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Arababadi MK, Nosratabadi R, Asadikaram G. Vitamin D and toll like receptors. Life Sci 2018; 203:105-111. [PMID: 29596922 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that vitamin D (VD) significantly modulates immune responses. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are the main innate immunity receptors which are expressed on the cell membrane and intracellular vesicles and recognize several pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to induce immune responses. Based on the important roles played by TLRs in physiologic and pathologic functions of immune responses and due to the immunomodulatory functions of VD, it has been hypothesized that VD may present its immunomodulatory functions via modulation of TLRs. This review article collates recent studies regarding the interactions between VD and TLRs and discussed the controversial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Bikle DD, Patzek S, Wang Y. Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: Case report and review. Bone Rep 2018; 8:255-267. [PMID: 29963603 PMCID: PMC6021194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the kidney was initially thought to be the sole organ responsible for the production of 1,25(OH)2D via the enzyme CYP27b1, it is now appreciated that the expression of CYP27b1 in tissues other than the kidney is wide spread. However, the kidney is the major source for circulating 1,25(OH)2D. Only in certain granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis does the extra renal tissue produce sufficient 1,25(OH)2D to contribute to the circulating levels, generally associated with hypercalcemia, as illustrated by the case report preceding the review. Therefore the expression of CYP27b1 outside the kidney under normal circumstances begs the question why, and in particular whether the extra renal production of 1,25(OH)2D has physiologic importance. In this chapter this question will be discussed. First we discuss the sites for extra renal 1,25(OH)2D production. This is followed by a discussion of the regulation of CYP27b1 expression and activity in extra renal tissues, pointing out that such regulation is tissue specific and different from that of CYP27b1 in the kidney. Finally the physiologic significance of extra renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production is examined, with special focus on the role of CYP27b1 in regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. At this point the data do not clearly demonstrate an essential role for CYP27b1 expression in any tissue outside the kidney, but several examples pointing in this direction are provided. With the availability of the mouse enabling tissue specific deletion of CYP27b1, the role of extra renal CYP27b1 expression in normal and pathologic states can now be addressed definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Sophie Patzek
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, United States
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53
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Bora SA, Kennett MJ, Smith PB, Patterson AD, Cantorna MT. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism following disruption of the microbiota using broad spectrum antibiotics. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 56:65-73. [PMID: 29459310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D, 25hydroxyvitamin D (25D), and 24,25dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25D) were measured before and after broad spectrum antibiotic (Abx) treatment for 2 wks. Abx treatments increased 25D and 24,25D levels suggesting that the microbiota or Abx were altering vitamin D metabolism. Increased 25D, but not 24,25D, following Abx treatments were found to be dependent on toll like receptor signaling. Conversely, the effects of Abx on 24,25D levels required that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) be expressed in tissues outside of the hematopoietic system (kidney) and not the immune system. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 increased following Abx treatment and the effect of Abx treatment on FGF23 (like the effect on 24,25D) was not present in VDR knockout (KO) mice. The Abx mediated increase in 24,25D was due to changes to the endocrine regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Conversely, 25D levels went up with Abx treatment of the VDR KO mice. Host sensing of microbial signals regulates the levels of 25D in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Bora
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mary J Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Philip B Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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54
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Pludowski P, Holick MF, Grant WB, Konstantynowicz J, Mascarenhas MR, Haq A, Povoroznyuk V, Balatska N, Barbosa AP, Karonova T, Rudenka E, Misiorowski W, Zakharova I, Rudenka A, Łukaszkiewicz J, Marcinowska-Suchowierska E, Łaszcz N, Abramowicz P, Bhattoa HP, Wimalawansa SJ. Vitamin D supplementation guidelines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 175:125-135. [PMID: 28216084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Research carried out during the past two-decades extended the understanding of actions of vitamin D, from regulating calcium and phosphate absorption and bone metabolism to many pleiotropic actions in organs and tissues in the body. Most observational and ecological studies report association of higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with improved outcomes for several chronic, communicable and non-communicable diseases. Consequently, numerous agencies and scientific organizations have developed recommendations for vitamin D supplementation and guidance on optimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations. The bone-centric guidelines recommend a target 25(OH)D concentration of 20ng/mL (50nmol/L), and age-dependent daily vitamin D doses of 400-800IU. The guidelines focused on pleiotropic effects of vitamin D recommend a target 25(OH)D concentration of 30ng/mL (75nmol/L), and age-, body weight-, disease-status, and ethnicity dependent vitamin D doses ranging between 400 and 2000IU/day. The wise and balanced choice of the recommendations to follow depends on one's individual health outcome concerns, age, body weight, latitude of residence, dietary and cultural habits, making the regional or nationwide guidelines more applicable in clinical practice. While natural sources of vitamin D can raise 25(OH)D concentrations, relative to dietary preferences and latitude of residence, in the context of general population, these sources are regarded ineffective to maintain the year-round 25(OH)D concentrations in the range of 30-50ng/mL (75-125nmol/L). Vitamin D self-administration related adverse effects, such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria are rare, and usually result from taking extremely high doses of vitamin D for a prolonged time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Pludowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michael F Holick
- Boston University Medical Center, 85 East Newton Street M-1033, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
| | - Jerzy Konstantynowicz
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mario R Mascarenhas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hospital de Santa Maria, EHLN and Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Afrozul Haq
- Research and Development, Gulf Diagnostic Center Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vladyslav Povoroznyuk
- D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev 04114, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya Balatska
- D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev 04114, Ukraine
| | - Ana Paula Barbosa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hospital de Santa Maria, EHLN and Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Karonova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation
| | - Ema Rudenka
- Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, 220013 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Waldemar Misiorowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irina Zakharova
- Department of Pediatrics, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alena Rudenka
- Department of Cardiology and Rheumatology of Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, 220013 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Jacek Łukaszkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinowska-Suchowierska
- Department of Geriatric, Internal Medicine and Metabolic Bone Disease, Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Łaszcz
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Abramowicz
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Harjit P Bhattoa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Vitamin D Compounds Are Bactericidal against Streptococcus mutans and Target the Bacitracin-Associated Efflux System. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 62:AAC.01675-17. [PMID: 29061743 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01675-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D analogs were identified as compounds that induced lysis of planktonic cultures of Streptococcus mutans in a high-throughput screen of FDA-approved drugs. Previous studies have demonstrated that certain derivatives of vitamin D possess lytic activity against other bacteria, though the mechanism has not yet been established. Through the use of a combinatorial approach, the vitamin D derivative doxercalciferol was shown to act synergistically with bacitracin, a polypeptide-type drug that is known to interfere with cell wall synthesis, suggesting that doxercalciferol may act in a bacitracin-related pathway. Innate resistance to bacitracin is attributed to efflux by a conserved ABC-type transporter, which in S. mutans is encoded by the mbrABCD operon. S. mutans possesses two characterized mechanisms of resistance to bacitracin, the ABC transporter, S. mutans bacitracin resistance (Mbr) cassette, consisting of MbrABCD, and the rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide (Rgp) system, RgpABCDEFGHI. Loss of function of the transporter in ΔmbrA and ΔmbrD mutants exacerbated the effect of the combination of doxercalciferol and bacitracin. Despite conservation of a transporter homologous to mbrABCD, the combination of doxercalciferol and bacitracin appeared to be synergistic only in streptococcal species. We conclude that vitamin D derivatives possess lytic activity against S. mutans and act through a mechanism dependent on the bacitracin resistance mechanism of MbrABCD.
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56
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Vanherwegen AS, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Regulation of Immune Function by Vitamin D and Its Use in Diseases of Immunity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46:1061-1094. [PMID: 29080635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence exists for a role for vitamin D and its active metabolites in modulating immune functions. In animal models, vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk for autoimmunity in genetically predisposed subjects and increases in susceptibility to infections. In addition, high-dose vitamin D can improve immune health, prevent autoimmunity, and improve defense against infections. In humans, evidence exists on associations between vitamin D deficiency and impaired immune function, leading to autoimmunity in genetically predisposed people and increased risk for infections; data on therapeutic immune effects of vitamin D supplementation when vitamin D levels are already sufficient are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sofie Vanherwegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - bus 902, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - bus 902, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - bus 902, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Abstract
The global impact of childhood malnutrition is staggering. The synergism between malnutrition and infection contributes substantially to childhood morbidity and mortality. Anthropometric indicators of malnutrition are associated with the increased risk and severity of infections caused by many pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths. Since childhood malnutrition commonly involves the inadequate intake of protein and calories, with superimposed micronutrient deficiencies, the causal factors involved in impaired host defense are usually not defined. This review focuses on literature related to impaired host defense and the risk of infection in primary childhood malnutrition. Particular attention is given to longitudinal and prospective cohort human studies and studies of experimental animal models that address causal, mechanistic relationships between malnutrition and host defense. Protein and micronutrient deficiencies impact the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs and compromise both innate and adaptive immune functions. Malnutrition-related changes in intestinal microbiota contribute to growth faltering and dysregulated inflammation and immune function. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the malnutrition-infection synergism, critical gaps in our understanding remain. We highlight the need for mechanistic studies that can lead to targeted interventions to improve host defense and reduce the morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases in this vulnerable population.
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58
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Dietary and metabolic modulators of hepatic immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 40:175-188. [PMID: 29110070 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ of the organism and is thus constantly exposed to gut-derived dietary and microbial antigens. The liver maintains homoeostatic tolerance to these mostly harmless antigens. However, the liver also functions as a barrier organ to harmful pathogens and is thus permissive to liver inflammation. The regulation of the delicate balance between liver tolerance and liver inflammation is of vital importance for the organism. In recent years, a general role for dietary components and metabolites as immune mediators has been emerging. However, although the liver is exposed to a great deal of metabolic mediators, surprisingly, little is known about their actual role in the regulation of hepatic immune responses. Here, we will explore the possible impacts of metabolic mediators for homoeostatic and pathological immunity in the liver, by highlighting selected examples of metabolic immune regulation in the liver.
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59
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Vanherwegen AS, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D endocrinology on the cross-road between immunity and metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:52-67. [PMID: 28461074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of vitamin D on the immune function have been recognized for more than a quarter of a century. However, our understanding of the multifactorial nature of the effects of vitamin D at the cellular, molecular and metabolic level in different immune cells of the innate and adaptive immune system has dramatically progressed during the last decades. In this review, we summarize the main metabolic pathways preferentially used in different subsets of macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B cells as well as the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on these cells. We will highlight the metabolic reprogramming happening in vitamin D-conditioned tolerogenic dendritic cells. A better knowledge of the dynamics of metabolic states in immune subsets and their possible roles in inflammation and autoimmunity may advance the development of novel immunotherapies. Likewise, the implications of effects of vitamin D on immunometabolism may progress our insights in the nature of immune responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sofie Vanherwegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1, Bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1, Bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1, Bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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60
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the anti-HIV-1 effects of vitamin D (VitD) have been reported, mechanisms behind such protection remain largely unexplored. METHODS The effects of two precursor forms (cholecalciferol/calciol at 0.01, 1 and 100 nM and calcidiol at 100 and 250 nM) on HIV-1 infection, immune activation, and gene expression were analyzed in vitro in cells of Colombian and Italian healthy donors. We quantified levels of released p24 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, of intracellular p24 and cell-surface expression of CD38 and HLA-DR by flow cytometry, and mRNA expression of antiviral and immunoregulatory genes by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Cholecalciferol decreased the frequency of HIV-1-infected p24CD4 T cells and levels of p24 in supernatants in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the CD4CD38HLA-DR and CD4CD38HLA-DR subpopulations were more susceptible to infection but displayed the greatest cholecalciferol-induced decreases in infection rate by an X4-tropic strain. Likewise, cholecalciferol at its highest concentration decreased the frequency of CD38HLA-DR but not of CD38HLA-DR T-cell subsets. Analyzing the effects of calcidiol, the main VitD source for immune cells and an R5-tropic strain as the most frequently transmitted virus, a reduction in HIV-1 productive infection was also observed. In addition, an increase in mRNA expression of APOBEC3G and PI3 and a reduction of TRIM22 and CCR5 expression, this latter positively correlated with p24 levels, was noted. CONCLUSIONS VitD reduces HIV-1 infection in T cells possibly by inducing antiviral gene expression, reducing the viral co-receptor CCR5 and, at least at the highest cholecalciferol concentration, by promoting an HIV-1-restrictive CD38HLA-DR immunophenotype.
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61
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Bah SY, Dickinson P, Forster T, Kampmann B, Ghazal P. Immune oxysterols: Role in mycobacterial infection and inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:152-163. [PMID: 27155346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Natural defenses to infection are mediated by intrinsic/innate and adaptive immune responses. While our understanding is considerable it is incomplete and emerging areas of research such as those related to the immune-metabolic axis are only beginning to be appreciated. There is increasing evidence showing a connection between immune signalling and the regulation of sterol and fatty acid metabolism. In particular, metabolic intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis and its oxidized metabolites (oxysterols) have been shown to regulate adaptive immunity and inflammation and for innate immune signalling to regulate the dynamics of cholesterol synthesis and homeostasis. The side-chain oxidized oxysterols, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and vitamin D metabolites (vitamin D3 and vitamin D2), are now known to impart physiologically profound effects on immune responses. Macrophages play a frontline role in this process connecting immunity, infection and lipid biology, and collaterally are a central target for infection by a wide range of pathogens including viruses and bacteria, especially intracellular bacteria such as mycobacteria. Clinical manifestations of disease severity in the infected host are likely to pay tribute to perturbations of the metabolic-immune phenomena found in lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Historically and consistent with this notion, vitamin D based oxysterols have had a long association with promoting clinical improvements to patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hence understanding the role of early metabolic mediators of inflammatory responses to infection in particular oxysterols, will aid in the development of urgently needed host directed therapeutic and diagnostic design innovation to combat adverse infection outcomes and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikou Y Bah
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, Gambia.
| | - Paul Dickinson
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, Gambia; Centre of International Child Health, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; SynthSys at Edinburgh University, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G, Sboarina A, Vella A. The Role of Vitamin D in the Immune System as a Pro-survival Molecule. Clin Ther 2017; 39:894-916. [PMID: 28438353 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D is a fascinating and attractive molecule that has gained particular attention in medicine in recent years. Its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential might resemble the activity of many nature-derived molecules (eg, flavonoids), but its role in biology was selected during a long evolutionary pathway to dampen the damaging effect of cell stress response and of the immune reaction. In this sense, this molecule can be considered an ancient hormone that serves, in its primary role, as a pro-survival agent. The goal of this review was to elucidate this topic. METHODS The article reviews current literature on the field, focusing on issues regarding the role of vitamin D in immunity. FINDINGS Vitamin D participates in the survival machinery used by the cell, and in particular it plays a major role in synchronizing calcium oscillatory signaling to allow cell autophagy or apoptosis during a stress response. IMPLICATIONS Vitamin D should be better highlighted in its molecular action and vitamin D receptor genomics to conceive a more suited therapeutic supplementation protocol in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Andrea Sboarina
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Vella
- Department of Medicine-University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
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63
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Newmark H, Dantoft W, Ghazal P. Evolutionary Origin of the Interferon-Immune Metabolic Axis: The Sterol-Vitamin D Link. Front Immunol 2017; 8:62. [PMID: 28232830 PMCID: PMC5298971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate animals, the sterol metabolic network is emerging as a central player in immunity and inflammation. Upon infection, flux in the network is acutely moderated by the interferon (IFN) response through direct molecular and bi-directional communications. How sterol metabolism became linked to IFN control and for what purpose is not obvious. Here, we deliberate on the origins of these connections based on a systematic review of the literature. A narrative synthesis of publications that met eligibility criteria allowed us to trace an evolutionary path and functional connections between cholesterol metabolism and immunity. The synthesis supports an ancestral link between toxic levels of cholesterol-like products and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR is an ancient nuclear hormone receptor that was originally involved in the recognition and detoxification of xenobiotic marine biotoxins exhibiting planar sterol ring scaffolds present in aquatic environments. Coadaptation of this receptor with the acquisition of sterol biosynthesis and IFNs in vertebrate animals set a stage for repurposing and linking a preexisting host-protection mechanism of harmful xenobiotics to become an important regulator in three key interlinked biological processes: bone development, immunity, and calcium homeostasis. We put forward the hypothesis that sterol metabolites, especially oxysterols, have acted as evolutionary drivers in immunity and may represent the first example of small-molecule metabolites linked to the adaptive coevolution and diversification of host metabolic and immune regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Newmark
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Widad Dantoft
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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64
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Bellan M, Sainaghi PP, Pirisi M. Role of Vitamin D in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 996:155-168. [PMID: 29124698 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat soluble hormone, with a well described role in bone health and calcium/phosphate metabolism. Recent evidences have related vitamin D to other physiological functions and pathological conditions. Specifically, vitamin D has widely proven activities on immune system and evidences suggest that it may be implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The relationship between vitamin D and RA is complex, also because a deficitary vitamin D status, which is very common in RA patients, can contribute to the increased risk of osteoporosis typical of RA. In this chapter, will be described and discussed the main aspects of the relationship between RA and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy. .,Immunorheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Division, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Immunorheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Division, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.,Immunorheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Division, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
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65
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Limketkai BN, Mullin GE, Limsui D, Parian AM. Role of Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 32:337-345. [PMID: 28537516 DOI: 10.1177/0884533616674492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that possesses immunomodulatory properties and has been demonstrated to potentially influence inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis and activity. Epidemiologic data have associated vitamin D deficiency with an increased risk of IBD, hospitalizations, surgery, and loss of response to biologic therapy. Conversely, IBD itself can lead to vitamin D deficiency. This bidirectional relationship between vitamin D and IBD suggests the need for monitoring and repletion of vitamin D, as needed, in the IBD patient. This review discusses the role of vitamin D in IBD and provides practical guidance on vitamin D repletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkeley N Limketkai
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,2 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerard E Mullin
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Limsui
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alyssa M Parian
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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66
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Barker T, Henriksen VT, Rogers VE, Momberger NG, Rasmussen GL, Trawick RH. Circulating interleukin-6 is not altered while γ-tocopherol is increased in subjects scheduled for knee surgery with low vitamin D. Cytokine 2016; 88:108-114. [PMID: 27591823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify if circulating interleukin (IL)-6 and γ-tocopherol (γT) fluctuate with vitamin D status in subjects with an underlying knee joint injury or disease. We hypothesized that low vitamin D associates with an increase in plasma γT while serum IL-6 remains unchanged in subjects with an underlying knee joint trauma or disease. Fifty-four subjects scheduled to undergo primary, unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery (ACL; n=27) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA; n=27) were studied. Circulating γT, α-tocopherol (αT), lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), IL-6, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were measured in fasting blood samples obtained prior to surgery. Subjects were classified as vitamin D deficient, insufficient, or sufficient if they had a serum 25(OH)D concentration <50, 50-75, or >75nM, respectively. The majority (57%) of the subjects possessed a serum 25(OH)D less than 50nM. Circulating cholesterol, triglycerides, and IL-6 were not significantly (all p>0.05) different between vitamin D status groups. However, lipid corrected αT was significantly (p<0.05) decreased and both lipid- and non-lipid-corrected plasma γT concentrations were significantly (both p<0.05) increased with low serum 25(OH)D (i.e., <50nM). A significant (p<0.05) multi-variate analysis revealed that an increase in plasma γT per lipids was significantly (p<0.05) predicted by a decrease in serum 25(OH)D but not by a decrease in plasma αT per lipids. We conclude that low vitamin D associates with an increase in plasma γT but not IL-6 in subjects with an underlying joint injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Barker
- The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Murray, UT 84107, USA.
| | | | | | - Nathan G Momberger
- The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Murray, UT 84107, USA; The Orthopedic Specialty Clinic, Murray, UT 84107, USA
| | - G Lynn Rasmussen
- The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Murray, UT 84107, USA; The Orthopedic Specialty Clinic, Murray, UT 84107, USA
| | - Roy H Trawick
- The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Murray, UT 84107, USA; The Orthopedic Specialty Clinic, Murray, UT 84107, USA
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Paul K, Franke S, Nadal J, Schmid M, Yilmaz A, Kretzschmar D, Bärthlein B, Titze S, Koettgen A, Wolf G, Busch M. Inflammation, vitamin D and dendritic cell precursors in chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:86-95. [PMID: 27414487 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased blood dendritic cell precursors (DCP) count is linked with atherosclerotic disease, while reduction of circulating DCP is also seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). As poor vitamin D status could be linked to a compromised innate immune response, we hypothesized that vitamin D status might be involved in the decrease in circulating DCP in CKD. Moreover, the potential role of inflammation was considered. Circulating myeloid (mDCP), plasmacytoid (pDCP) and total DCP (tDCP) were analysed using flow cytometry in 287 patients with CKD stage 3. Serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α using cytometric bead array, C-reactive protein (CRP) using a high-sensitivity (hs) ELISA. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no association between vitamin D levels and DCP, although their number was decreased significantly in CKD (P < 0·001). Instead, mDCP (r = -0·211) and tDCP (r = -0·188,) were associated slightly negatively with hsCRP but positively with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, r = 0·314 for tDCP). According to multivariate linear regression, only higher hsCRP concentration and the presence of diabetes mellitus had a significant negative influence on DCP count (P < 0·03, respectively) but not vitamin D, age and eGFR. A significant impact of vitamin D on the reduction of circulating DCP in CKD 3 patients can be neglected. Instead, inflammation as a common phenomenon in CKD and diabetes mellitus had the main influence on the decrease in DCP. Thus, a potential role for DCP as a sensitive marker of inflammation and cardiovascular risk should be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Paul
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - S Franke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - J Nadal
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology at Rhenish Friedrich-Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Schmid
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology at Rhenish Friedrich-Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Elisabeth Klinikum Schmalkalden GmbH, Schmalkalden, Germany
| | - D Kretzschmar
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - B Bärthlein
- Chair of Medical Informatics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Titze
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Koettgen
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - M Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Szymczak I, Pawliczak R. The Active Metabolite of Vitamin D3 as a Potential Immunomodulator. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:83-91. [PMID: 26678915 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past, vitamin D was known for its classical, skeletal action as a regulator of calcium and bone homoeostasis. Currently, vitamin D was found to have a role in numerous physiological processes in the human body; thus, vitamin D has pleiotropic activity. The studies carried out in the past two decades showed the role of vitamin D in the regulation of immune system functions. Basically, these effects may be mediated not only via endocrine mechanism of circulating calcitriol but also via paracrine one (based on cell-cell communication that leads to production of signal inducing the changes in nearby/adjacent cells and modulating their differentiation or behaviour) and intracrine mechanism (the action of vitamin D inside a cell) of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2 D3 ) synthetized from its precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3 ). Both vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) are expressed in several types of immune cells (i.e. antigen presenting cells, T and B cells), and thus, they are able to synthetize the bioactive form of vitamin D that modulates both the innate and adaptive immune system. This review discusses the role of vitamin D as regulator of immune system, and our understanding of how vitamin D regulates both adaptive and innate immunity as well as inflammatory cascade on the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Szymczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Medical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - R Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Medical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Studzinski GP, Harrison JS, Wang X, Sarkar S, Kalia V, Danilenko M. Vitamin D Control of Hematopoietic Cell Differentiation and Leukemia. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1500-12. [PMID: 25694395 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is now well known that in the mammalian body vitamin D is converted by successive hydroxylations to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), a steroid-like hormone with pleiotropic properties. These include important contributions to the control of cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, as well as the regulation of immune responses in disease. Here, we present recent advances in current understanding of the role of 1,25D in myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, and the potential of 1,25D and analogs (vitamin D derivatives; VDDs) for the control of hematopoietic malignancies. The reasons for the unimpressive results of most clinical studies of the therapeutic effects of VDDs in leukemia and related diseases may include the lack of a precise rationale for the conduct of these studies. Further, clinical trials to date have generally used extremely heterogeneous patient populations and, in many cases, small numbers of patients, generally without controls. Although low calcemic VDDs have been used and combined with agents that can increase the leukemia cell killing or differentiation effects in acute leukemias, the sequencing of agents used for combination therapy should to be more clearly delineated. Most importantly, it is recommended that in future clinical trials the rationale for the basis of the enhancing action of drug combinations should be clearly articulated and the effects on anticancer immunity should also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, NJ Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Jonathan S Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Medical School, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Xuening Wang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, NJ Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Surojit Sarkar
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Vandana Kalia
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Lanjouw E, Branković I, Pleijster J, Spaargaren J, Hoebe CJPA, van Kranen HJ, Ouburg S, Morré SA. Specific polymorphisms in the vitamin D metabolism pathway are not associated with susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis infection in humans. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw010. [PMID: 26867646 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterium worldwide. Its often asymptomatic course of infection increases chances of transmission, and increases risk of late complications. Genetic variations in the host immune system are known to impact the course of infections. Recent studies have shown a positive impact of vitamin D on the regulation of the immune system. This study assesses the impact of eight polymorphisms in five genes [VDR (rs1544410 G > A, rs2228570 C > T), CYP27B1 (rs10877012 G > T), DHCR7 (rs7944926 G > A, rs3829251 G > A), GC (rs3755967) and CYP2R1 (rs10741657 G > A, rs2060793 G > A)] on susceptibility to Chlamydia infections in humans. These polymorphisms could influence protein expression or function, and thus influence the immune system. Samples of women visiting the STD outpatient clinic in South Limburg were genotyped using the Roche Lightcycler 480. In this study, we did not observe statistically significant differences between the genotype distributions of these polymorphisms in women with or without a Chlamydia infection. This suggests that VDR, CYP27B1, DHCR7, GC and CYP2R1 do not affect the susceptibility to Chlamydia infections. However, due to its pleiotropic nature in the immune system a role for the vitamin D pathway may not be excluded from the whole clinical course of Chlamydia infections (e.g. late complications), and further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Lanjouw
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 CA, the Netherlands Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Branković
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands Institute for Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Jolein Pleijster
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Joke Spaargaren
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Christian J P A Hoebe
- Public Health Service South Limburg, Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Disease and Environmental Health, Geleen 6160 HA, the Netherlands Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Henk J van Kranen
- Institute for Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven 3721 MA, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Ouburg
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Servaas A Morré
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands Institute for Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Apart from its classical function in bone and calcium metabolism, vitamin D is also involved in immune regulation and has been linked to various cancers, immune disorders and allergic diseases. Within the innate and adaptive immune systems, the vitamin D receptor and enzymes in monocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes mediate the immune modulatory actions of vitamin D. Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency early in life has been identified as one of the risk factors for food allergy. Several studies have observed an association between increasing latitude and food allergy prevalence, plausibly linked to lower ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Along with mounting epidemiological evidence of a link between vitamin D status and food allergy, mice and human studies have shed light on the modulatory properties of vitamin D on the innate and adaptive immune systems. This review will summarize the literature on the metabolism and immune modulatory properties of vitamin D, with particular reference to food allergy.
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73
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Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients 2015; 7:4240-70. [PMID: 26035247 PMCID: PMC4488782 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Several cellular studies have investigated the effects of vitamin D metabolites on immune responses to respiratory viruses, but syntheses of these reports are lacking. Scope: In this article, we review the literature reporting results of in vitro experiments investigating immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D metabolites in human respiratory epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses. Key findings: Vitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. Future research: More studies are needed to clarify the effects of vitamin D metabolites on respiratory virus-induced expression of cell surface markers mediating viral entry and bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells.
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74
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Wu SE, Miller WE. The human cytomegalovirus lytic cycle is induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in peripheral blood monocytes and in the THP-1 monocytic cell line. Virology 2015; 483:83-95. [PMID: 25965798 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) resides in a latent form in hematopoietic progenitors and undifferentiated cells within the myeloid lineage. Maturation and differentiation along the myeloid lineage triggers lytic replication. Here, we used peripheral blood monocytes and the monocytic cell line THP-1 to investigate the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on HCMV replication. Interestingly, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces lytic replication marked by upregulation of HCMV gene expression and production of infectious virus. Moreover, we demonstrate that the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 correlate with maturation/differentiation of the monocytes and not by directly stimulating the MIEP. These results are somewhat surprising as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 typically boosts immunity to bacteria and viruses rather than driving the infectious life cycle as it does for HCMV. Defining the signaling pathways kindled by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 will lead to a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that determine the fate of HCMV once it infects cells in the myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-En Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, United States
| | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, United States.
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75
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Gröschel C, Tennakoon S, Kállay E. Cytochrome P450 Vitamin D Hydroxylases in Inflammation and Cancer. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 74:413-58. [PMID: 26233913 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency correlates with increased incidence of inflammatory disorders and cancer of the colon, breast, liver, and prostate. Preclinical studies demonstrated that the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, has antiproliferative, proapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Tissue levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 are determined by expression and activity of specific vitamin D hydroxylases expressed at renal and extrarenal sites. In order to understand how perturbations in the vitamin D system affect human health, we need to understand the steps involved in the synthesis and catabolism of the active metabolite. This review provides an overview about recent findings on the altered vitamin D metabolism in inflammatory conditions and carcinogenesis. We will summarize existing data on the pathophysiological regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases and outline the role of adequate levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 on tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gröschel
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samawansha Tennakoon
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Enikö Kállay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
The potential beneficial effects of supplementing vitamin D or treatment with pharmacological doses of vitamin D in the prevention or cure of diseases like type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains the subject of debate. Data from epidemiological and association studies clearly indicate a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and a higher prevalence of both forms of diabetes. In animal models, vitamin D deficiency predisposes to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, whereas high doses of vitamin D or its active hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, prevent disease. Large scale, randomized, blinded prospective studies however, remain lacking. Here we discuss the current literature on a role for vitamin D in diabetes. We propose, in particular, to avoid vitamin D deficiency in individuals at risk of developing T1D or T2D. Applying international guidelines on supplementation of vitamin D using small daily doses of vitamin D (500-1000IU) may contribute to reduce the burden of diabetes by preventing vitamin D deficiency. Any other recommendations are at present not supported by data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Hayes CE, Hubler SL, Moore JR, Barta LE, Praska CE, Nashold FE. Vitamin D Actions on CD4(+) T Cells in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:100. [PMID: 25852682 PMCID: PMC4364365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes and integrates research on vitamin D and CD4+ T-lymphocyte biology to develop new mechanistic insights into the molecular etiology of autoimmune disease. A deep understanding of molecular mechanisms relevant to gene–environment interactions is needed to deliver etiology-based autoimmune disease prevention and treatment strategies. Evidence linking sunlight, vitamin D, and the risk of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes is summarized to develop the thesis that vitamin D is the environmental factor that most strongly influences autoimmune disease development. Evidence for CD4+ T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4+ T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight’s main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3+CD4+ T-regulatory cell and CD4+ T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1–Tr1 switch. The proposed Th1–Tr1 switch appears to bridge two stable, self-reinforcing immune states, pro- and anti-inflammatory, each with a characteristic gene regulatory network. The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell–cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. Finally, unanswered questions and potentially informative future research directions are highlighted to speed delivery of etiology-based strategies to reduce autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Elizabeth Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Shane L Hubler
- Department of Statistics, College of Letters and Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Jerott R Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Lauren E Barta
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Corinne E Praska
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Faye E Nashold
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
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Yu XH, Zhang J, Zheng XL, Yang YH, Tang CK. Interferon-γ in foam cell formation and progression of atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 441:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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79
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Umbach AT, Zhang B, Daniel C, Fajol A, Velic A, Hosseinzadeh Z, Bhavsar SK, Bock CT, Kandolf R, Pichler BJ, Amann KU, Föller M, Lang F. Janus kinase 3 regulates renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase expression, calcitriol formation, and phosphate metabolism. Kidney Int 2014; 87:728-37. [PMID: 25493954 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcitriol, a powerful regulator of phosphate metabolism and immune response, is generated by 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase in the kidney and macrophages. Renal 1α-hydroxylase expression is suppressed by Klotho and FGF23, the expression of which is stimulated by calcitriol. Interferon γ (INFγ) regulates 1α-hydroxylase expression in macrophages through transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-1. INFγ-signaling includes Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) but a role of JAK3 in the regulation of 1α-hydroxylase expression and mineral metabolism has not been shown. Thus, the impact of JAK3 deficiency on calcitriol formation and phosphate metabolism was measured. Renal interferon regulatory factor-1 and 1α-hydroxylase transcript levels, serum calcitriol and FGF23 levels, intestinal phosphate absorption as well as absolute and fractional renal phosphate excretion were significantly higher in jak3 knockout than in wild-type mice. Coexpression of JAK3 increased the phosphate-induced current in renal sodium-phosphate cotransporter-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Thus, JAK3 is a powerful regulator of 1α-hydroxylase expression and phosphate transport. Its deficiency leads to marked derangement of phosphate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja T Umbach
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- 1] Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany [2] Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abul Fajol
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Velic
- Proteome Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Shefalee K Bhavsar
- 1] Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany [2] Novartis Oncology, Novartis International AG, Hyderabad, India
| | - C-Thomas Bock
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kandolf
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin U Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current data clearly support an interaction of vitamin D with cells of the immune system apart from its regulatory role in calcium homeostasis. The discovery that immune cells express the vitamin D receptor and are capable of metabolizing circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D into its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, has revolutionized the field and suggested a regulatory role on both the innate and adaptive immune systems. RECENT FINDINGS Of particular interest with respect to infectious diseases, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D has been shown to trigger the production of antimicrobial peptides with a direct pathogen-killing capacity. Interestingly, pathogen-derived components influence the key players in the vitamin D metabolizing pathway, further supporting such an interaction. SUMMARY Here, we review the potential mechanisms of vitamin D in promoting the innate immune response against infectious agents and discuss the possible implications for such a response in the prevention of or the intervention in various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelie Korf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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81
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Dhawan P, Wei R, Sun C, Gombart AF, Koeffler HP, Diamond G, Christakos S. C/EBPα and the Vitamin D Receptor Cooperate in the Regulation of Cathelicidin in Lung Epithelial Cells. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:464-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School; Newark New Jersey
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School; Newark New Jersey
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School; Newark New Jersey
| | - Adrian F. Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Oregon State University Corvallis; Oregon
| | - H. Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; UCLA School of Medicine; Los Angeles California
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology; University of Florida; College of Dentistry; Gainsville Florida
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School; Newark New Jersey
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82
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Zhu L, Zhao Q, Yang T, Ding W, Zhao Y. Cellular metabolism and macrophage functional polarization. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:82-100. [PMID: 25340307 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.969421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous cell population that is mainly shaped by a variety of microenvironmental stimuli. Interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce a classical activation of macrophages (M1), whereas IL-4 and IL-13 induce an alternative activation program in macrophages (M2). Reprogramming of intracellular metabolisms is required for the proper polarization and functions of activated macrophages. Similar to the Warburg effect observed in tumor cells, M1 macrophages increase glucose consumption and lactate release and decreased oxygen consumption rate. In comparison, M2 macrophages mainly employ oxidative glucose metabolism pathways. In addition, fatty acids, vitamins, and iron metabolisms are also related to macrophage polarization. However, detailed metabolic pathways involved in macrophages have remained elusive. Understanding the bidirectional interactions between cellular metabolism and macrophage functions in physiological and pathological situations and the regulatory pathways involved may offer novel therapies for macrophage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnan Zhu
- 1Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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83
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Checkpoint kinase Chk2 controls renal Cyp27b1 expression, calcitriol formation, and calcium-phosphate metabolism. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1871-80. [PMID: 25319519 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is the main effector kinase of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and responsible for cell cycle regulation. ATM signaling has been shown to upregulate interferon-regulating factor-1 (IRF-1), a transcription factor also expressed in the kidney. Calcitriol (1,25 (OH)2D3), a major regulator of mineral metabolism, is generated by 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase in the kidney. Since 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase expression is enhanced by IRF-1, the present study explored the role of Chk2 for calcitriol formation and mineral metabolism. Chk2-deficient mice (chk2 (-/-)) were compared to wild-type mice (chk2 (+/+)). Transcript levels of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase, Chk2, and IRF-1 were determined by RT-PCR; Klotho expression by Western blotting; bone density by μCT analysis; serum or plasma 1,25 (OH)2D3, PTH, and C-terminal FGF23 concentrations by immunoassays; and serum, fecal, and urinary calcium and phosphate concentrations by photometry. The renal expression of IRF-1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase as well as serum 1,25 (OH)2D3 and FGF23 levels were significantly lower in chk2 (-/-) mice compared to chk2 (+/+) mice. Plasma PTH was not different between the genotypes. Renal calcium and phosphate excretion were significantly higher in chk2 (-/-) mice than in chk2 (+/+) mice despite hypophosphatemia and normocalcemia. Bone density was not different between the genotypes. We conclude that Chk2 regulates renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase expression thereby impacting on calcium and phosphate metabolism.
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84
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Seth-Vollenweider T, Joshi S, Dhawan P, Sif S, Christakos S. Novel mechanism of negative regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (Cyp24a1) Transcription: epigenetic modification involving cross-talk between protein-arginine methyltransferase 5 and the SWI/SNF complex. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33958-70. [PMID: 25324546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.583302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex facilitates gene transcription by remodeling chromatin using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. Recent studies have indicated an interplay between the SWI/SNF complex and protein-arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Little is known, however, about the role of SWI/SNF and PRMTs in vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated transcription. Using SWI/SNF-defective cells, we demonstrated that Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), an ATPase that is a component of the SWI/SNF complex, plays a fundamental role in induction by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) of the transcription of Cyp24a1 encoding the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase involved in the catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3. BRG1 was found to associate with CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β and cooperate with VDR and C/EBPβ in regulating Cyp24a1 transcription. PRMT5, a type II PRMT that interacts with BRG1, repressed Cyp24a1 transcription and mRNA expression. Our findings indicate the requirement of the C/EBP site for the inhibitory effect of PRMT5 via its methylation of H3R8 and H4R3. These findings indicate that the SWI/SNF complex and PRMT5 may be key factors involved in regulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 catabolism and therefore in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis by vitamin D. These studies also define epigenetic events linked to a novel mechanism of negative regulation of VDR-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Seth-Vollenweider
- From the Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103 and
| | - Sneha Joshi
- From the Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103 and
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- From the Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103 and
| | - Said Sif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- From the Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103 and
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85
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Morris A, Selvaraj RK. In vitro 25-hydroxycholecalciferol treatment of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated chicken macrophages increases nitric oxide production and mRNA of interleukin- 1beta and 10. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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86
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Naito Y, Jimbo R, Bryington MS, Vandeweghe S, Chrcanovic BR, Tovar N, Ichikawa T, Paulo G C, Wennerberg A. The influence of 1α.25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 coating on implant osseointegration in the rabbit tibia. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2014; 5:e3. [PMID: 25386230 PMCID: PMC4219862 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2014.5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to evaluate bone response to an implant surface modified by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1.25-(OH)2D3] in vivo and the potential link between 1.25-(OH) 2D3 surface concentration and bone response. Material and Methods Twenty-eight implants were divided into 4 groups (1 uncoated control, 3 groups coated with 1.25-(OH)2D3 in concentrations of 10-8, 10-7 and 10-6 M respectively), placed in the rabbit tibia for 6 weeks. Topographical analyses were carried out on coated and uncoated discs using interferometer and atomic-force-microscope (AFM). Twenty-eight implants were histologically observed (bone-to-implant-contact [BIC] and new-bone-area [NBA]). Results The results showed that the 1.25-(OH)2D3 coated implants presented a tendency to osseointegrate better than the non-coated surfaces, the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions The effect of 1.25-(OH)2D3 coating to implants suggested possible dose dependent effects, however no statistical differences could be found. It is thought that the base substrate topography (turned) could not sustain sufficient amount of 1.25-(OH)2D3 enough to present significant biologic responses. Thus, development a base substrate that can sustain 1.25-(OH)2D3 for a long period is necessary in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Naito
- epartment of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö Sweden. ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima Japan
| | - Ryo Jimbo
- epartment of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö Sweden. ; Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki Japan
| | - Matthew S Bryington
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, West Virginia University School of Dentistry, Morgantown, West Virginia USA
| | - Stefan Vandeweghe
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Ghent Belgium
| | - Bruno R Chrcanovic
- epartment of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö Sweden
| | - Nick Tovar
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University, New York USA
| | - Tetsuo Ichikawa
- epartment of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö Sweden
| | - Coelho Paulo G
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University, New York USA
| | - Ann Wennerberg
- epartment of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö Sweden
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87
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Morris A, Shanmugasundaram R, Lilburn MS, Selvaraj RK. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation improves growth performance and decreases inflammation during an experimental lipopolysaccharide injection. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1951-6. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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88
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Carbone F, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Potential pathophysiological role for the vitamin D deficiency in essential hypertension. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:260-276. [PMID: 24944756 PMCID: PMC4062123 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i5.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been indicated as a pandemic emerging public health problem. In addition to the well-known role on calcium-phosphorus homeostasis in the bone, vitamin D-mediated processes have been recently investigated on other diseases, such as infections, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, both the discovery of paracrine actions of vitamin D (recognized as “local vitamin D system”) and the link of vitamin D with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the fibroblast growth factor 23/klotho pathways highlighted its active cardiovascular activity. Focusing on hypertension, this review summarizes the more recent experimental evidence involving the vitamin D system and deficiency in the cardiovascular pathophysiology. In particular, we updated the vascular synthesis/catabolism of vitamin D and its complex interactions between the various endocrine networks involved in the regulation of blood pressure in humans. On the other hand, the conflicting results emerged from the comparison between observational and interventional studies emphasize the fragmentary nature of our knowledge in the field of vitamin D and hypertension, strongly suggesting the need of further researches in this field.
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89
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Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014. [PMID: 24529992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol under the influence of UV light. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is derived from the plant sterol ergosterol. Vitamin D is metabolized first to 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), then to the hormonal form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). CYP2R1 is the most important 25-hydroxylase; CYP27B1 is the key 1-hydroxylase. Both 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D are catabolized by CYP24A1. 1,25(OH)2D is the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a transcription factor, binding to sites in the DNA called vitamin D response elements (VDREs). There are thousands of these binding sites regulating hundreds of genes in a cell-specific fashion. VDR-regulated transcription is dependent on comodulators, the profile of which is also cell specific. Analogs of 1,25(OH)2D are being developed to target specific diseases with minimal side effects. This review will examine these different aspects of vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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90
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Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:319-29. [PMID: 24529992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1023] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol under the influence of UV light. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is derived from the plant sterol ergosterol. Vitamin D is metabolized first to 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), then to the hormonal form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). CYP2R1 is the most important 25-hydroxylase; CYP27B1 is the key 1-hydroxylase. Both 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D are catabolized by CYP24A1. 1,25(OH)2D is the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a transcription factor, binding to sites in the DNA called vitamin D response elements (VDREs). There are thousands of these binding sites regulating hundreds of genes in a cell-specific fashion. VDR-regulated transcription is dependent on comodulators, the profile of which is also cell specific. Analogs of 1,25(OH)2D are being developed to target specific diseases with minimal side effects. This review will examine these different aspects of vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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91
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Pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate the decrease in serum 25(OH)D concentrations after total knee arthroplasty? Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:134-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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92
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Chen W, Roncal-Jimenez C, Lanaspa M, Gerard S, Chonchol M, Johnson RJ, Jalal D. Uric acid suppresses 1 alpha hydroxylase in vitro and in vivo. Metabolism 2014; 63:150-60. [PMID: 24269076 PMCID: PMC3859721 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with gout have lower calcitriol levels that improve when uric acid is lowered. The mechanism of these observations is unknown. We hypothesized that uric acid inhibits 1-αhydroxylase. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo, Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to control (n = 5), allantoxanamide (n=8), febuxostat (n=5), or allantoxanamide+febuxostat (n = 7). Vitamin D, PTH, and 1-αhydroxylase protein were evaluated. In order to directly evaluate the effect of uric acid on 1-αhydroxylase, we conducted a series of dose response and time course experiments in vitro. Nuclear factor κ-B (NFκB) was inhibited pharmacologically. Finally, to evaluate the potential implications of these findings in humans, the association between uric acid and PTH in humans was evaluated in a cross-sectional analysis of data from the NHANES (2003-2006); n = 9773. RESULTS 1,25(OH)2D and 1-αhydroxylase protein were reduced in hyperuricemic rats and improved with febuxostat treatment. Uric acid suppressed 1-αhydroxylase protein and mRNA expression in proximal tubular cells. This was prevented by NFκB inhibition. In humans, for every 1mg/dL increase in uric acid, the adjusted odds ratio for an elevated PTH (>65 pg/mL) was 1.21 (95% C.I. 1.14, 1.28; P<0.0001), 1.15 (95% C.I. 1.08, 1.22; P<0.0001), and 1.16 (95% C.I. 1.03, 1.31; P = 0.02) for all subjects, subjects with estimated GFR ≥ 60, and subjects with estimated GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) respectively. CONCLUSION Hyperuricemia suppresses 1-αhydroxylase leading to lower 1,25(OH)2D and higher PTH in rats. Our results suggest this is mediated by NFκB. The association between uric acid and PTH in NHANES suggests potential implications for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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93
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Carbone F, Montecucco F. The role of the intraplaque vitamin d system in atherogenesis. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:620504. [PMID: 24459602 PMCID: PMC3888771 DOI: 10.1155/2013/620504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has been shown to play critical activities in several physiological pathways not involving the calcium/phosphorus homeostasis. The ubiquitous distribution of the vitamin D receptor that is expressed in a variety of human and mouse tissues has strongly supported research on these "nonclassical" activities of vitamin D. On the other hand, the recent discovery of the expression also for vitamin D-related enzymes (such as 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 α -hydroxylase and the catabolic enzyme 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase) in several tissues suggested that the vitamin D system is more complex than previously shown and it may act within tissues through autocrine and paracrine pathways. This updated model of vitamin D axis within peripheral tissues has been particularly investigated in atherosclerotic pathophysiology. This review aims at updating the role of the local vitamin D within atherosclerotic plaques, providing an overview of both intracellular mechanisms and cell-to-cell interactions. In addition, clinical findings about the potential causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and atherogenesis will be analysed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva, 64, Avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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94
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Ooi JH, McDaniel KL, Weaver V, Cantorna MT. Murine CD8+ T cells but not macrophages express the vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:58-65. [PMID: 24314866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is synthesized by the 1α-hydroxylase, which is encoded by the Cyp27B1 gene. Using transgenic mice that have replaced the Cyp27B1 gene with the bacterial lacZ reporter gene (β-galactosidase), the inflammatory conditions that induce Cyp27B1 in the immune system were probed. A variety of stimuli including lipopolysaccharide, anti-CD3 or PMA/ionomycin were used to stimulate splenocytes and bone marrow derived macrophage in vitro. Only anti-CD3 stimulation resulted in a low induction of β-galactosidase activity in the spleen, indicating that T cells might be a source of Cyp27B1. In vivo, challenge with lipopolysaccharide, α-galactosylceramide, and Listeria monocytogenes failed to induce β-galactosidase activity outside of the kidneys. During more prolonged and severe inflammation there was staining in both the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract for β-galactosidase. Furthermore, wild-type reconstitution of the hematopoietic cell population in Cyp27B1 KO mice protected the mice from experimental colitis. T cell production of Cyp27B1 activity was shown to be from the CD8+ but not the CD4+ T cell population. CD8+ T cells expressed the reporter gene only after 48 h of stimulation. The data is consistent with a model where CD8+ T cells are activated to produce Cyp27B1 and 1,25(OH)2D3 that serves to turn off the local immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jot Hui Ooi
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
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95
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Arantes HP, Kulak CAM, Fernandes CE, Zerbini C, Bandeira F, Barbosa IC, Brenol JCT, Russo LA, Borba VC, Chiang AY, Bilezikian JP, Lazaretti-Castro M. Correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and latitude in Brazilian postmenopausal women: from the Arzoxifene Generations Trial. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:2707-12. [PMID: 23632825 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY We investigated vitamin D status in Brazilian cities located at different latitudes. Insufficiency (<50 nmol/L) was common (17 %), even in those living in a tropical climate. Vitamin D insufficiency increased as a function of latitude. Mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in each site and latitude correlation were very high (r = -0.88; p=0.02). [corrected]. INTRODUCTION Inadequate vitamin D, determined by low levels of 25(OH)D, has become very common despite the availability of sunlight at some latitudes. National data from a country that spans a wide range of latitudes would help to determine to what extent latitude or other factors are responsible for vitamin D deficiency. We investigated vitamin D status in cities located at different latitudes in Brazil, a large continental country. METHODS The source is the Brazilian database from the Generations Trial (1,933 osteopenic or osteoporotic postmenopausal women (60 to 85 years old) with 25(OH)D measurements). 25(OH)D below 25 nmol/L (10 ng/mL) was an exclusion criterion. Baseline values were between fall and winter. The sites included Recife, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Curitiba, and Porto Alegre. Mean and standard deviation of 25(OH)D, age, spine and femoral neck T-score, calcium, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase were calculated for each city. Pearson correlation was used for 25(OH)D and latitude. RESULTS Insufficiency (<50 or <20 ng/mL) was common (329 subjects, 17 %). Vitamin D insufficiency increased as a function of latitude, reaching 24.5 % in the southernmost city, Porto Alegre. The correlation between mean 25(OH)D levels in each site and latitude was very high (r = -0.88, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION There is a high percentage of individuals with vitamin D insufficiency in Brazil, even in cities near the equator, and this percentage progressively increases with more southern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Arantes
- Bone and Mineral Unit, Division of Endocrinology, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil,
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96
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The possible roles of vitamin D and curcumin in treating gonorrhea. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:131-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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97
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Székely JI, Pataki Á. Effects of vitamin D on immune disorders with special regard to asthma, COPD and autoimmune diseases: a short review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013; 6:683-704. [PMID: 23234453 DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the recent data on the role of vitamin D (VD) in the genesis of various immunological disorders. It inhibits immune reactions in general, but it enhances the transcription of 'endogenous antibiotics' such as cathelicidin and defensins. VD inhibits the genesis of both Th1- and Th2-cell mediated diseases. The pleiotropic character VD-induced effects are due to the altered transcription of hundreds of genes. VD supplementation in most related studies reduced the prevalence of asthma. Th1-dependent autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and so on) are also inhibited by VD due to inhibition of antigen presentation, reduced polarization of Th0 cells to Th1 cells and reduced production of cytokines from the latter cells. VD seems to also be a useful adjunct in the prevention of allograft rejection. Last but not least, VD supplementation may be useful in the prevention or adjunct treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Székely
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, School of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 37 - 47 Tüzoltó u., Budapest, H-1094, Hungary.
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98
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Barker T, Henriksen VT, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Schneider ED, Dixon BM, Weaver LK. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations associate with a faster recovery of skeletal muscle strength after muscular injury. Nutrients 2013; 5:1253-75. [PMID: 23595134 PMCID: PMC3705346 DOI: 10.3390/nu5041253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to identify if serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations predict muscular weakness after intense exercise. We hypothesized that pre-exercise serum 25(OH)D concentrations inversely predict exercise-induced muscular weakness. Fourteen recreationally active adults participated in this study. Each subject had one leg randomly assigned as a control. The other leg performed an intense exercise protocol. Single-leg peak isometric force and blood 25(OH)D, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, albumin, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin-4 were measured prior to and following intense exercise. Following exercise, serum 25(OH)D concentrations increased (p < 0.05) immediately, but within minutes, subsequently decreased (p < 0.05). Circulating albumin increases predicted (p < 0.005) serum 25(OH)D increases, while IFN-γ increases predicted (p < 0.001) serum 25(OH)D decreases. Muscular weakness persisted within the exercise leg (p < 0.05) and compared to the control leg (p < 0.05) after the exercise protocol. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations inversely predicted (p < 0.05) muscular weakness (i.e., control leg vs. exercise leg peak isometric force) immediately and days (i.e., 48-h and 72-h) after exercise, suggesting the attenuation of exercise-induced muscular weakness with increasing serum 25(OH)D prior to exercise. Based on these data, we conclude that pre-exercise serum 25(OH)D concentrations could influence the recovery of skeletal muscle strength after an acute bout of intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Barker
- The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Murray, UT 84107, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-801-314-4951; Fax: +1-801-314-4862
| | | | - Thomas B. Martins
- ARUP Laboratories, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; E-Mails: (T.B.M.); (H.R.H.); (C.R.K.)
| | - Harry R. Hill
- ARUP Laboratories, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; E-Mails: (T.B.M.); (H.R.H.); (C.R.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Carl R. Kjeldsberg
- ARUP Laboratories, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; E-Mails: (T.B.M.); (H.R.H.); (C.R.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Erik D. Schneider
- USANA Health Sciences, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84120, USA; E-Mails: (E.D.S.); (B.M.D.)
| | - Brian M. Dixon
- USANA Health Sciences, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84120, USA; E-Mails: (E.D.S.); (B.M.D.)
| | - Lindell K. Weaver
- Hyperbaric Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT 84107, USA; E-Mail:
- LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84143, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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99
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Tiosano D, Wildbaum G, Gepstein V, Verbitsky O, Weisman Y, Karin N, Eztioni A. The role of vitamin D receptor in innate and adaptive immunity: a study in hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1685-93. [PMID: 23482605 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vitamin D has regulatory effects on innate and adaptive immunity. Curiously, hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) patients show no increased incidence of infectious or autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the role of vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in innate and adaptive immune responses in monocytes and lymphocytes from HVDRR patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Fifteen HVDRR patients and 17 controls participated in the investigation. Activated monocytes (lipopolysaccharides) and lymphocytes (anti-CD3, CD28, and α-GalCer) were incubated with and without 25(OH)D3 (100 nM). The mRNA expressions of CYP27B1 and VDR; vitamin D response (TLR2); vitamin D response elements binding protein (hnRNP); antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin and β-defensin; the transcription factor enhancer binding proteins C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and C/EBPε and enzymes involved in NO generation, Nos2, and Arginase1 were analyzed by RT-PCR. TNF-α, interferon-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 concentrations in lymphocyte cultures media were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Cathelicidin expression was lower in HVDRR monocytes than in control monocytes. 25(OH)D3 increased significantly the expression of cathelicidin in control monocytes (2.3-fold) but only slightly in HVDRR monocytes. 25(OH)D3 increased the expression of VDR (2-fold), C/EBPε (2-fold), C/EBPβ (1.7-fold), and hnRNP and suppressed TLR2 only in control monocytes. Unexpectedly, 25(OH)D3 increased the expression of CYP27b1, C/EBPα, Nos2, and Arginase1 in HVDRR monocytes. TNFα and IL-17 concentrations were significantly higher in HVDRR lymphocyte cultures than in controls. 25(OH)D3 suppressed IL-17 only in control lymphocyte. 25(OH)D3 increased IL-4, IL-10, and interferon-γ concentrations in control lymphocyte media but not in HVDRR. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate impairments in various components of innate immunity in HVDTRR patients' monocytes and a proinflammatory cytokine profile in their lymphocytes. The underlying VDR-independent compensatory mechanisms that protect HVDRR patients from infections and autoimmune diseases remain undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov Tiosano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
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No evidence for a role of rareCYP27B1functional variations in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2013; 73:433-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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