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Chemical composition of cell wall changes during developmental stages of galls on Matayba guianensis (Sapindaceae): perspectives obtained by immunocytochemistry analysis. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:16. [PMID: 33871712 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of plant organs depends on cell division, elongation, structural and chemical changes, and reorganization of cell wall components. As phenotype manipulators, galling insects can manipulate the structure and metabolism of host tissues to build the gall. The gall formation depends on the rearrangement of cell wall components to allow cell growth and elongation, key step for the knowledge regarding gall development, and shape acquisition. Herein, we used an immunocytochemical approach to investigate the chemical composition of the cell wall during the development of galls induced by Bystracoccus mataybae (Eriococcidae) on leaflets of Matayba guianensis (Sapindaceae). Different developmental stages of non-galled leaflets (n = 10) and of leaflet galls (n = 10) were collected from the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) for anatomical and immunocytochemical analysis. We found that the epitopes of (1 → 4) β-D-galactans and (1 → 5) α-L-arabinans were evident in the tissues of the young and senescent galls. These epitopes seem to be associated with the mechanical stability maintenance and increased gall porosity. As well, the degree of methyl-esterification of pectins changed from the young to the senescent galls and revealed the conservation of juvenile cell and tissue features even in the senescent galls. The extensins detected in senescent galls seem to support their rigidity and structural reinforcement of these bodies. Our results showed a disruption in the pattern of deposition of leaflet cell wall for the construction of M. guianensis galls, with pectin and protein modulation associated with the change of the developmental gall stages.
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Liu X, Cui H, Zhang B, Song M, Chen S, Xiao C, Tang Y, Liesche J. Reduced pectin content of cell walls prevents stress-induced root cell elongation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1073-1084. [PMID: 33180933 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The primary cell walls of plants provide mechanical strength while maintaining the flexibility needed for cell extension growth. Cell extension involves loosening the bonds between cellulose microfibrils, hemicelluloses and pectins. Pectins have been implicated in this process, but it remains unclear if this depends on the abundance of certain pectins, their modifications, and/or structure. Here, cell wall-related mutants of the model plant Arabidopsis were characterized by biochemical and immunohistochemical methods and Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy. Mutants with reduced pectin or hemicellulose content showed no root cell elongation in response to simulated drought stress, in contrast to wild-type plants or mutants with reduced cellulose content. While no association was found between the degrees of pectin methylesterification and cell elongation, cell wall composition analysis suggested an important role of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII), which was corroborated in experiments with the RGII-modifying chemical 2β-deoxy-Kdo. The results were complemented by expression analysis of cell wall synthesis genes and microscopic analysis of cell wall porosity. It is concluded that a certain amount of pectin is necessary for stress-induced root cell elongation, and hypotheses regarding the mechanistic basis of this result are formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huiying Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bochao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Min Song
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunjia Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Mapping cellular nanoscale viscoelasticity and relaxation times relevant to growth of living Arabidopsis thaliana plants using multifrequency AFM. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:371-382. [PMID: 33309827 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The shapes of living organisms are formed and maintained by precise control in time and space of growth, which is achieved by dynamically fine-tuning the mechanical (viscous and elastic) properties of their hierarchically built structures from the nanometer up. Most organisms on Earth including plants grow by yield (under pressure) of cell walls (bio-polymeric matrices equivalent to extracellular matrix in animal tissues) whose underlying nanoscale viscoelastic properties remain unknown. Multifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques exist that are able to map properties to a small subgroup of linear viscoelastic materials (those obeying the Kelvin-Voigt model), but are not applicable to growing materials, and hence are of limited interest to most biological situations. Here, we extend existing dynamic AFM methods to image linear viscoelastic behaviour in general, and relaxation times of cells of multicellular organisms in vivo with nanoscale resolution (~80 nm pixel size in this study), featuring a simple method to test the validity of the mechanical model used to interpret the data. We use this technique to image cells at the surface of living Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to obtain topographical maps of storage E' = 120-200 MPa and loss E″ = 46-111 MPa moduli as well as relaxation times τ = 2.2-2.7 µs of their cell walls. Our results demonstrate that (taken together with previous studies) cell walls, despite their complex molecular composition, display a striking continuity of simple, linear, viscoelastic behaviour across scales-following almost perfectly the standard linear solid model-with characteristic nanometer scale patterns of relaxation times, elasticity and viscosity, whose values correlate linearly with the speed of macroscopic growth. We show that the time-scales probed by dynamic AFM experiments (microseconds) are key to understand macroscopic scale dynamics (e.g. growth) as predicted by physics of polymer dynamics.
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Demura T. Preface to the special issue "Approaches for strategies of mechanical optimization in plants". PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:393-395. [PMID: 33850425 PMCID: PMC8034703 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0001p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Matsuyama K, Sunagawa N, Igarashi K. Mutation of cysteine residues increases heterologous expression of peach expansin in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:397-403. [PMID: 33850426 PMCID: PMC8034678 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0713a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) associated with plant cell wall metabolism is important for elucidating the developmental mechanisms of plants and also for the utilization of plants as a biomass resource. The use of recombinant proteins is common in this context, but heterologous expression of plant proteins is particularly difficult, in part because the presence of many cysteine residues promotes denaturation, aggregation and/or protein misfolding. In this study, we evaluated two phenotypes of methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris as expression hosts for expansin from peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, PpEXP1), which is one of the most challenging targets for heterologous expression. cDNAs encoding wild-type expansin (PpEXP1_WT) and a mutant in which all cysteine residues were replaced with serine (PpEXP1_CS) were each inserted into expression vectors, and the protein expression levels were compared. The total amount of secreted protein in PpEXP1_WT culture was approximately twice that of PpEXP1_CS. However, the amounts of recombinant expansin were 0.58 and 4.3 mg l-1, corresponding to 0.18% and 2.37% of total expressed protein, respectively. This 13-fold increase in production of the mutant in P. pastoris indicates that the replacement of cysteine residues stabilizes recombinant PpEXP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsuyama
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoki Sunagawa
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, Tietotie 2, Espoo FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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Rocha J, Shapiro LR, Kolter R. A horizontally acquired expansin gene increases virulence of the emerging plant pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21743. [PMID: 33303810 PMCID: PMC7729394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78157-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Erwinia tracheiphila is a bacterial plant pathogen that causes a fatal wilt infection in some cucurbit crop plants. Wilt symptoms are thought to be caused by systemic bacterial colonization through xylem that impedes sap flow. However, the genetic determinants of within-plant movement are unknown for this pathogen species. Here, we find that E. tracheiphila has horizontally acquired an operon with a microbial expansin (exlx) gene adjacent to a glycoside hydrolase family 5 (gh5) gene. Plant inoculation experiments with deletion mutants in the individual genes (Δexlx and Δgh5) and the full operon (Δexlx-gh5) resulted in decreased severity of wilt symptoms, decreased mortality rate, and impaired systemic colonization compared to the Wt strain. Co-inoculation experiments with Wt and Δexlx-gh5 rescued the movement defect of the mutant strain, suggesting that expansin and GH5 function extracellularly. Together, these results show that expansin-GH5 contributes to systemic movement through xylem, leading to rapid wilt symptom development and higher rates of plant death. The presence of expansin genes in diverse species of bacterial and fungal wilt-inducing pathogens suggests that microbial expansin proteins may be an under-appreciated virulence factor for many pathogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Conacyt-Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Agrobiotecnología Alimentaria, San Agustin Tlaxiaca, 42163, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Kolter
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Deepika, Ankit, Sagar S, Singh A. Dark-Induced Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581666. [PMID: 33117413 PMCID: PMC7575791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The sessile nature of plants has made them extremely sensitive and flexible toward the constant flux of the surrounding environment, particularly light and dark. The light is perceived as a signal by specific receptors which further transduce the information through the signaling intermediates and effector proteins to modulate gene expression. Signal transduction induces changes in hormone levels that alters developmental, physiological and morphological processes. Importance of light for plants growth is well recognized, but a holistic understanding of key molecular and physiological changes governing plants development under dark is awaited. Here, we describe how darkness acts as a signal causing alteration in hormone levels and subsequent modulation of the gene regulatory network throughout plant life. The emphasis of this review is on dark mediated changes in plant hormones, regulation of signaling complex COP/DET/FUS and the transcription factors PIFs which affects developmental events such as apical hook development, elongated hypocotyls, photoperiodic flowering, shortened roots, and plastid development. Furthermore, the role of darkness in shade avoidance and senescence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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Lohoff C, Buchholz PCF, Le Roes-Hill M, Pleiss J. Expansin Engineering Database: A navigation and classification tool for expansins and homologues. Proteins 2020; 89:149-162. [PMID: 32862462 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Expansins have the remarkable ability to loosen plant cell walls and cellulose material without showing catalytic activity and therefore have potential applications in biomass degradation. To support the study of sequence-structure-function relationships and the search for novel expansins, the Expansin Engineering Database (ExED, https://exed.biocatnet.de) collected sequence and structure data on expansins from Bacteria, Fungi, and Viridiplantae, and expansin-like homologues such as carbohydrate binding modules, glycoside hydrolases, loosenins, swollenins, cerato-platanins, and EXPNs. Based on global sequence alignment and protein sequence network analysis, the sequences are highly diverse. However, many similarities were found between the expansin domains. Newly created profile hidden Markov models of the two expansin domains enable standard numbering schemes, comprehensive conservation analyses, and genome annotation. Conserved key amino acids in the expansin domains were identified, a refined classification of expansins and carbohydrate binding modules was proposed, and new sequence motifs facilitate the search of novel candidate genes and the engineering of expansins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lohoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick C F Buchholz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marilize Le Roes-Hill
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Liu J, Shi M, Wang J, Zhang B, Li Y, Wang J, El-Sappah AH, Liang Y. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Development of Sepal Morphology in Tomato ( Solanum Lycopersicum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165914. [PMID: 32824631 PMCID: PMC7460612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepal is an important component of the tomato flower and fruit that typically protects the flower in bud and functions as a support for petals and fruits. Moreover, sepal appearance influences the commercial property of tomato nowadays. However, the phenotype information and development mechanism of the natural variation of sepal morphology in the tomato is still largely unexplored. To study the developmental mechanism and to determine key genes related to downward sepal in the tomato, we compared the transcriptomes of sepals between downward sepal (dsp) mutation and the wild-type by RNA sequencing and found that the differentially expressed genes were dominantly related to cell expansion, auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin. dsp mutation affected cell size and auxin, and gibberellins and cytokinin contents in sepals. The results showed that cell enlargement or abnormal cell expansion in the adaxial part of sepals in dsp. As reported, auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin were important factors for cell expansion. Hence, dsp mutation regulated cell expansion to control sepal morphology, and auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin may mediate this process. One ARF gene and nine SAUR genes were dramatically upregulated in the sepal of the dsp mutant, whereas seven AUX/IAA genes were significantly downregulated in the sepal of dsp mutant. Further bioinformatic analyses implied that seven AUX/IAA genes might function as negative regulators, while one ARF gene and nine SAUR genes might serve as positive regulators of auxin signal transduction, thereby contributing to cell expansion in dsp sepal. Thus, our data suggest that 17 auxin-responsive genes are involved in downward sepal formation in the tomato. This study provides valuable information for dissecting the molecular mechanism of sepal morphology control in the tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meijing Shi
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yushun Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ahmed. H. El-Sappah
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-8708-2179
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Tu B, Zhang T, Wang Y, Hu L, Li J, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Li J, Xue F, Zhu X, Yuan H, Chen W, Qin P, Ma B, Li S. Membrane-associated xylanase-like protein OsXYN1 is required for normal cell wall deposition and plant development in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4797-4811. [PMID: 32337581 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rice (Oryza sativa) genome encodes 37 putative β-1,4-xylanase proteins, but none of them has been characterized at the genetic level. In this work, we report the isolation of slim stem (ss) mutants with pleiotropic defects, including dwarfism, leaf tip necrosis, and withered and rolled leaves under strong sunlight. Map-based cloning of the ss1 mutant identified the candidate gene as OsXyn1 (LOC_03g47010), which encodes a xylanase-like protein belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 10 (GH10) family. OsXyn1 was found to be widely expressed, especially in young tissues. Subcellular localization analysis showed that OsXyn1 encodes a membrane-associated protein. Physiological analysis of ss1 and the allelic ss2 mutant revealed that water uptake was partially compromised in these mutants. Consistently, the plant cell wall of the mutants exhibited middle lamella abnormalities or deficiencies. Immunogold assays revealed an unconfined distribution of xylan in the mutant cell walls, which may have contributed to a slower rate of plant cell wall biosynthesis and delayed plant growth. Additionally, water deficiency caused abscisic acid accumulation and triggered drought responses in the mutants. The findings that OsXyn1 is involved in plant cell wall deposition and the regulation of plant growth and development help to shed light on the functions of the rice GH10 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Hu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Hybrid Rice Research Center, Neijiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Collage of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Jialian Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengyin Xue
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Bingtian Ma
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Shigui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
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Neumann U, Hay A. Seed coat development in explosively dispersed seeds of Cardamine hirsuta. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:39-59. [PMID: 31796954 PMCID: PMC7304473 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Seeds are dispersed by explosive coiling of the fruit valves in Cardamine hirsuta. This rapid coiling launches the small seeds on ballistic trajectories to spread over a 2 m radius around the parent plant. The seed surface interacts with both the coiling fruit valve during launch and subsequently with the air during flight. We aim to identify features of the seed surface that may contribute to these interactions by characterizing seed coat differentiation. METHODS Differentiation of the outermost seed coat layers from the outer integuments of the ovule involves dramatic cellular changes that we characterize in detail at the light and electron microscopical level including immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling. KEY RESULTS We found that the two outer integument (oi) layers of the seed coat contributed differently to the topography of the seed surface in the explosively dispersed seeds of C. hirsuta vs. the related species Arabidopsis thaliana where seed dispersal is non-explosive. The surface of A. thaliana seeds is shaped by the columella and the anticlinal cell walls of the epidermal oi2 layer. In contrast, the surface of C. hirsuta seeds is shaped by a network of prominent ridges formed by the anticlinal walls of asymmetrically thickened cells of the sub-epidermal oi1 layer, especially at the seed margin. Both the oi2 and oi1 cell layers in C. hirsuta seeds are characterized by specialized, pectin-rich cell walls that are deposited asymmetrically in the cell. CONCLUSIONS The two outermost seed coat layers in C. hirsuta have distinct properties: the sub-epidermal oi1 layer determines the topography of the seed surface, while the epidermal oi2 layer accumulates mucilage. These properties are influenced by polar deposition of distinct pectin polysaccharides in the cell wall. Although the ridged seed surface formed by oi1 cell walls is associated with ballistic dispersal in C. hirsuta, it is not restricted to explosively dispersed seeds in the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Neumann
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Angela Hay
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
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Marowa P, Ding A, Xu Z, Kong Y. Overexpression of NtEXPA11 modulates plant growth and development and enhances stress tolerance in tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:477-485. [PMID: 32299052 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Apart from providing the much-needed strength, plant cell walls define the shape, size and function of cells. As such, there is a constant change in the cell wall dynamics. These are facilitated by various enzymes and proteins. Expansins are a typical example of those cell wall proteins that are involved in cell wall modifications underlying many plant developmental and physiological processes. In this work, we investigated the role of NtEXPA11 gene in tobacco by generating transgenic plants ectopically expressing NtEXPA11 under the control of CaMV35S promoter. Gene expression analysis revealed that although this gene was present in all the studied tissues in WT plants, its transcript levels were highest in the stems, flowers and leaves and lowest in the roots. Following its overexpressing in tobacco, the NtEXPA11-OX plants exhibited an enhanced growth phenotype. Compared to WT plants, these plants demonstrated an increased growth rate which was characterized by a vigorous root system as well as an accelerated growth rate during their early developmental stages. NtEXPA11-OX plants also developed significantly bigger leaves and internode lengths. They exhibited a 57% increase (NtEXPA11-2) and 98% increase (NtEXPA11-19) in leaf area when grown on MS media. Most interestingly, NtEXPA11-OX plants had significantly bigger pith and parenchyma cells compared to their WT counterparts. Furthermore, we noted that NtEXPA11 plays an important role in plant adaptation to stresses as indicated by the improved tolerance to drought and salt stress of the NtEXPA11-OX plants compared to the WT plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Marowa
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, PR China; University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Anming Ding
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China.
| | - Zongchang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China; Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China.
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Kebrom TH, McKinley BA, Mullet JE. Shade signals alter the expression of circadian clock genes in newly-formed bioenergy sorghum internodes. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00235. [PMID: 32607464 PMCID: PMC7315773 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stem internodes of bioenergy sorghum inbred R.07020 are longer at high plant density (shade) than at low plant density (control). Initially, the youngest newly-formed subapical stem internodes of shade-treated and control plants are comparable in length. However, full-length internodes of shade-treated plants are three times longer than the internodes of the control plants. To identify the early molecular events associated with internode elongation in response to shade, we analyzed the transcriptome of the newly-formed internodes of shade-treated and control plants sampled between 4 and 6 hr after the start of the light period (14 hr light/10 hr dark). Sorghum genes homologous to the Arabidopsis shade marker genes ATHB2 and PIL1 were not differentially expressed. The results indicate that shade signals promote internode elongation indirectly because sorghum internodes are not illuminated and grow while enclosed with leaf sheaths. Sorghum genes homologous to the Arabidopsis morning-phased circadian clock genes LHY, RVE, and LNK were downregulated and evening-phased genes such as TOC1, PRR5, and GI were upregulated in young internodes in response to shade. We hypothesize that a change in the function or patterns of expression of the circadian clock genes is the earliest molecular event associated with internode elongation in response to shade in bioenergy sorghum. Increased expression of CycD1, which promotes cell division, and decreased expression of cell wall-loosening and MBF1-like genes, which promote cell expansion, suggest that shade signals promote internode elongation in bioenergy sorghum in part through increasing cell number by delaying transition from cell division to cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfamichael H. Kebrom
- Cooperative Agricultural Research CenterCollege of Agriculture and Human SciencesPrairie View A&M UniversityPrairie ViewTXUSA
- Center for Computational Systems BiologyCollege of EngineeringPrairie View A&M UniversityPrairie ViewTXUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Brian A. McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - John E. Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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64
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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65
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Dual functions of Expansin in cell wall extension and compression during cotton fiber development. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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66
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Wang X, Wilson L, Cosgrove DJ. Pectin methylesterase selectively softens the onion epidermal wall yet reduces acid-induced creep. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2629-2640. [PMID: 32006044 PMCID: PMC7210771 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
De-esterification of homogalacturonan (HG) is thought to stiffen pectin gels and primary cell walls by increasing calcium cross-linking between HG chains. Contrary to this idea, recent studies found that HG de-esterification correlated with reduced stiffness of living tissues, measured by surface indentation. The physical basis of such apparent wall softening is unclear, but possibly involves complex biological responses to HG modification. To assess the direct physical consequences of HG de-esterification on wall mechanics without such complications, we treated isolated onion (Allium cepa) epidermal walls with pectin methylesterase (PME) and assessed wall biomechanics with indentation and tensile tests. In nanoindentation assays, PME action softened the wall (reduced the indentation modulus). In tensile force/extension assays, PME increased plasticity, but not elasticity. These softening effects are attributed, at least in part, to increased electrostatic repulsion and swelling of the wall after PME treatment. Despite softening and swelling upon HG de-esterification, PME treatment alone failed to induce cell wall creep. Instead, acid-induced creep, mediated by endogenous α-expansin, was reduced. We conclude that HG de-esterification physically softens the onion wall, yet reduces expansin-mediated wall extensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Biology,Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Liza Wilson
- Department of Biology,Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology,Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
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67
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Ganusova EE, Reagan BC, Fernandez JC, Azim MF, Sankoh AF, Freeman KM, McCray TN, Patterson K, Kim C, Burch-Smith TM. Chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling controls intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata formation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190408. [PMID: 32362251 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The signalling pathways that regulate intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata (PD) remain largely unknown. Analyses of mutants with defects in intercellular trafficking led to the hypothesis that chloroplasts are important for controlling PD, probably by retrograde signalling to the nucleus to regulate expression of genes that influence PD formation and function, an idea encapsulated in the organelle-nucleus-PD signalling (ONPS) hypothesis. ONPS is supported by findings that point to chloroplast redox state as also modulating PD. Here, we have attempted to further elucidate details of ONPS. Through reverse genetics, expression of select nucleus-encoded genes with known or predicted roles in chloroplast gene expression was knocked down, and the effects on intercellular trafficking were then assessed. Silencing most genes resulted in chlorosis, and the expression of several photosynthesis and tetrapyrrole biosynthesis associated nuclear genes was repressed in all silenced plants. PD-mediated intercellular trafficking was changed in the silenced plants, consistent with predictions of the ONPS hypothesis. One striking observation, best exemplified by silencing the PNPase homologues, was that the degree of chlorosis of silenced leaves was not correlated with the capacity for intercellular trafficking. Finally, we measured the distribution of PD in silenced leaves and found that intercellular trafficking was positively correlated with the numbers of PD. Together, these results not only provide further support for ONPS but also point to a genetic mechanism for PD formation, clarifying a longstanding question about PD and intercellular trafficking. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Ganusova
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Brandon C Reagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jessica C Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mohammad F Azim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Amie F Sankoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Tyra N McCray
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kelsey Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Chinkee Kim
- Departments of Science and Mathematics, RIT/National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID), Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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68
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Chase WR, Zhaxybayeva O, Rocha J, Cosgrove DJ, Shapiro LR. Global cellulose biomass, horizontal gene transfers and domain fusions drive microbial expansin evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:921-938. [PMID: 31930503 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants must rearrange the network of complex carbohydrates in their cell walls during normal growth and development. To accomplish this, all plants depend on proteins called expansins that nonenzymatically loosen noncovalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils. Surprisingly, expansin genes have more recently been found in some bacteria and microbial eukaryotes, where their biological functions are largely unknown. Here, we reconstruct a comprehensive phylogeny of microbial expansin genes. We find these genes in all eukaryotic microorganisms that have structural cell wall cellulose, suggesting expansins evolved in ancient marine microorganisms long before the evolution of land plants. We also find expansins in an unexpectedly high diversity of bacteria and fungi that do not have cellulosic cell walls. These bacteria and fungi inhabit varied ecological contexts, mirroring the diversity of terrestrial and aquatic niches where plant and/or algal cellulosic cell walls are present. The microbial expansin phylogeny shows evidence of multiple horizontal gene transfer events within and between bacterial and eukaryotic microbial lineages, which may in part underlie their unusually broad phylogenetic distribution. Overall, expansins are unexpectedly widespread in bacteria and eukaryotes, and the contribution of these genes to microbial ecological interactions with plants and algae has probbaly been underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Chase
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Olga Zhaxybayeva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jorge Rocha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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69
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Hurný A, Cuesta C, Cavallari N, Ötvös K, Duclercq J, Dokládal L, Montesinos JC, Gallemí M, Semerádová H, Rauter T, Stenzel I, Persiau G, Benade F, Bhalearo R, Sýkorová E, Gorzsás A, Sechet J, Mouille G, Heilmann I, De Jaeger G, Ludwig-Müller J, Benková E. SYNERGISTIC ON AUXIN AND CYTOKININ 1 positively regulates growth and attenuates soil pathogen resistance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2170. [PMID: 32358503 PMCID: PMC7195429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants as non-mobile organisms constantly integrate varying environmental signals to flexibly adapt their growth and development. Local fluctuations in water and nutrient availability, sudden changes in temperature or other abiotic and biotic stresses can trigger changes in the growth of plant organs. Multiple mutually interconnected hormonal signaling cascades act as essential endogenous translators of these exogenous signals in the adaptive responses of plants. Although the molecular backbones of hormone transduction pathways have been identified, the mechanisms underlying their interactions are largely unknown. Here, using genome wide transcriptome profiling we identify an auxin and cytokinin cross-talk component; SYNERGISTIC ON AUXIN AND CYTOKININ 1 (SYAC1), whose expression in roots is strictly dependent on both of these hormonal pathways. We show that SYAC1 is a regulator of secretory pathway, whose enhanced activity interferes with deposition of cell wall components and can fine-tune organ growth and sensitivity to soil pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Hurný
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Candela Cuesta
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Krisztina Ötvös
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jerome Duclercq
- Unité 'Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés' (EDYSAN UMR CNRS 7058 CNRS), Université du Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Ladislav Dokládal
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marçal Gallemí
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Hana Semerádová
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Rauter
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Geert Persiau
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Freia Benade
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rishikesh Bhalearo
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Sýkorová
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - András Gorzsás
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Julien Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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70
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Yaqoob A, Ali Shahid A, Salisu IB, Shakoor S, Usmaan M, Shad M, Rao AQ. Comparative analysis of Constitutive and fiber-specific promoters under the expression pattern of Expansin gene in transgenic Cotton. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230519. [PMID: 32187234 PMCID: PMC7080281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoters are specified segments of DNA that lead to the initiation of transcription of a specific gene. The designing of a gene cassette for plant transformation is significantly dependent upon the specificity of a promoter. Constitutive Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, CaMV35S, due to its developmental role, is the most commonly used promoter in plant transformation. While Gossypium hirsutum (Gh) being fiber-specific promoter (GhSCFP) specifically activates transcription in seed coat and fiber associated genes. The Expansin genes are renowned for their versatile roles in plant growth. The overexpression of Expansin genes has been reported to enhance fiber length and fineness. Thus, in this study, a local Cotton variety was transformed with Expansin (CpEXPA1) gene, in the form of two separate cassettes, each with a different promoter, named as 35SEXPA1 and FSEXPA1 expressed under CaMV35S and GhSCFP promoters respectively. Integration and Spatiotemporal relative expression of the transgene were studied in an advanced generation. GhSCFP bearing transgene expression was significantly higher in Cotton fiber than other plant parts. While transgene with CaMV35S promoter was found to be continually expressing in all tissues but the expression was lower in fiber than that expressed under GhSCFP. The temporal expression profile was quite interesting with a gradual increasing pattern of both constructs from 1DPA (days post anthesis) to 18DPA and decreased expression from 24 to 30 DPA. Besides the relative expression of promoters, fiber cellulose quantification and fluorescence intensity were also observed. The study significantly compared the two most commonly used promoters and it is deduced from the results that the GhSCFP promoter could be used more efficiently in fiber when compared with CaMV35S which being constitutive in nature preferred for expression in all parts of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Yaqoob
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ibrahim Bala Salisu
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Shakoor
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usmaan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Shad
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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71
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Ezquer I, Salameh I, Colombo L, Kalaitzis P. Plant Cell Walls Tackling Climate Change: Insights into Plant Cell Wall Remodeling, Its Regulation, and Biotechnological Strategies to Improve Crop Adaptations and Photosynthesis in Response to Global Warming. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E212. [PMID: 32041306 PMCID: PMC7076711 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell wall (CW) is a complex and intricate structure that performs several functions throughout the plant life cycle. The CW of plants is critical to the maintenance of cells' structural integrity by resisting internal hydrostatic pressures, providing flexibility to support cell division and expansion during tissue differentiation, and acting as an environmental barrier that protects the cells in response to abiotic stress. Plant CW, comprised primarily of polysaccharides, represents the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both in plants and in the biosphere. The CW structure is highly varied, not only between plant species but also among different organs, tissues, and cell types in the same organism. During the developmental processes, the main CW components, i.e., cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and different types of CW-glycoproteins, interact constantly with each other and with the environment to maintain cell homeostasis. Differentiation processes are altered by positional effect and are also tightly linked to environmental changes, affecting CW both at the molecular and biochemical levels. The negative effect of climate change on the environment is multifaceted, from high temperatures, altered concentrations of greenhouse gases such as increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, soil salinity, and drought, to increasing frequency of extreme weather events taking place concomitantly, therefore, climate change affects crop productivity in multiple ways. Rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is expected to increase photosynthetic rates, especially at high temperatures and under water-limited conditions. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the effects of climate change on CW biogenesis and modification. We discuss specific cases in crops of interest carrying cell wall modifications that enhance tolerance to climate change-related stresses; from cereals such as rice, wheat, barley, or maize to dicots of interest such as brassica oilseed, cotton, soybean, tomato, or potato. This information could be used for the rational design of genetic engineering traits that aim to increase the stress tolerance in key crops. Future growing conditions expose plants to variable and extreme climate change factors, which negatively impact global agriculture, and therefore further research in this area is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ilige Salameh
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
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72
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Rui Y, Dinneny JR. A wall with integrity: surveillance and maintenance of the plant cell wall under stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1428-1439. [PMID: 31486535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional integrity of the cell wall needs to be constantly monitored and fine-tuned to allow for growth while preventing mechanical failure. Many studies have advanced our understanding of the pathways that contribute to cell wall biosynthesis and how these pathways are regulated by external and internal cues. Recent evidence also supports a model in which certain aspects of the wall itself may act as growth-regulating signals. Molecular components of the signaling pathways that sense and maintain cell wall integrity have begun to be revealed, including signals arising in the wall, sensors that detect changes at the cell surface, and downstream signal transduction modules. Abiotic and biotic stress conditions provide new contexts for the study of cell wall integrity, but the nature and consequences of wall disruptions due to various stressors require further investigation. A deeper understanding of cell wall signaling will provide insights into the growth regulatory mechanisms that allow plants to survive in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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73
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Blatzer M, Beauvais A, Henrissat B, Latgé JP. Revisiting Old Questions and New Approaches to Investigate the Fungal Cell Wall Construction. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 425:331-369. [PMID: 32418033 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The beginning of our understanding of the cell wall construction came from the work of talented biochemists in the 70-80's. Then came the era of sequencing. Paradoxically, the accumulation of fungal genomes complicated rather than solved the mystery of cell wall construction, by revealing the involvement of a much higher number of proteins than originally thought. The situation has become even more complicated since it is now recognized that the cell wall is an organelle whose composition continuously evolves with the changes in the environment or with the age of the fungal cell. The use of new and sophisticated technologies to observe cell wall construction at an almost atomic scale should improve our knowledge of the cell wall construction. This essay will present some of the major and still unresolved questions to understand the fungal cell wall biosynthesis and some of these exciting futurist approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blatzer
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Mycology Department, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257-CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, 13288, Marseille cedex 9, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of the Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece.
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74
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Shao W, Sharma R, Clausen MH, Scheller HV. Microscale thermophoresis as a powerful tool for screening glycosyltransferases involved in cell wall biosynthesis. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:99. [PMID: 32742297 PMCID: PMC7389378 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification and characterization of key enzymes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and modification is fundamental to gain insights into cell wall dynamics. However, it is a challenge that activity assays of glycosyltransferases are very low throughput and acceptor substrates are generally not available. RESULTS We optimized and validated microscale thermophoresis (MST) to achieve high throughput screening for glycosyltransferase substrates. MST is a powerful method for the quantitative analysis of protein-ligand interactions with low sample consumption. The technique is based on the motion of molecules along local temperature gradients, measured by fluorescence changes. We expressed glycosyltransferases as YFP-fusion proteins in tobacco and optimized the MST method to allow the determination of substrate binding affinity without purification of the target protein from the cell lysate. The application of this MST method to the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase AtGALS1 validated the capability to screen both nucleotide-sugar donor substrates and acceptor substrates. We also expanded the application to members of glycosyltransferase family GT61 in sorghum for substrate screening and function prediction. CONCLUSIONS This method is rapid and sensitive to allow determination of both donor and acceptor substrates of glycosyltransferases. MST enables high throughput screening of glycosyltransferases for likely substrates, which will narrow down their in vivo function and help to select candidates for further studies. Additionally, this method gives insight into biochemical mechanism of glycosyltransferase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Shao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Rita Sharma
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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75
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Klaassen MT, Trindade LM. RG-I galactan side-chains are involved in the regulation of the water-binding capacity of potato cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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76
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Reagan BC, Burch-Smith TM. Viruses Reveal the Secrets of Plasmodesmal Cell Biology. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:26-39. [PMID: 31715107 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0212-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are essential for intercellular trafficking of molecules required for plant life, from small molecules like sugars and ions to macromolecules including proteins and RNA molecules that act as signals to regulate plant development and defense. As obligate intracellular pathogens, plant viruses have evolved to manipulate this communication system to facilitate the initial cell-to-cell and eventual systemic spread in their plant hosts. There has been considerable interest in how viruses manipulate the PD that connect the protoplasts of neighboring cells, and viruses have yielded invaluable tools for probing the structure and function of PD. With recent advances in biochemistry and imaging, we have gained new insights into the composition and structure of PD in the presence and absence of viruses. Here, we first discuss viral strategies for manipulating PD for their intercellular movement and examine how this has shed light on our understanding of native PD function. We then address the controversial role of the cytoskeleton in trafficking to and through PD. Finally, we address how viruses could alter PD structure and consider possible mechanisms of the phenomenon described as 'gating'. This discussion supports the significance of virus research in elucidating the properties of PD, these persistently enigmatic plant organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Reagan
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
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77
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Abstract
This chapter summarizes four extensometer techniques for measuring cell wall extensibility in vitro and discusses how the results of these methods relate to the concept and ideal measurement of cell wall extensibility in the context of plant cell growth. These in-vitro techniques are particularly useful for studies of the molecular basis of cell wall extension. Measurements of breaking strength, elastic compliance and plastic compliance may be informative about changes in cell wall structure, whereas measurements of wall stress relaxation and creep are sensitive to both changes in wall structure and wall-loosening processes, such as those mediated by expansins and some lytic enzymes. A combination of methods is needed to obtain a broader view of cell wall behavior and properties connected with the concept of cell wall extensibility .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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78
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Baison J, Vidalis A, Zhou L, Chen Z, Li Z, Sillanpää MJ, Bernhardsson C, Scofield D, Forsberg N, Grahn T, Olsson L, Karlsson B, Wu H, Ingvarsson PK, Lundqvist S, Niittylä T, García‐Gil MR. Genome-wide association study identified novel candidate loci affecting wood formation in Norway spruce. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:83-100. [PMID: 31166032 PMCID: PMC6852177 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce is a boreal forest tree species of significant ecological and economic importance. Hence there is a strong imperative to dissect the genetics underlying important wood quality traits in the species. We performed a functional genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 17 wood traits in Norway spruce using 178 101 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated from exome genotyping of 517 mother trees. The wood traits were defined using functional modelling of wood properties across annual growth rings. We applied a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO-based) association mapping method using a functional multilocus mapping approach that utilizes latent traits, with a stability selection probability method as the hypothesis testing approach to determine a significant quantitative trait locus. The analysis provided 52 significant SNPs from 39 candidate genes, including genes previously implicated in wood formation and tree growth in spruce and other species. Our study represents a multilocus GWAS for complex wood traits in Norway spruce. The results advance our understanding of the genetics influencing wood traits and identifies candidate genes for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baison
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural ScienceParallellvägen 21Umeå907 36Sweden
| | - Amaryllis Vidalis
- Section of Population Epigenetics and EpigenomicsCentre of Life and Food Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 2aMünchen85748Germany
| | - Linghua Zhou
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural ScienceParallellvägen 21Umeå907 36Sweden
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Chen
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural ScienceParallellvägen 21Umeå907 36Sweden
| | - Zitong Li
- Ecological Genetics Research UnitDepartment of BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 65FI‐00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko J. Sillanpää
- Department of Mathematical SciencesBiocenter OuluUniversity of OuluPentti Kaiteran katu 1OuluFinland
| | - Carolina Bernhardsson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural ScienceParallellvägen 21Umeå907 36Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityLinnaeus väg 4-6Umeå907 36Sweden
| | - Douglas Scofield
- Uppsala Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Computational ScienceUppsala UniversityLägerhyddsvägen 2Uppsala752 37Sweden
| | - Nils Forsberg
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural ScienceParallellvägen 21Umeå907 36Sweden
| | - Thomas Grahn
- RISE BioeconomyDrottning Kristinas väg 61SE‐114 86StockholmSweden
| | - Lars Olsson
- RISE BioeconomyDrottning Kristinas väg 61SE‐114 86StockholmSweden
| | | | - Harry Wu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural ScienceParallellvägen 21Umeå907 36Sweden
| | - Pär K. Ingvarsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityLinnaeus väg 4-6Umeå907 36Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Genetics: Evolutionary BiologyUppsala UniversityKåbovägen 4Uppsala752 36Sweden
| | - Sven‐Olof Lundqvist
- RISE BioeconomyDrottning Kristinas väg 61SE‐114 86StockholmSweden
- IICRosenlundsgatan 48BSE‐118 63StockholmSweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural ScienceParallellvägen 21Umeå907 36Sweden
| | - M Rosario García‐Gil
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural ScienceParallellvägen 21Umeå907 36Sweden
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79
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Wong JH, Spartz AK, Park MY, Du M, Gray WM. Mutation of a Conserved Motif of PP2C.D Phosphatases Confers SAUR Immunity and Constitutive Activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:353-366. [PMID: 31311832 PMCID: PMC6716246 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin promotes the growth of plant shoots by stimulating cell expansion via plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase activation, which facilitates cell wall loosening and solute uptake. Mechanistic insight was recently obtained by demonstrating that auxin-induced SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR) proteins inhibit D-CLADE TYPE 2C PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE (PP2C.D) activity, thereby trapping PM H+-ATPases in the phosphorylated, activated state, but how SAURs bind PP2C.D proteins and inhibit their activity is unknown. Here, we identified a highly conserved motif near the C-terminal region of the PP2C.D catalytic domain that is required for SAUR binding in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Missense mutations in this motif abolished SAUR binding but had no apparent effect on catalytic activity. Consequently, mutant PP2C.D proteins that could not bind SAURs exhibited constitutive activity, as they were immune to SAUR inhibition. In planta expression of SAUR-immune pp2c.d2 or pp2c.d5 derivatives conferred severe cell expansion defects and corresponding constitutively low levels of PM H+-ATPase phosphorylation. These growth defects were not alleviated by either auxin treatment or 35S:StrepII-SAUR19 coexpression. In contrast, a PM H+-ATPase gain-of-function mutation that results in a constitutively active H+ pump partially suppressed SAUR-immune pp2c.d5 phenotypes, demonstrating that impaired PM H+-ATPase function is largely responsible for the reduced growth of the SAUR-immune pp2c.d5 mutant. Together, these findings provide crucial genetic support for SAUR-PP2C.D regulation of cell expansion via modulation of PM H+-ATPase activity. Furthermore, SAUR-immune pp2c.d derivatives provide new genetic tools for elucidating SAUR and PP2C.D functions and manipulating plant organ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeh Haur Wong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Angela K Spartz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Mee Yeon Park
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Minmin Du
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - William M Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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80
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In vivo evidence for a regulatory role of phosphorylation of Arabidopsis Rubisco activase at the Thr78 site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18723-18731. [PMID: 31451644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812916116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis Rubisco activase (Rca) is phosphorylated at threonine-78 (Thr78) in low light and in the dark, suggesting a potential regulatory role in photosynthesis, but this has not been directly tested. To do so, we transformed an rca-knockdown mutant largely lacking redox regulation with wild-type Rca-β or Rca-β with Thr78-to-Ala (T78A) or Thr78-to-Ser (T78S) site-directed mutations. Interestingly, the T78S mutant was hyperphosphorylated at the Ser78 site relative to Thr78 of the Rca-β wild-type control, as evidenced by immunoblotting with custom antibodies and quantitative mass spectrometry. Moreover, plants expressing the T78S mutation had reduced photosynthesis and quantum efficiency of photosystem II (ϕPSII) and reduced growth relative to control plants expressing wild-type Rca-β under all conditions tested. Gene expression was also altered in a manner consistent with reduced growth. In contrast, plants expressing Rca-β with the phospho-null T78A mutation had faster photosynthetic induction kinetics and increased ϕPSII relative to Rca-β controls. While expression of the wild-type Rca-β or the T78A mutant fully rescued the slow-growth phenotype of the rca-knockdown mutant grown in a square-wave light regime, the T78A mutants grew faster than the Rca-β control plants at low light (30 µmol photons m-2 s-1) and in a fluctuating low-light/high-light environment. Collectively, these results suggest that phosphorylation of Thr78 (or Ser78 in the T78S mutant) plays a negative regulatory role in vivo and provides an explanation for the absence of Ser at position 78 in terrestrial plant species.
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81
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Smithers ET, Luo J, Dyson RJ. Mathematical principles and models of plant growth mechanics: from cell wall dynamics to tissue morphogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3587-3600. [PMID: 31128070 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth research produces a catalogue of complex open questions. We argue that plant growth is a highly mechanical process, and that mathematics gives an underlying framework with which to probe its fundamental unrevealed mechanisms. This review serves to illustrate the biological insights afforded by mathematical modelling and demonstrate the breadth of mathematically rich problems available within plant sciences, thereby promoting a mutual appreciation across the disciplines. On the one hand, we explain the general mathematical principles behind mechanical growth models; on the other, we describe how modelling addresses specific problems in microscale cell wall mechanics, tip growth, morphogenesis, and stress feedback. We conclude by identifying possible future directions for both biologists and mathematicians, including as yet unanswered questions within various topics, stressing that interdisciplinary collaboration is vital for tackling the challenge of understanding plant growth mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan T Smithers
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jingxi Luo
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rosemary J Dyson
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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82
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Lenk I, Fisher LHC, Vickers M, Akinyemi A, Didion T, Swain M, Jensen CS, Mur LAJ, Bosch M. Transcriptional and Metabolomic Analyses Indicate that Cell Wall Properties are Associated with Drought Tolerance in Brachypodium distachyon. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1758. [PMID: 30974727 PMCID: PMC6479473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is an established model for drought tolerance. We previously identified accessions exhibiting high tolerance, susceptibility and intermediate tolerance to drought; respectively, ABR8, KOZ1 and ABR4. Transcriptomics and metabolomic approaches were used to define tolerance mechanisms. Transcriptional analyses suggested relatively few drought responsive genes in ABR8 compared to KOZ1. Linking these to gene ontology (GO) terms indicated enrichment for "regulated stress response", "plant cell wall" and "oxidative stress" associated genes. Further, tolerance correlated with pre-existing differences in cell wall-associated gene expression including glycoside hydrolases, pectin methylesterases, expansins and a pectin acetylesterase. Metabolomic assessments of the same samples also indicated few significant changes in ABR8 with drought. Instead, pre-existing differences in the cell wall-associated metabolites correlated with drought tolerance. Although other features, e.g., jasmonate signaling were suggested in our study, cell wall-focused events appeared to be predominant. Our data suggests two different modes through which the cell wall could confer drought tolerance: (i) An active response mode linked to stress induced changes in cell wall features, and (ii) an intrinsic mode where innate differences in cell wall composition and architecture are important. Both modes seem to contribute to ABR8 drought tolerance. Identification of the exact mechanisms through which the cell wall confers drought tolerance will be important in order to inform development of drought tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Lenk
- DLF Seeds A/S, Højerupvej 31, 4660 Store Heddinge, Denmark.
| | - Lorraine H C Fisher
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Martin Vickers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Aderemi Akinyemi
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Thomas Didion
- DLF Seeds A/S, Højerupvej 31, 4660 Store Heddinge, Denmark.
| | - Martin Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | | | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
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83
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Ilias IA, Negishi K, Yasue K, Jomura N, Morohashi K, Baharum SN, Goh HH. Transcriptome-wide effects of expansin gene manipulation in etiolated Arabidopsis seedling. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:159-172. [PMID: 30341720 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Expansin is a non-enzymatic protein which plays a pivotal role in cell wall loosening by inducing stress relaxation and extension in the plant cell wall. Previous studies on Arabidopsis, Petunia × hybrida, and tomato demonstrated that the suppression of expansin gene expression reduced plant growth but expansin overexpression does not necessarily promotes growth. In this study, both expansin gene suppression and overexpression in dark-grown transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings resulted in reduced hypocotyl length at late growth stages with a more pronounced effect for the overexpression. This defect in hypocotyl elongation raises questions about the molecular effect of expansin gene manipulation. RNA-seq analysis of the transcriptomic changes between day 3 and day 5 seedlings for both transgenic lines found numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including transcription factors and hormone-related genes involved in different aspects of cell wall development. These DEGs imply that the observed hypocotyl growth retardation is a consequence of the concerted effect of regulatory factors and multiple cell-wall related genes, which are important for cell wall remodelling during rapid hypocotyl elongation. This is further supported by co-expression analysis through network-centric approach of differential network cluster analysis. This first transcriptome-wide study of expansin manipulation explains why the effect of expansin overexpression is greater than suppression and provides insights into the dynamic nature of molecular regulation during etiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqmal Asyraf Ilias
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kohei Negishi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba-ken, Tokyo, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Keito Yasue
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba-ken, Tokyo, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Naohiro Jomura
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba-ken, Tokyo, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kengo Morohashi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba-ken, Tokyo, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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84
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Subramanyam S, Nemacheck JA, Hargarten AM, Sardesai N, Schemerhorn BJ, Williams CE. Multiple molecular defense strategies in Brachypodium distachyon surmount Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) larvae-induced susceptibility for plant survival. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2596. [PMID: 30796321 PMCID: PMC6385206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hessian fly is a destructive pest of wheat causing severe economic damage. Numerous genes and associated biological pathways have been implicated in defense against Hessian fly. However, due to limited genetic resources, compounded with genome complexity, functional analysis of the candidate genes are challenging in wheat. Physically, Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) exhibits nonhost resistance to Hessian fly, and with a small genome size, short life cycle, vast genetic resources and amenability to transformation, it offers an alternate functional genomic model for deciphering plant-Hessian fly interactions. RNA-sequencing was used to reveal thousands of Hessian fly-responsive genes in Bd one, three, and five days after egg hatch. Genes encoding defense proteins, stress-regulating transcription factors, signaling kinases, and secondary metabolites were strongly up-regulated within the first 24 hours of larval feeding indicating an early defense, similar to resistant wheat. Defense was mediated by a hypersensitive response that included necrotic lesions, up-regulated ROS-generating and -scavenging enzymes, and H2O2 production. Suppression of cell wall-associated proteins and increased cell permeability in Bd resembled susceptible wheat. Thus, Bd molecular responses shared similarities to both resistant and susceptible wheat, validating its suitability as a model genome for undertaking functional studies of candidate Hessian fly-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Subramanyam
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Jill A Nemacheck
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andrea M Hargarten
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nagesh Sardesai
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Brandon J Schemerhorn
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christie E Williams
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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85
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Amos RA, Mohnen D. Critical Review of Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Glycosyltransferase Activities Verified by Heterologous Protein Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:915. [PMID: 31379900 PMCID: PMC6646851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle and development of plants requires the biosynthesis, deposition, and degradation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides. The structures of the diverse cell wall matrix polysaccharides influence commercially important properties of plant cells, including growth, biomass recalcitrance, organ abscission, and the shelf life of fruits. This review is a comprehensive summary of the matrix polysaccharide glycosyltransferase (GT) activities that have been verified using in vitro assays following heterologous GT protein expression. Plant cell wall (PCW) biosynthetic GTs are primarily integral transmembrane proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi of the plant secretory system. The low abundance of these enzymes in plant tissues makes them particularly difficult to purify from native plant membranes in quantities sufficient for enzymatic characterization, which is essential to study the functions of the different GTs. Numerous activities in the synthesis of the major cell wall matrix glycans, including pectins, xylans, xyloglucan, mannans, mixed-linkage glucans (MLGs), and arabinogalactan components of AGP proteoglycans have been mapped to specific genes and multi-gene families. Cell wall GTs include those that synthesize the polymer backbones, those that elongate side branches with extended glycosyl chains, and those that add single monosaccharide linkages onto polysaccharide backbones and/or side branches. Three main strategies have been used to identify genes encoding GTs that synthesize cell wall linkages: analysis of membrane fractions enriched for cell wall biosynthetic activities, mutational genetics approaches investigating cell wall compositional phenotypes, and omics-directed identification of putative GTs from sequenced plant genomes. Here we compare the heterologous expression systems used to produce, purify, and study the enzyme activities of PCW GTs, with an emphasis on the eukaryotic systems Nicotiana benthamiana, Pichia pastoris, and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We discuss the enzymatic properties of GTs including kinetic rates, the chain lengths of polysaccharide products, acceptor oligosaccharide preferences, elongation mechanisms for the synthesis of long-chain polymers, and the formation of GT complexes. Future directions in the study of matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Amos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Debra Mohnen
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86
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Traas J. Organogenesis at the Shoot Apical Meristem. PLANTS 2018; 8:plants8010006. [PMID: 30597849 PMCID: PMC6358984 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lateral organ initiation at the shoot apical meristem involves complex changes in growth rates and directions, ultimately leading to the formation of leaves, stems and flowers. Extensive molecular analysis identifies auxin and downstream transcriptional regulation as major elements in this process. This molecular regulatory network must somehow interfere with the structural elements of the cell, in particular the cell wall, to induce specific morphogenetic events. The cell wall is composed of a network of rigid cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix composed of water, polysaccharides such as pectins and hemicelluloses, proteins, and ions. I will discuss here current views on how auxin dependent pathways modulate wall structure to set particular growth rates and growth directions. This involves complex feedbacks with both the cytoskeleton and the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon CEDEX O7, France.
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87
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Cosgrove DJ. Nanoscale structure, mechanics and growth of epidermal cell walls. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:77-86. [PMID: 30142487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This article briefly reviews recent advances in nano-scale and micro-scale assessments of primary cell wall structure, mechanical behaviors and expansive growth. Cellulose microfibrils have hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces which may selectively bind different matrix polysaccharides and adjacent microfibrils. These distinctive binding interactions may guide partially aligned cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls to form a planar, load-bearing network within each lamella of polylamellate walls. Consideration of expansive growth of cross-lamellate walls leads to a surprising inference: side-by-side sliding of microfibrils may be a key rate-limiting physical step, potentially targeted by specific wall loosening agents. Atomic force microscopy shows different patterns of microfibril movement during force-driven extension versus enzymatic loosening. Consequently, simulations of cell growth as elastic deformation of isotropic cell walls may need to be augmented to incorporate the distinctive behavior of growing cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16803, USA.
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88
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Tran D, Dauphin A, Meimoun P, Kadono T, Nguyen HTH, Arbelet-Bonnin D, Zhao T, Errakhi R, Lehner A, Kawano T, Bouteau F. Methanol induces cytosolic calcium variations, membrane depolarization and ethylene production in arabidopsis and tobacco. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:849-860. [PMID: 29579139 PMCID: PMC6215043 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Methanol is a volatile organic compound released from plants through the action of pectin methylesterases (PMEs), which demethylesterify cell wall pectins. Plant PMEs play a role in developmental processes but also in responses to herbivory and infection by fungal or bacterial pathogens. However, molecular mechanisms that explain how methanol could affect plant defences remain poorly understood. Methods Using cultured cells and seedlings from Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco BY2 expressing the apoaequorin gene, allowing quantification of cytosolic Ca2+, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe (CLA, Cypridina luciferin analogue) and electrophysiological techniques, we followed early plant cell responses to exogenously supplied methanol applied as a liquid or as volatile. Key Results Methanol induces cytosolic Ca2+ variations that involve Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane and Ca2+ release from internal stores. Our data further suggest that these Ca2+ variations could interact with different ROS and support a signalling pathway leading to well known plant responses to pathogens such as plasma membrane depolarization through anion channel regulation and ethylene synthesis. Conclusions Methanol is not only a by-product of PME activities, and our data suggest that [Ca2+]cyt variations could participate in signalling processes induced by methanol upstream of plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tran
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Department of Physiology & Cell Information Systems Group, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aurélien Dauphin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Meimoun
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UMR7622–IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Takashi Kadono
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hieu T H Nguyen
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Delphine Arbelet-Bonnin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - Rafik Errakhi
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Eurofins Agriscience Service, Marocco
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, SFR Normandie végétal, Rouen, France
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
- LINV Kitakyushu Research Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
| | - François Bouteau
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- LINV Kitakyushu Research Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
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89
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Amos RA, Pattathil S, Yang JY, Atmodjo MA, Urbanowicz BR, Moremen KW, Mohnen D. A two-phase model for the non-processive biosynthesis of homogalacturonan polysaccharides by the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19047-19063. [PMID: 30327429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogalacturonan (HG) is a pectic glycan in the plant cell wall that contributes to plant growth and development and cell wall structure and function, and interacts with other glycans and proteoglycans in the wall. HG is synthesized by the galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT) gene family. Two members of this family, GAUT1 and GAUT7, form a heteromeric enzyme complex in Arabidopsis thaliana Here, we established a heterologous GAUT expression system in HEK293 cells and show that co-expression of recombinant GAUT1 with GAUT7 results in the production of a soluble GAUT1:GAUT7 complex that catalyzes elongation of HG products in vitro The reaction rates, progress curves, and product distributions exhibited major differences dependent upon small changes in the degree of polymerization (DP) of the oligosaccharide acceptor. GAUT1:GAUT7 displayed >45-fold increased catalytic efficiency with DP11 acceptors relative to DP7 acceptors. Although GAUT1:GAUT7 synthesized high-molecular-weight polymeric HG (>100 kDa) in a substrate concentration-dependent manner typical of distributive (nonprocessive) glycosyltransferases with DP11 acceptors, reactions primed with short-chain acceptors resulted in a bimodal product distribution of glycan products that has previously been reported as evidence for a processive model of GT elongation. As an alternative to the processive glycosyltransfer model, a two-phase distributive elongation model is proposed in which a slow phase, which includes the de novo initiation of HG and elongation of short-chain acceptors, is distinguished from a phase of rapid elongation of intermediate- and long-chain acceptors. Upon reaching a critical chain length of DP11, GAUT1:GAUT7 elongates HG to high-molecular-weight products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Amos
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | | | - Melani A Atmodjo
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | - Kelley W Moremen
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Debra Mohnen
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and .,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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90
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Ju Y, Feng L, Wu J, Ye Y, Zheng T, Cai M, Cheng T, Wang J, Zhang Q, Pan H. Transcriptome analysis of the genes regulating phytohormone and cellular patterning in Lagerstroemia plant architecture. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15162. [PMID: 30310123 PMCID: PMC6181930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant architecture is a popular research topic because plants with different growth habits that may generate economic or ornamental value are in great demand by orchards and nurseries. However, the molecular basis of the architecture of woody perennial plants is poorly understood due to the complexity of the phenotypic and regulatory relationships. Here, transcriptional profiling of dwarf and non-dwarf crapemyrtles was performed, and potential target genes were identified based on the phenotype, histology and phytohormone metabolite levels. An integrated analysis demonstrated that the internode length was explained mainly by cell number and secondarily by cell length and revealed important hormones in regulatory pathway of Lagerstroemia architecture. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in phytohormone pathways and cellular patterning regulation were analysed, and the regulatory relationships between these parameters were evaluated at the transcriptional level. Exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A4 (GA4) treatments further indicated the pivotal role of auxin in cell division within the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and suggested an interaction between auxin and GA4 in regulating the internode length of Lagerstroemia. These results provide insights for further functional genomic studies on the regulatory mechanisms underlying Lagerstroemia plant architecture and may improve the efficiency of woody plant molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Ju
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiyang Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanjun Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tangchun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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91
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Elliott A, Shaw SL. A Cycloheximide-Sensitive Step in Transverse Microtubule Array Patterning. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:684-698. [PMID: 30154175 PMCID: PMC6181046 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The growth properties of individual cells within a tissue determine plant morphology, and the organization of the cytoskeleton, particularly the microtubule arrays, determines cellular growth properties. We investigated the mechanisms governing the formation of transverse microtubule array patterns in axially growing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) epidermal hypocotyl cells. Using quantitative imaging approaches, we mapped the transition of the cortical microtubule arrays into a transverse coaligned pattern after induction with auxin and gibberellic acid. Hormone induction led to an early loss of microtubule plus end density and a rotation toward oblique patterns. Beginning 30 min after induction, transverse microtubules appeared at the cell's midzone concurrently with the loss of longitudinal polymers, eventually progressing apically and basally to remodel the array pattern. Based on the timing and known hormone-signaling pathways, we tested the hypothesis that the later events require de novo gene expression and, thus, constitute a level of genetic control over transverse patterning. We found that the presence of the translation inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) resulted in a selective and reversible loss of transverse patterns that were replaced with radial-like pinwheel arrays exhibiting a split bipolar architecture centered at the cell's midzone. Experiments using hormone induction and CHX revealed that pinwheel arrays occur when transverse microtubules increase at the midzone but longitudinal microtubules in the split bipolar architecture are not suppressed. We propose that a key regulatory mechanism for creating the transverse microtubule coalignment in axially growing hypocotyls involves the expression of a CHX-sensitive factor that acts to suppress the nucleation of the longitudinally oriented polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Elliott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Sidney L Shaw
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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92
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Lamport DTA, Tan L, Held M, Kieliszewski MJ. The Role of the Primary Cell Wall in Plant Morphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2674. [PMID: 30205598 PMCID: PMC6165521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis remains a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma. It remains a formidable problem viewed from many different perspectives of morphology, genetics, and computational modelling. We propose a biochemical reductionist approach that shows how both internal and external physical forces contribute to plant morphogenesis via mechanical stress⁻strain transduction from the primary cell wall tethered to the plasma membrane by a specific arabinogalactan protein (AGP). The resulting stress vector, with direction defined by Hechtian adhesion sites, has a magnitude of a few piconewtons amplified by a hypothetical Hechtian growth oscillator. This paradigm shift involves stress-activated plasma membrane Ca2+ channels and auxin-activated H⁺-ATPase. The proton pump dissociates periplasmic AGP-glycomodules that bind Ca2+. Thus, as the immediate source of cytosolic Ca2+, an AGP-Ca2+ capacitor directs the vectorial exocytosis of cell wall precursors and auxin efflux (PIN) proteins. In toto, these components comprise the Hechtian oscillator and also the gravisensor. Thus, interdependent auxin and Ca2+ morphogen gradients account for the predominance of AGPs. The size and location of a cell surface AGP-Ca2+ capacitor is essential to differentiation and explains AGP correlation with all stages of morphogenetic patterning from embryogenesis to root and shoot. Finally, the evolutionary origins of the Hechtian oscillator in the unicellular Chlorophycean algae reflect the ubiquitous role of chemiosmotic proton pumps that preceded DNA at the dawn of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T A Lamport
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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93
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Coen
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.
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94
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Perroud PF, Haas FB, Hiss M, Ullrich KK, Alboresi A, Amirebrahimi M, Barry K, Bassi R, Bonhomme S, Chen H, Coates JC, Fujita T, Guyon-Debast A, Lang D, Lin J, Lipzen A, Nogué F, Oliver MJ, Ponce de León I, Quatrano RS, Rameau C, Reiss B, Reski R, Ricca M, Saidi Y, Sun N, Szövényi P, Sreedasyam A, Grimwood J, Stacey G, Schmutz J, Rensing SA. The Physcomitrella patens gene atlas project: large-scale RNA-seq based expression data. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:168-182. [PMID: 29681058 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has recently become the method of choice to define and analyze transcriptomes. For the model moss Physcomitrella patens, although this method has been used to help analyze specific perturbations, no overall reference dataset has yet been established. In the framework of the Gene Atlas project, the Joint Genome Institute selected P. patens as a flagship genome, opening the way to generate the first comprehensive transcriptome dataset for this moss. The first round of sequencing described here is composed of 99 independent libraries spanning 34 different developmental stages and conditions. Upon dataset quality control and processing through read mapping, 28 509 of the 34 361 v3.3 gene models (83%) were detected to be expressed across the samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were calculated across the dataset to permit perturbation comparisons between conditions. The analysis of the three most distinct and abundant P. patens growth stages - protonema, gametophore and sporophyte - allowed us to define both general transcriptional patterns and stage-specific transcripts. As an example of variation of physico-chemical growth conditions, we detail here the impact of ammonium supplementation under standard growth conditions on the protonemal transcriptome. Finally, the cooperative nature of this project allowed us to analyze inter-laboratory variation, as 13 different laboratories around the world provided samples. We compare differences in the replication of experiments in a single laboratory and between different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Perroud
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian B Haas
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Hiss
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristian K Ullrich
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Alboresi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Mojgan Amirebrahimi
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Haodong Chen
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juliet C Coates
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Anouchka Guyon-Debast
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Lang
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Junyan Lin
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Melvin J Oliver
- USDA-ARS-MWA, Plant Genetics Research Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 652117, USA
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- Department of Molecular Biology, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ralph S Quatrano
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Bernd Reiss
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mariana Ricca
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Younousse Saidi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ning Sun
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Avinash Sreedasyam
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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95
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Niinemets Ü, Bravo LA, Copolovici L. Changes in photosynthetic rate and stress volatile emissions through desiccation-rehydration cycles in desiccation-tolerant epiphytic filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1605-1617. [PMID: 29603297 PMCID: PMC6047733 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to recurrent desiccation cycles carries a risk of accumulation of reactive oxygen species that can impair leaf physiological activity upon rehydration, but changes in filmy fern stress status through desiccation and rewatering cycles have been poorly studied. We studied foliage photosynthetic rate and volatile marker compounds characterizing cell wall modifications (methanol) and stress development (lipoxygenase [LOX] pathway volatiles and methanol) through desiccation-rewatering cycles in lower-canopy species Hymenoglossum cruentum and Hymenophyllum caudiculatum, lower- to upper-canopy species Hymenophyllum plicatum and upper-canopy species Hymenophyllum dentatum sampled from a common environment and hypothesized that lower canopy species respond more strongly to desiccation and rewatering. In all species, rates of photosynthesis and LOX volatile emission decreased with progression of desiccation, but LOX emission decreased with a slower rate than photosynthesis. Rewatering first led to an emission burst of LOX volatiles followed by methanol, indicating that the oxidative burst was elicited in the symplast and further propagated to cell walls. Changes in LOX emissions were more pronounced in the upper-canopy species that had a greater photosynthetic activity and likely a greater rate of production of photooxidants. We conclude that rewatering induces the most severe stress in filmy ferns, especially in the upper canopy species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - León A Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias, Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, and Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, 1145, Chile
| | - Lucian Copolovici
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, Institute of Research, Innovation and Development in Technical and Natural Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University, Romania, 2 Elena Dragoi, Arad, 310330, Romania
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Tovar-Herrera OE, Rodríguez M, Olarte-Lozano M, Sampedro-Guerrero JA, Guerrero A, Pinto-Cámara R, Alvarado-Affantranger X, Wood CD, Moran-Mirabal JM, Pastor N, Segovia L, Martínez-Anaya C. Analysis of the Binding of Expansin Exl1, from Pectobacterium carotovorum, to Plant Xylem and Comparison to EXLX1 from Bacillus subtilis. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7008-7018. [PMID: 30221235 PMCID: PMC6130903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The plant xylem is a preferred niche for some important bacterial phytopathogens, some of them encoding expansin proteins, which bind plant cell walls. Yet, the identity of the substrate for bacterial expansins within the plant cell wall and the nature of its interaction with it are poorly known. Here, we determined the localization of two bacterial expansins with differing isoelectric points (and with differing binding patterns to cell wall extracts) on plant tissue through in vitro fluorophore labeling and confocal imaging. Differential localization was observed, in which Exl1 from Pectobacterium carotovorum located into the intercellular spaces between xylem vessels and adjacent cells of the plant xylem, whereas EXLX1 from Bacillus subtilis bound cell walls of most cell types. In isolated vascular tissue, however, both PcExl1 and BsEXLX1 preferentially bound to tracheary elements over the xylem fibers, even though both are composed of secondary cell walls. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, employed to analyze the interaction of expansins with isolated xylem, indicates that binding is governed by more than one factor, which could include interaction with more than one type of polymer in the fibers, such as cellulose and hemicellulose or pectin. Binding to different polysaccharides could explain the observed reduction of cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities in the presence of expansin, possibly because of competition for the substrate. Our findings are relevant for the comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis by P. carotovorum during xylem invasion, a process in which Exl1 might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar E. Tovar-Herrera
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mabel Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Centro
de Investigación en Dinámica Celular-IICBA, Universidad
Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Miguel Olarte-Lozano
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jimmy Andrés Sampedro-Guerrero
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Adán Guerrero
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Raúl Pinto-Cámara
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Xóchitl Alvarado-Affantranger
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Christopher D. Wood
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jose M. Moran-Mirabal
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Nina Pastor
- Centro
de Investigación en Dinámica Celular-IICBA, Universidad
Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lorenzo Segovia
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Claudia Martínez-Anaya
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis,
Instituto de Biotecnología, and Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía
Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
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97
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Uncovering pH at both sides of the root plasma membrane interface using noninvasive imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6488-6493. [PMID: 29866831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721769115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Building a proton gradient across a biological membrane and between different tissues is a matter of great importance for plant development and nutrition. To gain a better understanding of proton distribution in the plant root apoplast as well as across the plasma membrane, we generated Arabidopsis plants expressing stable membrane-anchored ratiometric fluorescent sensors based on pHluorin. These sensors enabled noninvasive pH-specific measurements in mature root cells from the medium-epidermis interface up to the inner cell layers that lie beyond the Casparian strip. The membrane-associated apoplastic pH was much more alkaline than the overall apoplastic space pH. Proton concentration associated with the plasma membrane was very stable, even when the growth medium pH was altered. This is in apparent contradiction with the direct connection between root intercellular space and the external medium. The plasma membrane-associated pH in the stele was the most preserved and displayed the lowest apoplastic pH (6.0 to 6.1) and the highest transmembrane delta pH (1.5 to 2.2). Both pH values also correlated well with optimal activities of channels and transporters involved in ion uptake and redistribution from the root to the aerial part. In growth medium where ionic content is minimized, the root plasma membrane-associated pH was more affected by environmental proton changes, especially for the most external cell layers. Calcium concentration appears to play a major role in apoplastic pH under these restrictive conditions, supporting a role for the cell wall in pH homeostasis of the unstirred surface layer of plasma membrane in mature roots.
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98
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Robinson S, Kuhlemeier C. Global Compression Reorients Cortical Microtubules in Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Epidermis and Promotes Growth. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1794-1802.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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99
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Grosse‐Holz F, Kelly S, Blaskowski S, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, van der Hoorn RA. The transcriptome, extracellular proteome and active secretome of agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana uncover a large, diverse protease repertoire. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1068-1084. [PMID: 29055088 PMCID: PMC5902771 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Infiltration of disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens into leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana (agroinfiltration) facilitates quick and safe production of antibodies, vaccines, enzymes and metabolites for industrial use (molecular farming). However, yield and purity of proteins produced by agroinfiltration are hampered by unintended proteolysis, restricting industrial viability of the agroinfiltration platform. Proteolysis may be linked to an immune response to agroinfiltration, but understanding of the response to agroinfiltration is limited. To identify the proteases, we studied the transcriptome, extracellular proteome and active secretome of agroinfiltrated leaves over a time course, with and without the P19 silencing inhibitor. Remarkably, the P19 expression had little effect on the leaf transcriptome and no effect on the extracellular proteome. 25% of the detected transcripts changed in abundance upon agroinfiltration, associated with a gradual up-regulation of immunity at the expense of photosynthesis. By contrast, 70% of the extracellular proteins increased in abundance, in many cases associated with increased efficiency of extracellular delivery. We detect a dynamic reprogramming of the proteolytic machinery upon agroinfiltration by detecting transcripts encoding for 975 different proteases and protease homologs. The extracellular proteome contains peptides derived from 196 proteases and protease homologs, and activity-based proteomics displayed 17 active extracellular Ser and Cys proteases in agroinfiltrated leaves. We discuss unique features of the N. benthamiana protease repertoire and highlight abundant extracellular proteases in agroinfiltrated leaves, being targets for reverse genetics. This data set increases our understanding of the plant response to agroinfiltration and indicates ways to improve a key expression platform for both plant science and molecular farming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Svenja Blaskowski
- Chemische BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieFakultät für BiologieUniversität Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Chemische BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieFakultät für BiologieUniversität Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemische BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieFakultät für BiologieUniversität Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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100
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Byrt CS, Munns R, Burton RA, Gilliham M, Wege S. Root cell wall solutions for crop plants in saline soils. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 269:47-55. [PMID: 29606216 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The root growth of most crop plants is inhibited by soil salinity. Roots respond by modulating metabolism, gene expression and protein activity, which results in changes in cell wall composition, transport processes, cell size and shape, and root architecture. Here, we focus on the effects of salt stress on cell wall modifying enzymes, cellulose microfibril orientation and non-cellulosic polysaccharide deposition in root elongation zones, as important determinants of inhibition of root elongation, and highlight cell wall changes linked to tolerance to salt stressed and water limited roots. Salt stress induces changes in the wall composition of specific root cell types, including the increased deposition of lignin and suberin in endodermal and exodermal cells. These changes can benefit the plant by preventing water loss and altering ion transport pathways. We suggest that binding of Na+ ions to cell wall components might influence the passage of Na+ and that Na+ can influence the binding of other ions and hinder the function of pectin during cell growth. Naturally occurring differences in cell wall structure may provide new resources for breeding crops that are more salt tolerant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Byrt
- Plant Transport and Signalling Group, Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia. http://twitter.com/BotanicGeek
| | - Rana Munns
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signalling Group, Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Stefanie Wege
- Plant Transport and Signalling Group, Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
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