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Pollara J, Orlandi C, Beck C, Edwards RW, Hu Y, Liu S, Wang S, Koup RA, Denny TN, Lu S, Tomaras GD, DeVico A, Lewis GK, Ferrari G. Application of area scaling analysis to identify natural killer cell and monocyte involvement in the GranToxiLux antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. Cytometry A 2018; 93:436-447. [PMID: 29498807 PMCID: PMC5969088 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several different assay methodologies have been described for the evaluation of HIV or SIV-specific antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Commonly used assays measure ADCC by evaluating effector cell functions, or by detecting elimination of target cells. Signaling through Fc receptors, cellular activation, cytotoxic granule exocytosis, or accumulation of cytolytic and immune signaling factors have been used to evaluate ADCC at the level of the effector cells. Alternatively, assays that measure killing or loss of target cells provide a direct assessment of the specific killing activity of antibodies capable of ADCC. Thus, each of these two distinct types of assays provides information on only one of the critical components of an ADCC event; either the effector cells involved, or the resulting effect on the target cell. We have developed a simple modification of our previously described high-throughput ADCC GranToxiLux (GTL) assay that uses area scaling analysis (ASA) to facilitate simultaneous quantification of ADCC activity at the target cell level, and assessment of the contribution of natural killer cells and monocytes to the total observed ADCC activity when whole human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are used as a source of effector cells. The modified analysis method requires no additional reagents and can, therefore, be easily included in prospective studies. Moreover, ASA can also often be applied to pre-existing ADCC-GTL datasets. Thus, incorporation of ASA to the ADCC-GTL assay provides an ancillary assessment of the ability of natural and vaccine-induced antibodies to recruit natural killer cells as well as monocytes against HIV or SIV; or to any other field of research for which this assay is applied. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pollara
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Charles Beck
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - R. Whitney Edwards
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | - Thomas N. Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Anthony DeVico
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - George K. Lewis
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth Carolina
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Wines BD, Billings H, Mclean MR, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM. Antibody Functional Assays as Measures of Fc Receptor-Mediated Immunity to HIV - New Technologies and their Impact on the HIV Vaccine Field. Curr HIV Res 2018; 15:202-215. [PMID: 28322167 PMCID: PMC5543561 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666170320112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is now intense interest in the role of HIV-specific antibodies and the engagement of FcγR functions in the control and prevention of HIV infection. The analyses of the RV144 vaccine trial, natural progression cohorts, and macaque models all point to a role for Fc-dependent effector functions, such as cytotoxicity (ADCC) or phagocytosis (ADCP), in the control of HIV. However, reliable assays that can be reproducibly used across different laboratories to measure Fc-dependent functions, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are limited. Method: This brief review highlights the importance of Fc properties for immunity to HIV, particular-ly via FcγR diversity and function. We discuss assays used to study FcR mediated functions of HIV-specific Ab, including our recently developed novel cell-free ELISA using homo-dimeric FcγR ecto-domains to detect functionally relevant viral antigen-specific antibodies. Results: The binding of these dimeric FcγR ectodomains, to closely spaced pairs of IgG Fc, mimics the engagement and cross-linking of Fc receptors by IgG opsonized virions or infected cells as the es-sential prerequisite to the induction of Ab-dependent effector functions. The dimeric FcγR ELISA reli-ably correlates with ADCC in patient responses to influenza. The assay is amenable to high throughput and could be standardized across laboratories. Conclusion: We propose the assay has broader implications for the evaluation of the quality of anti-body responses in viral infections and for the rapid evaluation of responses in vaccine development campaigns for HIV and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Hugh Billings
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia
| | - Milla R Mclean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Han SY, Antoine A, Howard D, Chang B, Chang WS, Slein M, Deikus G, Kossida S, Duroux P, Lefranc MP, Sebra RP, Smith ML, Fofana IBF. Coupling of Single Molecule, Long Read Sequencing with IMGT/HighV-QUEST Analysis Expedites Identification of SIV gp140-Specific Antibodies from scFv Phage Display Libraries. Front Immunol 2018; 9:329. [PMID: 29545792 PMCID: PMC5837965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pathogenesis is critical for furthering our understanding of the role of antibody responses in the prevention of HIV infection, and will only increase in importance as macaque immunoglobulin (IG) gene databases are expanded. We have previously reported the construction of a phage display library from a SIV-infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) using oligonucleotide primers based on human IG gene sequences. Our previous screening relied on Sanger sequencing, which was inefficient and generated only a few dozen sequences. Here, we re-analyzed this library using single molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing on the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) platform to generate thousands of highly accurate circular consensus sequencing (CCS) reads corresponding to full length single chain fragment variable. CCS data were then analyzed through the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (IMGT®)/HighV-QUEST (www.imgt.org) to identify variable genes and perform statistical analyses. Overall the library was very diverse, with 2,569 different IMGT clonotypes called for the 5,238 IGHV sequences assigned to an IMGT clonotype. Within the library, SIV-specific antibodies represented a relatively limited number of clones, with only 135 different IMGT clonotypes called from 4,594 IGHV-assigned sequences. Our data did confirm that the IGHV4 and IGHV3 gene usage was the most abundant within the rhesus antibodies screened, and that these genes were even more enriched among SIV gp140-specific antibodies. Although a broad range of VH CDR3 amino acid (AA) lengths was observed in the unpanned library, the vast majority of SIV gp140-specific antibodies demonstrated a more uniform VH CDR3 length (20 AA). This uniformity was far less apparent when VH CDR3 were classified according to their clonotype (range: 9–25 AA), which we believe is more relevant for specific antibody identification. Only 174 IGKV and 588 IGLV clonotypes were identified within the VL sequences associated with SIV gp140-specific VH. Together, these data strongly suggest that the combination of SMRT sequencing with the IMGT/HighV-QUEST querying tool will facilitate and expedite our understanding of polyclonal antibody responses during SIV infection and may serve to rapidly expand the known scope of macaque V genes utilized during these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yub Han
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Alesia Antoine
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Howard
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Bryant Chang
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Woo Sung Chang
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Matthew Slein
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Gintaras Deikus
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sofia Kossida
- The international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (IMGT®), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), UMR CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Duroux
- The international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (IMGT®), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), UMR CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- The international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (IMGT®), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), UMR CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert P Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Melissa L Smith
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, United States
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Abstract
Since the discovery of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, it has been extremely difficult to develop an effective vaccine or a therapeutic cure despite over 36 years of global efforts. One of the major reasons is due to the lack of an immune-competent animal model that supports live human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and disease progression such that vaccine-induced correlates of protection and efficacy can be determined clearly before human trials. Nevertheless, rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and chimeric simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) have served as invaluable models not only for understanding AIDS pathogenesis but also for studying HIV vaccine and cure. In this chapter, therefore, we summarize major scientific evidence generated in these models since the beginning of the AIDS pandemic. Hopefully, the accumulated knowledge and lessons contributed by thousands of scientists will be useful in promoting the search of an ultimate solution to end HIV/AIDS.
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Gach JS, Bouzin M, Wong MP, Chromikova V, Gorlani A, Yu KT, Sharma B, Gratton E, Forthal DN. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) evades antibody-dependent phagocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006793. [PMID: 29281723 PMCID: PMC5760106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc gamma receptor (FcyR)-mediated antibody functions play a crucial role in preventing HIV infection. One such function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP), is thought to be involved in controlling other viral infections, but its role in HIV infection is unknown. We measured the ability of HIV-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to mediate the internalization of HIV-1 virions and HIV-1-decorated cells by phagocytes. To measure ADP of virions, we primarily used a green-fluorescent protein-expressing molecular clone of HIV-1JRFL, an R5, clinical isolate, in combination with polyclonal HIVIG or mAbs known to capture and/or neutralize HIV-1. THP-1 and U937 cells, as well as freshly isolated primary monocytes from healthy individuals, were used as phagocytic effector cells, and uptake of virions was measured by cytometry. We surprisingly found minimal or no ADP of virions with any of the antibodies. However, after coating virions with gp41 or with gp41-derived peptides, gp41- (but not gp120-) specific mAbs efficiently mediated phagocytosis. We estimated that a minimum of a few hundred gp41 molecules were needed for successful phagocytosis, which is similar to the number of envelope spikes on viruses that are readily phagocytosed (e.g. influenza virus). Furthermore, by employing fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, a well-established technique to measure particle sizes and aggregation phenomena, we found a clear association between virus aggregation and ADP. In contrast to virions themselves, virion-decorated cells were targets for ADP or trogocytosis in the presence of HIV-specific antibodies. Our findings indicate that ADP of virions may not play a role in preventing HIV infection, likely due to the paucity of trimers and the consequent inability of virion-bound antibody to cross-link FcyRs on phagocytes. However, ADP or trogocytosis could play a role in clearing HIV-infected cells and cells on the verge of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes S. Gach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (DNF)
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus P. Wong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Veronika Chromikova
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea Gorlani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kuan-Ting Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Brijesh Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (DNF)
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Abstract
The unprecedented challenges of developing effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis have resulted in more rational approaches to vaccine development. Apart from the recent advances in the design and selection of improved epitopes and adjuvants, there are also ongoing efforts to optimize delivery platforms. The unprecedented challenges of developing effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis have resulted in more rational approaches to vaccine development. Apart from the recent advances in the design and selection of improved epitopes and adjuvants, there are also ongoing efforts to optimize delivery platforms. Viral vectors are the best-characterized delivery tools because of their intrinsic adjuvant capability, unique cellular tropism, and ability to trigger robust adaptive immune responses. However, a known limitation of viral vectors is preexisting immunity, and ongoing efforts are aimed at developing novel vector platforms with lower seroprevalence. It is also becoming increasingly clear that different vectors, even those derived from phylogenetically similar viruses, can elicit substantially distinct immune responses, in terms of quantity, quality, and location, which can ultimately affect immune protection. This review provides a summary of the status of viral vector development for HIV vaccines, with a particular focus on novel viral vectors and the types of adaptive immune responses that they induce.
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Davis-Gardner ME, Gardner MR, Alfant B, Farzan M. eCD4-Ig promotes ADCC activity of sera from HIV-1-infected patients. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006786. [PMID: 29253851 PMCID: PMC5749896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxity (ADCC) can eliminate HIV-1 infected cells, and may help reduce the reservoir of latent virus in infected patients. Sera of HIV-1 positive individuals include a number of antibodies that recognize epitopes usually occluded on HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers. We have recently described eCD4-Ig, a potent and exceptionally broad inhibitor of HIV-1 entry that can be used to protect rhesus macaques from multiple high-dose challenges with simian-human immunodeficiency virus AD8 (SHIV-AD8). Here we show that eCD4-Ig bearing an IgG1 Fc domain (eCD4-IgG1) can mediate efficient ADCC activity against HIV-1 isolates with differing tropisms, and that it does so at least 10-fold more efficiently than CD4-Ig, even when more CD4-Ig molecules bound cell surface-expressed Env. An ADCC-inactive IgG2 form of eCD4-Ig (eCD4-IgG2) exposes V3-loop and CD4-induced epitopes on cell-expressed trimers, and renders HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to ADCC mediated by antibodies of these classes. Moreover, eCD4-IgG2, but not IgG2 forms of the broadly neutralizing antibodies VRC01 and 10-1074, enhances the ADCC activities of serum antibodies from patients by 100-fold, and significantly enhanced killing of two latently infected T-cell lines reactivated by vorinostat or TNFα. Thus eCD4-Ig is qualitatively different from CD4-Ig or neutralizing antibodies in its ability to mediate ADCC, and it may be uniquely useful in treating HIV-1 infection or reducing the reservoir of latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E. Davis-Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Barnett Alfant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
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Richard J, Prévost J, Alsahafi N, Ding S, Finzi A. Impact of HIV-1 Envelope Conformation on ADCC Responses. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:253-265. [PMID: 29162391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) represent the only virus-specific antigen exposed at the surface of infected cells. In its unliganded form, Env from primary viruses samples a 'closed' conformation (State 1), which is preferentially recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). CD4 engagement drives Env into an intermediate 'partially open' (State 2) and then into the 'open' CD4-bound conformation (State 3). Emerging evidence suggests a link between Env conformation and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1-infected cells exposing Env in the CD4-bound conformation are susceptible to ADCC mediated by CD4-induced Abs and HIV+sera. Cells exposing State 1 Env are susceptible to ADCC mediated by bNAbs. Here, we discuss how Env conformation affects ADCC responses and in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; These authors contributed equally
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; These authors contributed equally
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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59
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Chea LS, Amara RR. Immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA/MVA HIV vaccines in rhesus macaque models. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:973-985. [PMID: 28838267 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1371594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite 30 years of research on HIV, a vaccine to prevent infection and limit disease progression remains elusive. The RV144 trial showed moderate, but significant protection in humans and highlighted the contribution of antibody responses directed against HIV envelope as an important immune correlate for protection. Efforts to further build upon the progress include the use of a heterologous prime-boost regimen using DNA as the priming agent and the attenuated vaccinia virus, Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), as a boosting vector for generating protective HIV-specific immunity. Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the immunogenicity of DNA/MVA vaccines in non-human primate models and describe the efficacy seen in SIV infection models. We discuss immunological correlates of protection determined by these studies and potential approaches for improving the protective immunity. Additionally, we describe the current progress of DNA/MVA vaccines in human trials. Expert commentary: Efforts over the past decade have provided the opportunity to better understand the dynamics of vaccine-induced immune responses and immune correlates of protection against HIV. Based on what we have learned, we outline multiple areas where the field will likely focus on in the next five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Siv Chea
- a Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- a Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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60
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Bernard NF, Kiani Z, Tremblay-McLean A, Kant SA, Leeks CE, Dupuy FP. Natural Killer (NK) Cell Education Differentially Influences HIV Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Activation and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1033. [PMID: 28883824 PMCID: PMC5574056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) endowed with Fc-mediated effector functions has been shown to be critical for protecting or controlling viral replication in animal models. In human, the RV144 Thai trial was the first trial to demonstrate a significant protection against HIV infection following vaccination. Analysis of the correlates of immune protection in this trial identified an association between the presence of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies (Abs) to HIV envelope (Env) V1/V2 loop structures and protection from infection, provided IgA Abs with competing specificity were not present. Systems serology analyses implicated a broader range of Ab-dependent functions in protection from HIV infection, including but not limited to ADCC and Ab-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) for secretion of IFN-γ and CCL4 and expression of the degranulation marker CD107a. The existence of such correlations in the absence of bNAbs in the RV144 trial suggest that NK cells could be instrumental in protecting against HIV infection by limiting viral spread through Fc-mediated functions such as ADCC and the production of antiviral cytokines/chemokines. Beside the engagement of FcγRIIIa or CD16 by the Fc portion of anti-Env IgG1 and IgG3 Abs, natural killer (NK) cells are also able to directly kill infected cells and produce cytokines/chemokines in an Ab-independent manner. Responsiveness of NK cells depends on the integration of activating and inhibitory signals through NK receptors, which is determined by a process during their development known as education. NK cell education requires the engagement of inhibitory NK receptors by their human leukocyte antigen ligands to establish tolerance to self while allowing NK cells to respond to self cells altered by virus infection, transformation, stress, and to allogeneic cells. Here, we review recent findings regarding the impact of inter-individual differences in NK cell education on Ab-dependent functions such as ADCC and ADNKA, including what is known about the HIV Env epitope specificity of ADCC competent Abs and the conformation of HIV Env on target cells used for ADCC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tremblay-McLean
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sanket A Kant
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E Leeks
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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61
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Ita S, Agostinho MR, Sullivan K, Yub Han S, Akleh R, Johnson WE, Fofana IBF. Analysis of SIVmac Envelope-Specific Antibodies Selected Through Phage Display. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:869-879. [PMID: 28075174 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed a single chain fragment variable (scFv) phage display library from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque that developed unusually high-titer neutralizing antibody responses against tier-3, neutralization-resistant SIVmac239. The library was screened using trimeric (gp140) and monomeric (gp120) forms of the SIVmac239 envelope (Env) glycoprotein. We also cloned variable-heavy and variable-light (VH-VL) antibody fragments from seven previously described rhesus macaque B-cell lines (BLCLs) that produce SIV gp120-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Thirty-two gp140-specific mAbs were selected along with 20 gp120-specific ones. gp120-specific mAbs were only from the VH4 family, while gp41-specific mAbs were primarily from VH1, followed by VH4 and VH3. Rhesus macaque BLCL-derived mAbs belonged primarily to the VH4 family of antibodies followed by VH3 and a smaller number of VH1s. A preferential VH combination with Vλ light chain was observed with phage display-selected SIV Env-specific mAbs (gp120 and gp140), but not with BLCL-derived antibodies or the unpanned library. None of the tested antibodies had detectable neutralizing activity against tier-3 SIVmac239. The majority of gp120-specifc mAbs potently neutralized tier-1 SIVmac316 with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values below 1 μg/ml. For gp140-specific antibodies, which were all specific for the gp41-subunit, 2 out of 11 tested neutralized SIVmac316 (IC50 of 7 and 5 μg/ml, respectively). These data suggest an order of preferential VH segment usage for SIV-specific antibodies in rhesus macaques. These antibodies will be useful in assessing the contribution of non-neutralizing antibodies to inhibition of SIV infection in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ita
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Virology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mayara R. Agostinho
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Brazil Scientific Mobility Program, College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Seung Yub Han
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Rana Akleh
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Martins MA, Shin YC, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Domingues A, Gutman MJ, Maxwell HS, Castro I, Magnani DM, Ricciardi M, Pedreño-Lopez N, Bailey V, Betancourt D, Altman JD, Pauthner M, Burton DR, von Bredow B, Evans DT, Yuan M, Parks CL, Ejima K, Allison DB, Rakasz E, Barber GN, Capuano S, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC, Watkins DI. Vaccine-induced immune responses against both Gag and Env improve control of simian immunodeficiency virus replication in rectally challenged rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006529. [PMID: 28732035 PMCID: PMC5540612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to control lentivirus replication may be determined, in part, by the extent to which individual viral proteins are targeted by the immune system. Consequently, defining the antigens that elicit the most protective immune responses may facilitate the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Here we vaccinated four groups of rhesus macaques with a heterologous vector prime/boost/boost/boost (PBBB) regimen expressing the following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) genes: env, gag, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 1); env, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 2); gag, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 3); or vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 4). Following repeated intrarectal challenges with a marginal dose of the neutralization-resistant SIVmac239 clone, vaccinees in Groups 1-3 became infected at similar rates compared to control animals. Unexpectedly, vaccinees in Group 4 became infected at a slower pace than the other animals, although this difference was not statistically significant. Group 1 exhibited the best post-acquisition virologic control of SIV infection, with significant reductions in both peak and chronic phase viremia. Indeed, 5/8 Group 1 vaccinees had viral loads of less than 2,000 vRNA copies/mL of plasma in the chronic phase. Vaccine regimens that did not contain gag (Group 2), env (Group 3), or both of these inserts (Group 4) were largely ineffective at decreasing viremia. Thus, vaccine-induced immune responses against both Gag and Env appeared to maximize control of immunodeficiency virus replication. Collectively, these findings are relevant for HIV-1 vaccine design as they provide additional insights into which of the lentiviral proteins might serve as the best vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Young C. Shin
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Aline Domingues
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Gutman
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Helen S. Maxwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Iris Castro
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Varian Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dillon Betancourt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - John D. Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin von Bredow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maoli Yuan
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Parks
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David B. Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Eva Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Glen N. Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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BST-2 Expression Modulates Small CD4-Mimetic Sensitization of HIV-1-Infected Cells to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00219-17. [PMID: 28331088 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00219-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies recognizing conserved CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env and able to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been shown to be present in sera from most HIV-1-infected individuals. These antibodies preferentially recognize Env in its CD4-bound conformation. CD4 downregulation by Nef and Vpu dramatically reduces exposure of CD4i HIV-1 Env epitopes and therefore reduce the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV-positive (HIV+) sera. Importantly, this mechanism of immune evasion can be circumvented with small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) that are able to transition Env into the CD4-bound conformation and sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV+ sera. However, HIV-1 developed additional mechanisms to avoid ADCC, including Vpu-mediated BST-2 antagonism, which decreases the overall amount of Env present at the cell surface. Accordingly, BST-2 upregulation in response to alpha interferon (IFN-α) was shown to increase the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC despite the activity of Vpu. Here we show that BST-2 upregulation by IFN-β and interleukin-27 (IL-27) also increases the surface expression of Env and thus boosts the ability of CD4mc to sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 evolved sophisticated strategies to conceal Env epitopes from ADCC-mediating antibodies present in HIV+ sera. Vpu-mediated BST-2 downregulation was shown to decrease ADCC responses by limiting the amount of Env present at the cell surface. This effect of Vpu was shown to be attenuated by IFN-α treatment. Here we show that in addition to IFN-α, IFN-β and IL-27 also affect Vpu-mediated BST-2 downregulation and greatly enhance ADCC responses against HIV-1-infected cells in the presence of CD4mc. These findings may inform strategies aimed at HIV prevention and eradication.
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Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for the V2, V3, CD4-Binding Site, and gp41 of HIV-1 Mediate Phagocytosis in a Dose-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02325-16. [PMID: 28122974 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02325-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the weak or absent neutralizing activity mediated by anti-V2 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), we tested whether they can mediate Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), which is an important element of anti-HIV-1 immunity. We tested six anti-V2 MAbs and compared them with 21 MAbs specific for V3, the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), and gp41 derived from chronically HIV-1-infected individuals and produced by hybridoma cells. ADCP activity was measured by flow cytometry using uptake by THP-1 monocytic cells of fluorescent beads coated with gp120, gp41, BG505 SOSIP.664, or BG505 DS-SOSIP.664 complexed with MAbs. The measurement of ADCP activity by the area under the curve showed significantly higher activity of anti-gp41 MAbs than of the members of the three other groups of MAbs tested using beads coated with monomeric gp41 or gp120; anti-V2 MAbs were dominant compared to anti-V3 and anti-CD4bs MAbs against clade C gp120ZM109 ADCP activity mediated by V2 and V3 MAbs was positive against stabilized DS-SOSIP.664 trimer but negligible against SOSIP.664 targets, suggesting that a closed envelope conformation better exposes the variable loops. Two IgG3 MAbs against the V2 and V3 regions displayed dominant ADCP activity compared to a panel of IgG1 MAbs. This superior ADCP activity was confirmed when two of three recombinant IgG3 anti-V2 MAbs were compared to their IgG1 counterparts. The study demonstrated dominant ADCP activity of anti-gp41 against monomers but not trimers, with some higher activity of anti-V2 MAbs than of anti-V3 and anti-CD4bs MAbs. The ability to mediate ADCP suggests a mechanism by which anti-HIV-1 envelope Abs can contribute to protective efficacy.IMPORTANCE Anti-V2 antibodies (Abs) correlated with reduced risk of HIV-1 infection in recipients of the RV144 vaccine, suggesting that they play a protective role, but a mechanism providing such protection remains to be determined. The rare and weak neutralizing activities of anti-V2 MAbs prompted us to study Fc-mediated activities. We compared anti-V2 MAbs with other MAbs specific for V3, CD4bs, and gp41 for Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activity, implicated in protective immunity. The anti-V2 MAbs displayed stronger activity than other anti-gp120 MAbs in screening against one of two gp120s and against DS-SOSIP, which mimics the native trimer. The activity of anti-gp41 MAbs was superior in targeting monomeric gp41 but was comparable to that seen against trimers, which may not adequately expose gp41 epitopes. While anti-envelope MAbs in general mediated ADCP activity, anti-V2 MAbs displayed some dominance compared to other MAbs. Our demonstration that anti-V2 MAbs mediate ADCP activity suggests a functional mechanism for their contribution to protective efficacy.
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Lack of ADCC Breadth of Human Nonneutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02440-16. [PMID: 28122982 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02440-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) capable of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been identified as a protective immune correlate in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) also mediate ADCC in cell culture and rely on their Fc region for optimal efficacy in animal models. Here, we selected 9 monoclonal nnAbs and 5 potent bNAbs targeting various epitopes and conformations of the gp120/41 complex and analyzed the potency of the two types of antibodies to bind and eliminate HIV-1-infected cells in culture. Regardless of their neutralizing activity, most of the selected antibodies recognized and killed cells infected with two laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains. Some nnAbs also bound bystander cells that may have captured viral proteins. However, in contrast to the bNAbs, the nnAbs bound poorly to reactivated infected cells from 8 HIV-positive individuals and did not mediate effective ADCC against these cells. The nnAbs also inefficiently recognize cells infected with 8 different transmitted-founder (T/F) isolates. The addition of a synthetic CD4 mimetic enhanced the binding and killing efficacy of some of the nnAbs in an epitope-dependent manner without reaching the levels achieved by the most potent bNAbs. Overall, our data reveal important qualitative and quantitative differences between nnAbs and bNAbs in their ADCC capacity and strongly suggest that the breadth of recognition of HIV-1 by nnAbs is narrow.IMPORTANCE Most of the anti-HIV antibodies generated by infected individuals do not display potent neutralizing activities. These nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been identified as a protective immune correlate in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. However, in primate models, the nnAbs do not protect against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition. Thus, the role of nnAbs with ADCC activity in protection from infection remains debatable. In contrast, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) neutralize a large array of viral strains and mediate ADCC in cell culture. We analyzed the capacities of 9 nnAbs and 5 bNAbs to eliminate infected cells. We selected 18 HIV-1 strains, including virus reactivated from the reservoir of HIV-positive individuals and transmitted-founder isolates. We report that the nnAbs bind poorly to cells infected with primary HIV-1 strains and do not mediate potent ADCC. Overall, our data show that the breadth of recognition of HIV-1 by nnAbs is narrow.
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Influence of the Envelope gp120 Phe 43 Cavity on HIV-1 Sensitivity to Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02452-16. [PMID: 28100618 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02452-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells presenting envelope glycoproteins (Env) in the CD4-bound conformation on their surface are preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cellular-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to avoid the exposure of Env ADCC epitopes by downregulating CD4 and by limiting the overall amount of Env on the cell surface. In HIV-1, substitution of large residues such as histidine or tryptophan for serine 375 (S375H/W) in the gp120 Phe 43 cavity, where Phe 43 of CD4 contacts gp120, results in the spontaneous sampling of an Env conformation closer to the CD4-bound state. While residue S375 is well conserved in the majority of group M HIV-1 isolates, CRF01_AE strains have a naturally occurring histidine at this position (H375). Interestingly, CRF01_AE is the predominant circulating strain in Thailand, where the RV144 trial took place. In this trial, which resulted in a modest degree of protection, ADCC responses were identified as being part of the correlate of protection. Here we investigate the influence of the Phe 43 cavity on ADCC responses. Filling this cavity with a histidine or tryptophan residue in Env with a natural serine residue at this position (S375H/W) increased the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC. Conversely, the replacement of His 375 by a serine residue (H375S) within HIV-1 CRF01_AE decreased the efficiency of the ADCC response. Our results raise the intriguing possibility that the presence of His 375 in the circulating strain where the RV144 trial was held contributed to the observed vaccine efficacy.IMPORTANCE HIV-1-infected cells presenting Env in the CD4-bound conformation on their surface are preferentially targeted by ADCC mediated by HIV-positive (HIV+) sera. Here we show that the gp120 Phe 43 cavity modulates the propensity of Env to sample this conformation and therefore affects the susceptibility of infected cells to ADCC. CRF01_AE HIV-1 strains have an unusual Phe 43 cavity-filling His 375 residue, which increases the propensity of Env to sample the CD4-bound conformation, thereby increasing susceptibility to ADCC.
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Modulation of innate and adaptive cellular immunity relevant to HIV-1 vaccine design by seminal plasma. AIDS 2017; 31:333-342. [PMID: 27835615 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mucosal exposure to HIV-1 infection generally occurs in the presence of semen. Immunomodulation by seminal plasma is well described in the reproductive biology literature. Little is known, however, about the impact of seminal plasma on innate and adaptive anti-HIV-1 cellular immunity. DESIGN The study investigated the effects of seminal plasma on immune responses considered important for prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine development, namely innate and adaptive cellular immunity mediated by natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, respectively. METHODS The ability of seminal plasma to modulate direct, antibody-dependent and cytokine-stimulated NK cell activation was assessed utilizing intracellular cytokine staining. Direct and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase release assays. The effects of seminal plasma on T-cell activation upon stimulation with staphylococcus enterotoxin B or HIV-1 Gag peptides were assessed by intracellular cytokine staining. The impact of seminal plasma on redirected cytolysis mediated by T cells was measured using lactate dehydrogenase release assays. RESULTS Both direct and antibody-dependent NK cell activation were dramatically impaired by the presence of either HIV-1-uninfected or HIV-1-infected seminal plasma in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, seminal plasma suppressed both direct and antibody-dependent NK cell-mediated cytolysis, including anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent cytolysis of gp120-pulsed CEM.NKr-CCR5 cells. Finally, seminal plasma attenuated both HIV-1 Gag-specific and staphylococcus enterotoxin B-induced CTL activation. CONCLUSIONS Semen contains potent immunosuppressors of both NK cell and CD8 T-cell-mediated anti-HIV-1 immune responses. This could impede attempts to provide vaccine-induced immunity to HIV-1.
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Adnan S, Reeves RK, Gillis J, Wong FE, Yu Y, Camp JV, Li Q, Connole M, Li Y, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Li W, Keele BF, Kozlowski PA, Desrosiers RC, Haase AT, Johnson RP. Persistent Low-Level Replication of SIVΔnef Drives Maturation of Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses to Induce Protective Immunity against Vaginal SIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006104. [PMID: 27959961 PMCID: PMC5189958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the correlates of immune protection conferred by SIVΔnef, the most effective vaccine against SIV challenge, could enable the design of a protective vaccine against HIV infection. Here we provide a comprehensive assessment of immune responses that protect against SIV infection through detailed analyses of cellular and humoral immune responses in the blood and tissues of rhesus macaques vaccinated with SIVΔnef and then vaginally challenged with wild-type SIV. Despite the presence of robust cellular immune responses, animals at 5 weeks after vaccination displayed only transient viral suppression of challenge virus, whereas all macaques challenged at weeks 20 and 40 post-SIVΔnef vaccination were protected, as defined by either apparent sterile protection or significant suppression of viremia in infected animals. Multiple parameters of CD8 T cell function temporally correlated with maturation of protection, including polyfunctionality, phenotypic differentiation, and redistribution to gut and lymphoid tissues. Importantly, we also demonstrate the induction of a tissue-resident memory population of SIV-specific CD8 T cells in the vaginal mucosa, which was dependent on ongoing low-level antigenic stimulation. Moreover, we show that vaginal and serum antibody titers inversely correlated with post-challenge peak viral load, and we correlate the accumulation and affinity maturation of the antibody response to the duration of the vaccination period as well as to the SIVΔnef antigenic load. In conclusion, maturation of SIVΔnef-induced CD8 T cell and antibody responses, both propelled by viral persistence in the gut mucosa and secondary lymphoid tissues, results in protective immune responses that are able to interrupt viral transmission at mucosal portals of entry as well as potential sites of viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Adnan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States of America
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Gillis
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Fay E. Wong
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Yi Yu
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michelle Connole
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Yuan Li
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ashley T. Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - R. Paul Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States of America
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Rationally Designed Vaccines Targeting the V2 Region of HIV-1 gp120 Induce a Focused, Cross-Clade-Reactive, Biologically Functional Antibody Response. J Virol 2016; 90:10993-11006. [PMID: 27630234 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01403-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong antibody (Ab) responses against V1V2 epitopes of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 envelope (Env) correlated with reduced infection rates in studies of HIV, simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). In order to focus the Ab response on V1V2, we used six V1V2 sequences and nine scaffold proteins to construct immunogens which were tested using various immunization regimens for their ability to induce cross-reactive and biologically active V2 Abs in rabbits. A prime/boost immunization strategy was employed using gp120 DNA and various V1V2-scaffold proteins. The rabbit polyclonal Ab responses (i) were successfully focused on the V1V2 region, with weak or only transient responses to other Env epitopes, (ii) displayed broad cross-reactive binding activity with gp120s and the V1V2 regions of diverse strains from clades B, C, and E, (iii) included V2 Abs with specificities similar to those found in HIV-infected individuals, and (iv) remained detectable ≥1 year after the last boosting dose. Importantly, sera from rabbits receiving V1V2-scaffold immunogens displayed Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis whereas sera from rabbits receiving only gp120 did not. The results represent the first fully successful example of reverse vaccinology in the HIV vaccine field with rationally designed epitope scaffold immunogens inducing Abs that recapitulate the epitope specificity and biologic activity of the human monoclonal Abs from which the immunogens were designed. Moreover, this is the first immunogenicity study using epitope-targeting, rationally designed vaccine constructs that induced an Fc-mediated activity associated with protection from infection with HIV, SIV, and SHIV. IMPORTANCE Novel immunogens were designed to focus the antibody response of rabbits on the V1V2 epitopes of HIV-1 gp120 since such antibodies were associated with reduced infection rates of HIV, SIV, and SHIV. The vaccine-induced antibodies were broadly cross-reactive with the V1V2 regions of HIV subtypes B, C and E and, importantly, facilitated Fc-mediated phagocytosis, an activity not induced upon immunization of rabbits with gp120. This is the first immunogenicity study of vaccine constructs that focuses the antibody response on V1V2 and induces V2-specific antibodies with the ability to mediate phagocytosis, an activity that has been associated with protection from infection with HIV, SIV, and SHIV.
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Penaloza MacMaster P, Shields JL, Alayo QA, Cabral C, Jimenez J, Mondesir J, Chandrashekar A, Cabral JM, Lim M, Iampietro MJ, Provine NM, Bricault CA, Seaman M, Orlinger K, Aspoeck A, Fuhrmann G, Lilja AE, Monath T, Mangeat B, Pinschewer DD, Barouch DH. Development of novel replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus vectors expressing SIV antigens. Vaccine 2016; 35:1-9. [PMID: 27899229 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An important focus in vaccine research is the design of vaccine vectors with low seroprevalence and high immunogenicity. Replication-incompetent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV) vectors do not elicit vector-neutralizing antibody responses, and homologous prime-boost regimens with rLCMV vectors induce boostable and protective T cell responses to model antigens in mice. However, cellular and humoral immune responses following homologous rLCMV vaccine regimens have not been rigorously evaluated in non-human primates (NHPs). To test whether rLCMV vectors constitute an effective vaccine platform in NHPs, we developed rLCMV vectors expressing SIVmac239 Env and Gag antigens and assessed their immunogenicity in mice and cynomolgus macaques. Immunization with rLCMV vaccine vectors expressing SIV Env and Gag was effective at generating SIV-specific T cell and antibody responses in both mice and NHPs. Epitope mapping using SIV Env in C57BL/6 mice demonstrated that rLCMV vectors induced sustained poly-functional responses to both dominant and subdominant epitopes. Our results suggest the potential of rLCMV vectors as vaccine candidates. Future SIV challenge experiments in rhesus macaques will be needed to assess immune protection by these vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Penaloza MacMaster
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Shields
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Quazim A Alayo
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Crystal Cabral
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jessica Jimenez
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jade Mondesir
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph M Cabral
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - M Justin Iampietro
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas M Provine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christine A Bricault
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Klaus Orlinger
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Aspoeck
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Fuhrmann
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anders E Lilja
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Monath
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bastien Mangeat
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Tetherin Antagonism by HIV-1 Group M Nef Proteins. J Virol 2016; 90:10701-10714. [PMID: 27654287 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01465-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Nef is the viral gene product used by most simian immunodeficiency viruses to overcome restriction by tetherin, this activity was acquired by the Vpu protein of HIV-1 group M due to the absence of sequences in human tetherin that confer susceptibility to Nef. Thus, it is widely accepted that HIV-1 group M uses Vpu instead of Nef to counteract tetherin. Challenging this paradigm, we identified Nef alleles of HIV-1 group M isolates with significant activity against human tetherin. These Nef proteins promoted virus release and tetherin downmodulation from the cell surface and, in the context of vpu-deleted HIV-1 recombinants, enhanced virus replication and resistance to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Further analysis revealed that the Vpu proteins from several of these viruses lack antitetherin activity, suggesting that under certain circumstances, HIV-1 group M Nef may acquire the ability to counteract tetherin to compensate for the loss of this function by Vpu. These observations illustrate the remarkable plasticity of HIV-1 in overcoming restriction by tetherin and challenge the prevailing view that all HIV-1 group M isolates use Vpu to counteract tetherin. IMPORTANCE Most viruses of HIV-1 group M, the main group of HIV-1 responsible for the global AIDS pandemic, use their Vpu proteins to overcome restriction by tetherin (BST-2 or CD317), which is a transmembrane protein that inhibits virus release from infected cells. Here we show that the Nef proteins of certain HIV-1 group M isolates can acquire the ability to counteract tetherin. These results challenge the current paradigm that HIV-1 group M exclusively uses Vpu to counteract tetherin and underscore the importance of tetherin antagonism for efficient viral replication.
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72
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Williams KL, Cortez V, Dingens AS, Gach JS, Rainwater S, Weis JF, Chen X, Spearman P, Forthal DN, Overbaugh J. HIV-specific CD4-induced Antibodies Mediate Broad and Potent Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activity and Are Commonly Detected in Plasma From HIV-infected humans. EBioMedicine 2016; 2:1464-77. [PMID: 26629541 PMCID: PMC4634620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific antibodies (Abs) can reduce viral burden by blocking new rounds of infection or by destroying infected cells via activation of effector cells through Fc–FcR interaction. This latter process, referred to as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), has been associated with viral control and improved clinical outcome following both HIV and SIV infections. Here we describe an HIV viral-like particle (VLP)-based sorting strategy that led to identification of HIV-specificmemory B cells encoding Abs that mediate ADCC froma subtype A-infected Kenyan woman at 914 days post-infection. Using this strategy, 12 HIV-envelope-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were isolated and three mediated potent ADCC activitywhen compared to well-characterized ADCC mAbs. The ADCC-mediating Abs also mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI), which provides a net measure of Fc receptor-triggered effects against replicating virus. Two of the three ADCC-mediating Abs targeted a CD4-induced (CD4i) epitope also bound by the mAb C11; the third antibody targeted the N-terminus of V3. Both CD4i Abs identified here demonstrated strong cross-clade breadth with activity against 10 of 11 envelopes tested, including those from clades A, B, C, A/D and C/D, whereas the V3-specific antibody showed more limited breadth. Variants of these CD4i, C11-like mAbs engineered to interrupt binding to FcγRs inhibited a measurable percentage of the donor's ADCC activity starting as early as 189 days post-infection. C11-like antibodies also accounted for between 18–78% of ADCC activity in 9 chronically infected individuals from the same cohort study. Further, the two CD4i Abs originated from unique B cells, suggesting that antibodies targeting this epitope can be commonly produced. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that CD4i, C11-like antibodies develop within the first 6 months of infection and they can arise fromunique B-cell lineages in the same individual. Further, thesemAbsmediate potent plasma IgG-specificADCC breadth and potency and contribute to ADCC activity in other HIV-infected individuals.
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73
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Richard J, Pacheco B, Gohain N, Veillette M, Ding S, Alsahafi N, Tolbert WD, Prévost J, Chapleau JP, Coutu M, Jia M, Brassard N, Park J, Courter JR, Melillo B, Martin L, Tremblay C, Hahn BH, Kaufmann DE, Wu X, Smith AB, Sodroski J, Pazgier M, Finzi A. Co-receptor Binding Site Antibodies Enable CD4-Mimetics to Expose Conserved Anti-cluster A ADCC Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. EBioMedicine 2016; 12:208-218. [PMID: 27633463 PMCID: PMC5078604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has evolved a sophisticated strategy to conceal conserved epitopes of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) recognized by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies. These antibodies, which are present in the sera of most HIV-1-infected individuals, preferentially recognize Env in its CD4-bound conformation. Accordingly, recent studies showed that small CD4-mimetics (CD4mc) able to “push” Env into this conformation sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV + sera. Here we test whether CD4mc also expose epitopes recognized by anti-cluster A monoclonal antibodies such as A32, thought to be responsible for the majority of ADCC activity present in HIV + sera and linked to decreased HIV-1 transmission in the RV144 trial. We made the surprising observation that CD4mc are unable to enhance recognition of HIV-1-infected cells by this family of antibodies in the absence of antibodies such as 17b, which binds a highly conserved CD4-induced epitope overlapping the co-receptor binding site (CoRBS). Our results indicate that CD4mc initially open the trimeric Env enough to allow the binding of CoRBS antibodies but not anti-cluster A antibodies. CoRBS antibody binding further opens the trimeric Env, allowing anti-cluster A antibody interaction and sensitization of infected cells to ADCC. Therefore, ADCC responses mediated by cluster A antibodies in HIV-positive sera involve a sequential opening of the Env trimer on the surface of HIV-1-infected cells. The understanding of the conformational changes required to expose these vulnerable Env epitopes might be important in the design of new strategies aimed at fighting HIV-1. CD4-mimetics fail to enhance recognition of infected cells by anti-cluster A antibodies (Abs). Co-receptor binding site Abs in conjunction with CD4-mimetics allow binding of Env by anti-cluster A Abs. Co-receptor binding site Abs help CD4-mimetics sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC.
HIV-1 developed sophisticated strategies to conceal vulnerable epitopes of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) recognized by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies. CD4-mimetics (CD4mc) were shown to sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC induced by HIV + sera. Here we show that this response requires a sequential opening of Env at the surface of HIV-1-infected cells. Co-receptor binding site antibodies, also present in HIV + sera, are required to expose ADCC-mediating epitopes recognized by anti-cluster A antibodies upon CD4mc addition. The understanding of the conformational changes required to expose anti-cluster A epitopes might be important in the design of new strategies aimed at fighting HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | | | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chapleau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Manxue Jia
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Joel R Courter
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Loïc Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139-3583, USA; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3T5, Canada; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueling Wu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Aravantinou M, Frank I, Hallor M, Singer R, Tharinger H, Kenney J, Gettie A, Grasperge B, Blanchard J, Salazar A, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Robbiani M, Derby N. PolyICLC Exerts Pro- and Anti-HIV Effects on the DC-T Cell Milieu In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161730. [PMID: 27603520 PMCID: PMC5014349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) contribute to both HIV pathogenesis and elicitation of antiviral immunity. Understanding how mDC responses to stimuli shape HIV infection outcomes will inform HIV prevention and treatment strategies. The long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral mimic, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (polyIC, PIC) potently stimulates DCs to focus Th1 responses, triggers direct antiviral activity in vitro, and boosts anti-HIV responses in vivo. Stabilized polyICLC (PICLC) is being developed for vaccine adjuvant applications in humans, making it critical to understand how mDC sensing of PICLC influences HIV infection. Using the monocyte-derived DC (moDC) model, we sought to describe how PICLC (vs. other dsRNAs) impacts HIV infection within DCs and DC-T cell mixtures. We extended this work to in vivo macaque rectal transmission studies by administering PICLC with or before rectal SIVmac239 (SIVwt) or SIVmac239ΔNef (SIVΔNef) challenge. Like PIC, PICLC activated DCs and T cells, increased expression of α4β7 and CD169, and induced type I IFN responses in vitro. The type of dsRNA and timing of dsRNA exposure differentially impacted in vitro DC-driven HIV infection. Rectal PICLC treatment similarly induced DC and T cell activation and pro- and anti-HIV factors locally and systemically. Importantly, this did not enhance SIV transmission in vivo. Instead, SIV acquisition was marginally reduced after a single high dose challenge. Interestingly, in the PICLC-treated, SIVΔNef-infected animals, SIVΔNef viremia was higher, in line with the importance of DC and T cell activation in SIVΔNef replication. In the right combination anti-HIV strategy, PICLC has the potential to limit HIV infection and boost HIV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meropi Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Magnus Hallor
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
- Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rachel Singer
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hugo Tharinger
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, LA, United States of America
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, LA, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
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Gordon SN, Liyanage NPM, Doster MN, Vaccari M, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Pegu P, Schifanella L, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Rao M, Billings EA, Schwartz J, Prado I, Bobb K, Zhang W, Montefiori DC, Foulds KE, Ferrari G, Robert-Guroff M, Roederer M, Phan TB, Forthal DN, Stablein DM, Phogat S, Venzon DJ, Fouts T, Franchini G. Boosting of ALVAC-SIV Vaccine-Primed Macaques with the CD4-SIVgp120 Fusion Protein Elicits Antibodies to V2 Associated with a Decreased Risk of SIVmac251 Acquisition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2726-37. [PMID: 27591322 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant ALVAC vaccine coupled with the monomeric gp120/alum protein have decreased the risk of HIV and SIV acquisition. Ab responses to the V1/V2 regions have correlated with a decreased risk of virus acquisition in both humans and macaques. We hypothesized that the breadth and functional profile of Abs induced by an ALVAC/envelope protein regimen could be improved by substituting the monomeric gp120 boost, with the full-length single-chain (FLSC) protein. FLSC is a CD4-gp120 fusion immunogen that exposes cryptic gp120 epitopes to the immune system. We compared the immunogenicity and relative efficiency of an ALVAC-SIV vaccine boosted either with bivalent FLSC proteins or with monomeric gp120 in alum. FLSC was superior to monomeric gp120 in directing Abs to the C3 α2 helix, the V5 loop, and the V3 region that contains the putative CCR5 binding site. In addition, FLSC boosting elicited significantly higher binding Abs to V2 and increased both the Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity and the breadth of neutralizing Abs. However, the FLSC vaccine regimen demonstrated only a trend in vaccine efficacy, whereas the monomeric gp120 regimen significantly decreased the risk of SIVmac251 acquisition. In both vaccine regimens, anti-V2 Abs correlated with a decreased risk of virus acquisition but differed with regard to systemic or mucosal origin. In the FLSC regimen, serum Abs to V2 correlated, whereas in the monomeric gp120 regimen, V2 Abs in rectal secretions, the site of viral challenge, were associated with efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari N Gordon
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Melvin N Doster
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Poonam Pegu
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Erik A Billings
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | | | - Ilia Prado
- Profectus BioSciences Inc., Baltimore, MD 21224
| | | | | | | | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tran B Phan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92868
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92868
| | | | | | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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HIV-1-Specific Antibody Response and Function after DNA Prime and Recombinant Adenovirus 5 Boost HIV Vaccine in HIV-Infected Subjects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160341. [PMID: 27500639 PMCID: PMC4976892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the humoral immune response against DNA prime-recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5) boost HIV vaccine among HIV-infected patients on long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Previous studies emphasized cellular immune responses; however, current research suggests both cellular and humoral responses are likely required for a successful therapeutic vaccine. Thus, we aimed to understand antibody response and function induced by vaccination of ART-treated HIV-1-infected patients with immune recovery. All subjects participated in EraMune 02, an open-label randomized clinical trial of ART intensification followed by a six plasmid DNA prime (envA, envB, envC, gagB, polB, nefB) and rAd5 boost HIV vaccine with matching inserts. Antibody binding levels were determined with a recently developed microarray approach. We also analyzed neutralization efficiency and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). We found that the DNA prime-rAd5 boost vaccine induced a significant cross-clade HIV-specific antibody response, which correlated with antibody neutralization efficiency. However, despite the increase in antibody binding levels, the vaccine did not significantly stimulate neutralization or ADCC responses. This finding was also reflected by a lack of change in total CD4+ cell associated HIV DNA in those who received the vaccine. Our results have important implications for further therapeutic vaccine design and administration, especially in HIV-1 infected patients, as boosting of preexisting antibody responses are unlikely to lead to clearance of latent proviruses in the HIV reservoir.
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Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J Virol 2016; 90:6127-6139. [PMID: 27122574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00347-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein have been studied extensively for their ability to block viral infectivity, little data are currently available on nonneutralizing functions of these antibodies, such as their ability to eliminate virus-infected cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 Env-specific antibodies of diverse specificities, including potent broadly neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies, were therefore tested for ADCC against cells infected with a lab-adapted HIV-1 isolate (HIV-1NL4-3), a primary HIV-1 isolate (HIV-1JR-FL), and a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) adapted for pathogenic infection of rhesus macaques (SHIVAD8-EO). In accordance with the sensitivity of these viruses to neutralization, HIV-1NL4-3-infected cells were considerably more sensitive to ADCC, both in terms of the number of antibodies and magnitude of responses, than cells infected with HIV-1JR-FL or SHIVAD8-EO ADCC activity generally correlated with antibody binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells and with viral neutralization; however, neutralization was not always predictive of ADCC, as instances of ADCC in the absence of detectable neutralization, and vice versa, were observed. These results reveal incomplete overlap in the specificities of antibodies that mediate these antiviral activities and provide insights into the relationship between ADCC and neutralization important for the development of antibody-based vaccines and therapies for combating HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE This study provides fundamental insights into the relationship between antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and virus neutralization that may help to guide the development of antibody-based vaccines and immunotherapies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Brief Report: Seminal Plasma Anti-HIV Antibodies Trigger Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity: Implications for HIV Transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 71:17-23. [PMID: 26761269 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence from HIV vaccine trials in humans and non-human primates suggests that nonneutralizing antibody functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), are an important component of vaccine-mediated protection. Whether anti-HIV ADCC antibodies are present in seminal fluid, however, is not known. We assessed whether anti-HIV antibodies within seminal plasma mediate ADCC and activate natural killer (NK) cells. Using matched blood and seminal plasma samples, we detected anti-HIV IgG within samples from all 11 HIV-infected donors. Furthermore, anti-HIV antibodies within the seminal plasma triggered detectable ADCC in 9 of 11 donors and activated NK cells in 6 of 11 donors. The ability of seminal plasma-derived IgG to activate NK cells in an anti-HIV antibody-dependent manner was enhanced when IgG were enriched and other seminal plasma components were removed. These observations have relevance for understanding natural immunity to HIV infection and provide assistance with HIV vaccine design.
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Hodara VL, Parodi LM, Keckler MS, Giavedoni LD. Increases in NKG2C Expression on T Cells and Higher Levels of Circulating CD8 + B Cells Are Associated with Sterilizing Immunity Provided by a Live Attenuated SIV Vaccine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1125-1134. [PMID: 26986800 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on live attenuated viruses are highly effective immunogens in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus macaque animal model and offer the possibility of studying correlates of protection against infection with virulent virus. We utilized a tether system for studying, in naive macaques and animals vaccinated with a live-attenuated vaccine, the acute events after challenge with pathogenic SIV. This approach allowed for the frequent sampling of small blood volumes without sedation or restraining of the animals, thus reducing the confounding effect of sampling stress. Before challenge, vaccinated animals presented significantly higher levels of proliferating and activated B cells than naive macaques, which were manifested by high expression of CD8 on B cells. After SIV challenge, the only changes observed in protected vaccinated macaques were significant increases in expression of the NK marker NKG2C on CD4 and CD8 T cells. We also identified that infection of naive macaques with SIV resulted in a transient peak of expression of CD20 on CD8 T cells and a constant rise in the number of B cells expressing CD8. Finally, analysis of a larger cohort of vaccinated animals identified that, even when circulating levels of vaccine virus are below the limit of detection, live attenuated vaccines induce systemic increases of IP-10 and perforin. These studies indicate that components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems of animals inoculated with a live-attenuated SIV vaccine respond to and control infection with virulent virus. Persistence of the vaccine virus in tissues may explain the elevated cytokine and B-cell activation levels. In addition, our report underpins the utility of the tether system for the intensive study of acute immune responses to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida L. Hodara
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Laura M. Parodi
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - M. Shannon Keckler
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Luis D. Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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80
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Muller S, Parsons MS, Kohler H, Grant M. The Significance of a Common Idiotype (1F7) on Antibodies against Human Immune Deficiency Virus Type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus. Front Oncol 2016; 6:11. [PMID: 26904499 PMCID: PMC4742788 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we trace the concept and potential functional role of regulatory idiotypes in the immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). A major idiotype involved in these viral infections is recognized and defined by a murine monoclonal antibody (1F7). Antibodies expressing the idiotype defined by 1F7 are dominant in HIV-1 infection and are also found on many broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1. This regulatory idiotypic axis offers opportunities for exploitation in vaccine development for HIV-1, HCV, and other chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Heinz Kohler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Michael Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, NL , Canada
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81
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Nef Proteins from HIV-1 Elite Controllers Are Inefficient at Preventing Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2015; 90:2993-3002. [PMID: 26719277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02973-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Impairment of Nef function, including reduced CD4 downregulation, was described in a subset of HIV-1-infected individuals that control viral replication without antiretroviral treatment (elite controllers [EC]). Elimination of HIV-1-infected cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) requires the presence of envelope glycoproteins (Env) in the CD4-bound conformation, raising the possibility that accumulating CD4 at the surface of virus-infected cells in EC could interact with Env and thereby sensitize these cells to ADCC. We observed a significant increase in the exposure of Env epitopes targeted by ADCC-mediating antibodies at the surface of cells expressing Nef isolates from EC; this correlated with enhanced susceptibility to ADCC. Altogether, our results suggest that enhanced susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC may contribute to the EC phenotype. IMPORTANCE Nef clones derived from elite controllers (EC) have been shown to be attenuated for CD4 downregulation; how this contributes to the nonprogressor phenotype of these infected individuals remains uncertain. Increasing evidence supports a role for HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in controlling viral infection and replication. Here, we show that residual CD4 left at the surface of cells expressing Nef proteins isolated from ECs are sufficient to allow Env-CD4 interaction, leading to increased exposure of Env CD4-induced epitopes and increased susceptibility of infected cells to ADCC. Our results suggest that ADCC might be an active immune mechanism in EC that helps to maintain durable suppression of viral replication and low plasma viremia level in this rare subset of infected individuals. Therefore, targeting Nef's ability to downregulate CD4 could render HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to ADCC and thus have therapeutic utility.
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82
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Reeves RK, Li H, Jost S, Blass E, Li H, Schafer JL, Varner V, Manickam C, Eslamizar L, Altfeld M, von Andrian UH, Barouch DH. Antigen-specific NK cell memory in rhesus macaques. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:927-32. [PMID: 26193080 PMCID: PMC4545390 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been considered nonspecific components of innate immunity, but recent studies have shown features of antigen-specific memory in mouse NK cells. However, it has remained unclear whether this phenomenon also exists in primates. We found that splenic and hepatic NK cells from SHIV(SF162P3)-infected and SIV(mac251)-infected macaques specifically lysed Gag- and Env-pulsed dendritic cells in an NKG2-dependent fashion, in contrast to NK cells from uninfected macaques. Moreover, splenic and hepatic NK cells from Ad26-vaccinated macaques efficiently lysed antigen-matched but not antigen-mismatched targets 5 years after vaccination. These data demonstrate that robust, durable, antigen-specific NK cell memory can be induced in primates after both infection and vaccination, and this finding could be important for the development of vaccines against HIV-1 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Haiying Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Stephanie Jost
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Eryn Blass
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Hualin Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jamie L. Schafer
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Valerie Varner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Leila Eslamizar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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83
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Gohain N, Tolbert WD, Acharya P, Yu L, Liu T, Zhao P, Orlandi C, Visciano ML, Kamin-Lewis R, Sajadi MM, Martin L, Robinson JE, Kwong PD, DeVico AL, Ray K, Lewis GK, Pazgier M. Cocrystal Structures of Antibody N60-i3 and Antibody JR4 in Complex with gp120 Define More Cluster A Epitopes Involved in Effective Antibody-Dependent Effector Function against HIV-1. J Virol 2015; 89:8840-54. [PMID: 26085162 PMCID: PMC4524080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01232-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Accumulating evidence indicates a role for Fc receptor (FcR)-mediated effector functions of antibodies, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), in prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition and in postinfection control of viremia. Consequently, an understanding of the molecular basis for Env epitopes that constitute effective ADCC targets is of fundamental interest for humoral anti-HIV-1 immunity and for HIV-1 vaccine design. A substantial portion of FcR effector function of potentially protective anti-HIV-1 antibodies is directed toward nonneutralizing, transitional, CD4-inducible (CD4i) epitopes associated with the gp41-reactive region of gp120 (cluster A epitopes). Our previous studies defined the A32-like epitope within the cluster A region and mapped it to the highly conserved and mobile layers 1 and 2 of the gp120 inner domain within the C1-C2 regions of gp120. Here, we elucidate additional cluster A epitope structures, including an A32-like epitope, recognized by human monoclonal antibody (MAb) N60-i3, and a hybrid A32-C11-like epitope, recognized by rhesus macaque MAb JR4. These studies define for the first time a hybrid A32-C11-like epitope and map it to elements of both the A32-like subregion and the seven-layered β-sheet of the gp41-interactive region of gp120. These studies provide additional evidence that effective antibody-dependent effector function in the cluster A region depends on precise epitope targeting--a combination of epitope footprint and mode of antibody attachment. All together these findings help further an understanding of how cluster A epitopes are targeted by humoral responses. IMPORTANCE HIV/AIDS has claimed the lives of over 30 million people. Although antiretroviral drugs can control viral replication, no vaccine has yet been developed to prevent the spread of the disease. Studies of natural HIV-1 infection, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)- or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs), and HIV-1-infected humanized mouse models, passive transfer studies in infants born to HIV-infected mothers, and the RV144 clinical trial have linked FcR-mediated effector functions of anti-HIV-1 antibodies with postinfection control of viremia and/or blocking viral acquisition. With this report we provide additional definition of the molecular determinants for Env antigen engagement which lead to effective antibody-dependent effector function directed to the nonneutralizing CD4-dependent epitopes in the gp41-reactive region of gp120. These findings have important implications for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakshi Gohain
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tongyun Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pingsen Zhao
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria L Visciano
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roberta Kamin-Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Medical Care Clinical Center, VA Maryland Health Care Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Loïc Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - James E Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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84
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Envelope Glycoprotein Internalization Protects Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Cells from Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2015; 89:10648-55. [PMID: 26269175 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01911-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cytoplasmic tails of human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV, respectively) envelope glycoproteins contain a highly conserved, membrane-proximal endocytosis motif that prevents the accumulation of Env on the surface of infected cells prior to virus assembly. Using an assay designed to measure the killing of virus-infected cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), we show that substitutions in this motif increase the susceptibility of HIV-1- and SIV-infected cells to ADCC in a manner that directly correlates with elevated Env levels on the surface of virus-infected cells. In the case of HIV-1, this effect is additive with a deletion in vpu recently shown to enhance the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC as a result of tetherin-mediated retention of budding virions on the cell surface. These results reveal a previously unappreciated role for the membrane-proximal endocytosis motif of gp41 in protecting HIV-1- and SIV-infected cells from antibody responses by regulating the amount of Env present on the cell surface. IMPORTANCE This study reveals an unappreciated role for the membrane-proximal endocytosis motif of gp41 in protecting HIV-1- and SIV-infected cells from elimination by Env-specific antibodies. Thus, strategies designed to interfere with this mechanism of Env internalization may improve the efficacy of antibody-based vaccines and antiretroviral therapies designed to enhance the immunological control of HIV-1 replication in chronically infected individuals.
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85
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Jang JH, Huang Y, Zheng P, Jo MC, Bertolet G, Zhu MX, Qin L, Liu D. Imaging of Cell-Cell Communication in a Vertical Orientation Reveals High-Resolution Structure of Immunological Synapse and Novel PD-1 Dynamics. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1320-1330. [PMID: 26123352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403143/-/dcsupplemental] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is one of the most pivotal communication strategies in immune cells. Understanding the molecular basis of the IS provides critical information regarding how immune cells mount an effective immune response. Fluorescence microscopy provides a fundamental tool to study the IS. However, current imaging techniques for studying the IS cannot sufficiently achieve high resolution in real cell-cell conjugates. In this study, we present a new device that allows for high-resolution imaging of the IS with conventional confocal microscopy in a high-throughput manner. Combining micropits and single-cell trap arrays, we have developed a new microfluidic platform that allows visualization of the IS in vertically "stacked" cells. Using this vertical cell pairing (VCP) system, we investigated the dynamics of the inhibitory synapse mediated by an inhibitory receptor, programed death protein-1, and the cytotoxic synapse at the single-cell level. In addition to the technique innovation, we have demonstrated novel biological findings by this VCP device, including novel distribution of F-actin and cytolytic granules at the IS, programed death protein-1 microclusters at the NK IS, and kinetics of cytotoxicity. We propose that this high-throughput, cost-effective, easy-to-use VCP system, along with conventional imaging techniques, can be used to address a number of significant biological questions in a variety of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hee Jang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Myeong Chan Jo
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Grant Bertolet
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Michael Xi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
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86
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Fuchs SP, Martinez-Navio JM, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Gao G, Desrosiers RC. AAV-Delivered Antibody Mediates Significant Protective Effects against SIVmac239 Challenge in the Absence of Neutralizing Activity. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005090. [PMID: 26248318 PMCID: PMC4527674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term delivery of potent broadly-neutralizing antibodies is a promising approach for the prevention of HIV-1 infection. We used AAV vector intramuscularly to deliver anti-SIV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in IgG1 form to rhesus monkeys. Persisting levels of delivered mAb as high as 270 μg/ml were achieved. However, host antibody responses to the delivered antibody were observed in 9 of the 12 monkeys and these appeared to limit the concentration of delivered antibody that could be achieved. This is reflected in the wide range of delivered mAb concentrations that were achieved: 1-270 μg/ml. Following repeated, marginal dose, intravenous challenge with the difficult-to-neutralize SIVmac239, the six monkeys in the AAV-5L7 IgG1 mAb group showed clear protective effects despite the absence of detectable neutralizing activity against the challenge virus. The protective effects included: lowering of viral load at peak height; lowering of viral load at set point; delay in the time to peak viral load from the time of the infectious virus exposure. All of these effects were statistically significant. In addition, the monkey with the highest level of delivered 5L7 mAb completely resisted six successive SIVmac239 i.v. challenges, including a final challenge with a dose of 10 i.v. infectious units. Our results demonstrate the continued promise of this approach for the prevention of HIV-1 infection in people. However, the problem of anti-antibody responses will need to be understood and overcome for the promise of this approach to be effectively realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P. Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - José M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Natural killer cell education does not affect the magnitude of granzyme B delivery to target cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. AIDS 2015; 29:1433-43. [PMID: 26244383 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interest in the role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in protection from HIV infection has grown since analyses of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial results found ADCC correlated with protection. Natural killer (NK) cells are among the effector cells that mediate ADCC. The level of antibody-induced NK cell activation depends on NK cell education through inhibitory NK cell receptor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligand interactions. Here, we investigated the impact of NK cell education on the delivery of Granzyme B (GzB) to target cells. DESIGN Lymphocytes from 50 HIV-uninfected [30 Bw4 (Bw4) and 20 Bw4 (Bw6)] KIR3DL1 homozygote persons were used as effectors and cocultured with gp120-coated target cells in the presence of a single source of anti-HIV gp120 antibody to ascertain whether NK cell education status influenced the level of GzB delivered to target cells. METHODS The GTL assay assessed the frequency of GzB-positive (%GzB) CEM.NKr.CCR5 target cells generated by effectors from each individual. The frequency of CD107a, interferon (IFN)-γ and CCL4 NK cells was assessed as a measure of antibody-induced NK cell activation. RESULTS KIR3DL1 NK cells from the Bw4 group were more functional than KIR3DL1 NK cells. Despite this, the %GzB target cells generated in the GTL assay did not differ according to the KIR3DL1-HLA-B genotype of the effector cells. The %GzB cells positively correlated with the frequency of CD16KIR3DL1 NK cells in the effector population. CONCLUSION ADCC potency does not depend on NK cell education.
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88
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Aziz M, Mahmood F, Mata M, Durkin HG, Liu C, Greenblatt RM, Nowicki M, Golub ET, Anastos K, French AL, Baum LL. Development of IgG Mediated Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the Serum and Genital Mucosa of HIV Seroconverters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26798561 PMCID: PMC4718584 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background We measured antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in serum and genital fluids of heterosexually exposed women during HIV seroconversion. Methods Plasma and cervico-vaginal lavage (CVL) fluid from 11 seroconverters (SC) were analyzed biannually from one year pre- to 6 year post-seroconversion using a 51Cr-release assay to measure HIV-1 gp120 specific ADCC. Results No SC had significant HIV specific CVL ADCC activity before seroconversion or until 1.5 yr after seroconversion. One individual had a %Specific Release (SR) of 25.4 at 2 years, 26.7 at 3 years and 21.0 at 4 years after seroconversion in CVL. Another sample had 4.7% SR at 2 years, 5.3 at 3 years, 10.9 at 4 years, and 8.4 at 5 years after seroconversion in CVL. A third had no activity until 17% SR 5 years after seroconversion in CVL. A fourth showed activity of 36.5% SR at 6.5 years after seroconversion. Seven women had no ADCC activity in their CVL. Paired serum samples showed HIV specific ADCC activity prior to the appearance of CVL ADCC activity. Conclusions HIV specific ADCC activity in CVL rose 2 years after seroconversion; ADCC was present in the serum prior to this time. These data suggest that genital tract ADCC activity is not present until well after acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Aziz
- CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Fareeha Mahmood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mariana Mata
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marek Nowicki
- University of Southern California Norris Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
| | | | | | - Audrey L French
- CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Linda L Baum
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Jang JH, Huang Y, Zheng P, Jo MC, Bertolet G, Zhu MX, Qin L, Liu D. Imaging of Cell-Cell Communication in a Vertical Orientation Reveals High-Resolution Structure of Immunological Synapse and Novel PD-1 Dynamics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1320-30. [PMID: 26123352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is one of the most pivotal communication strategies in immune cells. Understanding the molecular basis of the IS provides critical information regarding how immune cells mount an effective immune response. Fluorescence microscopy provides a fundamental tool to study the IS. However, current imaging techniques for studying the IS cannot sufficiently achieve high resolution in real cell-cell conjugates. In this study, we present a new device that allows for high-resolution imaging of the IS with conventional confocal microscopy in a high-throughput manner. Combining micropits and single-cell trap arrays, we have developed a new microfluidic platform that allows visualization of the IS in vertically "stacked" cells. Using this vertical cell pairing (VCP) system, we investigated the dynamics of the inhibitory synapse mediated by an inhibitory receptor, programed death protein-1, and the cytotoxic synapse at the single-cell level. In addition to the technique innovation, we have demonstrated novel biological findings by this VCP device, including novel distribution of F-actin and cytolytic granules at the IS, programed death protein-1 microclusters at the NK IS, and kinetics of cytotoxicity. We propose that this high-throughput, cost-effective, easy-to-use VCP system, along with conventional imaging techniques, can be used to address a number of significant biological questions in a variety of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hee Jang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Myeong Chan Jo
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Grant Bertolet
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Michael Xi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
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90
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Tang CC, Isitman G, Bruneau J, Tremblay C, Bernard NF, Kent SJ, Parsons MS. Phenotypical and functional profiles of natural killer cells exhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-mediated CD16 cleavage after anti-HIV antibody-dependent activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:275-85. [PMID: 25644502 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been linked to protection from HIV infection and slower progression towards AIDS. However, antibody-dependent activation of NK cells results in phenotypical alterations similar to those observed on NK cells from individuals with progressive HIV infection. Activation of NK cells induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated cleavage of cell surface CD16. In the present study we assessed the phenotype and functional profile of NK cells exhibiting post-activation MMP-mediated CD16 cleavage. We found that NK cells achieving the highest levels of activation during stimulation exhibit the most profound decreases in CD16 expression. Further, we observed that educated KIR3DL1(+) NK cells from human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-Bw4-carrying donors exhibit larger decreases in CD16 expression post-activation than the KIR3DL1(-) NK cell subset containing cells educated via other inhibitory receptor/ligand combinations and non-educated NK cells. Lastly, we assessed the ex-vivo expression of CD16 on educated KIR3DL1(+) NK cells and the KIR3DL1(-) NK cell subset from HLA-Bw4-carrying HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected donors. Suggestive of in-vivo activation of KIR3DL1(+) NK cells during HIV infection, CD16 expression was higher on KIR3DL1(+) than KIR3DL1(-) NK cells in uninfected donors but similar on both subsets in HIV-infected donors. These results are discussed in the context of how they may assist with understanding HIV disease progression and the design of immunotherapies that utilize antibody-dependent NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G Isitman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - N F Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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91
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Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells presenting envelope glycoproteins (Env) in the CD4-bound conformation on their surface are preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 has evolved a sophisticated mechanism to avoid exposure of ADCC-mediating Env epitopes by down-regulating CD4 and by limiting the overall amount of Env at the cell surface. Here we report that small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds induce the CD4-bound conformation of Env, and thereby sensitize cells infected with primary HIV-1 isolates to ADCC mediated by antibodies present in sera, cervicovaginal lavages, and breast milk from HIV-1-infected individuals. Importantly, we identified one CD4 mimetic with the capacity to sensitize endogenously infected ex vivo-amplified primary CD4 T cells to ADCC killing mediated by autologous sera and effector cells. Thus, CD4 mimetics hold the promise of therapeutic utility in preventing and controlling HIV-1 infection.
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92
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Joachim A, Nilsson C, Aboud S, Bakari M, Lyamuya EF, Robb ML, Marovich MA, Earl P, Moss B, Ochsenbauer C, Wahren B, Mhalu F, Sandström E, Biberfeld G, Ferrari G, Polonis VR. Potent functional antibody responses elicited by HIV-I DNA priming and boosting with heterologous HIV-1 recombinant MVA in healthy Tanzanian adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118486. [PMID: 25874723 PMCID: PMC4396991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced HIV antibodies were evaluated in serum samples collected from healthy Tanzanian volunteers participating in a phase I/II placebo-controlled double blind trial using multi-clade, multigene HIV-DNA priming and recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (HIV-MVA) virus boosting (HIVIS03). The HIV-DNA vaccine contained plasmids expressing HIV-1 gp160 subtypes A, B, C, Rev B, Gag A, B and RTmut B, and the recombinant HIV-MVA boost expressed CRF01_AE HIV-1 Env subtype E and Gag-Pol subtype A. While no neutralizing antibodies were detected using pseudoviruses in the TZM-bl cell assay, this prime-boost vaccination induced neutralizing antibodies in 83% of HIVIS03 vaccinees when a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) assay using luciferase reporter-infectious molecular clones (LucR-IMC) was employed. The serum neutralizing activity was significantly (but not completely) reduced upon depletion of natural killer (NK) cells from PBMC (p=0.006), indicating a role for antibody-mediated Fcγ-receptor function. High levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies against CRF01_AE and/or subtype B were subsequently demonstrated in 97% of the sera of vaccinees. The magnitude of ADCC-mediating antibodies against CM235 CRF01_AE IMC-infected cells correlated with neutralizing antibodies against CM235 in the IMC/PBMC assay. In conclusion, HIV-DNA priming, followed by two HIV-MVA boosts elicited potent ADCC responses in a high proportion of Tanzanian vaccinees. Our findings highlight the potential of HIV-DNA prime HIV-MVA boost vaccines for induction of functional antibody responses and suggest this vaccine regimen and ADCC studies as potentially important new avenues in HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agricola Joachim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Muhammad Bakari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eligius F. Lyamuya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- The Military HIV Research Program, The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Marovich
- The Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia Earl
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernard Moss
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fred Mhalu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eric Sandström
- Venhälsan, Karolinska Institutet at Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- The Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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93
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A novel non-integrative single-cycle chimeric HIV lentivector DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:2273-2282. [PMID: 25825333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel HIV vaccine vectors and strategies are needed to control HIV/AIDS epidemic in humans and eradicate the infection. DNA vaccines alone failed to induce immune responses robust enough to control HIV-1. Development of lentivirus-based DNA vaccines deficient for integration and with a limited replication capacity is an innovative and promising approach. This type of vaccine mimics the early stages of virus infection/replication like the live-attenuated viruses but lacks the inconvenient integration and persistence associated with disease. We developed a novel lentivector DNA vaccine "CAL-SHIV-IN(-)" that undergoes a single round of replication in the absence of integration resulting in augmented expression of vaccine antigens in vivo. Vaccine gene expression is under control of the LTRs of a naturally attenuated lentivirus, Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) the natural goat lentivirus. The safety of this vaccine prototype was increased by the removal of the integrase coding sequences from the pol gene. We examined the functional properties of this lentivector DNA in cell culture and the immunogenicity in mouse models. Viral proteins were expressed in transfected cells, assembled into viral particles that were able to transduce once target permissive cells. Unlike the parental replication-competent SHIV-KU2 that was detected in DNA samples from any of the serial passage infected cells, CAL-SHIV-IN(-) DNA was detected only in target cells of the first round of infection, hence demonstrating the single cycle replication of the vaccine. A single dose DNA immunization of humanized NOD/SCID/β2 mice showed a substantial increase of IFN-γ-ELISPOT in splenocytes compared to the former replication and integration defective Δ4SHIV-KU2 DNA vaccine.
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94
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Mengistu M, Ray K, Lewis GK, DeVico AL. Antigenic properties of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 on virions bound to target cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004772. [PMID: 25807494 PMCID: PMC4373872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, undergoes multiple molecular interactions and structural rearrangements during the course of host cell attachment and viral entry, which are being increasingly defined at the atomic level using isolated proteins. In comparison, antigenic markers of these dynamic changes are essentially unknown for single HIV-1 particles bound to target cells. Such markers should indicate how neutralizing and/or non-neutralizing antibodies might interdict infection by either blocking infection or sensitizing host cells for elimination by Fc-mediated effector function. Here we address this deficit by imaging fluorescently labeled CCR5-tropic HIV-1 pseudoviruses using confocal and superresolution microscopy to track the exposure of neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes as they appear on single HIV-1 particles bound to target cells. Epitope exposure was followed under conditions permissive or non-permissive for viral entry to delimit changes associated with virion binding from those associated with post-attachment events. We find that a previously unexpected array of gp120 epitopes is exposed rapidly upon target cell binding. This array comprises both neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes, the latter being hidden on free virions yet capable of serving as potent targets for Fc-mediated effector function. Under non-permissive conditions for viral entry, both neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitope exposures were relatively static over time for the majority of bound virions. Under entry-permissive conditions, epitope exposure patterns changed over time on subsets of virions that exhibited concurrent variations in virion contents. These studies reveal that bound virions are distinguished by a broad array of both neutralizing and non-neutralizing gp120 epitopes that potentially sensitize a freshly engaged target cell for destruction by Fc-mediated effector function and/or for direct neutralization at a post-binding step. The elucidation of these epitope exposure patterns during viral entry will help clarify antibody-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 as it is measured in vitro and in vivo. A major strategy for blocking HIV-1 infection is to target antiviral antibodies or drugs to sites of vulnerability on the surface proteins of the virus. It is a relatively straightforward matter to explore these sites on the surfaces of free HIV-1 particles or on isolated viral envelope antigens. However, one difficulty presented by HIV-1 is that its surface proteins are flexible and change shape once the virus has attached to its host cell. To date, it has been difficult to predict how cell-bound HIV-1 exposes its sites of vulnerability. Yet the antiviral activities of certain antibodies indirectly suggest that there must be unique sites on cell-bound HIV-1 that are not found on free virus. Here, we use new techniques and tools to determine how HIV-1 exposes unique sites of vulnerability after attaching to host cells. We find that the virus exposes a remarkable array of these sites, including ones previously believed hidden. These exposure patterns explain the antiviral activities of various anti-HIV-1 antibodies and provide a new view of how HIV-1 might interact with the immune system. Our study also provides insights for how to target HIV-1 with antiviral antibodies, vaccines, or antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meron Mengistu
- The Institute of Human Virology of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM); (ALD)
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George K. Lewis
- The Institute of Human Virology of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- The Institute of Human Virology of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM); (ALD)
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95
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Primate immune responses to HIV-1 Env formulated in the saponin-based adjuvant AbISCO-100 in the presence or absence of TLR9 co-stimulation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8925. [PMID: 25762407 PMCID: PMC4356977 DOI: 10.1038/srep08925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based vaccines require adjuvants to achieve optimal responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonists were previously shown to improve responses to protein-based vaccines, such as the Hepatitis B virus vaccine formulated in alum. Here, we used CpG-C together with the clinically relevant saponin-based adjuvant AbISCO-100/Matrix-M (AbISCO), to assess if TLR9 co-stimulation would quantitatively or qualitatively modulate HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-specific B and T cell responses in rhesus macaques. The macaques were inoculated with soluble Env trimers in AbISCO, with or without the addition of CpG-C, using an interval similar to the Hepatitis B virus vaccine. Following a comprehensive evaluation of antigen-specific responses in multiple immune compartments, we show that the Env-specific circulating IgG, memory B cells and plasma cells displayed similar kinetics and magnitude in the presence or absence of CpG-C and that there was no apparent difference between the two groups in the elicited HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers or antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Importantly, the control of SHIV viremia was significantly improved in animals from both Env-immunized groups relative to adjuvant alone controls, demonstrating the potential of AbISCO to act as a stand-alone adjuvant for Env-based vaccines.
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96
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Gardner MR, Kattenhorn LM, Kondur HR, von Schaewen M, Dorfman T, Chiang JJ, Haworth KG, Decker JM, Alpert MD, Bailey CC, Neale ES, Fellinger CH, Joshi VR, Fuchs SP, Martinez-Navio JM, Quinlan BD, Yao AY, Mouquet H, Gorman J, Zhang B, Poignard P, Nussenzweig MC, Burton DR, Kwong PD, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Gao G, Desrosiers RC, Evans DT, Hahn BH, Ploss A, Cannon PM, Seaman MS, Farzan M. AAV-expressed eCD4-Ig provides durable protection from multiple SHIV challenges. Nature 2015; 519:87-91. [PMID: 25707797 PMCID: PMC4352131 DOI: 10.1038/nature14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term in vivo expression of a broad and potent entry inhibitor could circumvent the need for a conventional vaccine for HIV-1. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors can stably express HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). However, even the best bNAbs neutralize 10-50% of HIV-1 isolates inefficiently (80% inhibitory concentration (IC80) > 5 μg ml(-1)), suggesting that high concentrations of these antibodies would be necessary to achieve general protection. Here we show that eCD4-Ig, a fusion of CD4-Ig with a small CCR5-mimetic sulfopeptide, binds avidly and cooperatively to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and is more potent than the best bNAbs (geometric mean half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) < 0.05 μg ml(-1)). Because eCD4-Ig binds only conserved regions of Env, it is also much broader than any bNAb. For example, eCD4-Ig efficiently neutralized 100% of a diverse panel of neutralization-resistant HIV-1, HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, including a comprehensive set of isolates resistant to the CD4-binding site bNAbs VRC01, NIH45-46 and 3BNC117. Rhesus macaques inoculated with an AAV vector stably expressed 17-77 μg ml(-1) of fully functional rhesus eCD4-Ig for more than 40 weeks, and these macaques were protected from several infectious challenges with SHIV-AD8. Rhesus eCD4-Ig was also markedly less immunogenic than rhesus forms of four well-characterized bNAbs. Our data suggest that AAV-delivered eCD4-Ig can function like an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Lisa M. Kattenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hema R. Kondur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Markus von Schaewen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tatyana Dorfman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jessica J. Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Kevin G. Haworth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julie M. Decker
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D. Alpert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
- Immunathon Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Charles C. Bailey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ernest S. Neale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Christoph H. Fellinger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Vinita R. Joshi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sebastian P. Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jose M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Brian D. Quinlan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Annie Y. Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pascal Poignard
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Incorporated, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Incorporated, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Paula M. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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97
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Zheng P, Noroski LM, Hanson IC, Chen Y, Lee ME, Huang Y, Zhu MX, Banerjee PP, Makedonas G, Orange JS, Shearer WT, Liu D. Molecular mechanisms of functional natural killer deficiency in patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1293-302. [PMID: 25748067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DiGeorge syndrome affects more than 3.5 million persons worldwide. Partial DiGeorge syndrome (pDGS), which is characterized by a number of gene deletions in chromosome 22, including the chicken tumor virus number 10 regulator of kinase (Crk)-like (CrkL) gene, is one of the most common genetic disorders in human subjects. To date, the role of natural killer (NK) cells in patients with pDGS remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the effect of pDGS-related Crk haploinsufficiency on NK cell activation and cytotoxic immunological synapse (IS) structure and function. METHODS Inducible CrkL-silenced NK cells were used to recapitulate the pDGS, CrkL-haploinsufficient phenotype. Findings were validated by using NK cells from patients with actual pDGS. Ultimately, deficits in the function of NK cells from patients with pDGS were restored by lentiviral transduction of CrkL. RESULTS Silencing of CrkL expression inhibits NK cell function. Specifically, pDGS haploinsufficiency of CrkL inhibits accumulation of activating receptors, polarization of cytolytic machinery and key signaling molecules, and activation of β2-integrin at the IS. Reintroduction of CrkL protein restores NK cell cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION CrkL haploinsufficiency causes functional NK deficits in patients with pDGS by disrupting both β2-integrin activation and activating receptor accumulation at the IS. Our results suggest that NK cell IS quality can directly affect immune status, providing a potential target for diagnosis and therapeutic manipulation in patients with pDGS and in other patients with functional NK cell deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Zheng
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Lenora M Noroski
- Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Imelda C Hanson
- Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Michelle E Lee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Tex
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex
| | - Pinaki P Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - George Makedonas
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - William T Shearer
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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98
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Adnan S, Colantonio AD, Yu Y, Gillis J, Wong FE, Becker EA, Piatak M, Reeves RK, Lifson JD, O’Connor SL, Johnson RP. CD8 T cell response maturation defined by anentropic specificity and repertoire depth correlates with SIVΔnef-induced protection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004633. [PMID: 25688559 PMCID: PMC4334552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (LASIV) vaccine SIVΔnef is one of the most effective vaccines in inducing protection against wild-type lentiviral challenge, yet little is known about the mechanisms underlying its remarkable protective efficacy. Here, we exploit deep sequencing technology and comprehensive CD8 T cell epitope mapping to deconstruct the CD8 T cell response, to identify the regions of immune pressure and viral escape, and to delineate the effect of epitope escape on the evolution of the CD8 T cell response in SIVΔnef-vaccinated animals. We demonstrate that the initial CD8 T cell response in the acute phase of SIVΔnef infection is mounted predominantly against more variable epitopes, followed by widespread sequence evolution and viral escape. Furthermore, we show that epitope escape expands the CD8 T cell repertoire that targets highly conserved epitopes, defined as anentropic specificity, and generates de novo responses to the escaped epitope variants during the vaccination period. These results correlate SIVΔnef-induced protection with expanded anentropic specificity and increased response depth. Importantly, these findings render SIVΔnef, long the gold standard in HIV/SIV vaccine research, as a proof-of-concept vaccine that highlights the significance of the twin principles of anentropic specificity and repertoire depth in successful vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Adnan
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arnaud D. Colantonio
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yi Yu
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Gillis
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fay E. Wong
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ericka A. Becker
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - R. Paul Johnson
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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99
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The role of HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in HIV prevention and the influence of the HIV-1 Vpu protein. AIDS 2015; 29:137-44. [PMID: 25396265 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of anti-HIV antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies in the prevention and control of HIV infection. Passive transfer studies in macaques support a role for the Fc region of antibodies in assisting in the prevention of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection. The Thai RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial induced anti-HIV ADCC antibodies that may have played a role in the partial protection observed. Several observational studies support a role for ADCC antibodies in slowing HIV disease progression. However, HIV evolves to escape ADCC antibodies and chronic HIV infections causes dysfunction of effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells that mediate the ADCC functions. Further, four recent studies show that the HIV-1 Vpu protein, by promoting release of virions, reduces the capacity of ADCC antibodies to recognize HIV-infected cells. The review dissects some of the recent research on HIV-specific ADCC antibodies and discusses mechanisms to further harness ADCC antibodies in the prevention and control of HIV infection.
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100
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Xu H, Wang X, Veazey RS. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Mucosal Immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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