on the mechanisms of inflammation-induced depression. In this review, the relationship between depression in IBD and the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway is overviewed in the light of recent publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Chen
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110 Ganhe Road, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 650 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chun-Hui Bao
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110 Ganhe Road, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 650 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Yu Wu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110 Ganhe Road, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Shi-Hua Liang
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Nettelbosje 2, Groningen, 9747 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Di Wang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110 Ganhe Road, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Lu-Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 650 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 650 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hui-Rong Liu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110 Ganhe Road, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 650 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Huan-Gan Wu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110 Ganhe Road, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 650 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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PI3K/AKT pathway mediates the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like roles of hydrogen sulfide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via promoting hippocampal neurogenesis. Neurotoxicology 2021; 85:201-208. [PMID: 34087334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third endogenous gasotransmitter, ameliorates the depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in diabetic rats, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present was aimed to investigate whether the hippocampal phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway mediates H2S-ameliorated depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in diabetic rats by improving the hippocampal neurogenesis. The depression-like behaviors were examined by Tail suspension test (TST), the anxiety-like behaviors were examined by Elevated plus maze test (EPM), and the locomotor activity was detected by Open Field Test (OFT). The expressions of doublecortin (DCX), neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), p-AKT, and AKT in the hippocampus were determined by Western blot analysis. Results showed that NaHS, a donor of exogenous H2S, not only activated the hippocampal PI3K/AKT pathway, as evidenced by the increase of phosphorylated AKT, but also favorably reversed streptozotocin (STZ)-disturbed hippocampal neurogenesis, as evidenced by the increases in the expressions of DCX and NeuN as well as the decrease in the expression of GFAP in the hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, inhibited PI3K/AKT pathway by LY294002 significantly abolished H2S-exerted the improvement of hippocampal neurogenesis and the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. Taken together, these results uncover that the activation of hippocampal PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role to restore hippocampal neurogenesis and subsequently to mediate the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like roles of H2S in STZ-induced diabetic rats and enhance our understanding of the robustness of H2S as a therapeutic strategy for treatment of depression in diabetes mellitus.
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67
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Cui Y, Yang M, Wang Y, Ren J, Lin P, Cui C, Song J, He Q, Hu H, Wang K, Sun Y. Melatonin prevents diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction from microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by activating autophagy via TLR4/Akt/mTOR pathway. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21485. [PMID: 33709562 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002247rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction often occurs in diabetes mellitus patients. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of melatonin (MLT) in improving diabetes-associated cognitive decline and the underlying mechanism involved. Type 2 diabetic mice and palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated BV-2 cells were treated by MLT, and the potential mechanisms among MLT, cognition, and autophagy were explored. The results showed that type 2 diabetic mice showed obvious learning and memory impairments in the Morris water maze test compared with normal controls, which could be ameliorated by MLT treatment. Meanwhile, MLT administration significantly improved neuroinflammation and regulated microglial apoptosis. Furthermore, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) increased the microglial inflammation and apoptosis, indicating that the treatment effect of MLT was mediated by autophagy. Lastly, MLT treatment significantly decreased the levels of toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), phosphorylated-protein kinase B (Akt), and phosphorylated-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), indicating that blocking TLR4/Akt/mTOR pathway might be an underlying basis for the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects of MLT. Collectively, our study suggested that MLT could improve learning and memory in type 2 diabetic mice by activating autophagy via the TLR4/Akt/mTOR pathway, thereby inhibiting neuroinflammation and microglial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Huiqing Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
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He C, Huang ZS, Yu CC, Wang XS, Jiang T, Wu M, Kong LH. Preventive electroacupuncture ameliorates D-galactose-induced Alzheimer's disease-like inflammation and memory deficits, probably via modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:341-348. [PMID: 33995945 PMCID: PMC8087854 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.49147.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to observe the effects of preventive electroacupuncture (EA) on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and spatial learning and memory deficits and to investigate the possible mechanism using D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS D-gal was intraperitoneally injected to establish the aging model. We used Morris water maze to detect spatial learning and memory function of rats. RT-PCR was applied to test targeted gut microbes. The expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway proteins were detected by Western blotting. ELISA was employed to evaluate the level of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), diamine oxidase (DAO) and S-100β. Additionally, we observed ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1) expression in the hippocampal CA1 area by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Morris water maze test showed decreased mean escape latency and increased target quadrant time after EA treatment. The gut microbiota composition has been modified in EA treated rats. Molecular examination indicated that expression of ZO-1 was improved and the the concentration of LPS in blood and hippocampus were reduced in EA treated rats. Further, we observed an inhibition of activated microglia and TLR4/NF-κB pathway in EA groups. CONCLUSION Preventive EA may alleviate the impairments of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and spatial learning and memory in aging, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway. The combination of acupoints GV20 and ST36 can enhance the therapeutic effect in aging rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Huang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao-Chao Yu
- Department of Tuina, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital
- The 4 Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Song Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of TCM, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Hong Kong
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Milleville KA, Awan N, Disanto D, Kumar RG, Wagner AK. Early chronic systemic inflammation and associations with cognitive performance after moderate to severe TBI. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 11:100185. [PMID: 34589725 PMCID: PMC8474517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction adversely effects multiple functional outcomes and social roles after TBI. We hypothesize that chronic systemic inflammation exacerbates cognitive deficits post-injury and diminishes functional cognition and quality of life (QOL). Yet few studies have examined relationships between inflammation and cognition after TBI. Associations between early chronic serum inflammatory biomarker levels, cognitive outcomes, and QOL 6-months and 12-months after moderate-to-severe TBI were identified using unweighted (uILS) and weighted (wILS) inflammatory load score (ILS) formation. METHODS Adults with moderate-to-severe TBI (n = 157) completed neuropsychological testing, the Functional Impairment Measure Cognitive Subscale (FIM-Cog) and self-reported Percent Back to Normal scale 6 months (n = 139) and 12 months (n = 136) post-injury. Serial serum samples were collected 1-3 months post-TBI. Cognitive composite scores were created as equally weighted means of T-scores derived from a multidimensional neuropsychological test battery. Median inflammatory marker levels associated with 6-month and 12-month cognitive composite T-scores (p < 0.10) were selected for ILS formation. Markers were quartiled, and quartile ranks were summed to generate an uILS. Marker-specific β-weights were derived using penalized ridge regression, multiplied by standardized marker levels, and summed to generate a wILS. ILS associations with cognitive composite scores were assessed using multivariable linear regression. Structural equation models assessed ILS influences on functional cognition and QOL using 12-month FIM-Cog and Percent Back to Normal scales. RESULTS ILS component markers included: IL-1β, TNF-α, sIL-4R, sIL-6R, RANTES, and MIP-1β. Increased sIL-4R levels were positively associated with overall cognitive composite T-scores in bivariate analyses, while remaining ILS markers were negatively associated with cognition. Multivariable receiver operator curves (ROC) showed uILS added 14.98% and 31.93% relative improvement in variance captured compared to the covariates only base model (age, sex, education, Glasgow Coma Scale score) when predicting cognitive composite scores at 6 and 12 months, respectively; wILS added 33.99% and 36.87% relative improvement in variance captured. Cognitive composite mediated wILS associations with FIM-Cog scores at 12 months, and both cognitive composite and FIM-Cog scores mediated wILS associations with QOL. CONCLUSIONS Early chronic inflammatory burden is associated with cognitive performance post-TBI. wILS explains greater variance in cognitive composite T-scores than uILS. Linking inflammatory burden associated with cognitive deficits to functional outcome post-TBI demonstrates the potential impact of immunotherapy interventions aimed at improving cognitive recovery post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Milleville
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Nabil Awan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Dominic Disanto
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Raj G. Kumar
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Amy K. Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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70
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Brenner L, Zerlin L, Tan LL. Functional disruption of cortical cingulate activity attenuates visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety induced by acute experimental colitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2103. [PMID: 33483524 PMCID: PMC7822936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is a highly complex experience and is the most common pathological feature in patients suffering from inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders. Whilst it is increasingly recognized that aberrant neural processing within the gut-brain axis plays a key role in development of neurological symptoms, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the cortical activation patterns and effects of non-invasive chemogenetic suppression of cortical activity on visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety-related phenotypes in a well-characterized mouse model of acute colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). We found that within the widespread cortical network, the mid-cingulate cortex (MCC) was consistently highly activated in response to innocuous and noxious mechanical stimulation of the colon. Furthermore, during acute experimental colitis, impairing the activity of the MCC successfully alleviated visceral hypersensitivity, anxiety-like behaviors and visceromotor responses to colorectal distensions (CRDs) via downregulating the excitability of the posterior insula (PI), somatosensory and the rostral anterior cingulate cortices (rACC), but not the prefrontal or anterior insula cortices. These results provide a mechanistic insight into the central cortical circuits underlying painful visceral manifestations and implicate MCC plasticity as a putative target in cingulate-mediated therapies for bowel disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Brenner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leah Zerlin
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linette Liqi Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Hanscom M, Loane DJ, Aubretch T, Leser J, Molesworth K, Hedgekar N, Ritzel RM, Abulwerdi G, Shea-Donohue T, Faden AI. Acute colitis during chronic experimental traumatic brain injury in mice induces dysautonomia and persistent extraintestinal, systemic, and CNS inflammation with exacerbated neurological deficits. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 33461596 PMCID: PMC7814749 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions of brain-gut axis have been implicated in the progression of a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a chronic disease process characterized by persistent secondary injury processes which can be exacerbated by subsequent challenges. Enteric pathogen infection during chronic TBI worsened cortical lesion volume; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the damaging effects of enteric challenge during chronic TBI remain unknown. This preclinical study examined the effect of intestinal inflammation during chronic TBI on associated neurobehavioral and neuropathological outcomes, systemic inflammation, and dysautonomia. METHODS Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was administered to adult male C57BL/6NCrl mice 28 days following craniotomy (Sham) or TBI for 7 days to induce intestinal inflammation, followed by a return to normal drinking water for an additional 7 to 28 days for recovery; uninjured animals (Naïve) served as an additional control group. Behavioral testing was carried out prior to, during, and following DSS administration to assess changes in motor and cognitive function, social behavior, and mood. Electrocardiography was performed to examine autonomic balance. Brains were collected for histological and molecular analyses of injury lesion, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. Blood, colons, spleens, mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs), and thymus were collected for morphometric analyses and/or immune characterization by flow cytometry. RESULTS Intestinal inflammation 28 days after craniotomy or TBI persistently induced, or exacerbated, respectively, deficits in fine motor coordination, cognition, social behavior, and anxiety-like behavior. Behavioral changes were associated with an induction, or exacerbation, of hippocampal neuronal cell loss and microglial activation in Sham and TBI mice administered DSS, respectively. Acute DSS administration resulted in a sustained systemic immune response with increases in myeloid cells in blood and spleen, as well as myeloid cells and lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes. Dysautonomia was also induced in Sham and TBI mice administered DSS, with increased sympathetic tone beginning during DSS administration and persisting through the first recovery week. CONCLUSION Intestinal inflammation during chronic experimental TBI causes a sustained systemic immune response and altered autonomic balance that are associated with microglial activation, increased neurodegeneration, and persistent neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hanscom
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Taryn Aubretch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jenna Leser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kara Molesworth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nivedita Hedgekar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Division of Translational Radiation Sciences (DTRS), Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF #6-016, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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72
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Sohrabi M, Pecoraro HL, Combs CK. Gut Inflammation Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium Exacerbates Amyloid-β Plaque Deposition in the AppNL-G-F Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1235-1255. [PMID: 33427741 PMCID: PMC8122495 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is known that the brain communicates with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract via the well-established gut-brain axis, the influence exerted by chronic intestinal inflammation on brain changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood. We hypothesized that increased gut inflammation would alter brain pathology of a mouse model of AD. OBJECTIVE Determine whether colitis exacerbates AD-related brain changes. METHODS To test this idea, 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was dissolved in the drinking water and fed ad libitum to male C57BL/6 wild type and AppNL-G-F mice at 6-10 months of age for two cycles of three days each. DSS is a negatively charged sulfated polysaccharide which results in bloody diarrhea and weight loss, changes similar to human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). RESULTS Both wild type and AppNL-G-F mice developed an IBD-like condition. Brain histologic and biochemical assessments demonstrated increased insoluble Aβ1-40/42 levels along with the decreased microglial CD68 immunoreactivity in DSS treated AppNL-G-F mice compared to vehicle treated AppNL-G-F mice. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that intestinal dysfunction is capable of altering plaque deposition and glial immunoreactivity in the brain. This study increases our knowledge of the impact of peripheral inflammation on Aβ deposition via an IBD-like model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sohrabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Heidi L. Pecoraro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND
| | - Colin K. Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND
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73
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Han Y, Ding L, Cheng X, Zhao M, Zhao T, Guo L, Li X, Geng Y, Fan M, Liao H, Zhu L. Hypoxia Augments Cerebral Inflammation in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Mouse Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:611764. [PMID: 33362475 PMCID: PMC7756107 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.611764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of hypoxia in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly being realized; also, hypoxia seems to be an important accelerator of brain inflammation, as has been reported by our group and others. IBD is a chronic intestinal disorder that leads to the development of inflammation, which is related to brain dysfunction. However, no studies have reported whether hypoxia is associated with IBD-induced neuroinflammation. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine whether hypoxia augments cerebral inflammation in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model. The mouse model was developed using 3% DSS for five days combined with exposure to hypoxic conditions (6,000 m) for two days. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, DSS group, hypoxia group, and DSS plus hypoxia group. The results demonstrated that DSS combined with hypoxia resulted in up-regulation of colonic and plasmatic proinflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, DSS plus hypoxia increased expression of Iba1, which is a marker of activated microglia, accompanied by increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the brain. Moreover, the expression of tight junction proteins, such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-5, was markedly downregulated. The current study provides new insight into how hypoxia exposure induces excessive inflammatory responses andpathophysiological consequences in the brain in a DSS-induced colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Ding
- National Nanjing Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Geng
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Liao
- National Nanjing Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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74
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Yu R, Wen S, Wang Q, Wang C, Zhang L, Wu X, Li J, Kong L. Mulberroside A repairs high fructose diet-induced damage of intestinal epithelial and blood-brain barriers in mice: A potential for preventing hippocampal neuroinflammatory injury. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1979-1991. [PMID: 33205422 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that high fructose diet (HFrD)-driven gut dysbiosis caused fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) reduction and intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) damage in mice, which might play an important role in hippocampal neuroinflammatory injury. Mulberroside A is reported to have neuroprotective effects in animal experiments, while the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. Here, we investigated whether and how mulberroside A prevented HFrD-induced neuroinflammatory injury. HFrD-fed mice were treated orally with mulberroside A (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Mulberroside A was found to inhibit hippocampal neuroinflammation and neurogenesis reduction in HFrD-fed mice. It reshaped gut dysbiosis, increased fecal and serum SCFAs contents, reactivated signaling of the colonic NLR family, pyrin domain containing 6 (NLRP6) inflammasome, and up-regulated Muc2 expression to prevent IEB damage, as well as subsequently, reduced serum endotoxin levels in this animal model. Additionally, mulberroside A inhibited oxidative stress in colon of HFrD-fed mice and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) structure defects were also observed in HFrD-driven hippocampal neuroinflammatory injury of mice. Interestingly, mulberroside A maintained astrocyte morphology and up-regulated tight junction proteins to repair BBB structure defects in hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG). Our results demonstrated that mulberroside A was capable of preventing HFrD-induced damage of IEB and BBB in mice, which might contribute to the suppression of hippocampal neuroinflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaona Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Congying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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75
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Belenguer G, Duart-Abadia P, Jordán-Pla A, Domingo-Muelas A, Blasco-Chamarro L, Ferrón SR, Morante-Redolat JM, Fariñas I. Adult Neural Stem Cells Are Alerted by Systemic Inflammation through TNF-α Receptor Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 28:285-299.e9. [PMID: 33207218 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells (SCs) transit between the cell cycle and a poorly defined quiescent state. Single neural SCs (NSCs) with quiescent, primed-for-activation, and activated cell transcriptomes have been obtained from the subependymal zone (SEZ), but the functional regulation of these states under homeostasis is not understood. Here, we develop a multilevel strategy to analyze these NSC states with the aim to uncover signals that regulate their level of quiescence/activation. We show that transitions between states occur in vivo and that activated and primed, but not quiescent, states can be captured and studied in culture. We also show that peripherally induced inflammation promotes a transient activation of primed NSCs (pNSCs) mediated by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) acting through its receptor, TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), and a return to quiescence in a TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)-dependent manner. Our data identify a signaling pathway promoting NSC alertness and add to the emerging concept that SCs can respond to the systemic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Belenguer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Pere Duart-Abadia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonio Jordán-Pla
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ana Domingo-Muelas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Laura Blasco-Chamarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Sacri R Ferrón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Morante-Redolat
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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76
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Lima-Ojeda JM, Rupprecht R, Baghai TC. [Gut microbiota and depression : Pathophysiology of depression: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and microbiota-gut-brain axis]. DER NERVENARZT 2020; 91:1108-1114. [PMID: 33136173 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-020-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a chronic disease with a complex multifactorial and still not fully clarified etiology. Due to new insights after recent investigations of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, a relationship between a disrupted gut microbiota composition and the probability to develop a depression can be assumed. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that there is a strong communication between gut microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS) and that this communication is mediated through the MGB axis. Apparently, this bidirectional axis can be modulated by environmental factors, such as stress, pharmaceuticals (in particular antibiotics) and dietary habits. Moreover, modulation of this axis can also result in mood alterations. As the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a key element regulating the MGB axis and is also related to the pathophysiology of depression, it is important to understand the relationship between both biological systems. An English language literature search was conducted using the biomedical database PubMed. We used combined terms, such as "gut microbiota", "depression", "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" or "microbiota-gut-brain axis". The current literature supports the idea that the MGB axis has an impact on the risk to develop depression and that stress modulation through the HPA axis plays a key role in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lima-Ojeda
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 84, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland.
| | - R Rupprecht
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 84, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - T C Baghai
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 84, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland.
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77
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Supraspinal Mechanisms of Intestinal Hypersensitivity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:389-417. [PMID: 33030712 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gut inflammation or injury causes intestinal hypersensitivity (IHS) and hyperalgesia, which can persist after the initiating pathology resolves, are often referred to somatic regions and exacerbated by psychological stress, anxiety or depression, suggesting the involvement of both the spinal cord and the brain. The supraspinal mechanisms of IHS remain to be fully elucidated, however, over the last decades the series of intestinal pathology-associated neuroplastic changes in the brain has been revealed, being potentially responsible for the phenomenon. This paper reviews current clinical and experimental data, including the authors' own findings, on these functional, structural, and neurochemical/molecular changes within cortical, subcortical and brainstem regions processing and modulating sensory signals from the gut. As concluded in the review, IHS can develop and maintain due to the bowel inflammation/injury-induced persistent hyperexcitability of viscerosensory brainstem and thalamic nuclei and sensitization of hypothalamic, amygdala, hippocampal, anterior insular, and anterior cingulate cortical areas implicated in the neuroendocrine, emotional and cognitive modulation of visceral sensation and pain. An additional contribution may come from the pathology-triggered dysfunction of the brainstem structures inhibiting nociception. The mechanism underlying IHS-associated regional hyperexcitability is enhanced NMDA-, AMPA- and group I metabotropic receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission in association with altered neuropeptide Y, corticotropin-releasing factor, and cannabinoid 1 receptor signaling. These alterations are at least partially mediated by brain microglia and local production of cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α. Studying the IHS-related brain neuroplasticity in greater depth may enable the development of new therapeutic approaches against chronic abdominal pain in inflammatory bowel disease.
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78
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Salvo E, Stokes P, Keogh CE, Brust-Mascher I, Hennessey C, Knotts TA, Sladek JA, Rude KM, Swedek M, Rabasa G, Gareau MG. A murine model of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease causes microbiota-gut-brain axis deficits in adulthood. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G361-G374. [PMID: 32726162 PMCID: PMC7509259 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00177.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic intestinal diseases, frequently associated with comorbid psychological and cognitive deficits. These neuropsychiatric effects include anxiety, depression, and memory impairments that can be seen both during active disease and following remission and are more frequently seen in pediatric patients. The mechanism(s) through which these extraintestinal deficits develop remain unknown, and the study of these phenomenon is hampered by a lack of murine pediatric IBD models. Herein we describe microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis deficits following induction of colitis in a pediatric setting. Acute colitis was induced by administration of 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 5 days starting at weaning [postnatal day (P)21] causing reduced weight gain, colonic shortening, and colonic inflammation by 8 days post-DSS (P29), which were mostly resolved in adult (P56) mice. Despite resolution of acute disease, cognitive deficits (novel object recognition task) and anxiety-like behavior (light/dark box) were identified in the absence of changes in exploratory behavior (open field test) in P56 mice previously treated with DSS at weaning. Behavioral deficits were found in conjunction with neuroinflammation, decreased neurogenesis, and altered expression of pattern recognition receptor genes in the hippocampus. Additionally, persistent alterations in the gut microbiota composition were observed at P56, including reduced butyrate-producing species. Taken together, these results describe for the first time the presence of MGB axis deficits following induction of colitis at weaning, which persist in adulthood.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we describe long-lasting impacts on the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis following administration of low-dose dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to weaning mice (P21), including gut dysbiosis, colonic inflammation, and brain/behavioral deficits in adulthood (P56). Early-life DSS leads to acute colonic inflammation, similar to adult mice; however, it results in long-lasting deficits in the MGB axis in adulthood (P56), in contrast to the transient deficits seen in adult DSS. This model highlights the unique features of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Salvo
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Patricia Stokes
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ciara E. Keogh
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Carly Hennessey
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Trina A. Knotts
- 2Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jessica A. Sladek
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Kavi M. Rude
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Michelle Swedek
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gonzalo Rabasa
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Mélanie G. Gareau
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
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79
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Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Dietary Inflammatory Potential and the Risk of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Adults. Epidemiol Rev 2020; 41:109-120. [PMID: 31565731 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and diet have been suggested to enhance or inhibit cognitive performance and the risk of several neurodegenerative diseases. We conducted a systematic review to elucidate the relationship between the inflammatory capacity of a person's diet and the risk of incident neurodegenerative diseases. We searched major medical databases for articles published through June 30, 2018. Original, full-text, English-language articles on studies with human participants which investigated the link between dietary inflammatory potential and risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases were included. Duplicate and irrelevant studies were removed, and data were compiled through critical analysis. Initially, 457 articles were collected via the searching method, of which 196 studies remained after removal of duplicates. Fourteen articles were screened and found to be relevant to the scope of the review. After critical analysis, 10 were included in the final review. In all studies but one, a higher dietary inflammatory index (DII) was related to higher risk of developing neurodegenerative disease symptoms, including memory and cognition decline and multiple sclerosis. Of 3 studies that assessed the association of DII with levels of circulating inflammation markers, 2 indicated that DII was positively correlated with inflammatory marker levels. Low literacy, an unhealthy lifestyle, and individual nutritional status were the factors involved in a diet with inflammatory potential. These findings enhance confidence that DII is an appropriate tool for measurement of dietary inflammatory potential and validate the role of diets with inflammatory potential in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. DII may be correlated with levels of circulating inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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80
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Liver hydrolysate prevents depressive-like behavior in an animal model of colitis: Involvement of hippocampal neurogenesis via the AMPK/BDNF pathway. Behav Brain Res 2020; 390:112640. [PMID: 32434062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have higher rates of psychiatric pathology, including anxiety and depression. The dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mouse is a well-characterized animal model of colitis that exhibits IBD-like and depressive-like changes. A recent study found that phosphorylated (p-) adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was associated with anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. Our previous research in an animal model of major depression suggests that liver hydrolysate (LH) has an antidepressant effect and combats physical fatigue by enhancement via the hippocampal or peripheral p-AMPK pathway. In this study, we examined whether or not LH has antidepressant and anti-inflammatory effects in mice with DSS-induced changes. We evaluated colon inflammation in DSS-treated mice and used the tail suspension and forced swimming tests to confirm whether or not LH prevents IBD-like symptoms and depressive-like behavior. Hippocampal expression of AMPK, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), doublecortin, and neuronal nuclear antigen proteins was assessed by Western blotting. Hippocampal neurogenesis and morphometric changes in the microglia and astrocytes were examined by immunohistochemistry. DSS-treated mice showed IBD-like pathology and depressive-like behavior, a reduction in the hippocampal neuronal nuclear antigen level and neurogenesis, and increased hippocampal activation of microglia and astrocytes. These changes were reversed by LH. DSS-treated mice showed enhanced hippocampal expression of p-AMPK and BDNF after administration of LH. LH prevented depressive-like behavior by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis through the AMPK/BDNF pathway and anti-neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. LH may be a therapeutic option for patients with IBD and depression.
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Peñalver Bernabé B, Maki PM, Dowty SM, Salas M, Cralle L, Shah Z, Gilbert JA. Precision medicine in perinatal depression in light of the human microbiome. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:915-941. [PMID: 32065252 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal depression is the most common complication of pregnancy and affects the mother, fetus, and infant. Recent preclinical studies and a limited number of clinical studies have suggested an influence of the gut microbiome on the onset and course of mental health disorders. In this review, we examine the current state of knowledge regarding genetics, epigenetics, heritability, and neuro-immuno-endocrine systems biology in perinatal mood disorders, with a particular focus on the interaction between these factors and the gut microbiome, which is mediated via the gut-brain axis. We also provide an overview of experimental and analytical methods that are currently available to researchers interested in elucidating the influence of the gut microbiome on mental health disorders during pregnancy and postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Peñalver Bernabé
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States.
| | - Pauline M Maki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shannon M Dowty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mariana Salas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Lauren Cralle
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Zainab Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Scripts Oceanographic Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion Regulate Hippocampus Glia and Mitochondria Activation in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2530253. [PMID: 32047521 PMCID: PMC7003272 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2530253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To study the influence of electroacupuncture (EA) and moxibustion on the hippocampus astrocyte and microglia activation in the ulcerative colitis model and to evaluate the mitochondria activity. Methods 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice were treated by EA or moxibustion. Intestinal pathological structure was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining; the expression of GFAP or S100b (markers for astrocyte), Iba-1 (a marker for microglia), and Mitofilin (a marker for mitochondria) in hippocampus was detected by immunofluorescence staining or western blot. Results The results demonstrated that both EA and moxibustion could improve the morphology of distal colonic mucosal epithelia in DSS-induced colitis mice. Expression of GFAP in the hippocampus was significantly increased after EA or moxibustion treatment. The effects were further supported by WB results. Meanwhile, expression of mitofilin in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3 regions showed the same trend as that of GFAP. Expression of Iba-1 in the hippocampus showed no significant difference after EA or moxibustion treatment, while the state of microglia changed from resting in control mice to activated state in colitis mice. Conclusion EA and moxibustion were able to modulate the activation of astrocyte, microglial, and mitochondria in the hippocampus area in the colitis model.
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Matisz CE, Vicentini FA, Hirota SA, Sharkey KA, Gruber AJ. Behavioral adaptations in a relapsing mouse model of colitis. Physiol Behav 2020; 216:112802. [PMID: 31931038 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by relapsing periods of gut inflammation, and is comorbid with depression, anxiety, and cognitive deficits. Animal models of IBD that explore the behavioral consequences almost exclusively use acute models of gut inflammation, which fails to recapitulate the cyclic, chronic nature of IBD. This study sought to identify behavioral differences in digging, memory, and stress-coping strategies in mice exposed to one (acute) or three (chronic) cycles of gut inflammation, using the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of colitis. Similar levels of gut pathology were observed between acute and chronically exposed mice, although mice in the chronic treatment had significantly shorter colons, suggesting more severe disease. Behavioral measures revealed an unexpected pattern in which chronic treatment evoked fewer deficits than acute treatment. Specifically, acutely-treated mice showed alterations in measures of object burying, novel object recognition, object location memory, and stress-coping (forced swim task). Chronically-treated animals, however, showed similar alterations in object burying, but not the other measures. These data suggest an adaptive or tolerizing effect of repeated cycles of peripheral gut inflammation on mnemonic function and stress-coping, whereas some other behaviors continue to be affected by gut inflammation. We speculate that the normalization of some functions may involve the reversion to the baseline state of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and/or levels of neuroinflammation, which are both activated by the first exposure to the colitic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Matisz
- Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, AB, Canada.
| | - Fernando A Vicentini
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aaron J Gruber
- Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, AB, Canada
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van der Meer D, Rokicki J, Kaufmann T, Córdova-Palomera A, Moberget T, Alnæs D, Bettella F, Frei O, Doan NT, Sønderby IE, Smeland OB, Agartz I, Bertolino A, Bralten J, Brandt CL, Buitelaar JK, Djurovic S, van Donkelaar M, Dørum ES, Espeseth T, Faraone SV, Fernández G, Fisher SE, Franke B, Haatveit B, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Håberg AK, Jönsson EG, Kolskår KK, Le Hellard S, Lund MJ, Lundervold AJ, Lundervold A, Melle I, Monereo Sánchez J, Norbom LC, Nordvik JE, Nyberg L, Oosterlaan J, Papalino M, Papassotiropoulos A, Pergola G, de Quervain DJF, Richard G, Sanders AM, Selvaggi P, Shumskaya E, Steen VM, Tønnesen S, Ulrichsen KM, Zwiers MP, Andreassen OA, Westlye LT. Brain scans from 21,297 individuals reveal the genetic architecture of hippocampal subfield volumes. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3053-3065. [PMID: 30279459 PMCID: PMC6445783 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a heterogeneous structure, comprising histologically distinguishable subfields. These subfields are differentially involved in memory consolidation, spatial navigation and pattern separation, complex functions often impaired in individuals with brain disorders characterized by reduced hippocampal volume, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Given the structural and functional heterogeneity of the hippocampal formation, we sought to characterize the subfields' genetic architecture. T1-weighted brain scans (n = 21,297, 16 cohorts) were processed with the hippocampal subfields algorithm in FreeSurfer v6.0. We ran a genome-wide association analysis on each subfield, co-varying for whole hippocampal volume. We further calculated the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability of 12 subfields, as well as their genetic correlation with each other, with other structural brain features and with AD and schizophrenia. All outcome measures were corrected for age, sex and intracranial volume. We found 15 unique genome-wide significant loci across six subfields, of which eight had not been previously linked to the hippocampus. Top SNPs were mapped to genes associated with neuronal differentiation, locomotor behaviour, schizophrenia and AD. The volumes of all the subfields were estimated to be heritable (h2 from 0.14 to 0.27, all p < 1 × 10-16) and clustered together based on their genetic correlations compared with other structural brain features. There was also evidence of genetic overlap of subicular subfield volumes with schizophrenia. We conclude that hippocampal subfields have partly distinct genetic determinants associated with specific biological processes and traits. Taking into account this specificity may increase our understanding of hippocampal neurobiology and associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jaroslav Rokicki
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aldo Córdova-Palomera
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Bettella
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida E. Sønderby
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B. Smeland
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy ,Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Janita Bralten
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands ,grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christine L. Brandt
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marjolein van Donkelaar
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands ,grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Erlend S. Dørum
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.416731.60000 0004 0612 1014Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Guillén Fernández
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands ,grid.419550.c0000 0004 0501 3839Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands ,grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Beathe Haatveit
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Asta K. Håberg
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ,grid.52522.320000 0004 0627 3560Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Knut K. Kolskår
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.416731.60000 0004 0612 1014Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martina J. Lund
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arvid Lundervold
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer Monereo Sánchez
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linn C. Norbom
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan E. Nordvik
- grid.416731.60000 0004 0612 1014Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Lars Nyberg
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Departments of Radiation Sciences and Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFB), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam & Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group at Emma Children’s Hospital, department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Papalino
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Andreas Papassotiropoulos
- grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Life Sciences Training Facility, Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Pergola
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Dominique J. F. de Quervain
- grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Richard
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.416731.60000 0004 0612 1014Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Anne-Marthe Sanders
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.416731.60000 0004 0612 1014Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Pierluigi Selvaggi
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands ,grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siren Tønnesen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine M. Ulrichsen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.416731.60000 0004 0612 1014Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Takahashi K, Nakagawasai O, Nemoto W, Odaira T, Sakuma W, Onogi H, Nishijima H, Furihata R, Nemoto Y, Iwasa H, Tan-No K, Tadano T. Effect of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 on colitis and depressive-like behavior in dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice: involvement of the brain-gut axis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:201. [PMID: 31672153 PMCID: PMC6822456 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including those with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, have higher rates of psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety; however, the mechanism of psychiatric disorder development remains unclear. Mice with IBD induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water exhibit depressive-like behavior. The presence of Lactobacillus in the gut microbiota is associated with major depressive disorder. Therefore, we examined whether Enterococcus faecalis 2001 (EF-2001), a biogenic lactic acid bacterium, prevents DSS-induced depressive-like behavior and changes in peripheral symptoms. METHODS We evaluated colon inflammation and used the tail suspension test to examine whether EF-2001 prevents IBD-like symptoms and depressive-like behavior in DSS-treated mice. The protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and cleaved caspase-3 in the rectum and hippocampus was assessed by western blotting. Hippocampal neurogenesis, altered nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) p65 morphometry, and the localization of activated NFκB p65 and XIAP were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with 1.5% DSS for 7 days induced IBD-like pathology and depressive-like behavior, increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression in the rectum and hippocampus, activated caspase-3 in the hippocampus, and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis. Interestingly, these changes were reversed by 20-day administration of EF-2001. Further, EF-2001 administration enhanced NFκB p65 expression in the microglial cells and XIAP expression in the hippocampus of DSS-treated mice. CONCLUSION EF-2001 prevented IBD-like pathology and depressive-like behavior via decreased rectal and hippocampal inflammatory cytokines and facilitated the NFκB p65/XIAP pathway in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest a close relationship between IBD and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagawasai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Wataru Nemoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Takayo Odaira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Wakana Sakuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onogi
- Faculty of Health Science, Tohoku Fukushi University, 1-8-1 Kunimi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishijima
- Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuji Furihata
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yukio Nemoto
- Kampo and Herbal Medicine Research Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matanocho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwasa
- Nihon Berm Co, Ltd, 2-14-3 Nagatachou, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0014, Japan
| | - Koichi Tan-No
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tadano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan.,Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
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86
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Dempsey E, Abautret-Daly Á, Docherty NG, Medina C, Harkin A. Persistent central inflammation and region specific cellular activation accompany depression- and anxiety-like behaviours during the resolution phase of experimental colitis. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:616-632. [PMID: 31063848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and anxiety-related psychological symptoms are increasingly recognised as important co-morbidities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) -induced colitis is an animal model of IBD in which afferent activation of the gut-brain axis can be assessed and explored as a source of behavioural change. Exposure of adult male Wistar rats to DSS (5%) in drinking water induced distal colitis. In parallel to local inflammatory responses in the gut wall, increased expression of IL-6 and iNOS was found in the cerebral cortex and an increase in ventricular volume. Immunoreactivity of immediate early gene FosB/ΔFosB activation was measured as an index of cellular activation and was increased in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal raphe nucleus in acutely colitic animals. Following resolution of the acute colitic response, sustained anhedonia in the saccharin preference test, immobility in the forced swim test, reduced burying behaviour in the marble burying test, and mild signs of anxiety in the elevated plus maze and light/dark box were observed. Central increases in iNOS expression persisted during the recovery phase and mapped to reactive microglia, particularly those found in the parenchyma surrounding circumventricular regions. Evidence of associated nitration was also found. Sustained increases in ventricular volume and reduced T2 magnetic resonance relaxometry time in cortical regions were observed during the recovery period. FosB/ΔFosB activation was evident in the dorsal raphe during recovery. Persistent central inflammation and cellular activation may underpin the emergence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in experimental colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Dempsey
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Áine Abautret-Daly
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Carlos Medina
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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87
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Gadotti VM, Andonegui G, Zhang Z, M'Dahoma S, Baggio CH, Chen L, Basso L, Altier C, MacNaughton WK, Kubes P, Zamponi GW. Neuroimmune Responses Mediate Depression-Related Behaviors following Acute Colitis. iScience 2019; 16:12-21. [PMID: 31146128 PMCID: PMC6542186 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with visceral inflammation develop pain and psychiatric comorbidities such as major depressive disorder, worsening the quality of life and increasing the risk of suicide. Here we show that neuroimmune activation in mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis is accompanied by the development of pain and depressive behaviors. Importantly, treatment with the flavonoid luteolin prevented both neuroimmune responses and behavioral abnormalities, suggesting a new potential therapeutic approach for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Acute colitis triggers long-term events related to depression Leukocytes infiltrate into brain vasculature Luteolin abolishes leukocyte infiltration and visceral hypersensitivity Luteolin abolishes depression-related behaviors
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Gadotti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Graciela Andonegui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Said M'Dahoma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cristiane H Baggio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lilian Basso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christophe Altier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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88
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Local Gastrointestinal Injury Exacerbates Inflammation and Dopaminergic Cell Death in Parkinsonian Mice. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:918-930. [PMID: 30796691 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-0010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cause of progressive degeneration in Parkinson's disease is not clear, although, in the last years, different studies have suggested that both brain and peripheral inflammation could play a key role in the progression of this disorder. In our study, we aimed to analyze the effect of an acute inflammation confined to the colon on dopaminergic neuronal death and glial response in mice intoxicated with MPTP. The results obtained show a very significant decrease of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc as well as a significant decrease of dopaminergic fibers in the striatum of the MPTP+DSS-treated group compared with the control animals. In addition, there was a significant exacerbation of microglial and astrocytes activation in MPTP+DSS animals compared with the control group. This data suggests that a specific gastrointestinal injury, which induces a systemic inflammatory response, is able to exacerbate cell death mechanisms of the remaining dopaminergic neurons and then contributes to the persistent progression of the disease. These results leave open new lines of research on the role of exclusive colonic inflammation and the progression of nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration.
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89
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Hill JD, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Gajghate S, Winfield M, Sriram U, Persidsky Y, Persidsky Y. Activation of GPR55 induces neuroprotection of hippocampal neurogenesis and immune responses of neural stem cells following chronic, systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:165-181. [PMID: 30465881 PMCID: PMC6398994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons are continuously produced by neural stem cells (NSCs) within the adult hippocampus. Numerous diseases, including major depressive disorder and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorder, are associated with decreased rates of adult neurogenesis. A hallmark of these conditions is a chronic release of neuroinflammatory mediators by activated resident glia. Recent studies have shown a neuroprotective role on NSCs of cannabinoid receptor activation. Yet, little is known about the effects of GPR55, a candidate cannabinoid receptor, activation on reductions of neurogenesis in response to inflammatory insult. In the present study, we examined NSCs exposed to IL-1β in vitro to assess inflammation-caused effects on NSC differentiation and the ability of GPR55 agonists to attenuate NSC injury. NSC differentiation and neurogenesis was determined via immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis of NSC markers (Nestin, Sox2, DCX, S100β, βIII Tubulin, GFAP). GPR55 agonist treatment protected against IL-1β induced reductions in neurogenesis rates. Moreover, inflammatory cytokine receptor mRNA expression was down regulated by GPR55 activation in a neuroprotective manner. To determine inflammatory responses in vivo, we treated C57BL/6 and GPR55-/- mice with LPS (0.2 mg/kg/day) continuously for 14 days via osmotic mini-pump. Reductions in NSC survival (as determined by BrdU incorporation), immature neurons, and neuroblast formation due to LPS were attenuated by concurrent direct intrahippocampal administration of the GPR55 agonist, O-1602 (4 µg/kg/day). Molecular analysis of the hippocampal region showed a suppressed ability to regulate immune responses by GPR55-/- animals manifesting in a prolonged inflammatory response (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα) after chronic, systemic inflammation as compared to C57BL/6 animals. Taken together, these results suggest a neuroprotective role of GPR55 activation on NSCs in vitro and in vivo and that GPR55 provides a novel therapeutic target against negative regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis by inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Viviana Zuluaga-Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Malika Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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90
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Bao C, Liu P, Liu H, Jin X, Shi Y, Wu L, Zeng X, Zhang J, Wang D, Calhoun VD, Tian J, Wu H. Difference in regional neural fluctuations and functional connectivity in Crohn's disease: a resting-state functional MRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 12:1795-1803. [PMID: 29464530 PMCID: PMC6218319 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) are shown to have abnormal changes in brain structures. This study aimed to further investigate whether these patients have abnormal brain activities and network connectivity. Sixty patients with CD and 40 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and seed-based functional connectivity (FC) were used to assess differences in spontaneous regional brain activity and functional connectivity. Compared to the HCs, patients with CD showed significantly higher ALFF values in hippocampus and parahippocampus (HIPP/paraHIPP), anterior cingulate cortex, insula, superior frontal cortex and precuneus. The ALFF values were significantly lower in secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), precentral gyrus, and medial prefrontal cortex. Functional connectivities between left HIPP and left inferior temporal cortex, and right middle cingulate cortex, HIPP, and fusiform area were significantly lower. The functional connectivities between right HIPP and right inferior orbitofrontal cortex and left HIPP were also significantly lower. Patients with CD showed higher or lower spontaneous activity in multiple brain regions. Altered activities in these brain regions may collectively reflect abnormal function and regulation of visceral pain and sensation, external environmental monitoring, and cognitive processing in these patients. Lower functional connectivity of the hippocampus-limbic system was observed in these patients. These findings may provide more information to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Outpatient Department, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yin Shi
- Outpatient Department, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Luyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jie Tian
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, China
| | - Huangan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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91
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Do J, Woo J. From Gut to Brain: Alteration in Inflammation Markers in the Brain of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-induced Colitis Model Mice. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 16:422-433. [PMID: 30466215 PMCID: PMC6245298 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.4.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Neuropsychiatric manifestations like depression and cognitive dysfunction commonly occur in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the context of the brain-gut axis model, colitis can lead to alteration of brain function in a bottom-up manner. Here, the changes in the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inflammation-related markers in the brain in colitis were studied. Methods Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was used to generate a mouse model of colitis. Mice were treated with DSS for 3 or 7 days and sacrificed. We analyzed the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the expression of GFAP, in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala. Additionally, the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum cortisol/corticosterone were measured. Results Alteration of inflammatory-related markers varied depending on the brain region and exposure time. In the hippocampus, COX-2 mRNA, GFAP mRNA, and GFAP expression were upregulated during exposure to DSS. However, in the hypothalamus, COX-2 mRNA was upregulated only 3 days after treatment. In the amygdala, BDNF and COX-2 mRNAs were downregulated. CRP and corticosterone expression increased with DSS treatment at day 7. Conclusion IBD could lead to neuroinflammation in a bottom-up manner, and this effect varied according to brain region. Stress-related hormones and serum inflammatory markers, such as CRP, were upregulated from the third day of DSS treatment. Therefore, early and active intervention is required to prevent psychological and behavioral changes caused by IBD, and region-specific studies can help understand the precise mechanisms by which IBD affects the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jungmin Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Depatment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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92
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Feng Y, He X, Luo S, Chen X, Long S, Liang F, Shi T, Pei Z, Li Z. Chronic colitis induces meninges traffic of gut-derived T cells, unbalances M1 and M2 microglia/macrophage and increases ischemic brain injury in mice. Brain Res 2018; 1707:8-17. [PMID: 30445026 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common diseases leading to death and is the primary cause of physical handicap. Recent studies have reported that chronic colitis increases the risk of ischemic stroke, but it is unknown whether chronic colitis participates in ischemic brain injury directly. A combined mouse model of chronic colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and ischemic stroke induced by photochemical infarction was used in this study. We demonstrated that chronic colitis significantly increased the infarction volume, activated microglia/macrophage numbers, proliferation of M1 microglia/macrophage, non-gut-derived CD4+ T lymphocyte penetration and decreased neuron numbers in the peri-infarction at 7 d after stroke. Furthermore, gut-derived CD4+ T cell accumulation on the meninges was observed at 7 d after stroke. In addition, selective depletion of meningeal macrophages resulted in a reduction of infarction volume and the non-gut-derived CD4+ T lymphocyte penetration. We concluded that chronic colitis exacerbated ischemic stroke by promoting CD4+ T cell migration from the gut to the meninges and disequilibrium of M1 and M2 microglia/macrophages. We speculated that the gut-derived CD4+ T cells may interact with meningeal macrophages and result in non-gut-derived CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration that aggravated brain injury in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xiaofei He
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shijian Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Simei Long
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Taotao Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Zhendong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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93
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Gut-brain actions underlying comorbid anxiety and depression associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2018; 30:275-296. [PMID: 28270247 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED IntroductionInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing and remitting disorder characterised by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. There is a growing consensus that IBD is associated with anxiety- and depression-related symptoms. Psychological symptoms appear to be more prevalent during active disease states with no difference in prevalence between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Behavioural disturbances including anxiety- and depression-like symptoms have also been observed in animal models of IBD. RESULTS The likely mechanisms underlying the association are discussed with particular reference to communication between the gut and brain. The close bidirectional relationship known as the gut-brain axis includes neural, hormonal and immune communication links. Evidence is provided for a number of interacting factors including activation of the inflammatory response system in the brain, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and brain areas implicated in altered behaviours, changes in blood brain barrier integrity, and an emerging role for gut microbiota and response to probiotics in IBD.DiscussionThe impact of psychological stress in models of IBD remains somewhat conflicted, however, it is weighted in favour of stress or early stressful life events as risk factors in the development of IBD, stress-induced exacerbation of inflammation and relapse. CONCLUSION It is recommended that patients with IBD be screened for psychological disturbance and treated accordingly as intervention can improve quality of life and may reduce relapse rates.
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94
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Chen X, He X, Luo S, Feng Y, Liang F, Shi T, Huang R, Pei Z, Li Z. Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Cerebral Microinfarct and Colitis-induced Cerebral Microinfarct Aggravation in Mice. Front Neurol 2018; 9:798. [PMID: 30319530 PMCID: PMC6168656 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortical microinfarct (CMI) is common in patients with dementia and cognitive decline. Emerging studies reported that intestinal dysfunction influenced the outcome of ischemic stroke and that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) protected against ischemic stroke. However, the effects of intestinal dysfunction and VNS on CMI are not clear. Therefore, we examined the influence of colitis and VNS on CMI and the mechanisms of VNS attenuating CMI in mice with colitis. CMI was induced using a two-photon laser. Colitis was induced using oral dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The cervical vagus nerve was stimulated using a constant current. In vivo blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was evaluated using two-photon imaging. Infarct volume, microglial and astrocyte activation, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine levels were assessed using immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining. The BBB permeability, infarct volume, activation of microglia and astrocytes and oxidative stress increased significantly in mice with colitis and CMI compared to those in mice with CMI. However, these processes were reduced in CMI mice when VNS was performed. Brain lesions in mice with colitis and CMI were significantly ameliorated when VNS was performed during the acute phase of colitis. Our study demonstrated that VNS alleviated CMI and this neuroprotection was associated with the suppression of BBB permeability, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Also, our results indicated that VNS reduced colitis-induced microstroke aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaofei He
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijian Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yukun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taotao Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ruxun Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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95
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Han Y, Zhao T, Cheng X, Zhao M, Gong SH, Zhao YQ, Wu HT, Fan M, Zhu LL. Cortical Inflammation is Increased in a DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:1058-1066. [PMID: 30225764 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) might be a risk factor in the development of brain dysfunctions, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, mice were treated with 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water and sacrificed on day 7. The serum level of IL-6 increased, accompanied by elevation of the IL-6 and TNF-α levels in cortical tissue. However, the endotoxin concentration in plasma and brain of mice with DSS-induced colitis showed a rising trend, but with no significant difference. We also found significant activation of microglial cells and reduction in occludin and claudin-5 expression in the brain tissue after DSS-induced colitis. These results suggested that DSS-induced colitis increases systemic inflammation which then results in cortical inflammation via up-regulation of serum cytokines. Here, we provide new information on the impact of colitis on the outcomes of cortical inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.,Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Sheng-Hui Gong
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yong-Qi Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis in Parkinson’s disease: relevance to a new therapeutic target for depression with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:943-954. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mudyanadzo TA, Hauzaree C, Yerokhina O, Architha NN, Ashqar HM. Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Depression: A Shared Pathogenesis. Cureus 2018; 10:e3178. [PMID: 30357038 PMCID: PMC6197537 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is common knowledge that dysfunction of the immune and neuroendocrine systems, in addition to neuroplasticity, is among the pathways that underlie irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and depression. From as early as the 1950s, the association of IBS with psychiatric disease was postulated; however, the exact mechanism remains elusive. There has been considerable research into the association of IBS and depression over the last years; research into the gut-brain axis and alterations in gut microbes have gained momentum to spell out the relationship between depression and IBS. Evidence from these researchers indicate the dysfunction of homeostatic coping mechanisms; corticotropin-releasing factor appears to be at the core of this dysfunction. The multifactorial etiology of both depression and IBS hinders a universal, one-strategy-fits-all treatment approach to patients with comorbid depression and IBS. This review analyzes the pathophysiology that associates these two conditions; it explores the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract, and how these influence the endocrine and immune systems. Review articles, clinical trials and randomized controlled trials that analyzed the association of depression and IBS were identified by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and articles in PMC databases. Full texts written in English and available via these search engines were selected for the synthesis of this review. Alterations to the gut-brain axis, intestinal microbiota, and the neuro-immune system may be the cornerstone to the association of IBS and depression. This literature review opens alternate therapeutic approaches to comorbid IBS and depression and encourages further research into this topic.
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98
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Becerril-Villanueva E, Ponce-Regalado MD, Pérez-Sánchez G, Salazar-Juárez A, Arreola R, Álvarez-Sánchez ME, Juárez-Ortega M, Falfán-Valencia R, Hernández-Pando R, Morales-Montor J, Pavón L, Rojas-Espinosa O. Chronic infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium induces alterations in the hippocampus associated with memory loss. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9063. [PMID: 29899533 PMCID: PMC5998074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM), is a chronic disease that closely resembles human leprosy. Even though this disease does not directly involve the nervous system, we investigated a possible effect on working memory during this chronic infection in Balb/c mice. We evaluated alterations in the dorsal region of the hippocampus and measured peripheral levels of cytokines at 40, 80, and 120 days post-infection. To evaluate working memory, we used the T-maze while a morphometric analysis was conducted in the hippocampus regions CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) to measure morphological changes. In addition, a neurochemical analysis was performed by HPLC. Our results show that, at 40 days post-infection, there was an increase in the bacillary load in the liver and spleen associated to increased levels of IL-4, working memory deterioration, and changes in hippocampal morphology, including degeneration in the four subregions analyzed. Also, we found a decrease in neurotransmitter levels at the same time of infection. Although MLM does not directly infect the nervous system, these findings suggest a possible functional link between the immune system and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Becerril-Villanueva
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María Dolores Ponce-Regalado
- Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Branch Clinical Research. Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of Addiction, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Arreola
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Clinical Research Branch, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, México City, Mexico
| | - Mario Juárez-Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Pathology Department, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Dominguez Seccion XVI, 14080, Tlalpan, México City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas AP 70228, México, DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Rojas-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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99
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Sun J, Pan X, Christiansen LI, Yuan XL, Skovgaard K, Chatterton DEW, Kaalund SS, Gao F, Sangild PT, Pankratova S. Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with acute brain responses in preterm pigs. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:180. [PMID: 29885660 PMCID: PMC5994241 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute gut inflammatory disorder that occurs in preterm infants in the first weeks after birth. Infants surviving NEC often show impaired neurodevelopment. The mechanisms linking NEC lesions with later neurodevelopment are poorly understood but may include proinflammatory signaling in the immature brain. Using preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants, we hypothesized that severe intestinal NEC lesions are associated with acute effects on the developing hippocampus. Methods Cesarean-delivered preterm pigs (n = 117) were reared for 8 days and spontaneously developed variable severity of NEC lesions. Neonatal arousal, physical activity, and in vitro neuritogenic effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated in pigs showing NEC lesions in the colon (Co-NEC) or in the small intestine (Si-NEC). Hippocampal transcriptome analysis and qPCR were used to assess gene expressions and their relation to biological processes, including neuroinflammation, and neural plasticity. Microglia activation was quantified by stereology. The neuritogenic response to selected proteins was investigated in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Results NEC development rapidly reduced the physical activity of pigs, especially when lesions occurred in the small intestine. Si-NEC and Co-NEC were associated with 27 and 12 hippocampal differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. These included genes related to neuroinflammation (i.e., S100A8, S100A9, IL8, IL6, MMP8, SAA, TAGLN2) and hypoxia (i.e., PDK4, IER3, TXNIP, AGER), and they were all upregulated in Si-NEC pigs. Genes related to protection against oxidative stress (HBB, ALAS2) and oligodendrocytes (OPALIN) were downregulated in Si-NEC pigs. CSF collected from NEC pigs promoted neurite outgrowth in vitro, and the S100A9 and S100A8/S100A9 proteins may mediate the neuritogenic effects of NEC-related CSF on hippocampal neurons. NEC lesions did not affect total microglial cell number but markedly increased the proportion of Iba1-positive amoeboid microglial cells. Conclusions NEC lesions, especially when present in the small intestine, are associated with changes to hippocampal gene expression that potentially mediate neuroinflammation and disturbed neural circuit formation via enhanced neuronal differentiation. Early brain-protective interventions may be critical for preterm infants affected by intestinal NEC lesions to reduce their later neurological dysfunctions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1201-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Line I Christiansen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Long Yuan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dereck E W Chatterton
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sanne S Kaalund
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, DK-2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fei Gao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ó’Léime CS, Kozareva DA, Hoban AE, Long‐Smith CM, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. TLX is an intrinsic regulator of the negative effects of IL‐1β on proliferating hippocampal neural progenitor cells. FASEB J 2018; 32:613-624. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700495r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán S. Ó’Léime
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Danka A. Kozareva
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Alan E. Hoban
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Caitriona M. Long‐Smith
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Yvonne M. Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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