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Narreddula VR, Boase NR, Ailuri R, Marshall DL, Poad BL, Kelso MJ, Trevitt AJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Introduction of a Fixed-Charge, Photolabile Derivative for Enhanced Structural Elucidation of Fatty Acids. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9901-9909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara R. Narreddula
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Nathan R. Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Ramesh Ailuri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - David L. Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Berwyck L.J. Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Michael J. Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Adam J. Trevitt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Wang Z, Wang DH, Park HG, Yan Y, Goykhman Y, Lawrence P, Kothapalli KSD, Brenna JT. Identification of genes mediating branched chain fatty acid elongation. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1807-1817. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Food Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin TX USA
| | - Dong Hao Wang
- Department of Food Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin TX USA
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin TX USA
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine China
| | - Yuliya Goykhman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Department of Food Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Kumar S. D. Kothapalli
- Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin TX USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Department of Food Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin TX USA
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Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are building blocks for all life-forms. We review here the fundamentals of BCAA metabolism in mammalian physiology. Decades of studies have elicited a deep understanding of biochemical reactions involved in BCAA catabolism. In addition, BCAAs and various catabolic products act as signaling molecules, activating programs ranging from protein synthesis to insulin secretion. How these processes are integrated at an organismal level is less clear. Inborn errors of metabolism highlight the importance of organismal regulation of BCAA physiology. More recently, subtle alterations of BCAA metabolism have been suggested to contribute to numerous prevalent diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and heart failure. Understanding the mechanisms underlying altered BCAA metabolism and how they contribute to disease pathophysiology will keep researchers busy for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neinast
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Danielle Murashige
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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Harrison BL, Ogara C, Gladstone M, Carrol ED, Dusabe-Richards J, Medina-Lara A, Ditai J, Weeks AD. "We have to clean ourselves to ensure that our children are healthy and beautiful": findings from a qualitative assessment of a hand hygiene poster in rural Uganda. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1. [PMID: 30606151 PMCID: PMC6318918 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of mortality worldwide, with most deaths occurring in low-income countries. The World Health Organisation (WHO) ‘5 Moments for Hand Hygiene’ poster has been used to reduce hospital-acquired infections, but there is no similar tool to prevent community-acquired newborn infections in low-resource settings. This assessment, part of the BabyGel Pilot study, evaluated the acceptability of the ‘Newborn Moments for Hand Hygiene in the Home’ poster. This was an educational tool which aimed to remind mothers in rural Uganda to clean their hands to prevent neonatal infection. Methods The BabyGel pilot was a cluster randomised trial that assessed the post-partum use of alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) to prevent neonatal infections in Mbale, Uganda. Fifty-five women in 5 village clusters received the ABHR and used it from birth to 3 months postnatally, with use guided by the new poster. Following the study, 5 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted consisting of 6–8 purposively sampled participants from intervention villages. FGDs were audio-recorded, transcribed then translated into English. Transcripts were inductively coded using ATLAS.ti® and qualitatively analysed using thematic content analysis. Results Most mothers reported that they understood the message in the poster (“The picture shows me you must use these drugs to keep your baby healthy”) and that they could adhere to the moments from the poster. Some participants used the information from the poster to encourage other caregivers to use the ABHR (“after explaining to them, they liked it”). Other potential moments for hand hygiene were introduced by participants, such as after tending to domestic animals and gardening. Conclusion The poster was well-received, and participants reported compliance with the moments for hand hygiene (although the full body wipe of the baby has since been removed). The poster will be adapted into a sticker format on the ABHR bottle. More focus could be put into an education tool for other caregivers who wish to hold the baby. Overall, the study demonstrated the acceptability of an adapted version of the WHO Moments for Hand Hygiene poster in the introduction of an intervention in the community. Trial registration ISRCTN67852437, registered 02/03/2015. Trial funding Medical Research Council/ Wellcome Trust/ DfID (Global Health Trials Scheme).
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Harrison
- Sanyu Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - C Ogara
- Sanyu Africa Research Institute (SAfRI), Mbale, Uganda
| | - M Gladstone
- Sanyu Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E D Carrol
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Mbale, Uganda
| | | | | | - J Ditai
- Sanyu Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Sanyu Africa Research Institute (SAfRI), Mbale, Uganda.,Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Tororo, Uganda
| | - A D Weeks
- Sanyu Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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55
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Vázquez L, Corzo-Martínez M, Arranz-Martínez P, Barroso E, Reglero G, Torres C. Bioactive Lipids. BIOACTIVE MOLECULES IN FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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56
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57
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Wallace M, Green CR, Roberts LS, Lee YM, McCarville JL, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Meurs N, Gengatharan JM, Hover JD, Phillips SA, Ciaraldi TP, Guertin DA, Cabrales P, Ayres JS, Nomura DK, Loomba R, Metallo CM. Enzyme promiscuity drives branched-chain fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissues. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:1021-1031. [PMID: 30327559 PMCID: PMC6245668 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) predominantly generates straight-chain fatty acids using acetyl-CoA as the initiating substrate. However, monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) are also present in mammals but are thought to be primarily diet derived. Here we demonstrate that mmBCFAs are de novo synthesized via mitochondrial BCAA catabolism, exported to the cytosol by adipose-specific expression of carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT), and elongated by FASN. Brown fat exhibits the highest BCAA catabolic and mmBCFA synthesis fluxes, whereas these lipids are largely absent from liver and brain. mmBCFA synthesis is also sustained in the absence of microbiota. We identify hypoxia as a potent suppressor of BCAA catabolism that decreases mmBCFA synthesis in obese adipose tissue, such that mmBCFAs are significantly decreased in obese animals. These results identify adipose tissue mmBCFA synthesis as a novel link between BCAA metabolism and lipogenesis, highlighting roles for CrAT and FASN promiscuity influencing acyl-chain diversity in the lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Courtney R Green
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay S Roberts
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yujung Michelle Lee
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin L McCarville
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Division of Endocrinology, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Noah Meurs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jivani M Gengatharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin D Hover
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan A Phillips
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Virginia San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Janelle S Ayres
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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58
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Wang DH, Ran-Ressler R, St Leger J, Nilson E, Palmer L, Collins R, Brenna JT. Sea Lions Develop Human-like Vernix Caseosa Delivering Branched Fats and Squalene to the GI Tract. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7478. [PMID: 29748625 PMCID: PMC5945841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vernix caseosa, the white waxy coating found on newborn human skin, is thought to be a uniquely human substance. Its signature characteristic is exceptional richness in saturated branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) and squalene. Vernix particles sloughed from the skin suspended in amniotic fluid are swallowed by the human fetus, depositing BCFA/squalene throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, thereby establishing a unique microbial niche that influences development of nascent microbiota. Here we show that late-term California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) fetuses have true vernix caseosa, delivering BCFA and squalene to the fetal GI tract thereby recapitulating the human fetal gut microbial niche. These are the first data demonstrating the production of true vernix caseosa in a species other than Homo sapiens. Its presence in a marine mammal supports the hypothesis of an aquatic habituation period in the evolution of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hao Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rinat Ran-Ressler
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | | | - Lauren Palmer
- The Marine Mammal Care Center at Fort MacArthur, 3601 S, Gaffey St #8, San Pedro, CA, 90731, USA
| | - Richard Collins
- Studiecentrum Antropologie, Mechelbaan 338, 2580, Putte, Belgium
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Nutrition, and of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
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Jie L, Qi C, Sun J, Yu R, Wang X, Korma SA, Xiang J, Jin Q, Akoh CC, Xiao H, Wang X. The impact of lactation and gestational age on the composition of branched-chain fatty acids in human breast milk. Food Funct 2018; 9:1747-1754. [PMID: 29497729 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk consumption reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants compared to formula. Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are present in breast milk but not in most formulas intended for preterm infants. We aimed to determine the composition of BCFAs in the breast milk of mothers with preterm infants, and to understand the impact of gestational age at birth and stage of lactation on BCFA content. The main BCFAs in preterm breast milk were iso-14:0, iso-15:0, anteiso-15:0, iso-16:0, iso-17:0, and anteiso-17:0. Breast milk BCFAs as a percent of total fatty acids (g per 100 g, %) were significantly different across lactation stages, with the highest concentration in colostrum, followed by transitional and mature breast milk (median: 0.41, 0.31, and 0.28%, respectively, p < 0.05). Lower BCFAs in preterm breast milk compared to term breast milk may have been related to maternal intake, or the ability of the mammary gland to extract BCFA from plasma, or differences in mammary gland BCFA synthesis. BCFAs were mainly in the sn-2 position (52-65%), similar to palmitic acid. Overall, preterm and term breast milk BCFAs were similar and showed specific concentration patterns, resembling 16:0 with respect to sn-2 positional distribution. BCFAs were reduced with lactation stage, similar to highly unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Ce Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Renqiang Yu
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Center of Applied Processing Technology, COFCO Nutrition & Health Research Institute, Beijing 100000, PR China
| | - Sameh A Korma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jingying Xiang
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Casimir C Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Activation of Toll-like receptors in meconium aspiration syndrome. J Perinatol 2018; 38:137-141. [PMID: 29095429 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2017.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of MAS has hindered the development of specific therapies. We hypothesized that activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) might play a role in the pathogenesis of MAS. The present study evaluated the expression of TLR 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9 in neonates with MAS. STUDY DESIGN The study included 39 neonates with MAS and 17 healthy gestational age-matched neonates as controls. Neonates with maternal chorioamnionitis, perinatal asphyxia, sepsis and congenital malformations were excluded. Good-quality total RNA from umbilical cord blood was reverse transcribed to prepare cDNA using Bio-Rad reverse transcription kit. This cDNA was used to study the expression status of TLR 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9 by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared with controls, TLR1 and TLR4 were highly expressed, TLR9 was moderately expressed, TLR7 was weakly expressed and TLR8 expression was neutral in neonates with MAS. Within the MAS group, no difference in TLR expression was observed with respect to consistency of meconium, severity of the disease, oxygenation index and outcome. CONCLUSION There is activation of TLRs in neonates with MAS. We speculate that these TLRs probably act as endogenous ligands for various components of meconium that initiate the inflammatory cascade of MAS and contribute to its pathogenesis.
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Tracey TJ, Steyn FJ, Wolvetang EJ, Ngo ST. Neuronal Lipid Metabolism: Multiple Pathways Driving Functional Outcomes in Health and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29410613 PMCID: PMC5787076 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a fundamental class of organic molecules implicated in a wide range of biological processes related to their structural diversity, and based on this can be broadly classified into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Different lipid classes play major roles in neuronal cell populations; they can be used as energy substrates, act as building blocks for cellular structural machinery, serve as bioactive molecules, or a combination of each. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dysfunctions in lipid metabolism and function have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. In particular, aberrant lipid metabolism is proposed to underlie denervation of neuromuscular junctions, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired neuronal transport, cytoskeletal defects, inflammation and reduced neurotransmitter release. Here we review current knowledge of the roles of lipid metabolism and function in the CNS and discuss how modulating these pathways may offer novel therapeutic options for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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62
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Gómez‐Cortés P, Martínez Marín AL, de la Fuente MA. Detailed fatty acid profile of serum lipid classes in lactating women and their relationship with milk fat. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Primec M, Mičetić-Turk D, Langerholc T. Analysis of short-chain fatty acids in human feces: A scoping review. Anal Biochem 2017; 526:9-21. [PMID: 28300535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in humans, therefore the importance of a good and reliable SCFAs analytical detection has raised a lot in the past few years. The aim of this scoping review is to show the trends in the development of different methods of SCFAs analysis in feces, based on the literature published in the last eleven years in all major indexing databases. The search criteria included analytical quantification techniques of SCFAs in different human clinical and in vivo studies. SCFAs analysis is still predominantly performed using gas chromatography (GC), followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Performances, drawbacks and advantages of these methods are discussed, especially in the light of choosing a proper pretreatment, as feces is a complex biological material. Further optimization to develop a simple, cost effective and robust method for routine use is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Primec
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia.
| | - Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Langerholc
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia
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64
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Yan Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Xiang J, Kothapalli KS, Brenna JT. Branched chain fatty acids positional distribution in human milk fat and common human food fats and uptake in human intestinal cells. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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65
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Dingess KA, Valentine CJ, Ollberding NJ, Davidson BS, Woo JG, Summer S, Peng YM, Guerrero ML, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Ran-Ressler RR, McMahon RJ, Brenna JT, Morrow AL. Branched-chain fatty acid composition of human milk and the impact of maternal diet: the Global Exploration of Human Milk (GEHM) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:177-184. [PMID: 27903517 PMCID: PMC5183722 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.132464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An understudied component of the diet, branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are distinctive saturated fatty acids that may have an important influence on health. Human-milk fatty acid composition is known to differ worldwide, but comparative data are lacking on BCFAs. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypotheses that concentrations of BCFAs in human milk differ between populations and are associated with maternal diet. DESIGN We surveyed the BCFA composition of samples collected as part of a standardized, prospective study of human-milk composition. Mothers were enrolled from 3 urban populations with differing diets: Cincinnati, Ohio; Shanghai, China; and Mexico City, Mexico. Enrollment was limited to healthy mothers of term singleton infants. We undertook a cross-sectional analysis of milk from all women with samples at postpartum week 4 (n = 359; ∼120 women/site). Fatty acids were extracted from milk by using a modified Bligh-Dyer technique and analyzed by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tobit regression. For Cincinnati mothers, 24-h diet recalls were analyzed in relation to the individual BCFA concentrations measured in milk samples. RESULTS Total BCFAs in milk differed by site, with the highest concentration in Cincinnati followed by Mexico City and Shanghai (mean ± SE: 7.90 ± 0.41, 6.10 ± 0.36, and 4.27 ± 0.25 mg/100 mL, respectively; P < 0.001). Site differences persisted after delivery mode, maternal age, and body mass index were controlled for. The individual concentrations of iso-14:0, iso-16:0, iso-18:0, anteiso-15:0, and anteiso-17:0 also differed between sites. Milk concentrations of iso-14:0 and anteiso-15:0 were associated with maternal intake of dairy; iso-16:0 was associated with maternal intakes of dairy and beef. CONCLUSIONS BCFA concentrations in milk at 4 wk postpartum differed between mothers from Cincinnati, Shanghai, and Mexico City. Variations in human-milk BCFAs are influenced by diet. The impact of BCFAs on infant health warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Dingess
- The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Christina J Valentine
- The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; .,Mead Johnson Nutrition Inc., Evansville, IN; Divisions of
| | | | - Barbara S Davidson
- The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Suzanne Summer
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - M Lourdes Guerrero
- National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ardythe L Morrow
- The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Yan Y, Wang Z, Greenwald J, Kothapalli KSD, Park HG, Liu R, Mendralla E, Lawrence P, Wang X, Brenna JT. BCFA suppresses LPS induced IL-8 mRNA expression in human intestinal epithelial cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 116:27-31. [PMID: 28088291 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are components of common food fats and are major constituents of the normal term human newborn GI tract. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been suggested to reduce the risk and development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD); however, little is known about the influence of BCFA on inflammation. We investigated the effect of BCFA on interleukin (IL)-8 and NF-κB production in a human intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2). Cells were pre-treated with specific BCFA, or DHA, or EPA, and then activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both anteiso- and iso- BCFA reduce IL-8. Anteiso-BCFA more effectively suppressed IL-8 than iso-BCFA in LPS stimulated Caco-2 cells. However BCFA in general were less effective than DHA or EPA. Activated BCFA-treated cells expressed less of the cell surface Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) compared to controls. These are the first data to show the reduction of pro-inflammatory markers in human cells mediated by BCFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Z Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J Greenwald
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - K S D Kothapalli
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - H G Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - R Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - E Mendralla
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - P Lawrence
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - X Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - J T Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Liu L, Wang Z, Park HG, Xu C, Lawrence P, Su X, Wijendran V, Walker WA, Kothapalli KSD, Brenna JT. Human fetal intestinal epithelial cells metabolize and incorporate branched chain fatty acids in a structure specific manner. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 116:32-39. [PMID: 28088292 PMCID: PMC5260611 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are constituents of gastrointestinal (GI) tract in healthy newborn human infants, reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in a neonatal rat model, and are incorporated into small intestine cellular lipids in vivo. We hypothesize that BCFA are taken up, metabolized and incorporated into human fetal cells in vitro. METHODS Human H4 cells, a fetal non-transformed primary small intestine cell line, were incubated with albumin-bound non-esterified anteiso-17:0, iso-16:0, iso-18:0 and/or iso-20:0, and FA profiles in lipid fractions were analyzed. RESULTS All BCFA were readily incorporated as major constituents of cellular lipids. Anteiso-17:0 was preferentially taken up, and was most effective among BCFA tested in displacing normal (n-) FA. The iso BCFA were preferred in reverse order of chain length, with iso-20:0 appearing at lowest level. BCFA incorporation in phospholipids (PL) followed the same order of preference, accumulating 42% of FA as BCFA with no overt morphological signs of cell death. Though cholesterol esters (CE) are at low cellular concentration among lipid classes examined, CE had the greatest affinity for BCFA, accumulating 65% of FA as BCFA. BCFA most effectively displaced lower saturated FA. Iso-16:0, iso-18:0 and anteiso-17:0 were both elongated and chain shortened by ±C2. Iso-20:0 was chain shortened to iso-18:0 and iso-16:0 but not elongated. CONCLUSIONS Nontransformed human fetal intestinal epithelial cells incorporate high levels of BCFA when they are available and metabolize them in a structure specific manner. These findings imply that specific pathways for handling BCFA are present in the lumen-facing cells of the human fetal GI tract that is exposed to vernix-derived BCFA in late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chuang Xu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xueli Su
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, China
| | - Vasuki Wijendran
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Charlestow, MA, USA
| | - W Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Charlestow, MA, USA
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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68
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Engineering Escherichia coli to produce branched-chain fatty acids in high percentages. Metab Eng 2016; 38:148-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Phytanic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicological Manifestations and Apoptosis Ameliorated by Mitochondria-Mediated Actions of Melatonin. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6960-6969. [PMID: 27785753 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid, a saturated branched chain fatty acid and a major constituent of human diet, is predominantly found in dairy products, meat, and fish. It is a degradation product from the phytol side chain of chlorophyll. Degradation of PA is known to occur mainly in peroxisomes via α-oxidation and in mitochondria via β-oxidation. Due to its β-methyl group present at the 3-position of the carbon atoms, PA cannot be β-oxidized. Although alteration in the metabolism of PA may play an important role in neurodegeneration, the exact mechanism behind it remains to be evaluated. In this study, we have described the potential of PA to induce neurotoxicity as an in vitro model (neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y cells). Cells were pretreated with melatonin (10 μM) for 1 h followed by with and without PA (100 μM) for 24 h. In the present study, our data has confirmed that PA markedly increased both intracellular reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species levels. Our results have shown that PA treatment did not induce cell death by cleavage of caspase-3/PARP-1 mediated by mitochondria through intrinsic pathways; however, PA induced nitric oxide-dependent apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, melatonin pretreatment reduced the cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. Melatonin also effectively exerted an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory action by regulating Bax, Bcl-2, p-NFκB, and iNOS expressions in SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggested that melatonin acted as an antioxidative and antiapoptotic agent by modulating ROS, apoptotic proteins, and inflammatory responses under BCFA-induced neurotoxic conditions. The protective effects of melatonin depend on direct scavenging activity of free radicals and indirect antioxidant effects. Further deciphering of the cellular and molecular mechanism associated with neuroprotection by melatonin is warranted in BCFA-induced neurotoxicity.
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70
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Mika A, Stepnowski P, Kaska L, Proczko M, Wisniewski P, Sledzinski M, Sledzinski T. A comprehensive study of serum odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in patients with excess weight. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1669-76. [PMID: 27355152 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While small amounts of odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were known to be present in mammals, it was quite recently that they were shown to play an important role in human health. However, still little is known on OCFA and BCFA profiles in subjects who have obesity. The aim of this study was to verify whether obesity is associated with changes in serum OCFA and BCFA profiles. METHODS Serum content of fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in 23 patients with excess weight and 21 nonobese controls. RESULTS Six OCFAs and six BCFAs (three iso-BCFAs and three anteiso-BCFAs) were found in sera from the examined subjects. Patients with excess weight presented with significantly lower serum iso-BCFA levels than the controls. Total serum content of iso-BCFAs correlated inversely with serum insulin, triglycerides, and 18:1/18:0 desaturation index. Both OCFA and iso-BCFA levels correlated inversely with C-reactive protein concentration. CONCLUSIONS Lower iso-BCFA content in patients with excess weight may be involved in elevation of serum concentration of triglycerides and inflammation. Decreased contents of iso-BCFAs in subjects with have obesity, and established anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties of these fatty acids, point to potential beneficial effects of an iso-BCFA-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Kaska
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Proczko
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Wisniewski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Sledzinski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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71
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Astrup A, Rice Bradley BH, Brenna JT, Delplanque B, Ferry M, Torres-Gonzalez M. Regular-Fat Dairy and Human Health: A Synopsis of Symposia Presented in Europe and North America (2014-2015). Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080463. [PMID: 27483308 PMCID: PMC4997376 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent history, some dietary recommendations have treated dairy fat as an unnecessary source of calories and saturated fat in the human diet. These assumptions, however, have recently been brought into question by current research on regular fat dairy products and human health. In an effort to disseminate, explore and discuss the state of the science on the relationship between regular fat dairy products and health, symposia were programmed by dairy industry organizations in Europe and North America at The Eurofed Lipids Congress (2014) in France, The Dairy Nutrition Annual Symposium (2014) in Canada, The American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting held in conjunction with Experimental Biology (2015) in the United States, and The Federation of European Nutrition Societies (2015) in Germany. This synopsis of these symposia describes the complexity of dairy fat and the effects regular-fat dairy foods have on human health. The emerging scientific evidence indicates that the consumption of regular fat dairy foods is not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and inversely associated with weight gain and the risk of obesity. Dairy foods, including regular-fat milk, cheese and yogurt, can be important components of an overall healthy dietary pattern. Systematic examination of the effects of dietary patterns that include regular-fat milk, cheese and yogurt on human health is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C DK-1958, Denmark.
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Bernadette Delplanque
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Universite Paris-Sud, Bat 447, Orsay 91405, France.
| | - Monique Ferry
- Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 190 Avenue de France, Paris 75013, France.
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Christinat N, Morin-Rivron D, Masoodi M. High-Throughput Quantitative Lipidomics Analysis of Nonesterified Fatty Acids in Human Plasma. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2228-35. [PMID: 27185515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-throughput, nontargeted lipidomics approach using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of nonesterified fatty acids. We applied this method to screen a wide range of fatty acids from medium-chain to very long-chain (8 to 24 carbon atoms) in human plasma samples. The method enables us to chromatographically separate branched-chain species from their straight-chain isomers as well as separate biologically important ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. We used 51 fatty acid species to demonstrate the quantitative capability of this method with quantification limits in the nanomolar range; however, this method is not limited only to these fatty acid species. High-throughput sample preparation was developed and carried out on a robotic platform that allows extraction of 96 samples simultaneously within 3 h. This high-throughput platform was used to assess the influence of different types of human plasma collection and preparation on the nonesterified fatty acid profile of healthy donors. Use of the anticoagulants EDTA and heparin has been compared with simple clotting, and only limited changes have been detected in most nonesterified fatty acid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Christinat
- Lipid Biology, Department of Gastro-Intestinal Health & Microbiome, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL , Innovation Park, Bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Morin-Rivron
- Lipid Biology, Department of Gastro-Intestinal Health & Microbiome, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL , Innovation Park, Bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Lipid Biology, Department of Gastro-Intestinal Health & Microbiome, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL , Innovation Park, Bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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73
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Ying L, Zhu H. Current advances in the functional studies of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived lipids in C. elegans. WORM 2016; 5:e1184814. [PMID: 27695652 DOI: 10.1080/21624054.2016.1184814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids and fatty acid-derived lipids (FAs/FADLs) play essential roles in many living organisms, including contributions to membrane structure and signaling transduction. Aberrant metabolism of FAs/FADLs often causes diseases and health problems. However, the detailed mechanistic studies of specific FAs/FADLs in vivo are limited. C. elegans has been an effective model system for FA/ FADL studies due to its powerful genetics and conserved lipid biosynthetic pathways. The recently developed high-throughput analytic tools also enable sophisticated profiling of lipids molecules in C. elegans, which is critical for understanding their specific functions. Here we review a subset of current advances in FA/FADL functional studies in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ying
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai, China
| | - Huanhu Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai, China
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74
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Bainbridge ML, Cersosimo LM, Wright ADG, Kraft J. Content and Composition of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Bovine Milk Are Affected by Lactation Stage and Breed of Dairy Cow. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150386. [PMID: 26930646 PMCID: PMC4773160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy products contain bioactive fatty acids (FA) and are a unique dietary source of an emerging class of bioactive FA, branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA). The objective of this study was to compare the content and profile of bioactive FA in milk, with emphasis on BCFA, among Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE), and first generation HO x JE crossbreeds (CB) across a lactation to better understand the impact of these factors on FA of interest to human health. Twenty-two primiparous cows (n = 7 HO, n = 7 CB, n = 8 JE) were followed across a lactation. All cows were fed a consistent total mixed ration (TMR) at a 70:30 forage to concentrate ratio. Time points were defined as 5 days in milk (DIM), 95 DIM, 185 DIM, and 275 DIM. HO and CB had a higher content of n-3 FA at 5 DIM than JE and a lower n-6:n-3 ratio. Time point had an effect on the n-6:n-3 ratio, with the lowest value observed at 5 DIM and the highest at 185 DIM. The content of vaccenic acid was highest at 5 DIM, yet rumenic acid was unaffected by time point or breed. Total odd and BCFA (OBCFA) were higher in JE than HO and CB at 185 and 275 DIM. Breed affected the content of individual BCFA. The content of iso-14:0 and iso-16:0 in milk was higher in JE than HO and CB from 95 to 275 DIM. Total OBCFA were affected by time point, with the highest content in milk at 275 DIM. In conclusion, HO and CB exhibited a higher content of several bioactive FA in milk than JE. Across a lactation the greatest content of bioactive FA in milk occurred at 5 DIM and OBCFA were highest at 275 DIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Bainbridge
- University of Vermont, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Cersosimo
- University of Vermont, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - André-Denis G. Wright
- University of Arizona, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jana Kraft
- University of Vermont, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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75
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Jia F, Cui M, Than MT, Han M. Developmental Defects of Caenorhabditis elegans Lacking Branched-chain α-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Are Mainly Caused by Monomethyl Branched-chain Fatty Acid Deficiency. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2967-73. [PMID: 26683372 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.676650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) catalyzes the critical step in the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic pathway and has been the focus of extensive studies. Mutations in the complex disrupt many fundamental metabolic pathways and cause multiple human diseases including maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), autism, and other related neurological disorders. BCKDH may also be required for the synthesis of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) from BCAAs. The pathology of MSUD has been attributed mainly to BCAA accumulation, but the role of mmBCFA has not been evaluated. Here we show that disrupting BCKDH in Caenorhabditis elegans causes mmBCFA deficiency, in addition to BCAA accumulation. Worms with deficiency in BCKDH function manifest larval arrest and embryonic lethal phenotypes, and mmBCFA supplementation suppressed both without correcting BCAA levels. The majority of developmental defects caused by BCKDH deficiency may thus be attributed to lacking mmBCFAs in worms. Tissue-specific analysis shows that restoration of BCKDH function in multiple tissues can rescue the defects, but is especially effective in neurons. Taken together, we conclude that mmBCFA deficiency is largely responsible for the developmental defects in the worm and conceivably might also be a critical contributor to the pathology of human MSUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jia
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347
| | - Mingxue Cui
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347
| | - Minh T Than
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347
| | - Min Han
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347
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76
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Twists and turns—How we stepped into and had fun in the “boring” lipid field. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:1073-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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77
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Nature and Sources of the Main Lipids. Lipids 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b17656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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78
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Ran-Ressler RR, Bae S, Lawrence P, Wang DH, Brenna JT. Branched-chain fatty acid content of foods and estimated intake in the USA. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:565-72. [PMID: 24830474 PMCID: PMC4381348 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) are bioactive food components that constitute about 2 % of fatty acids in cows' milk fat. There are few systematic data available on the BCFA content of other foods to estimate dietary intakes. In the present study, we report BCFA distribution and content of fresh and processed foods representing the major foods in the American diet and estimate BCFA intake. BCFA are primarily components of dairy and ruminant food products, and are absent from chicken, pork and salmon. The mean BCFA intake of 500 mg/d was delivered primarily from dairy and beef food products; by comparison, average intake of the widely studied long-chain PUFA EPA and DHA has been estimated to be 100 mg/d. Common adjustments in the diet could double the daily intake of BCFA. The fermented foods sauerkraut and miso had appreciable fractions of BCFA, but, overall, they are low-fat foods providing very small amounts of BCFA in the diet, and other fermented foods did not contain BCFA as might have been expected from the influence of microbial exposure. These data support the quantitative importance of BCFA delivered primarily from dairy and beef food products and highlight the need for research into their effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - SangEun Bae
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University,Ithaca,NY14853,USA
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University,Ithaca,NY14853,USA
| | - Dong Hao Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University,Ithaca,NY14853,USA
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University,Ithaca,NY14853,USA
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79
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Brenna JT. Fatty acid analysis by high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for clinical and experimental applications. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013; 16:548-54. [PMID: 23892505 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328363bc0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Quantitative fatty acid profiles analyzed via fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are among the most common metabolite panels and fit into the category of omics techniques. Recently, preparation and analysis methods for high throughput clinical analysis have become routine, and novel methods for structure analysis enable rapid identification of unknowns and confounded peaks. RECENT FINDINGS Observation of one hundred FAME in a single mixture is common with high resolution capillary gas chromatography columns. Structural analysis of FAME requires high resolution gas chromatography with specialized tandem mass spectrometry to obtain fragments indicative of structure. Covalent adduct chemical ionization provides unambiguous double bond positions, whereas electron ionization with fragmentation of the molecular ion identifies branch points. Quantitative analysis requires response calibration using external standards and/or isotopically labeled internal standards with mass spectrometry detection. SUMMARY Modern high throughput methods enable routine analysis of well behaved clinical samples. Careful attention to structure analysis using recent methods avoids biases due to interfering or mischaracterized fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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80
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Ran-Ressler RR, Glahn RP, Bae S, Brenna JT. Branched-chain fatty acids in the neonatal gut and estimated dietary intake in infancy and adulthood. NESTLE NUTRITION INSTITUTE WORKSHOP SERIES 2013; 77:133-143. [PMID: 24107503 PMCID: PMC4029774 DOI: 10.1159/000351396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) are primarily saturated fatty acids (FA) with a methyl branch, usually near the terminal methyl group. BCFA are abundant in bacteria, skin, and vernix caseosa but have seldom been studied with respect to human nutrition. They are constituents of the term newborn infant gut lumen, being swallowed as vernix particulate components of amniotic fluid in the last trimester of normal pregnancy. We recently showed that BCFA protect against necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the rat pup model. Dietary BCFA at levels similar to those found in human vernix reduced NEC incidence by more than 50%, increased the abundance of BCFA-containing bacteria, and increased the expression of ileal anti-inflammatory IL-10. The few published reports of BCFA in human milk enable an estimate that breastfed infants consume 19 mg BCFA per 100 ml milk. Dietary BCFA consumption from milk fat and other ruminant products, the main sources of dietary BCFA, is more than 400 mg BCFA per day in adult Americans. This estimate exceeds by severalfold the average dietary intake of bioactive FA, such as docosahexaenoic acid. BCFA are bioactive, abundant but neglected components of the human food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond P Glahn
- Robert Holley Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - SangEun Bae
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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81
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Zhu H, Shen H, Sewell AK, Kniazeva M, Han M. A novel sphingolipid-TORC1 pathway critically promotes postembryonic development in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2013; 2:e00429. [PMID: 23705068 PMCID: PMC3660743 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of animal development in response to nutritional cues is an intensely studied problem related to disease and aging. While extensive studies indicated roles of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) in sensing certain nutrients for controlling growth and metabolism, the roles of fatty acids and lipids in TOR-involved nutrient/food responses are obscure. Caenorhabditis elegans halts postembryonic growth and development shortly after hatching in response to monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid (mmBCFA) deficiency. Here, we report that an mmBCFA-derived sphingolipid, d17iso-glucosylceramide, is a critical metabolite in regulating growth and development. Further analysis indicated that this lipid function is mediated by TORC1 and antagonized by the NPRL-2/3 complex in the intestine. Strikingly, the essential lipid function is bypassed by activating TORC1 or inhibiting NPRL-2/3. Our findings uncover a novel lipid-TORC1 signaling pathway that coordinates nutrient and metabolic status with growth and development, advancing our understanding of the physiological roles of mmBCFAs, ceramides, and TOR. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00429.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhu Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Huali Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aileen K Sewell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Marina Kniazeva
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Min Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
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82
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An in vitro approach to assess the neurotoxicity of valproic acid-induced oxidative stress in cerebellum and cerebral cortex of young rats. Neuroscience 2012; 225:258-68. [PMID: 22960313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), a branched short-chain fatty acid, is generally used as an antiepileptic drug and a mood stabilizer. VPA is a relatively safe drug, but its use in higher concentrations is associated with idiosyncratic neurotoxicity. Investigations involving cerebral cortex and cerebellum can shed light on whether neurotoxicity induced by branched chain fatty acids like VPA is mediated by oxidative stress. The aim of our investigation was to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of VPA by using preparation of cerebral cortex and cerebellum of young rats as an in vitro model. Oxidative stress indexes such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl (PC) formation were evaluated to visualize whether the first line of defence was breached. The levels of oxidative stress markers, LPO and PC were significantly elevated. Non-enzymatic antioxidants' effect was also demonstrated as a significant depletion in reduced glutathione (GSH) and non-protein thiol activity (NP-SH), but there was no significant increase or decrease in the concentrations of total thiol (T-SH) and protein thiol (P-SH). VPA also showed significant reduction in the activities of glutathione metabolizing enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and other antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) in cerebellum and cerebral cortex. A significant elevation was also observed in the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO). Some neurotoxicity biomarkers were investigated in which the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and sodium-potassium ATPase (Na(+), K(+)-ATPase) was decreased and monoamine oxidase (MAO) was increased. These results indicate that VPA induces oxidative stress by compromising the antioxidant status of the neuronal tissue. Further studies are required to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms of branched chain fatty acid-induced neurotoxicity.
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83
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Nishijima K, Shukunami KI, Yoshinari H, Takahashi J, Maeda H, Takagi H, Kotsuji F. Interactions among pulmonary surfactant, vernix caseosa, and intestinal enterocytes: intra-amniotic administration of fluorescently liposomes to pregnant rabbits. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L208-14. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00081.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vernix caseosa is known to be a natural biofilm at birth, human pulmonary surfactant commences to remove the vernix from fetal skin into the amniotic fluid at gestational week 34, i.e., well before delivery. To explain this paradox, we first produced two types of fluorescently labeled liposomes displaying morphology similar to that of pulmonary surfactant and vernix caseosa complexes. We then continuously administered these liposomes into the amniotic fluid space of pregnant rabbits. In addition, we produced pulmonary surfactant and vernix caseosa complexes and administered them into the amniotic fluid space of pregnant rabbits. The intra-amniotic infused fluorescently labeled liposomes were absorbed into the fetal intestinal epithelium. However, the liposomes were not transported to the livers of fetal rabbits. We also revealed that continuous administration of micelles derived from pulmonary surfactants and vernix caseosa protected the small intestine of the rabbit fetus from damage due to surgical intervention. Our results indicate that pulmonary surfactant and vernix caseosa complexes in swallowed amniotic fluid might locally influence fetal intestinal enterocytes. Although the present studies are primarily observational and further studies are needed, our findings elucidate the physiological interactions among pulmonary, dermal-epidermal, and gastrointestinal developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nishijima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; and
| | - Ken-ichi Shukunami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; and
| | - Hideo Yoshinari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; and
| | - Jin Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; and
| | - Hideyuki Maeda
- Life Science Research Laboratory, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Life Science Research Laboratory, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Kotsuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; and
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84
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Ran-Ressler RR, Khailova L, Arganbright KM, Adkins-Rieck CK, Jouni ZE, Koren O, Ley RE, Brenna JT, Dvorak B. Branched chain fatty acids reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and alter gastrointestinal microbial ecology in a neonatal rat model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29032. [PMID: 22194981 PMCID: PMC3237582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are found in the normal term human newborn's gut, deposited as major components of vernix caseosa ingested during late fetal life. We tested the hypothesis that premature infants' lack of exposure to gastrointestinal (GI) BCFA is associated with their microbiota and risk for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) using a neonatal rat model. Methods Pups were collected one day before scheduled birth. The pups were exposed to asphyxia and cold stress to induce NEC. Pups were assigned to one of three experimental treatments. DF (dam-fed) ; Control, hand-fed rat milk substitute ; BCFA, hand-fed rat milk substitute with 20%w/w BCFA. Total fat was equivalent (11%wt) for both the Control and BCFA groups. Cecal microbiota were characterized by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, and intestinal injury, ileal cytokine and mucin gene expression, interleukin-10 (IL-10) peptide immunohistochemistry, and BCFA uptake in ileum phospholipids, serum and liver were assessed. Results NEC incidence was reduced by over 50% in the BCFA group compared to the Control group as assessed in ileal tissue; microbiota differed among all groups. BCFA-fed pups harbored greater levels of BCFA-associated Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to Controls. Bacillus subtilis levels were five-fold greater in healthy pups compared to pups with NEC. BCFA were selectively incorporated into ileal phospholipids, serum and liver tissue. IL-10 expression increased three-fold in the BCFA group versus Controls and no other inflammatory or mucosal mRNA markers changed. Conclusion At constant dietary fat level, BCFA reduce NEC incidence and alter microbiota composition. BCFA are also incorporated into pup ileum where they are associated with enhanced IL-10 and may exert other specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat R. Ran-Ressler
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ludmila Khailova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Arganbright
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Zeina E. Jouni
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Omry Koren
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Ley
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JTB); (BD)
| | - Bohuslav Dvorak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JTB); (BD)
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85
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Ran-Ressler RR, Lawrence P, Brenna JT. Structural characterization of saturated branched chain fatty acid methyl esters by collisional dissociation of molecular ions generated by electron ionization. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:195-203. [PMID: 22021637 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d020651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturated branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are present as complex mixtures in numerous biological samples. The traditional method for structure elucidation, electron ionization (EI) mass spectrometry, sometimes does not unambiguously enable assignment of branching in isomeric BCFA. Zirrolli and Murphy (Zirrolli , J. A. , and R. A. Murphy. 1993. Low-energy tandem mass spectrometry of the molecular ion derived from fatty acid methyl esters: a novel method for analysis of branched-chain fatty acids. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 4: 223-229.) showed that the molecular ions of four BCFA methyl ester (BCFAME) yield highly characteristic fragments upon collisional dissociation using a triple quadrupole instrument. Here, we confirm and extend these results by analysis using a tabletop 3-D ion trap for activated molecular ion EI-MS/MS to 30 BCFAME. iso-BCFAME produces a prominent ion (30-100% of base peak) for [M-43] (M-C₃H₇), corresponding to the terminal isopropyl moiety in the original iso-BCFAME. Anteiso-FAME yield prominent ions (20-100% of base peak) corresponding to losses on both side of the methyl branch, [M-29] and [M-57], and tend to produce more prominent m/z 115 peaks corresponding to a cyclization product around the ester. Dimethyl and tetramethyl FAME, with branches separated by at least one methylene group, yield fragment on both sides of the sites of methyl branches that are more than 6 C away from the carboxyl carbon. EI-MS/MS yields uniquely specific ions that enable highly confident structural identification and quantification of BCFAME.
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86
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Branched chain fatty acid content of United States retail cow's milk and implications for dietary intake. Lipids 2011; 46:569-76. [PMID: 21293946 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) have recently been shown to be a major component of the normal human newborn gastrointestinal tract and have long been known to be a component of human milk. Ruminant food products are major sources of fat in the American diet, but there are no studies of milkfat BCFA content in retail milk. We report here the profile and concentrations of BCFA in a representative sampling of retail milk in the 48 contiguous United States (US), and their estimated intake in the American diet. Conventionally produced whole fluid milk samples were obtained from 56 processing plants across the contiguous 48 states. Retail milk samples contain exclusively iso- and anteiso-BCFA with 14-18 carbons. BCFA were 2.05 ± 0.14%, w/w of milkfat fatty acids (mean ± SD), and anteiso-BCFA comprised more than half this total. Based on these data and USDA food availability data, the average per capita BCFA intake of Americans is estimated to be about 220 mg/d from dairy; if current dietary recommendations were followed, BCFA intake would be about 400 mg/d. Adding intake from beef consumption, these estimates rise to approximately 400 and 575 mg/d, respectively. These results indicate that BCFA intake is a substantial fraction of daily fat intake, in amounts exceeding those of many bioactive fatty acids.
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Hauff S, Vetter W. Exploring the fatty acids of vernix caseosa in form of their methyl esters by off-line coupling of non-aqueous reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8270-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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