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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and the Adaptive Response to Nutritional Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194692. [PMID: 31546675 PMCID: PMC6801670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is considered an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related disorders due to its beneficial effects in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. FGF21 response is essential under stressful conditions and its metabolic effects depend on the inducer factor or stress condition. FGF21 seems to be the key signal which communicates and coordinates the metabolic response to reverse different nutritional stresses and restores the metabolic homeostasis. This review is focused on describing individually the FGF21-dependent metabolic response activated by some of the most common nutritional challenges, the signal pathways triggering this response, and the impact of this response on global homeostasis. We consider that this is essential knowledge to identify the potential role of FGF21 in the onset and progression of some of the most prevalent metabolic pathologies and to understand the potential of FGF21 as a target for these diseases. After this review, we conclude that more research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of FGF21 in macronutrient preference and food intake behavior, but also in β-klotho regulation and the activity of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) to uncover its therapeutic potential as a way to increase the FGF21 signaling.
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Abstract
Metabolic pathways integrate to support tissue homeostasis and to prompt changes in cell phenotype. In particular, the heart consumes relatively large amounts of substrate not only to regenerate ATP for contraction but also to sustain biosynthetic reactions for replacement of cellular building blocks. Metabolic pathways also control intracellular redox state, and metabolic intermediates and end products provide signals that prompt changes in enzymatic activity and gene expression. Mounting evidence suggests that the changes in cardiac metabolism that occur during development, exercise, and pregnancy as well as with pathological stress (eg, myocardial infarction, pressure overload) are causative in cardiac remodeling. Metabolism-mediated changes in gene expression, metabolite signaling, and the channeling of glucose-derived carbon toward anabolic pathways seem critical for physiological growth of the heart, and metabolic inefficiency and loss of coordinated anabolic activity are emerging as proximal causes of pathological remodeling. This review integrates knowledge of different forms of cardiac remodeling to develop general models of how relationships between catabolic and anabolic glucose metabolism may fortify cardiac health or promote (mal)adaptive myocardial remodeling. Adoption of conceptual frameworks based in relational biology may enable further understanding of how metabolism regulates cardiac structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Gibb
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (A.A.G.)
| | - Bradford G Hill
- the Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY (B.G.H.).
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53
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Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play pleiotropic roles in cellular and metabolic homeostasis. During evolution, the ancestor FGF expands into multiple members by acquiring divergent structural elements that enable functional divergence and specification. Heparan sulfate-binding FGFs, which play critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue remodeling homeostasis, adapt to an autocrine/paracrine mode of action to promote cell proliferation and population growth. By contrast, FGF19, 21, and 23 coevolve through losing binding affinity for extracellular matrix heparan sulfate while acquiring affinity for transmembrane α-Klotho (KL) or β-KL as a coreceptor, thereby adapting to an endocrine mode of action to drive interorgan crosstalk that regulates a broad spectrum of metabolic homeostasis. FGF19 metabolic axis from the ileum to liver negatively controls diurnal bile acid biosynthesis. FGF21 metabolic axes play multifaceted roles in controlling the homeostasis of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. FGF23 axes from the bone to kidney and parathyroid regulate metabolic homeostasis of phosphate, calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone that are important for bone health and systemic mineral balance. The significant divergence in structural elements and multiple functional specifications of FGF19, 21, and 23 in cellular and organismal metabolism instead of cell proliferation and growth sufficiently necessitate a new unified and specific term for these three endocrine FGFs. Thus, the term "FGF Metabolic Axis," which distinguishes the unique pathways and functions of endocrine FGFs from other autocrine/paracrine mitogenic FGFs, is coined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Beige Fat, Adaptive Thermogenesis, and Its Regulation by Exercise and Thyroid Hormone. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030057. [PMID: 31370146 PMCID: PMC6783838 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While it is now understood that the proper expansion of adipose tissue is critically important for metabolic homeostasis, it is also appreciated that adipose tissues perform far more functions than simply maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue performs endocrine functions, secreting hormones or adipokines that affect the regulation of extra-adipose tissues, and, under certain conditions, can also be major contributors to energy expenditure and the systemic metabolic rate via the activation of thermogenesis. Adipose thermogenesis takes place in brown and beige adipocytes. While brown adipocytes have been relatively well studied, the study of beige adipocytes has only recently become an area of considerable exploration. Numerous suggestions have been made that beige adipocytes can elicit beneficial metabolic effects on body weight, insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels. However, the potential impact of beige adipocyte thermogenesis on systemic metabolism is not yet clear and an understanding of beige adipocyte development and regulation is also limited. This review will highlight our current understanding of beige adipocytes and select factors that have been reported to elicit the development and activation of thermogenesis in beige cells, with a focus on factors that may represent a link between exercise and 'beiging', as well as the role that thyroid hormone signaling plays in beige adipocyte regulation.
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Potential exerkines for physical exercise-elicited pro-cognitive effects: Insight from clinical and animal research. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:361-395. [PMID: 31607361 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is now known as a critical risk factor for accelerated aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. In contract, having regular physical exercise has opposite effects. Clinical findings have suggested that physical exercise can promote brain plasticity, particularly the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, that are important for learning and memory and mood regulations. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Animal studies reveal that the effects of physical exercise on promoting neuroplasticity could be mediated by different exerkines derived from the peripheral system and the brain itself. This book chapter summarizes the recent evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies showing the emerging mediators for exercise-promoted brain health, including myokines secreted from skeletal muscles, adipokines from adipose tissues, and other factors secreted from the bone and liver.
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56
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Liu Y, Yan T, Chu JMT, Chen Y, Dunnett S, Ho YS, Wong GTC, Chang RCC. The beneficial effects of physical exercise in the brain and related pathophysiological mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. J Transl Med 2019; 99:943-957. [PMID: 30808929 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown the beneficial influence of exercise on humans. Apart from classic cardioprotection, numerous studies have demonstrated that different exercise regimes provide a substantial improvement in various brain functions. Although the underlying mechanism is yet to be determined, emerging evidence for neuroprotection has been established in both humans and experimental animals, with most of the valuable findings in the field of mental health, neurodegenerative diseases, and acquired brain injuries. This review will discuss the recent findings of how exercise could ameliorate brain function in neuropathological states, demonstrated by either clinical or laboratory animal studies. Simultaneously, state-of-the-art molecular mechanisms underlying the exercise-induced neuroprotective effects and comparison between different types of exercise will be discussed in detail. A majority of reports show that physical exercise is associated with enhanced cognition throughout different populations and remains as a fascinating area in scientific research because of its universal protective effects in different brain domain functions. This article is to review what we know about how physical exercise modulates the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tim Yan
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - John Man-Tak Chu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yuen-Shan Ho
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gordon Tin-Chun Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. .,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
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Abstract
The health-promoting effects of physical activity to prevent and treat metabolic disorders are numerous. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet completely deciphered. In recent years, studies have referred to the liver as an endocrine organ, since it releases specific proteins called hepatokines. Some of these hepatokines are involved in whole body metabolic homeostasis and are theorized to participate in the development of metabolic disease. In this regard, the present review describes the role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21, Fetuin-A, Angiopoietin-like protein 4, and Follistatin in metabolic disease and their production in response to acute exercise. Also, we discuss the potential role of hepatokines in mediating the beneficial effects of regular exercise and the future challenges to the discovery of new exercise-induced hepatokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Ennequin
- PEPITE EA4267, EPSI, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Pascal Sirvent
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Martin Whitham
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , United Kingdom
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58
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He Z, Tian Y, Valenzuela PL, Huang C, Zhao J, Hong P, He Z, Yin S, Lucia A. Myokine/Adipokine Response to "Aerobic" Exercise: Is It Just a Matter of Exercise Load? Front Physiol 2019; 10:691. [PMID: 31191366 PMCID: PMC6549222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exercise health benefits are partly mediated by exertional changes in several myokines/adipokines. This study aimed to compare the acute response of some of these biomarkers to aerobic exercise performed at the intensity corresponding to the maximum fat oxidation rate (FATmax) or the “anaerobic” threshold (AT). Methods Following a cross-over, counterbalanced design, 14 healthy untrained men (23 ± 1 years) performed a 45-min exercise bout at their FATmax or AT intensity (been previously determined through incremental exercise tests). The concentration of interleukin (IL)-15, follistatin, myostatin, fibroblast-growth factor (FGF)-21, irisin, resistin, and omentin was measured at baseline and 0, 1, 3, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. Results AT exercise was performed at a higher intensity (85 ± 8 vs. 52 ± 14% of maximal oxygen uptake [VO2 max], p < 0.001) and induced a higher energy expenditure (p < 0.001) than FATmax, whereas a greater fat oxidation was observed in the latter (p < 0.001). A higher peak response of FGF-21 (+90%, p < 0.01) and follistatin (+49%, p < 0.05) was found after AT-exercise, as well as a trend toward a higher peak level of omentin (+13%, p = 0.071) and a greater decrease in resistin (−16%, p = 0.073). Conclusion Increasing exercise load (from FATmax to AT) results in a higher response of FGF-21, follistatin and omentin to aerobic exercise, with the subsequent potential cardiometabolic benefits. No effects were, however, observed on the remainder of biomarkers. Future research should address if manipulating other exercise variables (e.g., type, frequency) can promote a higher myokine/adipokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong He
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Culture Development Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physiology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chuanye Huang
- Graduate School, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Hong
- Winter Sports Administrative Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zilin He
- Cardiovascular Department, Beijing Jian Gong Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhui Yin
- The Rocket Force General Hospital of PLA, Institute of Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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59
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Trovato E, Di Felice V, Barone R. Extracellular Vesicles: Delivery Vehicles of Myokines. Front Physiol 2019; 10:522. [PMID: 31133872 PMCID: PMC6514434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement and regular physical activity are two important factors that help the human body prevent, reduce and treat different chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, sarcopenia, cachexia and cancer. During exercise, several tissues release molecules into the blood stream, and are able to mediate beneficial effects throughout the whole body. In particular, contracting skeletal muscle cells have the capacity to communicate with other organs through the release of humoral factors that play an important role in the mechanisms of adaptation to physical exercise. These muscle-derived factors, today recognized as myokines, act as endocrine and paracrine hormones. Moreover, exercise may stimulate the release of small membranous vesicles into circulation, whose composition is influenced by the same exercise. Combining the two hypotheses, these molecules related to exercise, named exer-kines, might be secreted from muscle cells inside small vesicles (nanovesicles). These could act as messengers in tissue cross talk during physical exercise. Thanks to their ability to deliver useful molecules (such as proteins and miRNA) in both physiological and pathological conditions, extracellular vesicles can be thought of as promising candidates for potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Trovato
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), Human Anatomy and Histology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), Human Anatomy and Histology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Innovation and Biotechnology for Health and Exercise (iBioTHEx), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), Human Anatomy and Histology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
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60
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Palsdottir V, Windahl SH, Hägg DA, Keantar H, Bellman J, Buchanan A, Vaughan TJ, Lindén D, Jansson JO, Ohlsson C. Interactions Between the Gravitostat and the Fibroblast Growth Factor System for the Regulation of Body Weight. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1057-1064. [PMID: 30888399 PMCID: PMC6541891 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), by binding to FGF receptors (FGFRs), and activation of the gravitostat, by artificial loading, decrease the body weight (BW). Previous studies demonstrate that both the FGF system and loading have the capacity to regulate BW independently of leptin. The aim of the current study was to determine the possible interactions between the effect of increased loading and the FGF system for the regulation of BW. We observed that the BW-reducing effect of increased loading was abolished in mice treated with a monoclonal antibody directed against FGFR1c, suggesting interactions between the two systems. As serum levels of endocrine FGF21 and hepatic FGF21 mRNA were increased in the loaded mice compared with the control mice, we first evaluated the loading response in FGF21 over expressing mice with constant high FGF21 levels. Leptin treatment, but not increased loading, decreased the BW in the FGF21-overexpressing mice, demonstrating that specifically the loading effect is attenuated in the presence of high activity in the FGF system. However, as FGF21 knockout mice displayed a normal loading response on BW, FGF21 is neither mediating nor essential for the loading response. In conclusion, the BW-reducing effect of increased loading but not of leptin treatment is blocked by high activity in the FGF system. We propose that both the gravitostat and the FGF system regulate BW independently of leptin and that pharmacologically enhanced activity in the FGF system reduces the sensitivity of the gravitostat.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Body Weight/genetics
- Body Weight/physiology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/blood
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Leptin/pharmacology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Obesity/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/immunology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilborg Palsdottir
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence: Vilborg Palsdottir, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Sara H Windahl
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Daniel A Hägg
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Keantar
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob Bellman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Buchanan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan J Vaughan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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61
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Yang W, Liu L, Wei Y, Fang C, Zhou F, Chen J, Han Q, Huang M, Tan X, Liu Q, Pan Q, Zhang L, Lei X, Li L. Exercise ameliorates the FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment in diet-induced obese mice. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:596-604. [PMID: 30978696 PMCID: PMC6510890 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protective effects of exercise against glucose dysmetabolism have been generally reported. However, the mechanism by which exercise improves glucose homeostasis remains poorly understood. The FGF21-adiponectin axis participates in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Elevated levels of FGF21 and decreased levels of adiponectin in obesity indicate FGF21-adiponectin axis dysfunction. Hence, we investigated whether exercise could improve the FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment and ameliorate disturbed glucose metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to three groups: low-fat diet control group, high-fat diet group and high-fat diet plus exercise group. Glucose metabolic parameters, the ability of FGF21 to induce adiponectin, FGF21 receptors and co-receptor levels and adipose tissue inflammation were evaluated after 12 weeks of intervention. RESULTS Exercise training led to reduced levels of fasting blood glucose and insulin, improved glucose tolerance and better insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Although serum FGF21 levels were not significantly changed, both total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations were markedly enhanced by exercise. Importantly, exercise protected against high-fat diet-induced impaired ability of FGF21 to stimulate adiponectin secretion. FGF21 co-receptor, β-klotho, as well as receptors, FGFR1 and FGFR2, were upregulated by exercise. We also found that exercise inhibited adipose tissue inflammation, which may contribute to the improvement in the FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate exercise protects against high-fat diet-induced FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment, and may thereby exert beneficial effects on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yang
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlu Fang
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Han
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meifang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangming Li
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Li:
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62
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Piccirillo R. Exercise-Induced Myokines With Therapeutic Potential for Muscle Wasting. Front Physiol 2019; 10:287. [PMID: 30984014 PMCID: PMC6449478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly vascularized tissue that can secrete proteins called myokines. These muscle-secreted factors exert biological functions in muscle itself (autocrine effect) or on short- or long-distant organs (paracrine/endocrine effects) and control processes such as metabolism, angiogenesis, or inflammation. Widely differing diseases ranging from genetic myopathies to cancers are emerging as causing dysregulated secretion of myokines from skeletal muscles. Myokines are also involved in the control of muscle size and may be important to be restored to normal levels to alleviate muscle wasting in various conditions, such as cancer, untreated diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aging, or heart failure. Interestingly, many myokines are induced by exercise (muscle-derived exerkines) and some even by specific types of physical activity, but more studies are needed on this issue. Most exercise-induced myokines travel throughout the body by means of extracellular vesicles. Restoring myokines by physical activity may be added to the list of mechanisms by which exercise exerts preventative or curative effects against a large number of diseases, including the deleterious muscle wasting they may cause. Extending our understanding about which myokines could be usefully restored in certain diseases might help in prescribing more tailored exercise or myokine-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Piccirillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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63
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The effect of resistance exercise upon age-related systemic and local skeletal muscle inflammation. Exp Gerontol 2019; 121:19-32. [PMID: 30905721 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Chronic inflammation increases with age and is correlated positively to visceral fat mass, but inversely to muscle mass. We investigated the hypothesis that resistance training would increase muscle mass and strength together with a concomitant drop in local and systemic inflammation level independent of any changes in visceral fat tissue in elderly. METHODS 25 subjects (mean 67, range 62-70 years) were randomized to 1 year of heavy resistance training (HRT) or control (CON), and tested at 0, 4 and 12 months for physical performance, body composition (DXA), vastus lateralis muscle area (MRI) local and systemic inflammation (blood and muscle). In addition, systemic and local muscle immunological responses to acute exercise was determined before and after the training period. RESULTS Increases in muscle mass (≈2%, p < 0.05), vastus lateralis area (≈9%. P < 0.05), isometric (≈15%) and dynamic (≈15%) muscle strength (p < 0.05) were found in the HRT group after 12 months training. HRT did not alter overall or visceral fat mass (p > 0.05). Blood C-Reactive Protein declined over time in both groups (p < 0.05), whereas muscle inflammation markers were unchanged to 1 year of HRT. Acute exercise increased plasma IL-6 and FGF-19 (p < 0.05), decreased FGF-21 (p < 0.05) and CCL-20 (p < 0.05), and increased GDNF in muscle (p < 0.001) similarly before and after 1 year in both groups. CONCLUSION Long term resistance training increased muscle strength and improved muscle mass, but did not alter visceral fat mass and did not show any specific effect upon resting or exercise induced markers of inflammation.
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Parmar B, Lewis JE, Samms RJ, Ebling FJP, Cheng CC, Adams AC, Mallinson J, Cooper S, Taylor T, Ghasemi R, Stephens FB, Tsintzas K. Eccentric exercise increases circulating fibroblast activation protein α but not bioactive fibroblast growth factor 21 in healthy humans. Exp Physiol 2019; 103:876-883. [PMID: 29663541 DOI: 10.1113/ep086669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The role of FGF21 as an exercise-induced myokine remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether eccentric exercise would augment the release of FGF21 and/or its regulatory enzyme, fibroblast activation protein α (FAP), from skeletal muscle tissue into the systemic circulation of healthy human volunteers. What is the main finding and its importance? Eccentric exercise does not release total or bioactive FGF21 from human skeletal muscle. However, exercise releases its regulatory enzyme, FAP, from tissue(s) other than muscle, which might play a role in the inactivation of FGF21. ABSTRACT The primary aim of the investigation was to determine whether eccentric exercise would augment the release of the myokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and/or its regulatory enzyme, fibroblast activation protein α (FAP), from skeletal muscle tissue into the systemic circulation of healthy human volunteers. Physically active young healthy male volunteers (age 25.0 ± 10.7 years; body mass index 23.1 ± 7.9 kg m-2 ) completed three sets of 25 repetitions (with 5 min rest in between) of single-leg maximal eccentric contractions using their non-dominant leg, whilst the dominant leg served as a control. Arterialized blood samples from a hand vein and deep venous blood samples from the common femoral vein of the exercised leg, along with blood flow of the superficial femoral artery using Doppler ultrasound, were obtained before and after each exercise bout and every 20 min during the 3 h recovery period. Muscle biopsy samples were taken at baseline, immediately and 3 and 48 h postexercise. The main findings showed that there was no significant increase in total or bioactive FGF21 secreted from skeletal muscle into the systemic circulation in response to exercise. Furthermore, skeletal muscle FGF21 protein content was unchanged in response to exercise. However, there was a significant increase in arterialized and venous FAP concentrations, with no apparent contribution to its release from the exercised leg. These findings raise the possibility that the elevated levels of FAP might play a role in the inactivation of FGF21 during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biraj Parmar
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jo E Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Joanne Mallinson
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Tariq Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Reza Ghasemi
- Medical Assessment Unit, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, DE22 3NE, UK
| | - Francis B Stephens
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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65
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Garneau L, Aguer C. Role of myokines in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance and related metabolic defects in type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2019; 45:505-516. [PMID: 30844447 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to its mass, skeletal muscle is the major site of glucose uptake and an important tissue in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Muscles of patients with T2D are affected with insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction, which result in impaired glucose and fatty acid metabolism. A well-established method of managing the muscle metabolic defects occurring in T2D is physical exercise. During exercise, muscles contract and secrete factors called myokines which can act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to improve muscle energy metabolism. In patients with T2D, plasma levels as well as muscle levels (mRNA and protein) of some myokines are upregulated, while others are downregulated. The signalling pathways of certain myokines are also altered in skeletal muscle of patients with T2D. Taken together, these findings suggest that myokine secretion is an important factor contributing to the development of muscle metabolic defects during T2D. It is also of interest considering that lack of physical activity is closely linked to the occurrence of this disease. The causal relationships between sedentary behavior, factors secreted by skeletal muscle at rest and during contraction and the development of T2D remain to be elucidated. Many myokines shown to influence muscle energy metabolism still have not been characterized in the context of T2D in skeletal muscle specifically. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is known and what remains to be determined regarding myokine secretion in patients with T2D to uncover potential therapeutic targets for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Garneau
- University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Institut du Savoir Montfort - recherche, Ottawa, ON, K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - C Aguer
- University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Institut du Savoir Montfort - recherche, Ottawa, ON, K1K 0T2, Canada.
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66
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Nascimento EBM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. In Vivo Detection of Human Brown Adipose Tissue During Cold and Exercise by PET/CT. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 251:283-298. [PMID: 29725775 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in non-shivering thermogenesis is well established in animals. BAT is activated following cold exposure, resulting in non-shivering thermogenesis, to ensure a constant body temperature. In mitochondria of brown adipocytes, glucose and fatty acids are used as substrate for uncoupling resulting in heat production. Activated BAT functions as a sink for glucose and fatty acids and this hallmark has designated BAT a target in the fight against metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. In order to make valid claims regarding BAT activity in humans, BAT activity needs to be quantified. The combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and computer tomography (CT) analysis is currently the most frequently used imaging technique to determine BAT activity in humans. Here, we will discuss the history of PET/CT and radioisotopes used to determine BAT activity in humans. Moreover, we will assess how PET/CT is used to determine BAT activity following cold and exercise.
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67
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He Z, Tian Y, Valenzuela PL, Huang C, Zhao J, Hong P, He Z, Yin S, Lucia A. Myokine Response to High-Intensity Interval vs. Resistance Exercise: An Individual Approach. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1735. [PMID: 30559681 PMCID: PMC6286984 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the response to acute exercise of several myokines/hormones involved in metabolic function between two types of training sessions that are growing in popularity for their purported cardiometabolic benefits, high-intensity interval (HIIT) and resistance training (RT). Methods: Seventeen healthy, non-athletic men (23 ± 3 years) participated in this cross-over study. They randomly performed a HIIT [with short (HIIT1) or long (HIIT2) intervals] or a RT session. The concentration of fibroblast-growth factor (FGF) 21, follistatin, ghrelin, interleukin-15, irisin, myostatin, and peptide YY was measured at baseline and 0, 1, 3, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. An individual approach was adopted to determine the rate of responsiveness to each specific cytokine and training mode. Results: A significant condition (session type) by time interaction (p = 0.004) effect was observed for FGF21, with RT eliciting a greater area under the curve (AUC) concentration than HIIT1 (p = 0.02). The AUC for follistatin was significantly greater after HIIT2 compared with RT (p = 0.02). Individual responsiveness to all session types ranged between 19 and 93% depending on the cytokine. However, most subjects (71-100%) responded positively for all cytokines (except for irisin, with only 53% of responders) after 1+ session type. Conclusion: Except for FGF21, our results show no overall differences in the myokine response to HIIT or RT. A considerable individual variability was observed, with some subjects responding to some but not other training session types. Notwithstanding, most responded to at least one training session. Thus, it is mostly the individual response of each subject rather than general recommendations on type of training session (i.e., RT vs. HIIT or HIIT subtypes) that must be taken into consideration for maximizing cardiometabolic benefits in the context of personalized exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong He
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Culture Development Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physiology Unit, Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Chuanye Huang
- Graduate School, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Hong
- Winter Sports Administrative Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zilin He
- Cardiovascular Department, Beijing Jian Gong Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhui Yin
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Disease, The Rocket Force General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Córdoba, Spain
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68
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Suassuna PGDA, de Paula RB, Sanders-Pinheiro H, Moe OW, Hu MC. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2018; 32:365-377. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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69
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Wang N, Li JY, Zhao TT, Li SM, Shen CB, Li DS, Wang WF. FGF-21 Plays a Crucial Role in the Glucose Uptake of Activated Monocytes. Inflammation 2018; 41:73-80. [PMID: 28965199 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes display a gradual change in metabolism during inflammation. When activated, the increase in glucose utilization is important for monocytes to participate in immune and inflammatory responses. Further studies on the mechanism underlying this biological phenomenon may provide a new understanding of the relationship between immune response and metabolism. The THP-1 cells were used as a monocyte model. The cells were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Glucose uptake was measured using flow cytometry. The expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), and other FGF-21 signaling pathway-related factor mRNAs was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Further, the relationship between FGF-21 expression in monocytes and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was determined by Western blotting. LPS elevated FGF-21 expression in monocytic THP-1 cells in vitro. Functional assays showed that the phenomenon in which LPS and FGF-21 stimulated glucose uptake in monocytic THP-1 cells could be inhibited by FGFR inhibitor. The mechanism of elevation of FGF-21 was found to involve the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study indicated that FGF-21 could regulate the immune response indirectly by influencing the glucose uptake of activated monocytes cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Life Science and Biotechnique Research Center, A Division of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yan Li
- Life Science and Biotechnique Research Center, A Division of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Si-Ming Li
- Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Shen
- Life Science and Biotechnique Research Center, A Division of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Shan Li
- Life Science and Biotechnique Research Center, A Division of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Fei Wang
- Life Science and Biotechnique Research Center, A Division of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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70
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Morville T, Sahl RE, Trammell SA, Svenningsen JS, Gillum MP, Helge JW, Clemmensen C. Divergent effects of resistance and endurance exercise on plasma bile acids, FGF19, and FGF21 in humans. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122737. [PMID: 30089729 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has profound pleiotropic health benefits, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Endocrine FGF21, bile acids (BAs), and BA-induced FGF19 have emerged as metabolic signaling molecules. Here, we investigated if dissimilar modes of exercise, resistance exercise (RE) and endurance exercise (EE), regulate plasma BAs, FGF19, and FGF21 in humans. METHODS Ten healthy, moderately trained males were enrolled in a randomized crossover study of 1 hour of bicycling at 70% of VO2peak (EE) and 1 hour of high-volume RE. Hormones and metabolites were measured in venous blood and sampled before and after exercise and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after exercise. RESULTS We observed exercise mode-specific changes in plasma concentrations of FGF19 and FGF21. Whereas FGF19 decreased following RE (P < 0.001), FGF21 increased in response to EE (P < 0.001). Total plasma BAs decreased exclusively following RE (P < 0.05), but the composition of BAs changed in response to both types of exercise. Notably, circulating levels of the potent TGR5 receptor agonist, lithocholic acid, increased with both types of exercise (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study reveals divergent effects of EE and RE on circulating concentrations of the BA species, FGF19, and FGF21. We identify temporal relationships between decreased BA and FGF19 following RE and a sharp disparity in FGF21 concentrations, with EE eliciting a clear increase parallel to that of glucagon. FUNDING The Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF17OC0026114) and the Lundbeck Foundation (R238-2016-2859).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Morville
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Ronni E Sahl
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel Aj Trammell
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens S Svenningsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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71
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Sabaratnam R, Pedersen AJT, Kristensen JM, Handberg A, Wojtaszewski JFP, Højlund K. Intact regulation of muscle expression and circulating levels of myokines in response to exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13723. [PMID: 29924476 PMCID: PMC6009776 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The synthesis and secretion of myokines in response to contraction may contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise. However, some exercise-induced responses may be attenuated in T2D. Here, we investigated whether the effect of acute exercise on selected myokines are impaired in T2D. Skeletal muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained from 13 men with T2D and 14 weight-matched, glucose-tolerant men before, immediately after and 3-h after acute exercise (60 min cycling) to examine muscle expression and plasma/serum levels of selected myokines. One-hour of exercise increased muscle expression of IL6, FGF21, ANGPTL4, CHI3L1, CTGF and CYR61, of which FGF21, ANGPTL4 and CHI3L1 increased further 3-h into recovery, whereas expression of IL6, CYR61, and CTGF returned to baseline levels. There was no immediate effect of exercise on IL15 expression, but it decreased 3-h into recovery. Plasma IL-6 increased robustly, whereas circulating levels of FGF21, ANGPTL4, IL-15, and CHI3L1 increased only modestly in response to exercise. All returned toward baseline levels 3-h into recovery except for plasma ANGPTL4, which increased further. No significant differences in these responses to exercise were observed between the groups. Our results demonstrate that muscle expression and circulating levels of selected known and putative myokines were equally regulated by acute exercise in patients with T2D and weight-matched controls. This suggests that the potential beneficial metabolic effects of these myokines are not impaired in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & MetabolismInstitute of Clinical ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University HospitalOdense CDenmark
| | | | - Jonas M. Kristensen
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & MetabolismInstitute of Clinical ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University HospitalOdense CDenmark
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72
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Amaro-Gahete FJ, De-la-O A, Jurado-Fasoli L, Espuch-Oliver A, Robles-Gonzalez L, Navarro-Lomas G, de Haro T, Femia P, Castillo MJ, Gutierrez A. Exercise training as S-Klotho protein stimulator in sedentary healthy adults: Rationale, design, and methodology. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2018; 11:10-19. [PMID: 30023455 PMCID: PMC6022251 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The secreted form of the α-Klotho gene (S-Klotho), which is considered a powerful biomarker of longevity, makes it an attractive target as an anti-ageing therapy against functional decline, sarcopenic obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. The S-Klotho plasma levels could be related to physical exercise inasmuch physical exercise is involved in physiological pathways that regulate the S-Klotho plasma levels. FIT-AGEING will determine the effect of different training modalities on the S-Klotho plasma levels (primary outcome) in sedentary healthy adults. FIT-AGEING will also investigate the physiological consequences of activating the klotho gene (secondary outcomes). Methods FIT-AGEING will recruit 80 sedentary, healthy adults (50% women) aged 45–65 years old. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to a non-exercise group, i.e. the control group, (n = 20), a physical activity recommendation from World Health Organization group (n = 20), a high intensity interval training group (n = 20), and a whole-body electromyostimulation group (n = 20). The laboratory measurements will be taken at the baseline and 12 weeks later including the S-Klotho plasma levels, physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength), body composition, basal metabolic rate, heart rate variability, maximal fat oxidation, health blood biomarkers, free-living physical activity, sleep habits, reaction time, cognitive variables, and health-related questionnaires. We will also obtain dietary habits data and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro De-la-O
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Espuch-Oliver
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorios Clínicos, Hospital, H.U. Virgen de Las Nieves, Ibs.Granada, Complejo Hospitalario de Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ginés Navarro-Lomas
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Tomás de Haro
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorios Clínicos, H.U San Cecilio, Ibs.Granada, Complejo Hospitalario de Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Femia
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Medicine at the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Gutierrez
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
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Hu F, Li N, Li Z, Zhang C, Yue Y, Liu Q, Chen L, Bilan PJ, Niu W. Electrical pulse stimulation induces GLUT4 translocation in a Rac-Akt-dependent manner in C2C12 myotubes. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:644-654. [PMID: 29355935 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscle contraction increases skeletal muscle glucose uptake, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. While important for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, the role of Akt in contraction-stimulated muscle glucose uptake is controversial. In our study, C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes were contracted by electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). We found that EPS leads to Akt phosphorylation on sites S473 and T308 in a time-dependent manner. The Akt inhibitor MK2206 partly reduces EPS-stimulated GLUT4 translocation without affecting EPS-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation. EPS activates Rac1 GTP-binding, and EPS-stimulated GLUT4 translocation is partly inhibited by Rac1 inhibitor II and siRac1. Interestingly, both Rac1 inhibitor II and siRac1 inhibit EPS-stimulated Akt phosphorylation on sites S473 and T308. Our findings implicate a Rac1-Akt signaling pathway in EPS-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in C2C12 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Nana Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenyan Niu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China
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75
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Hughey CC, James FD, Bracy DP, Donahue EP, Young JD, Viollet B, Foretz M, Wasserman DH. Loss of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase impedes the rate of glycogenolysis but not gluconeogenic fluxes in exercising mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20125-20140. [PMID: 29038293 PMCID: PMC5724001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologies including diabetes and conditions such as exercise place an unusual demand on liver energy metabolism, and this demand induces a state of energy discharge. Hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed to inhibit anabolic processes such as gluconeogenesis in response to cellular energy stress. However, both AMPK activation and glucose release from the liver are increased during exercise. Here, we sought to test the role of hepatic AMPK in the regulation of in vivo glucose-producing and citric acid cycle-related fluxes during an acute bout of muscular work. We used 2H/13C metabolic flux analysis to quantify intermediary metabolism fluxes in both sedentary and treadmill-running mice. Additionally, liver-specific AMPK α1 and α2 subunit KO and WT mice were utilized. Exercise caused an increase in endogenous glucose production, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate. Citric acid cycle fluxes, pyruvate cycling, anaplerosis, and cataplerosis were also elevated during this exercise. Sedentary nutrient fluxes in the postabsorptive state were comparable for the WT and KO mice. However, the increment in the endogenous rate of glucose appearance during exercise was blunted in the KO mice because of a diminished glycogenolytic flux. This lower rate of glycogenolysis was associated with lower hepatic glycogen content before the onset of exercise and prompted a reduction in arterial glucose during exercise. These results indicate that liver AMPKα1α2 is required for maintaining glucose homeostasis during an acute bout of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis C Hughey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Freyja D James
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Deanna P Bracy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - E Patrick Donahue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Integrated stress response stimulates FGF21 expression: Systemic enhancer of longevity. Cell Signal 2017; 40:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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77
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Porter JW, Rowles JL, Fletcher JA, Zidon TM, Winn NC, McCabe LT, Park YM, Perfield JW, Thyfault JP, Rector RS, Padilla J, Vieira-Potter VJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in adipose tissue do not require FGF21. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:97-109. [PMID: 28765264 PMCID: PMC5581275 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exercise enhances insulin sensitivity; it also improves adipocyte metabolism and reduces adipose tissue inflammation through poorly defined mechanisms. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a pleiotropic hormone-like protein whose insulin-sensitizing properties are predominantly mediated via receptor signaling in adipose tissue (AT). Recently, FGF21 has also been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, an association between exercise and increased circulating FGF21 levels has been reported in some, but not all studies. Thus, the role that FGF21 plays in mediating the positive metabolic effects of exercise in AT are unclear. In this study, FGF21-knockout (KO) mice were used to directly assess the role of FGF21 in mediating the metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on white AT (WAT) and brown AT (BAT). Male FGF21KO and wild-type mice were provided running wheels or remained sedentary for 8 weeks (n = 9-15/group) and compared for adiposity, insulin sensitivity (i.e., HOMA-IR, Adipo-IR) and AT inflammation and metabolic function (e.g., mitochondrial enzyme activity, subunit content). Adiposity and Adipo-IR were increased in FGF21KO mice and decreased by EX. The BAT of FGF21KO animals had reduced mitochondrial content and decreased relative mass, both normalized by EX. WAT and BAT inflammation was elevated in FGF21KO mice, reduced in both genotypes by EX. EX increased WAT Pgc1alpha gene expression, citrate synthase activity, COX I content and total AMPK content in WT but not FGF21KO mice. Collectively, these findings reveal a previously unappreciated anti-inflammatory role for FGF21 in WAT and BAT, but do not support that FGF21 is necessary for EX-mediated anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Porter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joe L Rowles
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Division of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Justin A Fletcher
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbia, Missouri, USA
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, Texas, USA
| | - Terese M Zidon
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nathan C Winn
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Leighton T McCabe
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Young-Min Park
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical CampusDenver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Kansas City VA Medical CenterKansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Child HealthUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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78
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Promotes C2C12 Cells Myogenic Differentiation by Enhancing Cell Cycle Exit. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1648715. [PMID: 29109955 PMCID: PMC5646352 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1648715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a secretion protein, functions as a pivotal regulator of energy metabolism and is being considered as a therapeutic candidate in metabolic syndromes. However, the roles of FGF21 in myogenic differentiation and cell cycle remain obscure. In this study, we investigated the function of FGF21 in myogenesis and cell cycle exit using C2C12 cell line. Our data showed that the expression of myogenic genes as well as cell cycle exit genes was increased after FGF21 overexpression, and FGF21 overexpression induces cell cycle arrest. Moreover, cell cycle genes were decreased in FGF21 overexpression cells while they were increased in FGF21 knockdown cells. Further, FGF21/P53/p21/Cyclin-CDK has been suggested as the key pathway for cell cycle exit mediated by FGF21 in C2C12 cells. Also, we deduce that FGF21 promotes the initiation of myogenic differentiation mainly through enhancing cell cycle exit of C2C12 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that FGF21 promotes cell cycle exit and enhances myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. This study provided new evidence that FGF21 promotes myogenic differentiation, which could be useful for better understanding the roles of FGF21 in myogenesis.
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79
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Navas-Enamorado I, Bernier M, Brea-Calvo G, de Cabo R. Influence of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on age-related pathways in skeletal muscle. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:39-52. [PMID: 28487241 PMCID: PMC5549001 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gloria Brea-Calvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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80
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Lombardi G, Sansoni V, Banfi G. Measuring myokines with cardiovascular functions: pre-analytical variables affecting the analytical output. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:299. [PMID: 28856139 PMCID: PMC5555982 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.07.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, a growing number of molecules have been associated to an endocrine function of the skeletal muscle. Circulating myokine levels, in turn, have been associated with several pathophysiological conditions including the cardiovascular ones. However, data from different studies are often not completely comparable or even discordant. This would be due, at least in part, to the whole set of situations related to the preparation of the patient prior to blood sampling, blood sampling procedure, processing and/or store. This entire process constitutes the pre-analytical phase. The importance of the pre-analytical phase is often not considered. However, in routine diagnostics, the 70% of the errors are in this phase. Moreover, errors during the pre-analytical phase are carried over in the analytical phase and affects the final output. In research, for example, when samples are collected over a long time and by different laboratories, a standardized procedure for sample collecting and the correct procedure for sample storage are acknowledged. In this review, we discuss the pre-analytical variables potentially affecting the measurement of myokines with cardiovascular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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81
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Boa BCS, Yudkin JS, van Hinsbergh VWM, Bouskela E, Eringa EC. Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3466-3481. [PMID: 28147449 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, accompanied by increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue hypertrophy is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, which alters the secretion of adipose tissue-derived bioactive products, known as adipokines. Adipokines determine vessel wall properties such as smooth muscle tone and vessel wall inflammation. Exercise is a mainstay of prevention of chronic, non-communicable diseases, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in particular. Aside from reducing adipose tissue mass, exercise has been shown to reduce inflammatory activity in this tissue. Mechanistically, contracting muscles release bioactive molecules known as myokines, which alter the metabolic phenotype of adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, myokines induce browning, enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. In the past years, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) which surrounds the vasculature, has been shown to control vascular tone and inflammation through local release of adipokines. In obesity, an increase in mass and inflammation of PVAT culminate in dysregulation of adipokine secretion, which contributes to vascular dysfunction. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which active muscles interact with adipose tissue and improve vascular function. Aside from the exercise-dependent regulation of canonical adipose tissue function, we will focus on the interactions between skeletal muscle and PVAT and the role of novel myokines, such as IL-15, FGF21 and irisin, in these interactions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C S Boa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S Yudkin
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - V W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Bouskela
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Carson BP. The Potential Role of Contraction-Induced Myokines in the Regulation of Metabolic Function for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:97. [PMID: 28512448 PMCID: PMC5411437 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle represents the largest organ in the body, comprises 36-42% of body weight, and has recently been recognized as having an endocrine function. Proteins expressed and released by muscle that have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine bioactivities have been termed myokines. It is likely that muscle contraction represents the primary stimulus for the synthesis and secretion of myokines to enable communication with other organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, brain, and auto-regulation of muscle metabolism. To date, several hundred myokines in the muscle secretome have been identified, a sub-population of which are specifically induced by skeletal muscle contraction. However, the bioactivity of many of these myokines and the mechanism through which they act has either not yet been characterized or remains poorly understood. Physical activity and exercise are recognized as a central tenet in both the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent data suggest humoral factors such as muscle-derived secretory proteins may mediate the beneficial effects of exercise in the treatment of metabolic diseases. This mini-review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the role of contraction-induced myokines in mediating the beneficial effects of physical activity and exercise in the prevention and treatment of T2D, specifically glucose and lipid metabolism. Future directions as to how we can optimize contraction-induced myokine secretion to inform exercise protocols for the prevention and treatment of T2D will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Carson
- Health Research Institute, Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Brian P. Carson,
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83
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Tanimura Y, Aoi W, Takanami Y, Kawai Y, Mizushima K, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Acute exercise increases fibroblast growth factor 21 in metabolic organs and circulation. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/12/e12828. [PMID: 27335433 PMCID: PMC4923231 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21, a metabolic regulator, plays roles in lipolysis and glucose uptake in adipose tissues and skeletal muscles. Its expression in skeletal muscle is upregulated upon activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt signaling pathway, which is induced by exercise and muscle contraction. We examined the increase of fibroblast growth factor 21 after acute exercise in metabolic organs, especially skeletal muscles and circulation. Participants exercised on bicycle ergometers for 60 min at 75% of their V˙O2max. Venous blood samples were taken before exercise and immediately after exercise. In an animal study, male ICR mice were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. Mice in the exercise group performed treadmill exercises at 30 m min−1 for 60 min. Shortly thereafter, blood, liver, and skeletal muscle samples were taken from mice. Acute exercise induced the increase of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 in both humans and mice, and increased fibroblast growth factor 21 expression in the skeletal muscles and the liver of mice. Acute exercise activated Akt in mice skeletal muscle. Acute exercise increases fibroblast growth factor 21 concentrations in both serum and metabolic organs. Moreover, results show that acute exercise increased the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 in skeletal muscle, accompanied by the phosphorylation of Akt in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Faculty of human, Aichi-toho University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yukari Kawai
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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84
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Tanimura Y, Aoi W, Takanami Y, Kawai Y, Mizushima K, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Reply to the letter from Dr. Miao et al. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/17/e12964. [PMID: 27634109 PMCID: PMC5027365 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Faculty of Human, Aichi Toho University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yukari Kawai
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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85
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Miao L, Jiang R, Zhu B. Improvement of fibroblast growth factor 21 resistance probably confers the beneficial effects of acute exercise. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/17/e12946. [PMID: 27634107 PMCID: PMC5027353 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF21 resistance improvement, but not solely alteration of FGF21 expression, would probably facilitate the beneficial effects of acute exercise. [Image: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Ying Miao
- The Blood Purification CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Ri‐Yue Jiang
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Critical Care MedicineThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
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