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Li Q, Liu B. Genetic regulation of maize flower development and sex determination. PLANTA 2017; 245:1-14. [PMID: 27770199 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The determining process of pistil fate are central to maize sex determination, mainly regulated by a genetic network in which the sex-determining genes SILKLESS 1 , TASSEL SEED 1 , TASSEL SEED 2 and the paramutagenic locus Required to maintain repression 6 play pivotal roles. Maize silks, which emerge from the ear shoot and derived from the pistil, are the functional stigmas of female flowers and play a pivotal role in pollination. Previous studies on sex-related mutants have revealed that sex-determining genes and phytohormones play an important role in the regulation of flower organogenesis. The processes determining pistil fate are central to flower development, where a silk identified gene SILKLESS 1 (SK1) is required to protect pistil primordia from a cell death signal produced by two commonly known genes, TASSEL SEED 1 (TS1) and TASSEL SEED 2 (TS2). In this review, maize flower developmental process is presented together with a focus on important sex-determining mutants and hormonal signaling affecting pistil development. The role of sex-determining genes, microRNAs, phytohormones, and the paramutagenic locus Required to maintain repression 6 (Rmr6), in forming a regulatory network that determines pistil fate, is discussed. Cloning SK1 and clarifying its function were crucial in understanding the regulation network of sex determination. The signaling mechanisms of phytohormones in sex determination are also an important research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Li
- College of Agronomy/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Baoshen Liu
- College of Agronomy/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Oh K, Matsumoto T, Hoshi T, Yoshizawa Y. In vitro and in vivo evidence for the inhibition of brassinosteroid synthesis by propiconazole through interference with side chain hydroxylation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1158372. [PMID: 26987039 PMCID: PMC4977458 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1158372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We carried out the biochemical evaluation of the target site of propiconazole in BR biosynthesis. Applying BR biosynthesis intermediates to Arabidopsis seedlings grown in the presence of propiconazole under dark condition, we found that the target site of propiconazole in BR biosynthesis can be identified among the C22 and C23 side chain hydroxylation steps from campestanol to teasterone. Using differential spectra techniques to determine the binding affinity of propiconazole to CYP90D1, which is responsible for C23 hydroxylation of BR, we found that propiconazole induced typical type II binding spectra in response to purified recombinant CYP90D1 and the Kd value was found approximately 0.76 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keimei Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita, Japan
- Keimei Oh
| | - Tadashi Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hoshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita, Japan
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Kutschera U, Wang ZY. Growth-limiting proteins in maize coleoptiles and the auxin-brassinosteroid hypothesis of mesocotyl elongation. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:3-14. [PMID: 25772679 PMCID: PMC6609159 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The shoot of grass coleoptiles consists of the mesocotyl, the node, and the coleoptile (with enclosed primary leaf). Since the 1930s, it is known that auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), produced in the tip of the coleoptile, is the central regulator of turgor-driven organ growth. Fifty years ago, it was discovered that antibiotics that suppress protein biosynthesis, such as cycloheximide, inhibit auxin (IAA)-induced cell elongation in excised sections of coleoptiles and stems. Based on such inhibitor studies, the concept of "growth-limiting proteins (GLPs)" emerged that was subsequently elaborated and modified. Here, we summarize the history of this idea with reference to IAA-mediated shoot elongation in maize (Zea mays) seedlings and recent studies on the molecular mechanism underlying auxin action in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, the analysis of light-induced inhibition of shoot elongation in intact corn seedlings is discussed. We propose a concept to account for the GLP-mediated epidermal wall-loosening process in coleoptile segments and present a more general model of growth regulation in intact maize seedlings. Quantitative proteomic and genomic studies led to a refinement of the classic "GLP concept" to explain phytohormone-mediated cell elongation at the molecular level (i.e., the recently proposed theory of a "central growth regulation network," CGRN). Novel data show that mesocotyl elongation not only depends on auxin but also on brassinosteroids (BRs). However, the biochemical key processes that regulate the IAA/BR-mediated loosening of the expansion-limiting epidermal wall(s) have not yet been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kutschera
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Zhang X, Sun J, Cao X, Song X. Epigenetic Mutation of RAV6 Affects Leaf Angle and Seed Size in Rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2118-28. [PMID: 26351308 PMCID: PMC4634063 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heritable epigenetic variants of genes, termed epialleles, can broaden genetic and phenotypic diversity in eukaryotes. Epialleles may also provide a new source of beneficial traits for crop breeding, but very few epialleles related to agricultural traits have been identified in crops. Here, we identified Epi-rav6, a gain-of-function epiallele of rice (Oryza sativa) RELATED TO ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3)/VIVIPAROUS1 (VP1) 6 (RAV6), which encodes a B3 DNA-binding domain-containing protein. The Epi-rav6 plants show larger lamina inclination and smaller grain size; these agronomically important phenotypes are inherited in a semidominant manner. We did not find nucleotide sequence variation of RAV6. Instead, we found hypomethylation in the promoter region of RAV6, which caused ectopic expression of RAV6 in Epi-rav6 plants. Bisulfite analysis revealed that cytosine methylation of four CG and two CNG loci within a continuous 96-bp region plays essential roles in regulating RAV6 expression; this region contains a conserved miniature inverted repeat transposable element transposon insertion in cultivated rice genomes. Overexpression of RAV6 in the wild type phenocopied the Epi-rav6 phenotype. The brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BR INSENSITIVE1 and BR biosynthetic genes EBISU DWARF, DWARF11, and BR-DEFICIENT DWARF1 were ectopically expressed in Epi-rav6 plants. Also, treatment with a BR biosynthesis inhibitor restored the leaf angle defects of Epi-rav6 plants. This indicates that RAV6 affects rice leaf angle by modulating BR homeostasis and demonstrates an essential regulatory role of epigenetic modification on a key gene controlling important agricultural traits. Thus, our work identifies a unique rice epiallele, which may represent a common phenomenon in complex crop genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (J.S., X.C., X.S.); andCollaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200433, China (X.C.)
| | - Jing Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (J.S., X.C., X.S.); andCollaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200433, China (X.C.)
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (J.S., X.C., X.S.); andCollaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200433, China (X.C.)
| | - Xianwei Song
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (X.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (J.S., X.C., X.S.); andCollaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200433, China (X.C.)
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Bittner T, Nadler S, Schulze E, Fischer-Iglesias C. Two homolog wheat Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/SHAGGY--like kinases are involved in brassinosteroid signaling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:247. [PMID: 26458871 PMCID: PMC4604091 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) are multifunctional non-receptor ser/thr kinases. Plant GSKs are involved in hormonal signaling networks and are required for growth, development, light as well as stress responses. So far, most studies have been carried out on Arabidopsis or on other eudicotyledon GSKs. Here, we evaluated the role of TaSK1 and TaSK2, two homolog wheat (Triticum aestivum) GSKs, in brassinosteroid signaling. We explored in addition the physiological effects of brassinosteroids on wheat growth and development. RESULTS A bin2-1 like gain-of-function mutation has been inserted respectively in one of the homoeologous gene copies of TaSK1 (TaSK1-A.2-1) and in one of the homoeologous gene copies of TaSK2 (TaSK2-A.2-1). Arabidopsis plants were transformed with these mutated gene copies. Severe dwarf phenotypes were obtained closely resembling those of Arabidopsis bin2-1 lines and Arabidopsis BR-deficient or BR-signaling mutants. Expression of BR downstream genes, SAUR-AC1, CPD and BAS1 was deregulated in TaSK1.2-1 and TaSK2.2-1 transgenic lines. Severe dwarf lines were partially rescued by Bikinin beforehand shown to inhibit TaSK kinase activity. This rescue was accompanied with changes in BR downstream gene expression levels. Wheat embryos and seedlings were treated with compounds interfering with BR signaling or modifying BR levels to gain insight into the role of brassinosteroids in wheat development. Embryonic axis and scutellum differentiation were impaired, and seedling growth responses were affected when embryos were treated with Epibrassinolides, Propiconazole, and Bikinin. CONCLUSIONS In view of our findings, TaSKs are proposed to be involved in BR signaling and to be orthologous of Arabidopsis Clade II GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases. Observed effects of Epibrassinolide, Propiconazole and Bikinin treatments on wheat embryos and seedlings indicate a role for BR signaling in embryonic patterning and seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bittner
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Nadler
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Eija Schulze
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Christiane Fischer-Iglesias
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Kir G, Ye H, Nelissen H, Neelakandan AK, Kusnandar AS, Luo A, Inzé D, Sylvester AW, Yin Y, Becraft PW. RNA Interference Knockdown of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 in Maize Reveals Novel Functions for Brassinosteroid Signaling in Controlling Plant Architecture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:826-39. [PMID: 26162429 PMCID: PMC4577388 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones involved in various growth and developmental processes. The BR signaling system is well established in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) but poorly understood in maize (Zea mays). BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) is a BR receptor, and database searches and additional genomic sequencing identified five maize homologs including duplicate copies of BRI1 itself. RNA interference (RNAi) using the extracellular coding region of a maize zmbri1 complementary DNA knocked down the expression of all five homologs. Decreased response to exogenously applied brassinolide and altered BR marker gene expression demonstrate that zmbri1-RNAi transgenic lines have compromised BR signaling. zmbri1-RNAi plants showed dwarf stature due to shortened internodes, with upper internodes most strongly affected. Leaves of zmbri1-RNAi plants are dark green, upright, and twisted, with decreased auricle formation. Kinematic analysis showed that decreased cell division and cell elongation both contributed to the shortened leaves. A BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ETHYL METHANESULFONATE-SUPPRESSOR1-yellow fluorescent protein (BES1-YFP) transgenic line was developed that showed BR-inducible BES1-YFP accumulation in the nucleus, which was decreased in zmbri1-RNAi. Expression of the BES1-YFP reporter was strong in the auricle region of developing leaves, suggesting that localized BR signaling is involved in promoting auricle development, consistent with the zmbri1-RNAi phenotype. The blade-sheath boundary disruption, shorter ligule, and disrupted auricle morphology of RNAi lines resemble KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) mutants, consistent with a mechanistic connection between KNOX genes and BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Kir
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Huaxun Ye
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Anjanasree K Neelakandan
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Andree S Kusnandar
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Anding Luo
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Anne W Sylvester
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Philip W Becraft
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
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Tamaki H, Reguera M, Abdel-Tawab YM, Takebayashi Y, Kasahara H, Blumwald E. Targeting Hormone-Related Pathways to Improve Grain Yield in Rice: A Chemical Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131213. [PMID: 26098557 PMCID: PMC4476611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sink/source relationships, regulating the mobilization of stored carbohydrates from the vegetative tissues to the grains, are of key importance for grain filling and grain yield. We used different inhibitors of plant hormone action to assess their effects on grain yield and on the expression of hormone-associated genes. Among the tested chemicals, 2-indol-3-yl-4-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid (PEO-IAA; antagonist of auxin receptor), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA; abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis inhibitor), and 2-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB; ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) improved grain yield in a concentration dependent manner. These effects were also dependent on the plant developmental stage. NDGA and AIB treatments induced an increase in photosynthesis in flag leaves concomitant to the increments of starch content in flag leaves and grains. NDGA inhibited the expression of ABA-responsive gene, but did not significantly decrease ABA content. Instead, NDGA significantly decreased jasmonic acid and jasmonic acid-isoleucine. Our results support the notion that the specific inhibition of jasmonic acid and ethylene biosynthesis resulted in grain yield increase in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tamaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
- Health and Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd., Hyogo 665–8555, Japan
| | - Maria Reguera
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
| | - Yasser M. Abdel-Tawab
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230–0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230–0045, Japan
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hu S, Lübberstedt T. Getting the 'MOST' out of crop improvement. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:372-379. [PMID: 25899781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the function of genes affecting agronomic traits is accelerating due to progress in DNA sequencing and other high-throughput genomic approaches. Characterized genes can be exploited by plant breeders by using either marker-aided selection (MAS) or transgenic procedures. Here, we propose a third 'outlet', 'molecular strengthening' (MOST), as alternative option for exploiting detailed molecular understanding of trait expression, which is comparable to the pharmaceutical treatment of human diseases. MOST treatments can be used to enhance yield stability. Alternatively, they can be used to control traits temporally, such as flowering time to facilitate crosses for plant breeders. We also discuss the essence for developing MOST treatments, their prospects, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Hu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, 100 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Thomas Lübberstedt
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, 100 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Janeczko A, Oklestkova J, Novak O, Śniegowska-Świerk K, Snaczke Z, Pociecha E. Disturbances in production of progesterone and their implications in plant studies. Steroids 2015; 96:153-63. [PMID: 25676788 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is a mammalian hormone that has also been discovered in plants but its physiological function in plants is not explained. Experiments using inhibitors of progesterone synthesis and binding would be useful in studies on the significance of this compound in plants. Until now, trilostane and mifepristone have been used in medical sciences as progesterone biosynthesis and binding inhibitors, respectively. We tested these synthetic steroids for the first time in plants and found that they reduced the content of progesterone in wheat. The aim of further experiments was to answer whether the potential disturbances in the production/binding of progesterone, influence resistance to environmental stress (drought) and the development of wheat. Inhibitors and progesterone were applied to plants via roots in a concentration of 0.25-0.5mg/l water. Both inhibitors lowered the activity of CO2 binding enzyme (Rubisco) in wheat exposed to drought stress and trilostane additionally lowered the chlorophyll content. However, trilostane-treated plants were rescued by treatment with exogenous progesterone. The inhibitors also modulated the development of winter wheat, which indicated the significance of steroid regulators and their receptors in this process. In this study, in addition to progesterone and its inhibitors, brassinosteroid (24-epibrassinolide) and an inhibitor of biosynthesis of brassinosteroids were also applied. Mifepristone inhibited the generative development of wheat (like 24-epibrassinolide), while trilostane (like progesterone and an inhibitor of biosynthesis of brassinosteroids) stimulated the development. We propose a model of steroid-induced regulation of the development of winter wheat, where brassinosteroids act as inhibitors of generative development, while progesterone or other pregnane derivatives act as stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janeczko
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zuzanna Snaczke
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Podłużna 3, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Pociecha
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Podłużna 3, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
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Tapken W, Murphy AS. Membrane nanodomains in plants: capturing form, function, and movement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1573-86. [PMID: 25725094 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is the interface between the cell and the external environment. Plasma membrane lipids provide scaffolds for proteins and protein complexes that are involved in cell to cell communication, signal transduction, immune responses, and transport of small molecules. In animals, fungi, and plants, a substantial subset of these plasma membrane proteins function within ordered sterol- and sphingolipid-rich nanodomains. High-resolution microscopy, lipid dyes, pharmacological inhibitors of lipid biosynthesis, and lipid biosynthetic mutants have been employed to examine the relationship between the lipid environment and protein activity in plants. They have also been used to identify proteins associated with nanodomains and the pathways by which nanodomain-associated proteins are trafficked to their plasma membrane destinations. These studies suggest that plant membrane nanodomains function in a context-specific manner, analogous to similar structures in animals and fungi. In addition to the highly conserved flotillin and remorin markers, some members of the B and G subclasses of ATP binding cassette transporters have emerged as functional markers for plant nanodomains. Further, the glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins, that are often associated with detergent-resistant membranes, appear also to have a functional role in membrane nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Tapken
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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61
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Best NB, Hartwig T, Budka JS, Bishop BJ, Brown E, Potluri DPV, Cooper BR, Premachandra GS, Johnston CT, Schulz B. Soilless plant growth media influence the efficacy of phytohormones and phytohormone inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107689. [PMID: 25485677 PMCID: PMC4259294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth regulators, such as hormones and their respective biosynthesis inhibitors, are effective tools to elucidate the physiological function of phytohormones in plants. A problem of chemical treatments, however, is the potential for interaction of the active compound with the growth media substrate. We studied the interaction and efficacy of propiconazole, a potent and specific inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis, with common soilless greenhouse growth media for rice, sorghum, and maize. Many of the tested growth media interacted with propiconazole reducing its efficacy up to a hundred fold. To determine the molecular interaction of inhibitors with media substrates, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and sorption isotherm analysis was applied. While mica clay substrates absorbed up to 1.3 mg of propiconazole per g substrate, calcined clays bound up to 12 mg of propiconazole per g substrate. The efficacy of the gibberellic acid biosynthesis inhibitor, uniconazole, and the most active brassinosteroid, brassinolide, was impacted similarly by the respective substrates. Conversely, gibberellic acid showed no distinct growth response in different media. Our results suggest that the reduction in efficacy of propiconazole, uniconazole, and brassinolide in bioassays when grown in calcined clay is caused by hydrophobic interactions between the plant growth regulators and the growth media. This was further confirmed by experiments using methanol-water solvent mixes with higher hydrophobicity values, which reduce the interaction of propiconazole and calcined clay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman B. Best
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Thomas Hartwig
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Budka
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Plant Soil and Nutrition Research Unit, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Brandon J. Bishop
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elliot Brown
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Devi P. V. Potluri
- Department of Biology, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bruce R. Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Cliff T. Johnston
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Burkhard Schulz
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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62
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Mantilla Perez MB, Zhao J, Yin Y, Hu J, Salas Fernandez MG. Association mapping of brassinosteroid candidate genes and plant architecture in a diverse panel of Sorghum bicolor. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:2645-62. [PMID: 25326721 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This first association analysis between plant architecture and BR candidate genes in sorghum suggests that natural allelic variation has significant and pleiotropic effects on plant architecture phenotypes. Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench is a self-pollinated species traditionally used as a staple crop for human consumption and as a forage crop for livestock feed. Recently, sorghum has received attention as a bioenergy crop due to its water use efficiency and biomass yield potential. Breeding for superior bioenergy-type lines requires knowledge of the genetic mechanisms controlling plant architecture. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of hormones that determine plant growth, development, and architecture. Biochemical and genetic information on BRs are available from model species but the application of that knowledge to crop species has been very limited. A candidate gene association mapping approach and a diverse sorghum collection of 315 accessions were used to assess marker-trait associations between BR biosynthesis and signaling genes and six plant architecture traits. A total of 263 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 26 BR genes were tested, 73 SNPs were significantly associated with the phenotypes of interest and 18 of those were associated with more than one trait. An analysis of the phenotypic variation explained by each BR pathway revealed that the signaling pathway had a larger effect for most phenotypes (R (2) = 0.05-0.23). This study constitutes the first association analysis between plant architecture and BR genes in sorghum and the first LD mapping for leaf angle, stem circumference, panicle exsertion and panicle length. Markers on or close to BKI1 associated with all phenotypes and thus, they are the most important outcomes of this study and will be further validated for their future application in breeding programs.
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63
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Dejonghe W, Mishev K, Russinova E. The brassinosteroid chemical toolbox. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:48-55. [PMID: 25282585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biology approaches have been instrumental in understanding the mode of action of brassinosteroids, a group of plant steroid hormones essential for plant development and growth. The small molecules used for such approaches include inhibitors of biosynthetic enzymes and signaling components. Additionally, recent structural data on the brassinosteroid receptor complex together with its ligand brassinolide, the most active brassinosteroid, and knowledge on its different analogs have given us a better view on the recognition of the hormone and signaling initiation. Moreover, a fluorescently labeled brassinosteroid enabled the visualization of the receptor-ligand pair in the cell. Given the insights obtained, small molecules will continue to provide new opportunities for probing brassinosteroid biosynthesis and for unraveling the dynamic and highly interconnected signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Dejonghe
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kiril Mishev
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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64
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Dockter C, Gruszka D, Braumann I, Druka A, Druka I, Franckowiak J, Gough SP, Janeczko A, Kurowska M, Lundqvist J, Lundqvist U, Marzec M, Matyszczak I, Müller AH, Oklestkova J, Schulz B, Zakhrabekova S, Hansson M. Induced variations in brassinosteroid genes define barley height and sturdiness, and expand the green revolution genetic toolkit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1912-27. [PMID: 25332507 PMCID: PMC4256852 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.250738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reduced plant height and culm robustness are quantitative characteristics important for assuring cereal crop yield and quality under adverse weather conditions. A very limited number of short-culm mutant alleles were introduced into commercial crop cultivars during the Green Revolution. We identified phenotypic traits, including sturdy culm, specific for deficiencies in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling in semidwarf mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare). This set of characteristic traits was explored to perform a phenotypic screen of near-isogenic short-culm mutant lines from the brachytic, breviaristatum, dense spike, erectoides, semibrachytic, semidwarf, and slender dwarf mutant groups. In silico mapping of brassinosteroid-related genes in the barley genome in combination with sequencing of barley mutant lines assigned more than 20 historic mutants to three brassinosteroid-biosynthesis genes (BRASSINOSTEROID-6-OXIDASE, CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC DWARF, and DIMINUTO) and one brassinosteroid-signaling gene (BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 [HvBRI1]). Analyses of F2 and M2 populations, allelic crosses, and modeling of nonsynonymous amino acid exchanges in protein crystal structures gave a further understanding of the control of barley plant architecture and sturdiness by brassinosteroid-related genes. Alternatives to the widely used but highly temperature-sensitive uzu1.a allele of HvBRI1 represent potential genetic building blocks for breeding strategies with sturdy and climate-tolerant barley cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Damian Gruszka
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Ilka Braumann
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Arnis Druka
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Ilze Druka
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Jerome Franckowiak
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Simon P Gough
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Anna Janeczko
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Marzena Kurowska
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Joakim Lundqvist
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Udda Lundqvist
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Marek Marzec
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Izabela Matyszczak
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - André H Müller
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Burkhard Schulz
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Shakhira Zakhrabekova
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
| | - Mats Hansson
- Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.)
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Schröder F, Lisso J, Obata T, Erban A, Maximova E, Giavalisco P, Kopka J, Fernie AR, Willmitzer L, Müssig C. Consequences of induced brassinosteroid deficiency in Arabidopsis leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:309. [PMID: 25403461 PMCID: PMC4240805 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of brassinosteroid (BR) deficient and BR insensitive mutants provided conclusive evidence that BR is a potent growth-promoting phytohormone. Arabidopsis mutants are characterized by a compact rosette structure, decreased plant height and reduced root system, delayed development, and reduced fertility. Cell expansion, cell division, and multiple developmental processes depend on BR. The molecular and physiological basis of BR action is diverse. The BR signalling pathway controls the activity of transcription factors, and numerous BR responsive genes have been identified. The analysis of dwarf mutants, however, may to some extent reveal phenotypic changes that are an effect of the altered morphology and physiology. This restriction holds particularly true for the analysis of established organs such as rosette leaves. RESULTS In this study, the mode of BR action was analysed in established leaves by means of two approaches. First, an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis (brassinazole) was applied to 21-day-old wild-type plants. Secondly, BR complementation of BR deficient plants, namely CPD (constitutive photomorphogenic dwarf)-antisense and cbb1 (cabbage1) mutant plants was stopped after 21 days. BR action in established leaves is associated with stimulated cell expansion, an increase in leaf index, starch accumulation, enhanced CO2 release by the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and increased biomass production. Cell number and protein content were barely affected. CONCLUSION Previous analysis of BR promoted growth focused on genomic effects. However, the link between growth and changes in gene expression patterns barely provided clues to the physiological and metabolic basis of growth. Our study analysed comprehensive metabolic data sets of leaves with altered BR levels. The data suggest that BR promoted growth may depend on the increased provision and use of carbohydrates and energy. BR may stimulate both anabolic and catabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schröder
- />University of Potsdam, c/o Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Janina Lisso
- />University of Potsdam, c/o Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Eugenia Maximova
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Carsten Müssig
- />University of Potsdam, c/o Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Chung Y, Kwon SI, Choe S. Antagonistic regulation of Arabidopsis growth by brassinosteroids and abiotic stresses. Mol Cells 2014; 37:795-803. [PMID: 25377253 PMCID: PMC4255099 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To withstand ever-changing environmental stresses, plants are equipped with phytohormone-mediated stress resistance mechanisms. Salt stress triggers abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which enhances stress tolerance at the expense of growth. ABA is thought to inhibit the action of growth-promoting hormones, including brassinosteroids (BRs). However, the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate ABA and BR activity remain to be discovered. We noticed that ABA-treated seedlings exhibited small, round leaves and short roots, a phenotype that is characteristic of the BR signaling mutant, brassinosteroid insensitive1-9 (bri1-9). To identify genes that are antagonistically regulated by ABA and BRs, we examined published Arabidopsis microarray data sets. Of the list of genes identified, those upregulated by ABA but downregulated by BRs were enriched with a BRRE motif in their promoter sequences. After validating the microarray data using quantitative RT-PCR, we focused on RD26, which is induced by salt stress. Histochemical analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing RD26pro:GUS revealed that the induction of GUS expression after NaCl treatment was suppressed by co-treatment with BRs, but enhanced by co-treatment with propiconazole, a BR biosynthetic inhibitor. Similarly, treatment with bikinin, an inhibitor of BIN2 kinase, not only inhibited RD26 expression, but also reduced the survival rate of the plant following exposure to salt stress. Our results suggest that ABA and BRs act antagonistically on their target genes at or after the BIN2 step in BR signaling pathways, and suggest a mechanism by which plants fine-tune their growth, particularly when stress responses and growth compete for resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhee Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747,
Korea
| | - Soon Il Kwon
- Convergence Research Center for Functional Plant Products, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Sunghwa Choe
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747,
Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Functional Plant Products, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
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67
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A receptor-like protein mediates the response to pectin modification by activating brassinosteroid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15261-6. [PMID: 25288746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322979111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The brassinosteroid (BR) signaling module is a central regulator of plant morphogenesis, as indicated by the large number of BR-responsive cell wall-related genes and the severe growth defects of BR mutants. Despite a detailed knowledge of the signaling components, the logic of this auto-/paracrine signaling module in growth control remains poorly understood. Recently, extensive cross-talk with other signaling pathways has been shown, suggesting that the outputs of BR signaling, such as gene-expression changes, are subject to complex control mechanisms. We previously provided evidence for a role of BR signaling in a feedback loop controlling the integrity of the cell wall. Here, we identify the first dedicated component of this feedback loop: a receptor-like protein (RLP44), which is essential for the compensatory triggering of BR signaling upon inhibition of pectin de-methylesterification in the cell wall. RLP44 is required for normal growth and stress responses and connects with the BR signaling pathway, presumably through a direct interaction with the regulatory receptor-like kinase BAK1. These findings corroborate a role for BR in controlling the sensitivity of a feedback signaling module involved in maintaining the physico-chemical homeostasis of the cell wall during cell expansion.
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Tsuda K, Kurata N, Ohyanagi H, Hake S. Genome-wide study of KNOX regulatory network reveals brassinosteroid catabolic genes important for shoot meristem function in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3488-500. [PMID: 25194027 PMCID: PMC4213158 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, knotted1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors play crucial roles in establishment and maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), from which aerial organs such as leaves, stems, and flowers initiate. We report that a rice (Oryza sativa) KNOX gene Oryza sativa homeobox1 (OSH1) represses the brassinosteroid (BR) phytohormone pathway through activation of BR catabolism genes. Inducible overexpression of OSH1 caused BR insensitivity, whereas loss of function showed a BR-overproduction phenotype. Genome-wide identification of loci bound and regulated by OSH1 revealed hormonal and transcriptional regulation as the major function of OSH1. Among these targets, BR catabolism genes CYP734A2, CYP734A4, and CYP734A6 were rapidly upregulated by OSH1 induction. Furthermore, RNA interference knockdown plants of CYP734A genes arrested growth of the SAM and mimicked some osh1 phenotypes. Thus, we suggest that local control of BR levels by KNOX genes is a key regulatory step in SAM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Tsuda
- Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Nori Kurata
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohyanagi
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Tsukuba Divison, Mitsubishi Space Software Co., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Sarah Hake
- Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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69
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Rozhon W, Wang W, Berthiller F, Mayerhofer J, Chen T, Petutschnig E, Sieberer T, Poppenberger B, Jonak C. Bikinin-like inhibitors targeting GSK3/Shaggy-like kinases: characterisation of novel compounds and elucidation of their catabolism in planta. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:172. [PMID: 24947596 PMCID: PMC4078015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant GSK-3/Shaggy-like kinases are key players in brassinosteroid (BR) signalling which impact on plant development and participate in response to wounding, pathogens and salt stress. Bikinin was previously identified in a chemical genetics screen as an inhibitor targeting these kinases. To dissect the structural elements crucial for inhibition of GSK-3/Shaggy-like kinases by bikinin and to isolate more potent compounds we synthesised a number of related substances and tested their inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo using Arabidopsis thaliana. RESULTS A pyridine ring with an amido succinic acid residue in position 2 and a halogen in position 5 were crucial for inhibitory activity. The compound with an iodine substituent in position 5, denoted iodobikinin, was most active in inhibiting BIN2 activity in vitro and efficiently induced brassinosteroid-like responses in vivo. Its methyl ester, methyliodobikinin, showed improved cell permeability, making it highly potent in vivo although it had lower activity in vitro. HPLC analysis revealed that the methyl residue was rapidly cleaved off in planta liberating active iodobikinin. In addition, we provide evidence that iodobikinin and bikinin are inactivated in planta by conjugation with glutamic acid or malic acid and that the latter process is catalysed by the malate transferase SNG1. CONCLUSION Brassinosteroids participate in regulation of many aspects of plant development and in responses to environmental cues. Thus compounds modulating their action are valuable tools to study such processes and may be an interesting opportunity to modify plant growth and performance in horticulture and agronomy. Here we report the development of bikinin derivatives with increased potency that can activate BR signalling and mimic BR action. Methyliodobikinin was 3.4 times more active in vivo than bikinin. The main reason for the superior activity of methyliodobikinin, the most potent compound, is its enhanced plant tissue permeability. Inactivation of bikinin and its derivatives in planta involves SNG1, which constitutes a novel pathway for modification of xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Wuyan Wang
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
- Present address: Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstr. 2, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Juliane Mayerhofer
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Tingting Chen
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Elena Petutschnig
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Present address: Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Tobias Sieberer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Department of Plant Sciences, Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Claudia Jonak
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
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Zhang D, Jing Y, Jiang Z, Lin R. The Chromatin-Remodeling Factor PICKLE Integrates Brassinosteroid and Gibberellin Signaling during Skotomorphogenic Growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2472-2485. [PMID: 24920333 PMCID: PMC4114946 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.121848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell elongation is controlled by endogenous hormones, including brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA), and by environmental factors, such as light/darkness. The molecular mechanisms underlying the convergence of these signals that govern cell growth remain largely unknown. We previously showed that the chromatin-remodeling factor PICKLE/ENHANCED PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (PKL/EPP1) represses photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we demonstrated that PKL physically interacted with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) and BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1), key components of the light and BR signaling pathways, respectively. Also, this interaction promoted the association of PKL with cell elongation-related genes. We found that PKL, PIF3, and BZR1 coregulate skotomorphogenesis by repressing the trimethylation of histone H3 Lys-27 (H3K27me3) on target promoters. Moreover, DELLA proteins interacted with PKL and attenuated its binding ability. Strikingly, brassinolide and GA3 inhibited H3K27me3 modification of histones associated with cell elongation-related loci in a BZR1- and DELLA-mediated manner, respectively. Our findings reveal that the PKL chromatin-remodeling factor acts as a critical node that integrates light/darkness, BR, and GA signals to epigenetically regulate plant growth and development. This work also provides a molecular framework by which hormone signals regulate histone modification in concert with light/dark environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanjun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100093, China
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71
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Kadam U, Moeller CA, Irudayaraj J, Schulz B. Effect of T-DNA insertions on mRNA transcript copy numbers upstream and downstream of the insertion site in Arabidopsis thaliana explored by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:568-77. [PMID: 24460907 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of a T-DNA insertion on the expression level of mRNA transcripts of the TWISTED DWARF 1 (TWD1) gene upstream and downstream of the T-DNA insertion site in Arabidopsis. A novel approach based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was developed to detect and quantify the effect of a T-DNA insertion on mRNA transcript accumulation at 5'- and 3'-ends of the TWD1 gene. A T-DNA insertion mutant in the TWD1 gene (twd1-2) was chosen to test the sensitivity and the feasibility of the approach. The null mutant of the FK506-like immunophilin protein TWD1 in Arabidopsis shows severe dwarfism and strong disoriented growth of plant organs. A spontaneous arising suppressor allele of twd1-2 called twd-sup displayed an intermediate phenotype between wild type and the knockout phenotype of twd1-2. Both twd1 mutant alleles have identical DNA sequences at the TWD1 locus including the T-DNA insertion in the fourth intron of the TWD1 gene but they show clear variability in the mutant phenotype. We present here the development and application of SERS-based mRNA detection and quantification using the expression of the TWD1 gene in wild type and both mutant alleles. The hallmarks of our SERS approach are a robust and fast assay to detect up to 0.10 fm of target molecules including the ability to omit in vitro transcription and amplification steps after RNA isolation. Instead we perform direct quantification of RNA molecules. This enables us to detect and quantify rare RNA molecules at high levels of precision and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulhas Kadam
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Bou-Torrent J, Galstyan A, Gallemí M, Cifuentes-Esquivel N, Molina-Contreras MJ, Salla-Martret M, Jikumaru Y, Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y, Martínez-García JF. Plant proximity perception dynamically modulates hormone levels and sensitivity in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2937-47. [PMID: 24609653 PMCID: PMC4056540 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) refers to a set of plant responses initiated after perception by the phytochromes of light enriched in far-red colour reflected from or filtered by neighbouring plants. These varied responses are aimed at anticipating eventual shading from potential competitor vegetation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the most obvious SAS response at the seedling stage is the increase in hypocotyl elongation. Here, we describe how plant proximity perception rapidly and temporally alters the levels of not only auxins but also active brassinosteroids and gibberellins. At the same time, shade alters the seedling sensitivity to hormones. Plant proximity perception also involves dramatic changes in gene expression that rapidly result in a new balance between positive and negative factors in a network of interacting basic helix-loop-helix proteins, such as HFR1, PAR1, and BIM and BEE factors. Here, it was shown that several of these factors act as auxin- and BR-responsiveness modulators, which ultimately control the intensity or degree of hypocotyl elongation. It was deduced that, as a consequence of the plant proximity-dependent new, dynamic, and local balance between hormone synthesis and sensitivity (mechanistically resulting from a restructured network of SAS regulators), SAS responses are unleashed and hypocotyls elongate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bou-Torrent
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anahit Galstyan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Gallemí
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cifuentes-Esquivel
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mercè Salla-Martret
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jaime F Martínez-García
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010-Barcelona, Spain
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73
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Kadam US, Schulz B, lrudayaraj J. Detection and quantification of alternative splice sites in Arabidopsis genes AtDCL2 and AtPTB2 with highly sensitive surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and gold nanoprobes. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1637-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schuller A, Kehr J, Ludwig-Müller J. Laser Microdissection Coupled to Transcriptional Profiling of Arabidopsis Roots Inoculated by Plasmodiophora brassicae Indicates a Role for Brassinosteroids in Clubroot Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 55:392-411. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Bücherl CA, van Esse GW, Kruis A, Luchtenberg J, Westphal AH, Aker J, van Hoek A, Albrecht C, Borst JW, de Vries SC. Visualization of BRI1 and BAK1(SERK3) membrane receptor heterooligomers during brassinosteroid signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1911-25. [PMID: 23796795 PMCID: PMC3729770 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) is the main ligand-perceiving receptor for brassinosteroids (BRs) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Binding of BRs to the ectodomain of plasma membrane (PM)-located BRI1 receptors initiates an intracellular signal transduction cascade that influences various aspects of plant growth and development. Even though the major components of BR signaling have been revealed and the PM was identified as the main site of BRI1 signaling activity, the very first steps of signal transmission are still elusive. Recently, it was shown that the initiation of BR signal transduction requires the interaction of BRI1 with its SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) coreceptors. In addition, the resolved structure of the BRI1 ectodomain suggested that BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 [BAK1](SERK3) may constitute a component of the ligand-perceiving receptor complex. Therefore, we investigated the spatial correlation between BRI1 and BAK1(SERK3) in the natural habitat of both leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases using comparative colocalization analysis and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. We show that activation of BR signaling by exogenous ligand application resulted in both elevated colocalization between BRI1 and BAK1(SERK3) and an about 50% increase of receptor heterooligomerization in the PM of live Arabidopsis root epidermal cells. However, large populations of BRI1 and BAK1(SERK3) colocalized independently of BRs. Moreover, we could visualize that approximately 7% of the BRI1 PM pool constitutively heterooligomerizes with BAK1(SERK3) in live root cells. We propose that only small populations of PM-located BRI1 and BAK1(SERK3) receptors participate in active BR signaling and that the initiation of downstream signal transduction involves preassembled BRI1-BAK1(SERK3) heterooligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A. Bücherl
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (C.A.B., G.W.v.E., A.K., J.L., A.H.W., J.A., C.A., J.W.B., S.C.d.V.), Laboratory of Biophysics (A.v.H.), and Microspectroscopy Centre (A.v.H., J.W.B.), Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.W.B.)
| | - G. Wilma van Esse
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (C.A.B., G.W.v.E., A.K., J.L., A.H.W., J.A., C.A., J.W.B., S.C.d.V.), Laboratory of Biophysics (A.v.H.), and Microspectroscopy Centre (A.v.H., J.W.B.), Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.W.B.)
| | - Alex Kruis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (C.A.B., G.W.v.E., A.K., J.L., A.H.W., J.A., C.A., J.W.B., S.C.d.V.), Laboratory of Biophysics (A.v.H.), and Microspectroscopy Centre (A.v.H., J.W.B.), Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.W.B.)
| | - Jeroen Luchtenberg
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (C.A.B., G.W.v.E., A.K., J.L., A.H.W., J.A., C.A., J.W.B., S.C.d.V.), Laboratory of Biophysics (A.v.H.), and Microspectroscopy Centre (A.v.H., J.W.B.), Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.W.B.)
| | - Adrie H. Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (C.A.B., G.W.v.E., A.K., J.L., A.H.W., J.A., C.A., J.W.B., S.C.d.V.), Laboratory of Biophysics (A.v.H.), and Microspectroscopy Centre (A.v.H., J.W.B.), Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.W.B.)
| | - José Aker
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (C.A.B., G.W.v.E., A.K., J.L., A.H.W., J.A., C.A., J.W.B., S.C.d.V.), Laboratory of Biophysics (A.v.H.), and Microspectroscopy Centre (A.v.H., J.W.B.), Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.W.B.)
| | - Arie van Hoek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (C.A.B., G.W.v.E., A.K., J.L., A.H.W., J.A., C.A., J.W.B., S.C.d.V.), Laboratory of Biophysics (A.v.H.), and Microspectroscopy Centre (A.v.H., J.W.B.), Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.W.B.)
| | - Catherine Albrecht
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (C.A.B., G.W.v.E., A.K., J.L., A.H.W., J.A., C.A., J.W.B., S.C.d.V.), Laboratory of Biophysics (A.v.H.), and Microspectroscopy Centre (A.v.H., J.W.B.), Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.W.B.)
| | - Jan Willem Borst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (C.A.B., G.W.v.E., A.K., J.L., A.H.W., J.A., C.A., J.W.B., S.C.d.V.), Laboratory of Biophysics (A.v.H.), and Microspectroscopy Centre (A.v.H., J.W.B.), Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.W.B.)
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Serra AA, Nuttens A, Larvor V, Renault D, Couée I, Sulmon C, Gouesbet G. Low environmentally relevant levels of bioactive xenobiotics and associated degradation products cause cryptic perturbations of metabolism and molecular stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2753-66. [PMID: 23645866 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropic changes and chemical pollution confront wild plant communities with xenobiotic combinations of bioactive molecules, degradation products, and adjuvants that constitute chemical challenges potentially affecting plant growth and fitness. Such complex challenges involving residual contamination and mixtures of pollutants are difficult to assess. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was confronted by combinations consisting of the herbicide glyphosate, the fungicide tebuconazole, the glyphosate degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and the atrazine degradation product hydroxyatrazine, which had been detected and quantified in soils of field margins in an agriculturally intensive region. Integrative analysis of physiological, metabolic, and gene expression responses was carried out in dose-response experiments and in comparative experiments of varying pesticide combinations. Field margin contamination levels had significant effects on plant growth and metabolism despite low levels of individual components and the presence of pesticide degradation products. Biochemical and molecular analysis demonstrated that these less toxic degradation products, AMPA and hydroxyatrazine, by themselves elicited significant plant responses, thus indicating underlying mechanisms of perception and transduction into metabolic and gene expression changes. These mechanisms may explain observed interactions, whether positive or negative, between the effects of pesticide products (AMPA and hydroxyatrazine) and the effects of bioactive xenobiotics (glyphosate and tebuconazole). Finally, the metabolic and molecular perturbations induced by low levels of xenobiotics and associated degradation products were shown to affect processes (carbon balance, hormone balance, antioxidant defence, and detoxification) that are likely to determine environmental stress sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Antonella Serra
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Campus de Beaulieu, bâtiment 14A. 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Yamada K, Yajima O, Yoshizawa Y, Oh K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel azole derivatives as selective potent inhibitors of brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2451-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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78
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Yang H, Richter GL, Wang X, Młodzińska E, Carraro N, Ma G, Jenness M, Chao DY, Peer WA, Murphy AS. Sterols and sphingolipids differentially function in trafficking of the Arabidopsis ABCB19 auxin transporter. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:37-47. [PMID: 23279701 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ATP-binding cassette B19 (ABCB19, P-glycoprotein19) transporter functions coordinately with ABCB1 and PIN1 to motivate long-distance transport of the phytohormone auxin from the shoot to root apex. ABCB19 exhibits a predominantly apolar plasma membrane (PM) localization and stabilizes PIN1 when the two proteins co-occur. Biochemical evidence associates ABCB19 and PIN1 with sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched PM fractions. Mutants deficient in structural sterols and sphingolipids exhibit similarity to abcb19 mutants. Sphingolipid-defective tsc10a mutants and, to a lesser extent, sterol-deficient cvp1 mutants phenocopy abcb19 mutants. Live imaging studies show that sterols function in trafficking of ABCB19 from the trans-Golgi network to the PM. Pharmacological or genetic sphingolipid depletion has an even greater impact on ABCB19 PM targeting and interferes with ABCB19 trafficking from the Golgi. Our results also show that sphingolipids function in trafficking associated with compartments marked by the VTI12 syntaxin, and that ABCB19 mediates PIN1 stability in sphingolipid-containing membranes. The TWD1/FKBP42 co-chaperone immunophilin is required for exit of ABCB19 from the ER, but ABCB19 interactions with sterols, sphingolipids and PIN1 are spatially distinct from FKBP42 activity at the ER. The accessibility of this system to direct live imaging and biochemical analysis makes it ideal for the modeling and analysis of sterol and sphingolipid regulation of ABCB/P-glycoprotein transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
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79
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Genetic variation in plant CYP51s confers resistance against voriconazole, a novel inhibitor of brassinosteroid-dependent sterol biosynthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53650. [PMID: 23335967 PMCID: PMC3546049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones with structural similarity to mammalian sex steroids and ecdysteroids from insects. The BRs are synthesized from sterols and are essential regulators of cell division, cell elongation and cell differentiation. In this work we show that voriconazole, an antifungal therapeutic drug used in human and veterinary medicine, severely impairs plant growth by inhibiting sterol-14α-demethylation and thereby interfering with BR production. The plant growth regulatory properties of voriconazole and related triazoles were identified in a screen for compounds with the ability to alter BR homeostasis. Voriconazole suppressed growth of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and of a wide range of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. We uncover that voriconazole toxicity in plants is a result of a deficiency in BRs that stems from an inhibition of the cytochrome P450 CYP51, which catalyzes a step of BR-dependent sterol biosynthesis. Interestingly, we found that the woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca, a member of the Rosaceae, is naturally voriconazole resistant and that this resistance is conferred by the specific CYP51 variant of F. vesca. The potential of voriconazole as a novel tool for plant research is discussed.
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80
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Zhao B, Li J. Regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis and inactivation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:746-59. [PMID: 22963251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of naturally-occurring steroidal phytohormones playing fundamental roles during normal plant growth and development. Using a combination of experimental approaches, including analytical chemistry, genetics, and biochemistry, the major BR biosynthetic pathway has been largely elucidated. The least-understood knowledge in the BR research field is probably the molecular mechanisms controlling the bioactive levels of BRs in response to various developmental and environmental cues. In this review, we focus our discussion on a recently-proposed, 8-step predominant BR biosynthetic pathway, several newly-identified transcription factors regulating the expression of key enzymes that catalyze BR biosynthesis, and up-to-date information about the mechanisms that plants use to inactivate unnecessary BRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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