DDSolver: an add-in program for modeling and comparison of drug dissolution profiles

A Novel Intrauterine Device for the Spatio-Temporal Release of Norethindrone Acetate as a Counter-Estrogenic Intervention in the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause

The genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a widely occurring condition affecting millions of women worldwide. The current treatment of GSM involves the use of orally or vaginally administered estrogens, often with the risk of endometrial hyperplasia. The utilization of progestogens offers a means to counteract the effects of estrogen on the endometrial tissue, decreasing unwanted side effects and improving therapeutic outcomes. In this study, a norethindrone acetate (NETA)-loaded, hollow, cylindrical, and sustained release platform has been designed, fabricated, and optimized for implantation in the uterine cavity as a counter-estrogenic intervention in the treatment of GSM. The developed system, which comprises ethyl cellulose (EC) and polycaprolactone (PCL), has been statistically optimized using a two-factor, two-level factorial design, with the mechanical properties, degradation, swelling, and in vitro drug release of NETA from the device evaluated. The morphological characteristics of the platform were further investigated through scanning electron microscopy in addition to cytocompatibility studies using NIH/3T3 cells. Results from the statistical design highlighted the platform with the highest NETA load and the EC-to-PCL ratio that exhibited favorable release and weight loss profiles. The drug release data for the optimal formulation were best fitted with the Peppas-Sahlin model, implicating both diffusion and polymer relaxation in the release mechanism, with cell viability results noting that the prepared platform demonstrated favorable cytocompatibility. The significant findings of this study firmly establish the developed platform as a promising candidate for the sustained release of NETA within the uterine cavity. This functionality serves as a counter-estrogenic intervention in the treatment of GSM, with the platform holding potential for further advanced biomedical applications.

Machine vision-based non-destructive dissolution prediction of meloxicam-containing tablets

Machine vision systems have emerged for quality assessment of solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry. These can offer a versatile tool for continuous manufacturing while supporting the framework of process analytical technology, quality-by-design, and real-time release testing. The aim of this work is to develop a digital UV/VIS imaging-based system for predicting the in vitro dissolution of meloxicam-containing tablets. The alteration of the dissolution profiles of the samples required different levels of the critical process parameters, including compression force, particle size and content of the API. These process parameters were predicted non-destructively by multivariate analysis of UV/VIS images taken from the tablets. The dissolution profile prediction was also executed using solely the image data and applying artificial neural networks. The prediction error (RMSE) of the dissolution profile points was less than 5%. The alteration of the API content directly affected the maximum concentrations observed at the end of the dissolution tests. This parameter was predicted with a relative error of less than 10% by PLS models that are based on the color components of UV and VIS images. In conclusion, this paper presents a modern, non-destructive PAT solution for real-time testing of the dissolution of tablets.

Polydispersity-mediated high efficacy of an in-situ aqueous nanosuspension of PPEF.3HCl in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus sepsis model

Recently, World Health Organization declared antimicrobial resistance as the third greatest threat to human health. Absence of known cross-resistance, new class, new target, and a new mode of action are few major strategies being undertaken by researches to combat multidrug resistant pathogen. PPEF.3HCl, a bisbenzimidazole was developed as highly potent antibacterial agent against ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens, targeting topoisomerase IA. The present work encompasses a radical on-site generation of In-situ nanosuspension of PPEF.3HCl with enhanced efficacy against methicillin resistant S. aureus in septicemia model. We have generated instantaneously a PPEF.3HCl nanosuspension (IsPPEF.3HCl-NS) by mixing optimized monophasic PPEF.3HCl preconcentrate in propylene glycol into an aqueous medium comprising tween 80 as stabilizer. The IsPPEF.3HCl-NS showed precipitation efficiency of > 90 %, average particle size < 500 nm, retained upto 5 h, a negative zeta potential and bi/trimodal particle size distribution. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction confirmed partial amorphization and transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical particles. IsPPEF.3HCl-NS was non-hemolytic and exhibited good stability in serum. More significantly, it exhibited a ∼ 1.6-fold increase in macrophage uptake compared to free PPEF.3HCl in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Confocal microscopy revealed accumulation of IsPPEF.3HCl-NS within the lysosomal compartment and cell cytosol, proposing high efficacy. In terms of antimicrobial efficacy, IsPPEF.3HCl-NS outperforms free PPEF.3HCl against clinical methicillin sensitive and resistant S. aureus strains. In a pivotal experiment, IsPPEF.3HCl-NS exhibited over 83 % survival at 8 mg/kg.bw and an impressive reduction of ∼ 4-5 log-fold in bacterial load, primarily in the kidney, liver and spleen of septicemia mice. IsPPEF.3HCl-NS prepared by the In-situ approach, coupled with enhanced intramacrophage delivery and superior efficacy, positions IsPPEF.3HCl-NS as a pioneering and highly promising formulation in the battle against antimicrobial resistance.

Pimobendan controlled release guar gum printlets: Tailoring drug doses for personalised veterinary medicines

Treating chronic heart diseases in dogs is challenging due to variations in mass within and between species. Pimobendan (PBD), a veterinary drug only, is prescribed in specific cases of chronic heart disease in dogs and is available on the market in only a few different doses. Furthermore, the therapy itself is challenging due to the large size of the chewable tablets and the requirement for twice-daily administration. The development of customised and on-demand PBD medicines by three-dimensional (3D) printing has been proposed to circumvent these disadvantages. In this study, we designed controlled-release flavoured printlets containing PBD. We evaluated the use of two natural polymers, guar or xanthan gums, as the main component of the printing inks. Guar gum showed the better rheological behavior and printability by semisolid extrusion. The printlets were produced in three different shapes and sizes to allow dose customisation. Guar gum printlets showed a PBD controlled release profile, regardless of their shape or size. Therefore, we have demonstrated a novel approach for controlling PBD drug release and tailoring the dose by employing a natural polymer to produce 3D-printed tablets. This study represents a significant step towards the development of 3D-printed guar gum controlled-release formulations for veterinary applications.

Polymeric Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Dasatinib: Formulation and Ecotoxicological Assessment

Dasatinib (DAS), a potent anticancer drug, has been subjected to formulation enhancements due to challenges such as significant first-pass metabolism, poor absorption, and limited oral bioavailability. To improve its release profile, DAS was embedded in a matrix of the hydrophilic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Drug amorphization was induced in a planetary ball mill by solvent-free co-grinding, facilitating mechanochemical activation. This process resulted in the formation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). The ASD capsules exhibited a notable enhancement in the release rate of DAS compared to capsules containing the initial drug. Given that anticancer drugs often undergo limited metabolism in the body with unchanged excretion, the ecotoxicological effect of the native form of DAS was investigated as well, considering its potential accumulation in the environment. The highest ecotoxicological effect was observed on the bacteria Vibrio fischeri, while other test organisms (bacteria Pseudomonas putida, microalgae Chlorella sp., and duckweed Lemna minor) exhibited negligible effects. The enhanced drug release not only contributes to improved oral absorption but also has the potential to reduce the proportion of DAS that enters the environment through human excretion. This comprehensive approach highlights the significance of integrating advances in drug development while considering its environmental implications.

Comparative Fitting of Mathematical Models to Carvedilol Release Profiles Obtained from Hypromellose Matrix Tablets

The mathematical models available in DDSolver were applied to experimental dissolution data obtained by analysing carvedilol release from hypromellose (HPMC)-based matrix tablets. Different carvedilol release profiles were generated by varying a comprehensive selection of fillers and carvedilol release modifiers in the formulation. Model fitting was conducted for the entire relevant dissolution data, as determined by using a paired t-test, and independently for dissolution data up to approximately 60% of carvedilol released. The best models were selected based on the residual sum of squares (RSS) results used as a general measure of goodness of fit, along with the utilization of various criteria for visual assessment of model fit and determination of the acceptability of estimated model parameters indicating burst release or lag time concerning experimental dissolution results and previous research. In addition, a model-dependent analysis of carvedilol release mechanisms was carried out.

Polydimethylsiloxane Organic-Inorganic Composite Drug Reservoir with Gliclazide

A novel organic-inorganic gliclazide-loaded composite bead was developed by an ionic gelation process using acidified CaCl2, chitosan and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as a crosslinker. The beads were manufactured by crosslinking an inorganic silicone elastomer (-OH terminated polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) with TEOS at different ratios before grafting onto an organic backbone (Na-alginate) using a 32 factorial experimental design. Gliclazide's encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and drug release over 8 h (% DR 8 h) were set as dependent responses for the optimisation of a pharmaceutical formula (herein referred to as 'G op') by response surface methodology. EE % and %DR 8 h of G op were 93.48% ± 0.19 and 70.29% ± 0.18, respectively. G op exhibited a controlled release of gliclazide that follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model (R2 = 0.95) with super case II transport and pH-dependent swelling behaviour. In vitro testing of G op showed 92.17% ± 1.18 cell viability upon testing on C2C12 myoblasts, indicating the compatibility of this novel biomaterial platform with skeletal muscle drug delivery.

Ocular Mucoadhesive and Biodegradable Sponge-Like Inserts for the Sustained and Controlled Delivery of Voriconazole; Preparation, D-optimal Factorial Optimization and in-vivo Evaluation

The aim of this study was to formulate and optimize by statistical means mucoadhesive and biodegradable sponge-like inserts loaded with voriconazole (VCZ) which increases the contact time of the drug with the eye and sustain its release from the formula in a controlled manner. This avoids the pulsed effect reported for the drug suspension and results in reducing the number of drug instillations in the eye with the result of enhancing the patient compliance. Also, the sponge like nature of the insert reduces the foreign body sensation caused by other ocular solid dosage forms. They were prepared using casting/freeze-drying technique using five polymers namely high molecular weight chitosan (CH), sodium alginate (AL), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), gellan gum (GG) and xanthan gum (XG). The prepared inserts were subjected to evaluations of their visual appearance, weight variation, drug content, surface pH, in-vitro release (percent drug released after 1h (Q1 (%)), mean dissolution time (MDT) and dissolution efficiency (DE)) in addition to kinetic analysis of the release data, water uptake, mucoadhesion and rheology of the forming plain polymer solution at the maximum rate of shear. The independent variables of the D-optimal factorial design were the polymer type and concentration while Q1 (%), MDT, DE, % water uptake after 15 minutes and rheology at the maximum rate of shear were chosen as dependant variables. The performed optimization process using design expert software showed an optimum formula consisting of 2 % GG. It showed slow release behavior compared to the drug suspension. FTIR and DSC studies showed that there is no interaction between VCZ and GG. The optimum formula has good in-vitro mucoadhesive properties and pH in the safe ocular range. Moreover, it showed promising in-vivo results of rapid hydration and gelling in addition to good mucoadhesive behavior when instilled in the eye, high ocular safety and biocompatibility, sustained antifungal activity in comparison to the drug suspension and finally biodegradation. So, it may be taken into consideration as an outstanding carrier for the ocular delivery of VCZ.

Anionic species from multivalent metal salts are differentially retained during aqueous ionic gelation of sodium alginate and could fine-tune the hydrogel properties

The role of anionic counterions of divalent metal salts in alginate gelation and hydrogel properties has been thoroughly investigated. Three anions were selected from the Hofmeister series, namely sulphate, acetate and chloride, paired in all permutations and combinations with divalent metal cations like calcium, zinc and copper. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of anions and their interaction with the respective metal cations in the hydrogel. The data showed that the gelation time and other hydrogel properties were largely controlled by cations. However, subtle yet significant variations in viscoelasticity, water uptake, drug release and cytocompatibility properties were anion dependent in each cationic group. Computational modelling based study showed that metal-anion-alginate configurations were energetically more stable than the metal-alginate models. The in vitro and in silico studies concluded that acetate anions preceded chlorides in the drug release, swelling and cytocompatibility fronts, followed by sulphate anions in each cationic group. Overall, the data confirmed that anions are an integral part of the metal-alginate complex. Furthermore, anions offer a novel option to further fine-tune the properties of alginate hydrogels for myriads of applications. In addition, full exploration of this novel avenue would enhance the usability of alginate polymers in the pharmaceutical, environmental, biomedical and food industries.

Unlocking Agronutrient Resources: Sorption Strategies for sugar-energy industry waste

Vinasse and ash from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) are key byproducts in the sugar-energy industry. Vinasse is nutrient-rich but environmentally challenging, while sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) offers excellent adsorbent for treating effluents. This work aims to assess the effectiveness of SCBA in removing nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) nutrients from Vinasse. Simulated standard solutions of K2SO4 and (NH4)2HPO4 were used to mimic the nutrient concentrations in Vinasse and optimize experimental parameters such as adsorbent mass and contact time. Kinetic and isotherm models were also applied to elucidate the underlying adsorption mechanisms. Structural, morphological, and thermal analyses revealed the micro-mesoporous and heterogeneous nature of SCBA, primarily composed of SiO2 (quartz and cristobalite). The sorption assessment indicated the ideal conditions involved lower SCBA masses (2.5 g) and 6 h of contact time for the simulated standard solutions. The replicated conditions for Vinasse (at an adjusted sorption time of 24 h) demonstrated nutrient sorption and pH correction of the Vinasse, attributed to the alkaline nature of SCBA. Analysis of the sorption kinetic models for K+ and NH4+ revealed that SCBA interacts diffusively with the environment, not necessarily controlled by adsorption on active sites, indicating non-uniform characteristics. The sorption isotherms for K+ and NH4+ showed the non-linearized Freundlich model was the most suitable, indicating the adsorption sites with varying energy levels and a multilayer sorption process. In conclusion, we successfully demonstrated the sorption of nutrients from Vinasse by SCBA, enhancing the value of these residues and mitigating their environmental impact when used in agricultural applications.

Optimizing the fabrication of electrospun nanofibers of prochlorperazine for enhanced dissolution and permeation properties

Despite being an approved antiemetic for more than five decades, the clinical usefulness of prochlorperazine is limited by its low solubility and inconsistent absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, which presents challenges for nanotherapeutic interventions. Here, we report the preparation of a highly soluble and permeable nanofiber formulation of prochlorperazine using the Quality-by-Design approach. The final nanofiber formulation with drug entrapment of 88.02 ± 1.14 % was obtained at 20.0 kV, with a flow rate of 0.5 ml/h and tip-to-collector distance of 19.9 cm. Physio-mechanical properties, such as thickness (0.42 ± 0.02 mm), pH resistance (7.04 ± 0.08), folding endurance (54 ± 5), and tensile strength (0.244 ± 0.02 N.mm-2), were appropriate for packaging and application to oromucosal surfaces. The content uniformity (93.48-106.63 %) and weight variation (<1.8 mg) of the optimal nanofiber formulation were within the permissible limits prescribed for orodispersible films. Microscopical investigations confirm a randomly deposited and dense network of woven nanofibers with an average diameter of 363 ± 5.66 nm. The drug particles were embedded homogeneously on the fiber in the nanoform (4.27 ± 1.34 nm). The spectral analysis using TEM-EDS shows diffraction peaks of sulfur and chlorine, the elemental constituents of prochlorperazine. The drug was amorphized in the nanofiber formulation, as led by the decline of the crystallinity index from 87.25 % to 7.93 % due to electrostatic destabilization and flash evaporation of the solvent. The enthalpy of fusion values of the drug in the nanofiber mat decreased significantly to 23.6 J/g compared to its pristine form, which exhibits a value of 260.7 J/g. The nanofibers were biocompatible with oral mucosal cells, and there were no signs of mucosal irritation compared to 1 % sodium lauryl sulfate. The fiber mats rapidly disintegrated within <1 s and released ≈91.49 ± 2.1 % of the drug within 2 min, almost 2-fold compared to the commercial Stemetil MD® tablets. Similarly, the cumulative amount of the drug permeated across the unit area of the oromucosal membrane was remarkably high (31.28 ± 1.30 μg) compared to 10.17 ± 1.11 μg and 13.10 ± 1.79 μg from the cast film and drug suspension. Our results revealed these nanofiber formulations have the potential to be fast-dissolving oromucosal delivery systems, which can result in enhanced bioavailability with an early onset of action due to rapid disintegration, dissolution, and permeation.

Combining the potential of 3D printed buccal films and nanostructured lipid carriers for personalised cannabidiol delivery

Cannabidiol (CBD) has been recognized for its numerous therapeutic benefits, such as neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, and cardioprotection. However, CBD has some limitations, including unpredictable pharmacokinetics and low oral bioavailability. To overcome the challenges associated with CBD delivery, we employed Design of Experiments (DoE), lipid carriers, and 3D printing techniques to optimize and develop buccal film loaded with CBD-NLCs. Three-factor Box-Behnken Design was carried out to optimise the NLCs and analyse the effect of independent factors on dependent factors. The emulsification-ultrasonication technique was used to prepare the NLCs. A pressure-assisted micro-syringe printing technique was used to produce the films. The produced films were studied for physicochemical, and mechanical properties, release profiles, and predicted in vivo performance. The observed particle size of the NLCs ranged from 12.17 to 84.91 nm whereas the PDI varied from 0.099 to 0.298. Lipid and sonication time positively affected the particle size whereas the surfactant concentration was inversely related. CBD was incorporated into the optimal formulation and the observed particle size, PDI, and zeta potential for the CBD-NLCs were 94.2 ± 0.47 nm, 0.11 ± 0.01 and - 11.8 ± 0.52 mV. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)-based gel containing the CBD-NLCs was prepared and used as a feed for 3D printing. The CBD-NLCs film demonstrated a slow and sustained in vitro release profile (84. 11 ± 7.02% in 6 h). The predicted AUC0-10 h, Cmax, and Tmax were 201.5 µg·h/L, 0.74 µg/L, and 1.28 h for a film with 0.4 mg of CBD, respectively. The finding demonstrates that a buccal film of CBD-NLCs can be fabricated using 3D printing.

Co-encapsulation of curcumin and anthocyanins in bovine serum album-fucoidan nanocomplex with a two-step pH-driven method

BACKGROUND

Curcumin (CUR) and anthocyanins (ACN) are recommended due to their bioactivities. However, their nutritional values and health benefits are limited by their low oral bioavailability. The incorporation of bioactive substances into polysaccharide-protein composite nanoparticles is an effective way to enhance their bioavailability. Accordingly, this study explored the fabrication of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-fucoidan (FUC) hybrid nanoparticles using a two-step pH-driven method for the delivery of CUR and ACN.

RESULTS

Under a 1:1 weight ratio of BSA to FUC, the point of zero charge moved from pH ⁓ 4.7 for BSA to around 2.5 for FUC-coated BSA, and the formation of BSA-FUC nanocomplex was pH-dependent by showing the maximum CUR emission wavelength shifting from 546 nm (CUR-loaded BSA-FUC at pH 4.7) and 544 nm (CUR/ACN-loaded BSA-FUC nanoparticles at pH 4.7) to 540 nm (CUR-loaded BSA-FUC at pH 6.0) and 539 nm (CUR/ACN-loaded BSA-FUC nanoparticles at pH 6.0). Elevated concentrations of NaCl from 0 to 2.5 mol L-1 caused particle size increase from about 250 to about 800 nm, but showing no effect on the encapsulation efficiency of CUR. The CUR and ACN entrapped, respectively, in the inner and outer regions of the BSA-FUC nanocomplex were released at different rates. After incubation for 10 h, more than 80% of ACN was released, while less than 25% of CUR diffused into the receiving medium, which fitted well to Logistic and Weibull models.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the BSA-FUC nanocomposites produced by a two-step pH-driven method could be used for the co-delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nutraceuticals. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Optimizing Nanosuspension Drug Release and Wound Healing Using a Design of Experiments Approach: Improving the Drug Delivery Potential of NDH-4338 for Treating Chemical Burns

NDH-4338 is a highly lipophilic prodrug comprising indomethacin and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. A design of experiments approach was used to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the wound healing efficacy of optimized NDH-4338 nanosuspensions against nitrogen mustard-induced skin injury. Nanosuspensions were prepared by sonoprecipitation in the presence of a Vitamin E TPGS aqueous stabilizer solution. Critical processing parameters and material attributes were optimized to reduce particle size and determine the effect on dissolution rate and burn healing efficacy. The antisolvent/solvent ratio (A/S), dose concentration (DC), and drug/stabilizer ratio (D/S) were the critical sonoprecipitation factors that control particle size. These factors were subjected to a Box-Behnken design and response surface analysis, and model quality was assessed. Maximize desirability and simulation experiment optimization approaches were used to determine nanosuspension parameters with the smallest size and the lowest defect rate within the 10-50 nm specification limits. Optimized and unoptimized nanosuspensions were prepared and characterized. An established depilatory double-disc mouse model was used to evaluate the healing of nitrogen mustard-induced dermal injuries. Optimized nanosuspensions (A/S = 6.2, DC = 2% w/v, D/S = 2.8) achieved a particle size of 31.46 nm with a narrow size range (PDI = 0.110) and a reduced defect rate (42.2 to 6.1%). The optimized nanosuspensions were stable and re-dispersible, and they showed a ~45% increase in cumulative drug release and significant edema reduction in mice. Optimized NDH-4338 nanosuspensions were smaller with more uniform sizes that led to improved physical stability, faster dissolution, and enhanced burn healing efficacy compared to unoptimized nanosuspensions.

Preparation, Characterization, Antioxidant Activities, and Determination of Anti-Alzheimer Effects of PLGA-Based DDSs Containing Ferulic Acid

Nanoparticle (NP) systems have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years due to their advantages, such as modified release features, increased therapeutic efficacy, and reduced side effects. Ferulic acid (FA) has therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, and antidiabetic. In this study, FA-loaded PLGA-based NPs were prepared by a nanoprecipitation method and the effect of varying concentrations of Poloxamer 188 and Span 60 on NP properties was investigated. FA-loaded A-FA coded formulation was chosen as optimum. High encapsulation efficiency has been achieved due to the low affinity of FA to the water phase and, therefore, its lipophilic nature, which tends to migrate to the organic phase. It was determined that the release of FA from the A-FA was slower than pure FA and prolonged release in 24 h. Antioxidant and anti-Alzheimer's effects of A-FA coded NP formulation were investigated by biological activity studies. A-FA coded NP formulation showed strong DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS cation decolorizing, and reducing antioxidant activity. Since it has both AChE inhibitor and antioxidant properties according to the results of its anti-Alzheimer activity, it was concluded that the formulation prepared in this study shows promise in the treatment of both oxidative stress-related diseases and Alzheimer's.

Quality Assessment of Selected Essential Antimicrobial Drugs from Drug Retail Outlets of Selected Cities in Eastern Ethiopia

The prevalence of substandard and falsified (SF) antimicrobial drugs is increasing around the globe. This poses a great concern for the healthcare system. The consumption of SF antimicrobial drugs has the potential to result in treatment failure, emergence and development of antimicrobial resistance, and ultimately a rise in mortality rate. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of four commonly used antimicrobials marketed in the cities of Dire Dawa and Jijiga and the town of Togo-Wuchale, which have high potential for illegal drug trade activities in Ethiopia because they are located near the border with Somalia. A total of 54 brands/samples of amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin formulations were collected covertly from 43 facilities using a convenience sampling strategy from March 16 to March 29, 2022. The samples were first screened using Global Pharma Health Fund (GPHF)-Minilab protocols and then analyzed using U.S. Pharmacopoeial and British Pharmacopoeia official methods. The quality evaluation detected no falsified product; however, it showed that 14.3% of the samples failed the GPHF-Minilab screening test semiquantitatively. Overall, 22.2% of the products analyzed did not meet any of pharmacopoeial specifications assessed: 13%, 12.2%, and 11.1% of the products failed in assay, dissolution, and weight variation, respectively. Additionally, 56.3% of amoxicillin samples, 60% of amoxicillin/clavulanate, 20% of ciprofloxacin, and 54.5% of norfloxacin samples were found to be pharmaceutically nonequivalent with their respective comparator products regarding dissolution profiles. The study showed the presence of substandard antimicrobial medicines in the eastern Ethiopian market.

Evaluation of in vitro dissolution profiles of modified-release metoprolol succinate tablets crushed using mortar and pestle technique

PURPOSE

Clinical practice guidelines advise against crushing modified-release dosage forms. Metoprolol succinate modified-release (MS-MR) tablets are commonly crushed in clinical practice to facilitate administration to patients with swallowing difficulties or using feeding tubes. To date, the effect of this practice remains unexplored. The in vitro effects of crushing commercially available MS-MR tablets were explored using a holistic approach.

METHODS

Dissolution profiles of crushed versus whole MS-MR tablets were compared. Tablets were crushed to powder state using pragmatic method mimicking hospital practices. For standardization purposes, the same operator, duration (60 seconds), hand, and mortar-pestle apparatus were used. Dissolution studies were conducted per U.S. Pharmacopeia at pH 1.2, pH 4.5, and pH 6.8 with USP apparatus 2 (paddle) at rotation speed of 50 rpm at 37±0.5 °C in 500 mL dissolution media. Samples were withdrawn at predetermined time points. Percent drug dissolved was measured by validated UV-vis Spectrophotometry. Comprehensive analysis of the dissolution data was conducted using model-independent, model-dependent, and ANOVA-based approaches (SPSS v.23 at α=0.05). Similarity (f2) and difference (f1) factors were calculated to compare the dissolution profiles between crushed (CT) and whole tablets (WT). Goodness of fit (GOF) analysis examined the compliance between in vitro dissolution behaviors and several drug release models. Model selection was based on GOF plots, Akaike criteria and adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj). Imaging and particle size distribution analysis were conducted to examine associated surface and morphologic changes.

RESULTS

The dissolution profiles were not similar at pH 4.5 (f2=45.43, f1=18.97) and pH 6.8 (f2=31.47, f1=32.94). CT best fitted with Higuchi (pH 1.2: R2adj=0.9990), Weibull (pH 4.5: R2adj=0.9884), and Korsmeyer-Peppas (pH 6.8: R2adj=0.9719). Contrastingly, WT best fitted with Hopfenberg (pH 1.2: R2adj=0.9986), logistic (pH 4.5: R2adj=0.9839) and first-order (pH 6.8: R2adj=0.9979) models. A significant difference in the dissolution profiles was found between CT and WT using multivariate analysis of variance per time points and between the tablet forms (p=0.004). This was confirmed by unparalleled dissolution profiles. Crushing resulted in variations in particle size and surface morphological changes to the micropellets.

CONCLUSION

Crushing practices change the dissolution profile of MS-MR tablets by deforming the surface morphology of embedded micropellets. Amounts of drug dissolved between CT and WT were not the same at the compared time points across gastrointestinal pH ranges. This suggests potential clinical impact on plasma-concentration profiles of critically ill patients using feeding tube.

Fexofenadine-loaded chitosan coated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs): A potential oral therapy for ulcerative colitis

The targeting and mucoadhesive features of chitosan (CS)-linked solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were exploited to efficiently deliver fexofenadine (FEX) into the colon, forming a novel and potential oral therapeutic option for ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment. Different FEX-CS-SLNs with varied molecular weights of CS were prepared and optimized. Optimized FEX-CS-SLNs exhibited 229 ± 6.08 nm nanometric size, 36.3 ± 3.18 mV zeta potential, 64.9 % EE, and a controlled release profile. FTIR, DSC, and TEM confirmed good drug entrapment and spherical particles. Mucoadhesive properties of FEX-CS-SLNs were investigated through mucin incubation and exhibited considerable mucoadhesion. The protective effect of FEX-pure, FEX-market, and FEX-CS-SLNs against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats was examined. Oral administration of FEX-CS-SLNs for 14 days before ulcerative colitis induction reversed UC symptoms and almost restored the intestinal mucosa to normal integrity and inhibited Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (73.6 %), protein kinase B (73.28 %), and elevated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (185.9 %) in colonic tissue. Additionally, FEX-CS-SLNs inhibited tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) to (70.79 % & 72.99 %) in colonic tissue. The ameliorative potential of FEX-CS-SLNs outperformed that of FEX-pure and FEX-market. The exceptional protective effect of FEX-CS-SLNs makes it a potentially effective oral system for managing ulcerative colitis.

Multi-functional pH-responsive and biomimetic chitosan-based nanoplexes for targeted delivery of ciprofloxacin against bacterial sepsis

Bacterial sepsis is a mortal syndromic disease characterized by a complex pathophysiology that hinders effective targeted therapy. This study aimed to develop multifunctional, biomimetic and pH-responsive ciprofloxacin-loaded chitosan (CS)/sodium deoxycholic acid (SDC) nanoplexes (CS/SDC) nanoplexes with the ability to target and modulate the TLR4 pathway, activated during sepsis. The formulated nanoplexes were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties, in silico and in vitro potential biological activities. The optimal formulation showed good biocompatibility and stability with appropriate physicochemical parameters. The surface charge changed from negative at pH 7.4 to positive at pH 6.0 accompanied with a significantly faster release of CIP at pH 6.0 compared to 7.4. The biomimicry was elucidated by in silico tools and MST and results confirmed strong binding between the system and TLR4. Furthermore, the system revealed 4- and 2-fold antibacterial enhancement at acidic pH, and 3- and 4-fold better antibiofilm efficacy against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) respectively, compared to bare CIP. In addition, enhanced bacterial efflux pump inhibition was demonstrated by CS/SDC nanoplexes. Finally, the developed nanosystem showed excellent antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals. Taken together, the study confirmed the multi-functionalities of CS/SDC nanoplexes and their potential benefits in improving bacterial sepsis therapy.

Design of floating formulations and antiulcer activity of Desmostachya bipinnata

The study aims to design and optimize the floating formulations of the aqueous extract of Desmostachya bipinnata (ADB) to treat peptic ulcers. The trial concentrations of HPMC E50, HPMC K4M, and Carbopol 940 were used as factors, and floating lag time, total floating time, and % drug release at 12 h were used as responses. The formulation underwent evaluation for different parameters: aspirin-induced ulcers in rats assessed the antiulcer activity, and X-ray studies in rabbits evaluated the gastroretentive nature. The optimized formulation has shown a floating lag time of 32 s and floated in the gastric medium for more than 9 h with a maximum drug release of 93% at the end of 12 h by following the Korsmeyer-Peppas drug release mechanism. The optimized formulation has good flow properties. The FT-IR, DSC, and XRD studies show ADB and excipients didn't show any incompatibility. The formulation has shown significant antiulcer activity against aspirin-induced ulcers in rats, with an ulcer index of 3.38 ± 0.24 and inhibition of 76.67 ± 0.56%. The in vivo X-ray imaging proved the gastric retention of the formulations for more than 8 h. The results of the formulations demonstrate the floating ability and sustained drug release of the tablet responsible for treating peptic ulcers to show a localized effect in the gastric region and to maintain the ROS levels.

Preparation of PLGA Microspheres Using the Non-Toxic Glycofurol as Polymer Solvent by a Modified Phase Inversion Methodology

Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide is a biodegradable copolymer that can release pharmaceuticals. These pharmaceuticals can provide local therapy and also avert the clinical issues that occur when a drug must be given continuously and/or automatically. However, the drawbacks of using poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide include the kinetics and duration of time of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide drug release, the denaturing of the drug loaded drug, and the potential clinical side effects. These drawbacks are mainly caused by the volatile organic solvents needed to prepare poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide spheres. Using the non-toxic solvent glycofurol solvent instead of volatile organic solvents to construct poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide microspheres may deter the issues of using volatile organic solvents. Up to now, preparation of such glycofurol spheres has previously met with limited success. We constructed dexamethasone laden poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide microspheres utilizing glycofurol as the solvent within a modified phase inversion methodology. These prepared microspheres have a higher drug load and a lower rate of water diffusion. This prolongs drug release compared to dichloromethane constructed spheres. The glycofurol-generated spheres are also not toxic to target cells as is the case for dichloromethane-constructed spheres. Further, glycofurol-constructed spheres do not denature the dexamethasone molecule and have kinetics of drug release that are more clinically advantageous, including a lower drug burst and a prolonged drug release.

Monophasic coamorphous sulpiride: a leap in physicochemical attributes and dual inhibition of GlyT1 and P-glycoprotein, supported by experimental and computational insights

Study aimed to design and development of a supramolecular formulation of sulpiride (SUL) to enhance its solubility, dissolution and permeability by targeting a novel GlyT1 inhibition mechanism. SUL is commonly used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, migraine, anti-emetic, anti-depressive and anti-dyspeptic conditions. Additionally, Naringin (NARI) was incorporated as a co-former to enhance the drug's intestinal permeability by targeting P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux inhibition. NARI, a flavonoid has diverse biological activities, including anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to design and develop a supramolecular formulation of SUL with NARI to enhance its solubility, dissolution, and permeability by targeting a novel GlyT1 inhibition mechanism, extensive experimental characterization was performed using solid-state experimental techniques in conjunction with a computational approach. This approach included quantum mechanics-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) studies to investigate intermolecular interactions, phase transformation and various electronic structure-based properties. The findings of the miscibility study, radial distribution function (RDF) analysis, quantitative simulations of hydrogen/π-π bond interactions and geometry optimization aided in comprehending the coamorphization aspects of SUL-NARI Supramolecular systems. Molecular docking and MD simulation were performed for detailed binding affinity assessment and target validation. The solubility, dissolution and ex-vivo permeability studies demonstrated significant improvements with 31.88-fold, 9.13-fold and 1.83-fold increments, respectively. Furthermore, biological assessments revealed superior neuroprotective effects in the SUL-NARI coamorphous system compared to pure SUL. In conclusion, this study highlights the advantages of a drug-nutraceutical supramolecular formulation for improving the solubility and permeability of SUL, targeting novel schizophrenia treatment approaches through combined computational and experimental analyses.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Solvent-free method for masking the bitter taste of azithromycin dihydrate using supercritical fluid technology

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

The unpleasant extremely bitter taste of the orally administered broad-spectrum antibiotic azithromycin decreases patient compliance, especially in pediatrics. This issue can be overcome by decreasing drug interaction with the tasting buds using insoluble polymers at salivary pH (6.8 - 7.4), like the cationic polymer Eudragit EPO. Supercritical fluid technology is a green synthesis method for preparing pharmaceutical preparations that replace organic solvents with safe supercritical CO2. This study aimed to mask the bitter taste of azithromycin using the supercritical fluid method and a pH-sensitive Eudragit EPO polymer.

METHODS

A foaming process was investigated for preparing a formulation (TEST), which comprises treating the polymer with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) fluid to prepare a taste-masked dosage form without employing organic solvents or flavors.

RESULTS

The use of the supercritical technique at 40 °C and 10 MPa for 2 h allowed the manufacturing of solvent-free polymeric foam with azithromycin dispersions; the average calculated percentage of apparent volume change was 62.5 ± 5.9% with an average pore diameter of 34.879 Å. The formulated sample showed low drug release in simulated salivary fluid while keeping its crystalline nature. Moreover, clinical studies on healthy subjects showed that the formula successfully masked azithromycin's bitter taste.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, it has been shown herein that the supercritical fluid technology foaming method is promising in masking the bitter taste of bitter ingredients.

Chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers for effective brain delivery of Tanshinone IIA in Parkinson's disease: interplay between nuclear factor-kappa β and cathepsin B

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with increased oxidative stress, the underlying vital process contributing to cell death. Tanshinone IIA (TAN) is a phytomedicine with a documented activity in treating many CNS disorders, particularly PD owing to its unique anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. However, its clinical utility is limited by its poor aqueous solubility, short half-life, and hence low concentration reaching targeted cells. This work aimed to develop a biocompatible chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (CS-NLCs) for effective brain delivery of TAN for PD management. The proposed nanosystem was successfully prepared using a simple melt-emulsification ultra-sonication method, optimized and characterized both in vitro and in vivo in a rotenone-induced PD rat model. The developed TAN-loaded CS-NLCs (CS-TAN-NLCs) showed good colloidal properties (size ≤ 200 nm, PDI ≤ 0.2, and ζ-potential + 20 mV) and high drug entrapment efficiency (> 97%) with sustained release profile for 24 h. Following intranasal administration, CS-TAN-NLCs succeeded to achieve a remarkable antiparkinsonian and antidepressant effect in diseased animals compared to both the uncoated TAN-NLCs and free TAN suspension as evidenced by the conducted behavioral tests and improved histopathological findings. Furthermore, biochemical evaluation of oxidative stress along with inflammatory markers, nuclear factor-kabba β (NF-Kβ) and cathepsin B further confirmed the potential of the CS-TAN-NLCs in enhancing brain delivery and hence the therapeutic effect of TAN of treatment of PD. Accordingly, CS-TAN-NLCs could be addressed as a promising nano-platform for the effective management of PD.

Model-Informed Drug Development: In Silico Assessment of Drug Bioperformance following Oral and Percutaneous Administration

The pharmaceutical industry has faced significant changes in recent years, primarily influenced by regulatory standards, market competition, and the need to accelerate drug development. Model-informed drug development (MIDD) leverages quantitative computational models to facilitate decision-making processes. This approach sheds light on the complex interplay between the influence of a drug's performance and the resulting clinical outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to explain the mechanisms that control the dissolution and/or release of drugs and their subsequent permeation through biological membranes. Furthermore, the importance of simulating these processes through a variety of in silico models is emphasized. Advanced compartmental absorption models provide an analytical framework to understand the kinetics of transit, dissolution, and absorption associated with orally administered drugs. In contrast, for topical and transdermal drug delivery systems, the prediction of drug permeation is predominantly based on quantitative structure-permeation relationships and molecular dynamics simulations. This review describes a variety of modeling strategies, ranging from mechanistic to empirical equations, and highlights the growing importance of state-of-the-art tools such as artificial intelligence, as well as advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques.

Cytotoxicity Enhancement in Osteosarcoma with Multifunctional I-131 Radiotherapeutic Nanoparticles: In Vitro Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model and Release Kinetics Modeling

This novel radiolabeled chitosan nanoparticle, facilitated with curcumin, increased doxorubicin cytotoxicity and radiosensitivity to MG-63 osteosarcoma cells in a three-dimensional model. Delivery of the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles, directly labeled with Na131I (ICED-N), achieved deep tumor penetration in a three-dimensional model. Of three kinetic models, the Higuchi model more closely matched the experimental curve and release profiles. The anti-EGFR targeting resulted in a 513-fold greater targeting efficacy to MG-63 (EGFR+) cells than the control fibroblast (EGFR-) cells. The curcumin-enhanced ICED-N (4 × 0.925 MBq) fractionated-dose regime achieved an 18.3-fold increase in cell cytotoxicity compared to the single-dose (1 × 3.70 MBq) doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticle, and a 13.6-fold increase in cell cytotoxicity compared to the single-dose Na131I nanoparticle. Moreover, the ICED-N fractionated dose increased cells in the G2/M phase 8.78-fold, indicating the cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase is associated with DNA fragmentation, and the intracellular damage is unable to be repaired. Overall, the results indicate that the fractionated dose was more efficacious than a single dose, and curcumin substantially increased doxorubicin cytotoxicity and amplified osteosarcoma cell radiosensitivity to Na131I.

Development of uniform fenofibrate-loaded biodegradable microparticle by membrane emulsification

Fenofibrate has shown therapeutic effects on diabetic retinopathy. However, fenofibrate can be rapidly cleared from the eye after a single intravitreal injection. Here, we aim to develop fenofibrate loaded PLGA microparticles (Feno-MP) with high drug loading and sustained in vitro release up to 6 months suitable for intravitreal injection. First, orthogonal array experimental design was applied for formulation optimization. The selected formulation parameters were used to formulate Feno-MP using homogenization method and direct membrane emulsification method. Both methods generated Feno-MP with high drug loading and sustained in vitro drug release more than 140 days. Unlike the polydisperse Feno-MP prepared using homogenization method, membrane emulsification method generated Feno-MP with uniform size distribution. By controlling the membrane pore size, 1.5 µm, 8 µm and 16 µm Feno-MP were formulated and we found that larger Feno-MP demonstrated higher drug loading, more sustained drug release in vitro with less burst drug release than the smaller Feno-MP. In conclusion, we developed Feno-MP with high drug loading and sustained release profile, and elucidated that changing the particle size could have notable impacts on drug loading and release kinetics. Formulating Feno-MP with uniform size distribution by membrane emulsification method would benefit the batch-to-batch repeatability.

Injectable long-acting ivacaftor-loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microparticle formulations for the treatment of cystic fibrosis: In vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetics in mice

Optimizing a sustained-release drug delivery system for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) is crucial for decreasing the dosing frequency and improving patients' compliance with the treatment regimen. In the current work, we developed an injectable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticle formulation loaded with ivacaftor, a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) potentiator that increases the open probability of the CFTR anion channel, using a single emulsion solvent evaporation technique. We aimed to study the effect of different parameters on the characteristics of the prepared formulations to select an optimized microparticle formulation to be used in an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in mice. First, a suite of ivacaftor-loaded microparticles were prepared using different formulation parameters in order to study the effect of varying these parameters on microparticle size, morphology, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release profiles. Prepared microparticles were spherical with diameters ranging from 1.91-6.93 µm, percent drug loading (% DL) of 3.91-10.3%, percent encapsulation efficiencies (% EE) of 26.6-100%, and an overall slow cumulative release profile. We selected the formulation that demonstrated optimal combined % DL and % EE values (8.25 and 90.7%, respectively) for further studies. These microparticles had an average particle size of 6.83 µm and a slow tri-phasic in vitro release profile (up to 6 weeks). In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed that the subcutaneously injected microparticles resulted in steady plasma levels of ivacaftor over a period of 28 days, and a 6-fold increase in AUC 0 - t (71.6 µg/mL*h) compared to the intravenously injected soluble ivacaftor (12.3 µg/mL*h). Our results suggest that this novel ivacaftor-loaded microparticle formulation could potentially eliminate the need for the frequent daily administration of ivacaftor to people with CF thus improving their compliance and ensuring successful treatment outcomes.

Co-Delivery of a Novel Lipidated TLR7/8 Agonist and Hemagglutinin-Based Influenza Antigen Using Silica Nanoparticles Promotes Enhanced Immune Responses

Co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants to the same antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can significantly improve the efficacy and safety profiles of vaccines. Here, we report amine-grafted silica nanoparticles (A-SNP) as a tunable vaccine co-delivery platform for TLR7/8 agonists along with the recombinant influenza antigen hemagglutinin H7 (H7) to APCs. A-SNP of two different sizes (50 and 200 nm) were prepared and coated with INI-4001 at different coating densities, followed by co-adsorption of H7. Both INI-4001 and H7 showed >90% adsorption to the tested A-SNP formulations. TNF-α and IFN-α cytokine release by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 release by mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells revealed that the potency of the INI-4001-adsorbed A-SNP (INI-4001/A-SNP) formulations was improved relative to aqueous formulation control. This improved potency was dependent on particle size and ligand coating density. In addition, slow-release profiles of INI-4001 were measured from INI-4001/A-SNP formulations in plasma with 30-50% INI-4001 released after 7 days. In vivo murine immunization studies demonstrated significantly improved H7-specific humoral and Th1/Th17-polarized T cell immune responses with no observed adverse reactions. Low-density 50 nm INI-4001/A-SNP elicited significantly higher IFN-γ and IL-17 induction over that of the H7 antigen-only group and INI-4001 aqueous formulation controls. In summary, this work introduces an effective and biocompatible SNP-based co-delivery platform that enhances the immunogenicity of TLR7/8 agonist-adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccines.

Drug-Releasing Tannic Acid-Mediated Adhesive PEG Hydrogel for Porous Titanium Implants

Porous titanium implants are commonly utilized for orthopedic surgery because they can mimic the mechanical properties and porous structure of human bone. However, the bioinertness of titanium (Ti) has been reported to obstruct biointegration processes, resulting in slower bone repair. Here, we propose a localized drug delivery system on Ti surfaces using adhesive hydrogel to enhance biological-Ti interactions. The hydrogel was fabricated from polyethylene glycol (PEG), which was cross-linked by the complex of tannic acid (TA) and 1,4-phenylenediboronic acid (PDBA) and stabilized by bovine serum albumin (BSA). The hydrogel was formed and attached to a Ti plate to investigate stability, biodegradability, controlled drug release, and biocompatibility. The stability and biodegradability of the hydrogel could be tuned by adjusting the concentrations of BSA and TA. The hydrogel lasted and remained adhered to the Ti surface after being submerged in PBS for at least 15 days. The controlled release of strontium ranelate (SrRan) and the release mechanism depended on the amount of TA since it was found to govern the hydrogel integrity and pore size. Additionally, in vitro biocompatibility was validated using L929 fibroblast and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells that showed greater than 70% viability. The adhesive hydrogel was further studied by injecting it into a 3D-printed Ti-scaffold that contained a porous structure mimicking natural human bone. The hydrogel completely filled and adhered to the inner porous structure of the scaffold. The biodegradation and drug release of the hydrogel in the scaffold occurred at a slower rate, suggesting sustainable drug release that is suitable for bone cell regeneration. The overall results in biodegradability, controlled drug release, and biocompatibility demonstrate the great potential of the drug-releasing TA-mediated adhesive PEG hydrogel as a Ti-enhancing biomaterial that supports osseointegration.

A Novel Phytotherapy Application: Preparation, Characterization, Antioxidant Activities and Determination of Anti-inflammatory Effects by In vivo HET-CAM Assay of Chitosan-based DDSs Containing Endemic Helichrysum pamphylicum P.H. Davis & Kupicha Methanolic Extract

BACKGROUND

Numerous pharmaceutical applications for chitosan, a polysaccharide made from the shells of crustaceans by deacetylating chitin that occurs naturally, are currently being researched. Chitosan, a natural polymer, is successfully used to prepare many drug-carrier systems, such as gel, film, nanoparticle, and wound dressing.

OBJECTIVE

Preparing chitosan gels without external crosslinkers is less toxic and environmentally friendly.

METHODS

Chitosan-based gels containing Helichrysum pamphylicum P.H. Davis & Kupicha methanolic extract (HP) were produced successfully.

RESULTS

The F9-HP coded gel prepared with high molecular weight chitosan was chosen as the optimum formulation in terms of pH and rheological properties. The amount of HP was found to be 98.83% ± 0.19 in the F9-HP coded formulation. The HP release from the F9-HP coded formula was determined to be slower and 9 hours prolonged release compared to pure HP. It was determined that HP release from F9-HP coded formulation with the DDSolver program was by anomalous (non-fickian) diffusion mechanism. The F9-HP coded formulation significantly showed DPPH free radical scavenger, ABTS•+ cation decolorizing and metal chelating antioxidant activity while weakly reducing antioxidant potential. According to the HET-CAM scores, strong anti-inflammatory activity was obtained by the F9-HP coded gel at a dose of 20 μg.embryo-1 (p<0.05 compared with SDS).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be said that chitosan-based gels containing HP, which can be used in both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatment, were successfully formulated and characterized.

Fabrication and Synthesis of Thiococlchicoside Loaded Matrix Type Transdermal Patch

BACKGROUND

The goal of this work was to synthesize and fabricate matrix type transdermal patches based on a combination of polymers (Eudragit L100, HPMC and PVP K30), plasticizer and crosslinking agents (propylene glycol and triethyl citrate) and adhesives (Dura Tak 87-6908) to increase Thiocolchicoside (THC) absorption via topical route. This method allows avoidance of first-pass metabolism along with a consistent and extended duration of therapeutic activity.

METHODS

Fabrication and casting of polymeric solutions containing THC was done either in petri plates or through lab coater to get transdermal patches. Finally, the formulated patches were studied for their physicochemical and biological evaluation using scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, DSC, XRD and ex-vivo permeation studies using pig ear skin.

RESULTS

FTIR studies confirm that the THC characteristics peaks (carbonyl (Amide I) at 1525.5 cm-1, C=O stretching (tropane ring) at 1664.4 cm-1, Amide II band (N-H stretching) at 3325.9 cm-1, thioether band at 2360.7 cm-1, and OH group stretching band at 3400.2 cm-1) are still present in the polymer mixture even after formulation as a transdermal patch, indicating compatibility among all excipients. While on the other hand, DSC studies confirm endothermic peaks for all the polymers along with THC with the highest enthalpy of 65.979 J/g, which is an indicator of sharp endothermic peak at 198°C, leading to the melting of THC. The percentage drug content and percentage moisture uptake of all the formulation was found in the range of 96 ± 2.04 to 98.56 ± 1.34% and 4.13 ± 1.16 to 8.23 ± 0.90%, respectively. Drug release and release kinetics studies confirm that it is dependent on the composition of individual formulation.

CONCLUSION

All these findings support the possibility of using suitable polymeric composition, as well as proper formulation and manufacturing circumstances, to create a one-of-a-kind technology platform for transdermal drug administration.

Deformable Vesicles with Edge Activators for the Transdermal Delivery of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids

BACKGROUND

Transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic molecules is challenging due to the strong barrier function of the skin. Vesicles with penetration enhancers are safe and efficient systems that could improve the transdermal delivery of non-psychoactive cannabinoids such as cannabidiol and desoxy-cannabidiol. In the last decades, research interest in desoxy-cannabidiol as a potent drug with anti-nociceptive properties has risen. Still, its scarce market availability poses a limit for both research and clinical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the synthesis to produce sufficient amounts of desoxy-cannabidiol. Moreover, also the formulation aspects for this drug are challenging and require to be addressed to meet an efficient delivery to the patients.

OBJECTIVE

This work aimed to develop innovative phospholipid-based vesicles with propylene glycol (PG), oleic acid (OA), or limonene as edge activators, for the transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs such as non-psychoactive cannabinoids. In particular, desoxy-cannabidiol was selected thanks to its anti-nociceptive activity, and its synthesis was improved enhancing the stereoselectivity of its synthon's production.

METHODS

Desoxy-cannabidiol was synthesized by Lewis acid-mediated condensation of p-mentha-2,8-dien- 1-ol and m-pentylphenol, improving the stereoselectivity of the first synthon's production. Transethosomes containing 20-50% w/w PG, 0.4-0.8% w/w OA, or 0.1-1% w/w limonene were optimized and loaded with cannabidiol or desoxy-cannabidiol (0.07-0.8% w/w, 0.6-7.0 mg/mL). Ex-vivo studies were performed to assess both the skin permeation and accumulation of the cannabinoids, as well as the penetration depth of fluorescein- loaded systems used as models.

RESULTS

An enantioselective bromination was added to the pathway, thus raising the production yield of pmentha- 2,8-dien-1-ol to 81% against 35%, and the overall yield of desoxy-cannabidiol synthesis from 12% to 48%. Optimized transethosomes containing 0.6 mg/mL cannabinoids were prepared with 1:10 PG:lipid weight ratio, 0.54 OA:lipid molar ratio, and 0.3 limonene:lipid molar ratio, showing good nanometric size (208 ± 20.8 nm - 321 ± 26.3 nm) and entrapment efficiency (> 80%). Ex-vivo tests showed both improved skin permeation rates of cannabinoids (up to 21.32 ± 4.27 μg/cm2 cannabidiol), and skin penetration (depth of fluorescein up to 240 μm, with PG).

CONCLUSION

Desoxy-cannabidiol was successfully produced at high yields, and formulated into transethosomes optimized for transdermal delivery. Loaded vesicles showed improved skin penetration of desoxy-cannabidiol, cannabidiol and a lipophilic probe. These results suggest the potential of these carriers for the transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs.

Bacteriophage entrapped chitosan microgel for the treatment of biofilm-mediated polybacterial infection in burn wounds

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteria are most commonly present in burn wound infections. Multidrug resistance (MDR) and biofilm formation make it difficult to treat these infections. Bacteriophages (BPs) are proven as an effective therapy against MDR as well as biofilm-associated wound infections. In the present work, a naturally inspired bacteriophage cocktail loaded chitosan microparticles-laden topical gel has been developed for the effective treatment of these infections. Bacteriophages against MDR S. aureus (BPSAФ1) and P. aeruginosa (BPPAФ1) were isolated and loaded separately and in combination into the chitosan microparticles (BPSAФ1-CHMPs, BPPAФ1-CHMPs, and MBP-CHMPs), which were later incorporated into the SEPINEO™ P 600 gel (BPSAФ1-CHMPs-gel, BPPAФ1-CHMPs-gel, and MBP-CHMPs-gel). BPs were characterized for their morphology, lytic activity, burst size, and hemocompatibility, and BPs belongs to Caudoviricetes class. Furthermore, BPSAФ1-CHMPs, BPPAФ1-CHMPs, and MBP-CHMPs had an average particle size of 1.19 ± 0.11, 1.42 ± 0.21, and 2.84 ± 0.28 μm, respectively, and expressed promising in vitro antibiofilm eradication potency. The ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging in infected burn wounds demonstrated improved wound healing reduced inflammation and increased oxygen saturation following treatment with BPs formulations. The obtained results suggested that the incorporation of the BPs in the MP-gel protected the BPs, sustained the BPs release, and improved the antibacterial activity.

Thermosensitive Chitosan Hydrogels: A Potential Strategy for Prolonged Iron Dextran Parenteral Supplementation

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) presents a global health challenge, impacting crucial development stages in humans and other mammals. Pigs, having physiological and metabolic similarities with humans, are a valuable model for studying and preventing anemia. Commonly, a commercial iron dextran formulation (CIDF) with iron dextran particles (IDPs) is intramuscularly administered for IDA prevention in pigs, yet its rapid metabolism limits preventive efficacy. This study aimed to develop and evaluate chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels (CTHs) as a novel parenteral iron supplementation strategy, promoting IDPs' prolonged release and mitigating their rapid metabolism. These CTHs, loaded with IDPs (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g of theoretical iron/g of chitosan), were characterized for IM iron supplementation. Exhibiting thermosensitivity, these formulations facilitated IM injection at ~4 °C, and its significant increasing viscosity at 25-37 °C physically entrapped the IDPs within the chitosan's hydrophobic gel without chemical bonding. In vitro studies showed CIDF released all the iron in 6 h, while CTH0.4 had a 40% release in 72 h, mainly through Fickian diffusion. The controlled release of CTHs was attributed to the physical entrapment of IDPs within the CTHs' gel, which acts as a diffusion barrier. CTHs would be an effective hydrogel prototype for prolonged-release parenteral iron supplementation.

Dissolution Profiles Comparison Using Conventional and Bias Corrected and Accelerated f2 Bootstrap Approaches with Different Software's: Impact of Variability, Sample Size and Number of Bootstraps

Dissolution profiles comparison is an important element in order to support biowaivers, scale-up and post approval changes and site transfers. Highly variable dissolution can possess significant challenges for comparison and f2 bootstrap approach can be utilized in such cases. However, availability of different types of f2 and confidence intervals (CI) methods indicates necessity to understand each type of calculation thoroughly. Among all approaches, bias corrected and accelerated (BCa) can be an attractive choice as it corrects the bias and skewness of the distribution. In this manuscript, we have performed comparison of highly variable dissolution data using various software's by adopting percentile and BCa CI approaches. Diverse data with different variability's, number of samples and bootstraps were evaluated with JMP, DDSolver, R-software, SAS and PhEq. While all software's yielded similar observed f2 values, differences in lower percentile CI was observed. BCa with R-software and JMP provided superior lower percentile as compared to other computations. Expected f2 recommended by EMA has resulted as stringent criteria as compared to estimated f2. No impact of number of bootstraps on similarity analysis was observed whereas number of samples increased chance of acceptance. Variability has impacted similarity outcome with estimated f2 but chance of acceptance enhanced with BCa approach. Further, freely available R-software can be of attractive choice due to computation of various types of f2, percentile and BCa intervals. Overall, this work can enable regulatory submissions to enhance probability of similarity through appropriate selection of number of samples, technique based on variability of dissolution data.

Structural Diversity in Antiosteolytic Bisphosphonates: Deciphering Structure-Activity Trends in Ultra Long Controlled Release Phenomena

Bisphosphonate (BP)-based treatments have been extensively prescribed for bone-related conditions, particularly for osteoporosis. Their low bioavailability creates the need for prescribed dosage increase to reach therapeutic levels but generates a plethora of undesirable side effects. A viable approach to alleviating these issues is to design and exploit controlled release strategies. Herein, the controlled release profiles of 15 structurally characterized BPs (actual drugs and structural analogs) were thoroughly studied from tablets containing three (cellulose, lactose, and silica) or two (cellulose, and silica) excipients in human stomach-simulated pH conditions. The BPs were of two types, alkyl-BPs and amino-BPs. Alkyl-BPs included four derivatives of etidronate (acid, disodium, tetra-sodium, and monopotassium forms), medronic acid, and three analogs of etidronate, in which the -CH3 group was replaced by the moieties -H, -CH2CH2CH3, and -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3. Amino-BPs included the commercial drugs pamidronate, alendronate, neridronate, and ibandronate, as well as three analog compounds. Release curves were constructed based on data taken from 1H NMR peak integration and were expressed as "% BP release" vs time. The controlled release profiles (initial release rate, plateau value, etc.) were correlated with certain structural features (number of hydrogen and metal-oxygen bonds), showing that the molecular and crystal lattice features of each BP profoundly influence its release characteristics. It was concluded that for all BPs, in general, the initial rate became lower as the total number of lattice interactions increased. For the alkyl-BPs elongation of the alkyl side chain seems to decelerate the release. Amino-BPs, in general, show slower release than the alkyl-BPs. No adverse effects of alkyl- and amino-BP drugs on NIH3T3 cell viability were noted.

Injectable Thermoresponsive Microparticle/Hydrogel System with Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Release and Magnetic Hyperthermia Applications

Cancer is a disease that continues to greatly impact our society. Developing new and more personalized treatment options is crucial to decreasing the cancer burden. In this study, we combined magnetic polysaccharide microparticles with a Pluronic thermoresponsive hydrogel to develop a multifunctional, injectable drug delivery system (DDS) for magnetic hyperthermia applications. Gellan gum and alginate microparticles were loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with and without coating. The magnetic microparticles' registered temperature increases up to 4 °C upon the application of an alternating magnetic field. These magnetic microparticles were mixed with drug-loaded microparticles, and, subsequently, this mixture was embedded within a Pluronic thermoresponsive hydrogel that is capable of being in the gel state at 37 °C. The proposed DDS was capable of slowly releasing methylene blue, used as a model drug, for up to 9 days. The developed hydrogel/microparticle system had a smaller rate of drug release compared with microparticles alone. This system proved to be a potential thermoresponsive DDS suitable for magnetic hyperthermia applications, thus enabling a synergistic treatment for cancer.

Merging konjac glucomannan with other copolymeric hydrogels as a cutting-edge liquid raft system for dual delivery of etoricoxib and famotidine

This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a floating raft system for the co-delivery of etoricoxib (ETO) and famotidine (FAM) using a combination of glucomannan with natural/semi-synthetic polysaccharides. Formulation variables affect gelation lag time (GLT), floating lag time (FLT), and release percentage of drugs after 1-8 h, Stability, and viscosity parameters were evaluated. In vivo X-ray studies, followed by the pharmacokinetic study, were performed on human volunteers. Formulations exhibited pseudoplastic behavior for ease of swallowing. The optimum raft system (ORS) comprised 1% Na alginate, 0.1% Low Methoxyl (LM) pectin, 0.8% Konjac glucomannan (KGL), 1% Precirol, and 1% CaCO₃. ORS exhibited rapid GLT and FLT (around 42 and 8 sec respectively) in 0.1 N HCl as well as controlled release of ETO (15% in 1 h and 82% in 8 h) and FAM (29% in 1 h and 85% in 8 h). Formulation stability with the absence of any drug-excipient interactions was observed. The X-ray imaging showed a promising buoyancy ability for approximately 8 h. Compared with marketed products, ORS showed superior relative bioavailability for both drugs. These findings revealed the successful preparation of a promising raft system with improved dual drug delivery.

Sustained release gel (polymer-free) of itraconazole-loaded microemulsion for oral candidiasis treatment: time-kill kinetics and cellular uptake

Itraconazole (ICZ) was prepared in a self-microemulsifying (SM) gel. This gel was intended for use in the oral mucosa, where low volume and flow of saliva result in limited solubility and absorption of drugs that are poorly water-soluble. The drug-loaded gel formulation (ICZ-SM) was selected as a clear solution in the ternary phase diagram to improve the solubility of ICZ. Seven ratios (S1-S7) were prepared by mixing polyoxyl 35 castor oils (P35), a medium chain with a blend of mono-, di-, and triglycerides (MCT), and water. Phase separation of large-sized emulsions by countering with artificial saliva were observed in dilution tests for the formulation contained MCT, P35, and water at the ratios of 70:20:10 (S1), 10:80:10 (S3), and 20:60:20 (S4). Formulations in the ratios of 15:50:35 (S5) and 19:43:38 (S6) produced strong ICZ-SM gels, as shown by rheology tests, whereas the formulations at the ratios of 30:60:10 (S2) and 10:43:47 (S7) exhibited no elasticity. A model of zero-order kinetic (S5) and first-order kinetic (S6) were found to best fit the release kinetics of ICZ from the gels. Time-killing assays revealed that S5 and S6 required less time compared with S2 and the ICZ solution. Furthermore, S5 exhibited the highest increase in cell uptake compared with S2, S6, and the ICZ solution. These findings suggest that the ICZ-SM gel was a free polymer capable of delivering an ICZ for the treatment of oral candidiasis, and that ICZ-SM gels applied locally exhibit enhanced absorption into cells.

Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulated noscapine and evaluation of its protective effects against imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by thickening the epidermis with erythema, scaling, and proliferation. Noscapine (NOS) has several anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-fibrotic effects, but its low solubility and large size results in its lower efficacy in the clinic. In this regard, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) encapsulated NOS (SLN-NOS) were fabricated using the well-known response surface method based on the central composite design and modified high-shear homogenization and ultrasound method. As a result, Precirol® was selected as the best lipid base for the SLN formulation based on Hildebrand-Hansen solubility parameters, in which SLN-NOS 1 % had the best zeta potential (-35.74 ± 2.59 mV), average particle size (245.66 ± 17 nm), polydispersity index (PDI, 0.226 ± 0.09), high entrapment efficiency (89.77 %), and ICH-based stability results. After 72 h, the SLN-NOS 1 % released 83.23 % and 58.49 % of the NOS at pH 5.8 and 7.4, respectively. Moreover, Franz diffusion cell's results indicated that the skin levels of NOS for SLN and cream formulations were 46.88 % and 13.5 % of the total amount, respectively. Our pharmacological assessments revealed that treatment with SLN-NOS 1 % significantly attenuated clinical parameters, namely ear thickness, length, and psoriasis area and severity index, compared to the IMQ group. Interestingly, SLN-NOS 1 % reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β, while elevating IL-10, compared to the IMQ group. Histology studies also showed that topical application of SLN-NOS 1 % significantly decreased parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and inflammation compared to the IMQ group. Taken together, SLN-NOS 1 % showed a high potential to attenuate skin inflammation.

Development of Extended-Release Formulations Containing Cyclobenzaprine Based on Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling and Bioequivalence Safe Space

The use of physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) and bioequivalence safe space is increasingly common for immediate-release drug products. However, for extended-release (ER) formulations there are only a few examples of this application. In this study, we developed ER formulations containing cyclobenzaprine 15 mg, supported by PBBM and bioequivalence safe space. Four formulations were prepared, F1, F2, F3 (ER mini-tablet formulations) and F4 (ER tablet formulation), and the dissolution profiles were evaluated. The dissolution profile of the reference drug product was also evaluated and used to set a bioequivalence safe space. A PBBM was set up, evaluated, and used to predict the in vivo behavior of the formulations. The bioequivalence safe space was calculated to be between - 25% and + 75% of the k1 and Tlag values of the dissolution profile of the reference drug product when applying the first-order dissolution kinetic model. All time points of the dissolution profile of the ER mini-tablet formulation F2, were within the safe space, and was approved in 10 of 10 trials of crossover virtual bioequivalence studies. Based on the PBBM strategy and bioequivalence safe space, it was possible to develop an ER mini-tablet formulation virtually bioequivalent to the reference drug product, even though this formulation failed the f2 test.

Intramuscularly Administered PLGA Microparticles for Sustained Release of Rivastigmine: In Vitro, In Vivo and Histological Evaluation

Rivastigmine is an acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BchE) inhibitor drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of Alzheimer's type. However, its first-pass metabolism and gastrointestinal side effects negatively affect the tolerability and efficacy of oral therapy. These adverse effects could be avoided with the use of a sustained -release formulation as an intramuscular (IM) administration system. The objective of this work was to develop polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles for the sustained release of rivastigmine and to evaluate its stability during storage, tissue tolerance, in vitro release, and in vivo pharmacokinetics after its IM administration. The microparticles were made by the solvent evaporation emulsion method. A series of formulation parameters (the type of polymer used, the amount of polymer used, the initial amount of rivastigmine, and the volume of PVA 0.1% w/v) were studied to achieve an encapsulation efficiency (EE) and a rivastigmine load of 54.8 ± 0.9% and 3.3 ± 0.1%, respectively. The microparticles, whose size was 56.1 ± 2.8 μm, had a spherical shape and a smooth surface. FT-IR analysis showed that there is no chemical interaction between rivastigmine and the polymer. PLGA microparticles maintain rivastigmine retained and stable under normal (5 ± 3 °C) and accelerated storage (25 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5 % RH) conditions for at least 6 months. The microparticles behaved as a sustained release system both in vitro and in vivo compared to non-encapsulated rivastigmine. The IM administration of the formulation in rats did not produce significant tissue damage. However, it is necessary to reproduce the experiments with multiple doses to rule out a negative effect in terms of tolerability in chronic treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the only one that has obtained the sustained release of rivastigmine from PLGA microparticles after IM administration in an in vivo model.

Lactoferrin decorated bilosomes for the oral delivery of quercetin in type 2 diabetes: In vitro and in vivo appraisal

Despite its tremendous potential for type 2 diabetes management, quercetin (QRC) suffers poor gastric stability, poor bioavailability, and extensive first pass metabolism. Drug encapsulation into bilosomes (BSL) has proven enhanced properties in-vitro and in-vivo. Herein, this work endeavoured to evaluate efficacy of QRC-encapsulated bilosomes capped with lactoferrin (LF); a milk protein with antidiabetic potential, for type 2 diabetes oral treatment. The optimized formulation (LF-QRC-BSL) was evaluated in-vitro on α-amylase enzyme inhibition and insulin resistant HepG2 cell model and in vivo on streptozocin/high fat diet induced diabetes in rats. LF-QRC-BSL showed a small size (68.1 nm), a narrow PDI (0.18) and a -25.5 mV zeta potential. A high entrapment efficiency (94 %) with sustained release were also observed. LF-QRC-BSL displayed 100 % permeation through excised diabetic rat intestines after 6 h, 70.2 % inhibition of α-amylase enzyme in-vitro and an augmented recovery of glucose uptake in insulin resistant cells. In diabetic rats, LF-QRC-BSL resulted in significant decrease in blood glucose level, improved lipid profile and tissue injury markers with reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Further, histopathological examination of the kidneys, liver and pancreas revealed an almost restored normal condition comparable to the negative control. Overall, LF-QRC-BSL have proven to be a promising therapy for type 2 diabetes.

Plasmonic and Photothermal Effects of CuS Nanoparticles Biosynthesized from Acid Mine Drainage with Potential Drug Delivery Applications

In this work, the plasmonic and photothermal effects of CuS nanoparticles biosynthesized from acid mine drainage (AMD) were studied. CuS were formed by delivering the H2S generated by a sulfidogenic bioreactor to an off-line system containing the AMD. The precipitates collected after contact for an hour were washed and physico-chemically characterized, showing a nanoparticle with a mean diameter of 33 nm, crystalline nature and semiconductor behavior with a direct band gap of 2.2 eV. Moreover, the CuS nanoparticles exhibited localized surface plasmonic resonance in the near infrared range, with a high absorption band centered at 973 nm of wavelength, which allowed an increase in the temperature of the surrounding media under irradiation. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the CuS nanoparticles as well as their potential use as part of drug delivery platforms were investigated.

Docetaxel-Loaded Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly (L-lactic Acid) Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer: Synthesis, Characterization, Method Validation, and Cytotoxicity

This study aimed to synthesize and characterize DTX-mPEG-PLA-NPs along with the development and validation of a simple, accurate, and reproducible method for the determination and quantification of DTX in mPEG-PLA-NPs. The prepared NPs were characterized using AFM, DLS, zetasizer, and drug release kinetic profiling. The RP-HPLC assay was developed for DTX detection. The cytotoxicity and anti-clonogenic effects were estimated using MTT and clonogenic assays, respectively, using both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines in a 2D and 3D culture system. The developed method showed a linear response, high precision, accuracy, RSD values of ≤2%, and a tailing factor ≤2, per ICH guidelines. The DTX-mPEG-PLA-NPs exhibited an average particle size of 264.3 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of 62.22%. The in vitro drug kinetic profile, as per the Krosmeyers-Peppas model, demonstrated Fickian diffusion, with initial biphasic release and a multistep sustained release over 190 h. The MTT assay revealed improved in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 in the 2D cultures and MCF-7 3D mammosphere cultures. Significant inhibitions of the clonogenic potential of MDA-MB-231 were observed for all concentrations of DTX-mPEG-PLA-NPs. Our results highlight the feasibility of detecting DTX via the robust RP-HPLC method and using DTX-mPEG-PLA-NPs as a perceptible and biocompatible delivery vehicle with greater cytotoxic and anti-clonogenic potential, supporting improved outcomes in BC.

Development and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion-Based Sublingual Films of Nisoldipine

Nisoldipine (NIS) is a calcium channel blocker that exhibits poor bioavailability (~5%) due to low aqueous solubility and presystemic metabolism in the gut wall. In this context, the present work aimed to develop NIS solid dispersion (NISSD)-based sublingual films using solvent casting technique to improve the dissolution. Phase solubility studies indicated that Soluplus® was the most effective carrier for improving the aqueous solubility of NIS. NISSDs were initially developed using the solvent evaporation method. Fourier transform infrared spectrometric studies were found to display the characteristic vibrational bands related to C=O stretching and N-H deformation in NISSDs, proving the chemical integrity of the drug in NISSDs. Subsequently, bioadhesive sublingual films of NISSDs were formulated using solvent casting method, using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) E5, E15, and hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC EF) as hydrophilic polymers and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as plasticizer. The incorporation of NISSDs was found to produce clear films that displayed uniform content. The sublingual film of NISSDs composed of HPMC E5 (2% w/v), was found to display the least thickness (0.29 ± 0.02 mm), the highest folding endurance (168.66 ± 4.50 times), and good bioadhesion strength (12.73 ± 0.503 g/cm2). This film was found to rapidly disintegrate (28.66 ± 3.05 sec) and display near-complete drug release (94.24 ± 1.22) in 30 min. Incorporating NISSDs into rapidly bioadhesive sublingual films considerably improves drug dissolution. Overall, these research outcomes underscored the potential of rapidly dissolving bioadhesive sublingual films to evade gut metabolism and resolve the bioavailability issues associated with oral administration of NIS.

A quality by design framework for developing nanocrystal bioenabling formulations

The present study aims to outline a rational framework for the design and development of a 1.0% (w/v) hydrocortisone nanocrystal-based formulation, resorting to a simple, efficient, and scalable nanonization methodology, based on the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique. Accordingly, the innovative product was comprehensively optimized following a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The thorough selection of formulation composition was driven by a dual purpose: improving skin permeation and stability. In the early stage of development, a Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) diagram was employed to identify the most impactful variables for the critical quality attributes (CQAs). In this sense, a rotatable, three-factor and five-level circumscribed central composite design (CCCD) was applied to investigate how squalene concentration (x1), soluplus concentration (x2) and HPH-time (x3) influence physicochemical properties, performance and physical stability of the formulation. A robust Design Space (DS) was defined, establishing the optimal settings for the critical variables, whose combination meets the requirements set in the quality target product profile (QTPP). Morphological analysis revealed the cuboidal shape of hydrocortisone nanocrystals. In what concerns colloidal properties, the most promising formulation disclosed a small particle size (Dx(50) = 311.8 ± 1.5 nm), along with narrow size distribution (span value = 1.91 ± 0.17). Zeta potential results (-2.19 ± 0.15 mV--12.1 ± 0.4 mV) suggested a steric hindrance stabilization. FTIR spectra showed no chemical interactions between drug and formulation components. XRD diffractograms confirmed loss of crystallinity during the downsizing process. In vitro studies revealed an improvement on drug release rate (316 ± 21-516 ± 35 μg/cm2/√t), compared to the coarse suspension and commercial products, and a straight dependence on the stabilizer concentration and HPH time. The permeation flux across the skin (0.16 ± 0.02-1.2 ± 0.5 μg/cm2/h) appeared to be dependent on the drug physicochemical properties, in particular saturation solubility. Further characterization of the experimental formulations pointed out the role of the stabilizing component to prevent against physical instability phenomena. This organic solvent-free, and therefore "green" nanocrystal production technology offers great potential for pharmaceutical R&D and drug delivery by enabling the development of new forms of conventional drugs with optimal physicochemical properties and performance.

Ternary cyclodextrin systems of terbinafine hydrochloride inclusion complexes: Solventless preparation, solid-state, and in vitro characterization

Cyclodextrins (CD) are used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the water solubility and bioavailability of drugs. Preparing ternary systems by applying a third component can enhance these beneficial effects. The complexation methods of these ternary systems are the same as those of two-component complexes. These methods are solvent (co-evaporation, co-precipitation, etc.) or solventless "green" techniques (co-grinding, microwave irradiation, etc.). Using solvent-free methods is considered to be an economically and environmentally desirable technology. This study aimed to prepare ternary systems by the co-grinding method and evaluate the effect of a third component by comparing it to products obtained by solvent methods, binary systems, and marketed products. For that, we used terbinafine hydrochloride as a model drug, sulfobutyl-ether-beta-cyclodextrin as a complexation agent and 5 or 15 w/w% of polyvinylpyrrolidone K-90 (PVP) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as auxiliary components. Physicochemical evaluation (X-Ray Diffractometry, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetry) showed that new solid phases were formed, while Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed to study morphological aspects of the products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic measurements suggested different intermolecular interactions depending on the type of polymer. In vitro dissolution studies showed beneficial effects of CD and further improvement with the applied polymers. Products showed less cell toxicity with one exception. Both polymers enhanced the physicochemical and in vitro properties, suggesting a greater bioavailability of the model drug. However, the percentage of polymers applied did not appear to be an influencing factor for these properties.

Improving the Bioavailability and Efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 on Alzheimer's Disease Through the Arginine Based Proniosomes

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a fat-soluble vitamin-with a benzoquinone-like structure. CoQ10 plays a role in membrane stability, energy conversion, and ATP production. It is also one of the important antioxidants in the body. The bioavailability of exogenous CoQ10 is extremely low due to its poor aqueous solubility and large molecular mass. In this study, mixed proniosomal drug delivery systems have been used to increase solubility and bioavailability of CoQ10. Arginine (semi-essential amino acid) was incorporated in the formulation composition to achieve higher efficacy by boosting nitric oxide presence, endothelial dysfunction, and cellular uptake. Proniosomes were investigated in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and process yield, and optimization studies were carried on by utilizing STATISTICA 8.0 software considering dependent factors (carrier amount, drug amount, and surfactant ratio). Optimum proniosome formulation (particle size 187.5 ± 16.35 nm, zeta potential: -44.7 ± 12.8 mV, encapsulation efficiency 99.05±0.30%, and product yield: 90.55%) was evaluated for thermal analysis, in-vitro drug release using microcentrifuge method. In-vitro cytotoxicity studies of proniosomes were performed on intestinal Epithelial Cells (Cellartis®, ChiPSC18) and no cytotoxic effects was seen during the 72 h. Besides, anti Alzheimer effect was investigated on APPSL-GFP lentivirus-infected human neural cells (APPSL-GFP-l-HNC) and Alzheimer biomarkers (p-tau181 and p-tau217). While CoQ10's relative bioavailability was statistically increased by proniosome compared to CoQ10 suspension (p<0.01, Grubb test). PK parameters of proniosome formulation, obtained with non-compartmental modeling, were fitting to the data (R2=0.956±0.026). The study results proved that proniosomal formulation has a high potential drug delivery system for both increasing bioavailability and anti-Alzheimer effect of CoQ10.