51
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Carrera-Juliá S, Moreno ML, Barrios C, de la Rubia Ortí JE, Drehmer E. Antioxidant Alternatives in the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review. Front Physiol 2020; 11:63. [PMID: 32116773 PMCID: PMC7016185 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that produces a selective loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex. Oxidative stress (OS) associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the deterioration of the electron transport chain has been shown to be a factor that contributes to neurodegeneration and plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of ALS. The regions of the central nervous system affected have high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced antioxidant defenses. Scientific studies propose treatment with antioxidants to combat the characteristic OS and the regeneration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels by the use of precursors. This review examines the possible roles of nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene as therapeutic strategies in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Carrera-Juliá
- Doctoral Degree’s School, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari Luz Moreno
- Department of Basic Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Barrios
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Eraci Drehmer
- Department of Basic Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
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52
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Chinopoulos C. Acute sources of mitochondrial NAD + during respiratory chain dysfunction. Exp Neurol 2020; 327:113218. [PMID: 32035071 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is a textbook definition that in the absence of oxygen or inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain by pharmacologic or genetic means, hyper-reduction of the matrix pyridine nucleotide pool ensues due to impairment of complex I oxidizing NADH, leading to reductive stress. However, even under these conditions, the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) is known to provide succinyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA ligase, thus supporting mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation (mSLP). Mindful that KGDHC is dependent on provision of NAD+, hereby sources of acute NADH oxidation are reviewed, namely i) mitochondrial diaphorases, ii) reversal of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, iii) reversal of the mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase as it occurs under acidic conditions, iv) residual complex I activity and v) reverse operation of the malate-aspartate shuttle. The concept of NAD+ import through the inner mitochondrial membrane as well as artificial means of manipulating matrix NAD+/NADH are also discussed. Understanding the above mechanisms providing NAD+ to KGDHC thus supporting mSLP may assist in dampening mitochondrial dysfunction underlying neurological disorders encompassing impairment of the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest 1094, Hungary.
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53
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The effect of NAMPT deletion in projection neurons on the function and structure of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:99. [PMID: 31919382 PMCID: PMC6952356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays a critical role in energy metabolism and bioenergetic homeostasis. Most NAD+ in mammalian cells is synthesized via the NAD+ salvage pathway, where nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme, converting nicotinamide into nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Using a Thy1-Nampt−/− projection neuron conditional knockout (cKO) mouse, we studied the impact of NAMPT on synaptic vesicle cycling in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), end-plate structure of NMJs and muscle contractility of semitendinosus muscles. Loss of NAMPT impaired synaptic vesicle endocytosis/exocytosis in the NMJs. The cKO mice also had motor endplates with significantly reduced area and thickness. When the cKO mice were treated with NMN, vesicle endocytosis/exocytosis was improved and endplate morphology was restored. Electrical stimulation induced muscle contraction was significantly impacted in the cKO mice in a frequency dependent manner. The cKO mice were unresponsive to high frequency stimulation (100 Hz), while the NMN-treated cKO mice responded similarly to the control mice. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed sarcomere misalignment and changes to mitochondrial morphology in the cKO mice, with NMN treatment restoring sarcomere alignment but not mitochondrial morphology. This study demonstrates that neuronal NAMPT is important for pre-/post-synaptic NMJ function, and maintaining skeletal muscular function and structure.
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54
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Sasaki Y. Viral Transduction of DRG Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2143:55-62. [PMID: 32524472 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0585-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of gene expression is an essential tool to study the function of genes or signaling pathways. Uniform and robust gene manipulation is crucial for successful assays. However, neuronal cells are generally difficult-to-transfect cells with conventional DNA/RNA transfection reagents. Therefore, virus-mediated gene delivery is a primary choice for the studies of gene functions in neurons. In this chapter, we will describe the methods for lentivirus-mediated gene expression or knockdown in DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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55
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Katsyuba E, Romani M, Hofer D, Auwerx J. NAD + homeostasis in health and disease. Nat Metab 2020; 2:9-31. [PMID: 32694684 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual evolution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) from being seen as a simple metabolic cofactor to a pivotal cosubstrate for proteins regulating metabolism and longevity, including the sirtuin family of protein deacylases, has led to a new wave of scientific interest in NAD+. NAD+ levels decline during ageing, and alterations in NAD+ homeostasis can be found in virtually all age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, diabetes and cancer. In preclinical settings, various strategies to increase NAD+ levels have shown beneficial effects, thus starting a competitive race to discover marketable NAD+ boosters to improve healthspan and lifespan. Here, we review the basics of NAD+ biochemistry and metabolism, and its roles in health and disease, and we discuss current challenges and the future translational potential of NAD+ research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nagi Bioscience, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Romani
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dina Hofer
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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56
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Loreto A, Hill CS, Hewitt VL, Orsomando G, Angeletti C, Gilley J, Lucci C, Sanchez-Martinez A, Whitworth AJ, Conforti L, Dajas-Bailador F, Coleman MP. Mitochondrial impairment activates the Wallerian pathway through depletion of NMNAT2 leading to SARM1-dependent axon degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104678. [PMID: 31740269 PMCID: PMC7611775 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration of physically injured axons involves a well-defined molecular pathway linking loss of axonal survival factor NMNAT2 to activation of pro-degenerative protein SARM1. Manipulating the pathway through these proteins led to the identification of non-axotomy insults causing axon degeneration by a Wallerian-like mechanism, including several involving mitochondrial impairment. Mitochondrial dysfunction is heavily implicated in Parkinson’s disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia and other axonal disorders. However, whether and how mitochondrial impairment activates Wallerian degeneration has remained unclear. Here, we show that disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential leads to axonal NMNAT2 depletion in mouse sympathetic neurons, increasing the substrate-to-product ratio (NMN/NAD) of this NAD-synthesising enzyme, a metabolic fingerprint of Wallerian degeneration. The mechanism appears to involve both impaired NMNAT2 synthesis and reduced axonal transport. Expression of WLDS and Sarm1 deletion both protect axons after mitochondrial uncoupling. Blocking the pathway also confers neuroprotection and increases the lifespan of flies with Pink1 loss-of-function mutation, which causes severe mitochondrial defects. These data indicate that mitochondrial impairment replicates all the major steps of Wallerian degeneration, placing it upstream of NMNAT2 loss, with the potential to contribute to axon pathology in mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Loreto
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ciaran S Hill
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria L Hewitt
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Giuseppe Orsomando
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Carlo Angeletti
- Department of Clinical Sciences (DISCO), Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristiano Lucci
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Martinez
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Alexander J Whitworth
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Laura Conforti
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Michael P Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, CB2 0PY Cambridge, UK.
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57
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Moss KR, Höke A. Targeting the programmed axon degeneration pathway as a potential therapeutic for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146539. [PMID: 31689415 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The programmed axon degeneration pathway has emerged as an important process contributing to the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. The most crucial events in this pathway include activation of the central executioner SARM1 and NAD+ depletion, which leads to an energetic failure and ultimately axon destruction. Given the prevalence of this pathway, it is not surprising that inhibitory therapies are currently being developed in order to treat multiple neurological diseases with the same therapy. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases that may also benefit from this therapeutic approach. To evaluate the appropriateness of this strategy, the contribution of the programmed axon degeneration pathway to the pathogenesis of different CMT subtypes is being actively investigated. The subtypes CMT1A, CMT1B and CMT2D are the first to have been examined. Based on the results from these studies and advances in developing therapies to block the programmed axon degeneration pathway, promising therapeutics for CMT are now on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Moss
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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58
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Xing S, Hu Y, Huang X, Shen D, Chen C. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase‑related signaling pathway in early Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:5163-5171. [PMID: 31702813 PMCID: PMC6854586 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and which ultimately leads to dementia. Studies have shown that energy dysmetabolism contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of a variety of aging-associated diseases and degenerative diseases of the nervous system, including AD. One focus of research thus has been how to regulate the expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) to prevent against neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the present study used 6-month-old APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice as early AD mouse models and sought to evaluate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and FK866 (a NAMPT inhibitor) treatment in APP/PS1 mice to study NAMPT dysmetabolism in the process of AD and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. As a result of this treatment, the expression of NAMPT decreased, the synthesis of ATP and NAD+ became insufficient and the NAD+/NADH ratio was reduced. The administration of NAD+ alleviated the spatial learning and memory of APP/PS1 mice and reduced senile plaques. Administration of NAD+ may also increase the expression of the key protein NAMPT and its related protein sirtuin 1 as well as the synthesis of NAD+. Therefore, increasing NAMPT expression levels may promote NAD+ production. Their regulation could form the basis for a new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanli Xing
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Hu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Xujiao Huang
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Dingzhu Shen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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59
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Tan VX, Guillemin GJ. Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites as Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1013. [PMID: 31616242 PMCID: PMC6764462 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) currently lacks a robust and well-defined biomarker that can 1) assess the progression of the disease, 2) predict and/or delineate the various clinical subtypes, and 3) evaluate or predict a patient's response to treatments. The kynurenine Pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation represent a promising candidate as it is involved with several neuropathological features present in ALS including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, immune system activation and dysregulation of energy metabolism. Some of the KP metabolites (KPMs) can cross the blood brain barrier, and many studies have shown their levels are dysregulated in major neurodegenerative diseases including ALS. The KPMs can be easily analyzed in body fluids and tissue and as they are small molecules, and are stable. KPMs have a Janus face action, they can be either or both neurotoxic and/or neuroprotective depending of their levels. This mini review examines and presents evidence supporting the use of KPMs as a relevant set of biomarkers for ALS, and highlights the criteria required to achieve a valid biomarker set for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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60
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Geisler S, Doan RA, Cheng GC, Cetinkaya-Fisgin A, Huang SX, Höke A, Milbrandt J, DiAntonio A. Vincristine and bortezomib use distinct upstream mechanisms to activate a common SARM1-dependent axon degeneration program. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129920. [PMID: 31484833 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is one of the most prevalent dose-limiting toxicities of anticancer therapy. Development of effective therapies to prevent chemotherapy-induced neuropathies could be enabled by a mechanistic understanding of axonal breakdown following exposure to neuropathy-causing agents. Here, we reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying axon degeneration induced by 2 widely used chemotherapeutic agents with distinct mechanisms of action: vincristine and bortezomib. We showed previously that genetic deletion of SARM1 blocks vincristine-induced neuropathy and demonstrate here that it also prevents axon destruction following administration of bortezomib in vitro and in vivo. Using cultured neurons, we found that vincristine and bortezomib converge on a core axon degeneration program consisting of nicotinamide mononucleotide NMNAT2, SARM1, and loss of NAD+ but engage different upstream mechanisms that closely resemble Wallerian degeneration after vincristine and apoptosis after bortezomib. We could inhibit the final common axon destruction pathway by preserving axonal NAD+ levels or expressing a candidate gene therapeutic that inhibits SARM1 in vitro. We suggest that these approaches may lead to therapies for vincristine- and bortezomib-induced neuropathies and possibly other forms of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Geisler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ryan A Doan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Galen C Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Shay X Huang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Genetics and
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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61
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Llobet Rosell A, Neukomm LJ. Axon death signalling in Wallerian degeneration among species and in disease. Open Biol 2019; 9:190118. [PMID: 31455157 PMCID: PMC6731592 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon loss is a shared feature of nervous systems being challenged in neurological disease, by chemotherapy or mechanical force. Axons take up the vast majority of the neuronal volume, thus numerous axonal intrinsic and glial extrinsic support mechanisms have evolved to promote lifelong axonal survival. Impaired support leads to axon degeneration, yet underlying intrinsic signalling cascades actively promoting the disassembly of axons remain poorly understood in any context, making the development to attenuate axon degeneration challenging. Wallerian degeneration serves as a simple model to study how axons undergo injury-induced axon degeneration (axon death). Severed axons actively execute their own destruction through an evolutionarily conserved axon death signalling cascade. This pathway is also activated in the absence of injury in diseased and challenged nervous systems. Gaining insights into mechanisms underlying axon death signalling could therefore help to define targets to block axon loss. Herein, we summarize features of axon death at the molecular and subcellular level. Recently identified and characterized mediators of axon death signalling are comprehensively discussed in detail, and commonalities and differences across species highlighted. We conclude with a summary of engaged axon death signalling in humans and animal models of neurological conditions. Thus, gaining mechanistic insights into axon death signalling broadens our understanding beyond a simple injury model. It harbours the potential to define targets for therapeutic intervention in a broad range of human axonopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Llobet Rosell
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, VD, Switzerland
| | - Lukas J Neukomm
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, VD, Switzerland
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62
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Hikosaka K, Yaku K, Okabe K, Nakagawa T. Implications of NAD metabolism in pathophysiology and therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:371-383. [PMID: 31280708 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1637504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme that mediates various redox reactions. Particularly, mitochondrial NAD plays a critical role in energy production pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation. NAD also serves as a substrate for ADP-ribosylation and deacetylation by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and sirtuins, respectively. Thus, NAD regulates energy metabolism, DNA damage repair, gene expression, and stress response. Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of NAD metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and retinal degenerative diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered crucial pathogenesis for neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD. Maintaining appropriate NAD levels is important for mitochondrial function. Indeed, decreased NAD levels are observed in AD and PD, and supplementation of NAD precursors ameliorates disease phenotypes by activating mitochondrial functions. NAD metabolism also plays an important role in axonal degeneration, a characteristic feature of peripheral neuropathy and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, dysregulated NAD metabolism is implicated in retinal degenerative diseases such as glaucoma and Leber congenital amaurosis, and NAD metabolism is considered a therapeutic target for these diseases. In this review, we summarize the involvement of NAD metabolism in axon degeneration and various neurodegenerative diseases and discuss perspectives of nutritional intervention using NAD precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hikosaka
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yaku
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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63
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Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9772. [PMID: 31278280 PMCID: PMC6611812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a newly discovered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor vitamin. A crystal form of NR chloride termed NIAGEN is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in foods and the subject of two New Dietary Ingredient Notifications for use in dietary supplements. To evaluate the kinetics and dose-dependency of NR oral availability and safety in overweight, but otherwise healthy men and women, an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Consumption of 100, 300 and 1000 mg NR dose-dependently and significantly increased whole blood NAD+ (i.e., 22%, 51% and 142%) and other NAD+ metabolites within 2 weeks. The increases were maintained throughout the remainder of the study. There were no reports of flushing and no significant differences in adverse events between the NR and placebo-treated groups or between groups at different NR doses. NR also did not elevate low density lipoprotein cholesterol or dysregulate 1-carbon metabolism. Together these data support the development of a tolerable upper intake limit for NR based on human data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Conze
- Chromadex Spherix Consulting, 11821 Parklawn Drive, Suite 310, Rockville, MD, 20852, United States
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 4-403 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States.
| | - Claire L Kruger
- Chromadex Spherix Consulting, 11821 Parklawn Drive, Suite 310, Rockville, MD, 20852, United States.
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64
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Abstract
The antiapoptotic, neuroprotective compound P7C3-A20 reduces neurological deficits when administered to murine in-vivo models of traumatic brain injury. P7C3-A20 is thought to exert its activity through small-molecule activation of the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. This enzyme converts nicotinamide to nicotinamide mononucleotide, the precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis. Alterations to this bioenergetic pathway have been shown to induce Wallerian degeneration (WD) of the distal neurite following injury. This study aimed to establish whether P7C3-A20, through induction of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase activity, would affect the rate of WD. The model systems used were dissociated primary cortical neurons, dissociated superior cervical ganglion neurons and superior cervical ganglion explants. P7C3-A20 failed to show any protection against WD induced by neurite transection or vincristine administration. Furthermore, there was a concentration-dependent neurotoxicity. These findings are important in understanding the mechanism by which P7C3-A20 mediates its effects - a key step before moving to human clinical trials.
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65
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NMNAT Proteins that Limit Wallerian Degeneration Also Regulate Critical Period Plasticity in the Visual Cortex. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0277-18. [PMID: 30671537 PMCID: PMC6338469 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0277-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many brain regions go through critical periods of development during which plasticity is enhanced. These critical periods are associated with extensive growth and retraction of thalamocortical and intracortical axons. Here, we investigated whether a signaling pathway that is central in Wallerian axon degeneration also regulates critical period plasticity in the primary visual cortex (V1). Wallerian degeneration is characterized by rapid disintegration of axons once they are separated from the cell body. This degenerative process is initiated by reduced presence of cytoplasmic nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs) and is strongly delayed in mice overexpressing cytoplasmic NMNAT proteins, such as WldS mutant mice producing a UBE4b-NMNAT1 fusion protein or NMNAT3 transgenic mice. Here, we provide evidence that in WldS mice and NMNAT3 transgenic mice, ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in the developing visual cortex is reduced. This deficit is only observed during the second half of the critical period. Additionally, we detect an early increase of visual acuity in the V1 of WldS mice. We do not find evidence for Wallerian degeneration occurring during OD plasticity. Our findings suggest that NMNATs do not only regulate Wallerian degeneration during pathological conditions but also control cellular events that mediate critical period plasticity during the physiological development of the cortex.
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Braidy N, Berg J, Clement J, Khorshidi F, Poljak A, Jayasena T, Grant R, Sachdev P. Role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Related Precursors as Therapeutic Targets for Age-Related Degenerative Diseases: Rationale, Biochemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Outcomes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:251-294. [PMID: 29634344 PMCID: PMC6277084 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential pyridine nucleotide that serves as an essential cofactor and substrate for a number of critical cellular processes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, DNA repair, epigenetically modulated gene expression, intracellular calcium signaling, and immunological functions. NAD+ depletion may occur in response to either excessive DNA damage due to free radical or ultraviolet attack, resulting in significant poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation and a high turnover and subsequent depletion of NAD+, and/or chronic immune activation and inflammatory cytokine production resulting in accelerated CD38 activity and decline in NAD+ levels. Recent studies have shown that enhancing NAD+ levels can profoundly reduce oxidative cell damage in catabolic tissue, including the brain. Therefore, promotion of intracellular NAD+ anabolism represents a promising therapeutic strategy for age-associated degenerative diseases in general, and is essential to the effective realization of multiple benefits of healthy sirtuin activity. The kynurenine pathway represents the de novo NAD+ synthesis pathway in mammalian cells. NAD+ can also be produced by the NAD+ salvage pathway. Recent Advances: In this review, we describe and discuss recent insights regarding the efficacy and benefits of the NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), in attenuating NAD+ decline in degenerative disease states and physiological aging. Critical Issues: Results obtained in recent years have shown that NAD+ precursors can play important protective roles in several diseases. However, in some cases, these precursors may vary in their ability to enhance NAD+ synthesis via their location in the NAD+ anabolic pathway. Increased synthesis of NAD+ promotes protective cell responses, further demonstrating that NAD+ is a regulatory molecule associated with several biochemical pathways. Future Directions: In the next few years, the refinement of personalized therapy for the use of NAD+ precursors and improved detection methodologies allowing the administration of specific NAD+ precursors in the context of patients' NAD+ levels will lead to a better understanding of the therapeutic role of NAD+ precursors in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jade Berg
- Australasian Research Institute, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Fatemeh Khorshidi
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tharusha Jayasena
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ross Grant
- Australasian Research Institute, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Keeping the balance in NAD metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:119-130. [PMID: 30626706 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last few decades has extended our understanding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from a vital redox carrier to an important signalling molecule that is involved in the regulation of a multitude of fundamental cellular processes. This includes DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, gene expression and calcium signalling, in which NAD is a substrate for several families of regulatory proteins, such as sirtuins and ADP-ribosyltransferases. At the molecular level, NAD-dependent signalling events differ from hydride transfer by cleavage of the dinucleotide into an ADP-ribosyl moiety and nicotinamide. Therefore, non-redox functions of NAD require continuous biosynthesis of the dinucleotide. Maintenance of cellular NAD levels is mainly achieved by nicotinamide salvage, yet a variety of other precursors can be used to sustain cellular NAD levels via different biosynthetic routes. Biosynthesis and consumption of NAD are compartmentalised at the subcellular level, and currently little is known about the generation and role of some of these subcellular NAD pools. Impaired biosynthesis or increased NAD consumption is deleterious and associated with ageing and several pathologies. Insults to neurons lead to depletion of axonal NAD and rapid degeneration, partial rescue can be achieved pharmacologically by administration of specific NAD precursors. Restoring NAD levels by stimulating biosynthesis or through supplementation with precursors also produces beneficial therapeutic effects in several disease models. In this review, we will briefly discuss the most recent achievements and the challenges ahead in this diverse research field.
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Liu HW, Smith CB, Schmidt MS, Cambronne XA, Cohen MS, Migaud ME, Brenner C, Goodman RH. Pharmacological bypass of NAD + salvage pathway protects neurons from chemotherapy-induced degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10654-10659. [PMID: 30257945 PMCID: PMC6196523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809392115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration, a hallmark of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), is thought to be caused by a loss of the essential metabolite nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) via the prodegenerative protein SARM1. Some studies challenge this notion, however, and suggest that an aberrant increase in a direct precursor of NAD+, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), rather than loss of NAD+, is responsible. In support of this idea, blocking NMN accumulation in neurons by expressing a bacterial NMN deamidase protected axons from degeneration. We hypothesized that protection could similarly be achieved by reducing NMN production pharmacologically. To achieve this, we took advantage of an alternative pathway for NAD+ generation that goes through the intermediate nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN), rather than NMN. We discovered that nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), a precursor of NAMN, administered in combination with FK866, an inhibitor of the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase that produces NMN, protected dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons against vincristine-induced degeneration as well as NMN deamidase. Introducing a different bacterial enzyme that converts NAMN to NMN reversed this protection. Collectively, our data indicate that maintaining NAD+ is not sufficient to protect DRG neurons from vincristine-induced axon degeneration, and elevating NMN, by itself, is not sufficient to cause degeneration. Nonetheless, the combination of FK866 and NAR, which bypasses NMN formation, may provide a therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Liu
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Chadwick B Smith
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 55242
| | - Xiaolu A Cambronne
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael S Cohen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 33604
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 55242;
| | - Richard H Goodman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239;
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Crisol BM, Veiga CB, Lenhare L, Braga RR, Silva VR, da Silva AS, Cintra DE, Moura LP, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER. Nicotinamide riboside induces a thermogenic response in lean mice. Life Sci 2018; 211:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The concept of replenishing or elevating NAD+ availability to combat metabolic disease and ageing is an area of intense research. This has led to a need to define the endogenous regulatory pathways and mechanisms cells and tissues utilise to maximise NAD+ availability such that strategies to intervene in the clinical setting are able to be fully realised. This review discusses the importance of different salvage pathways involved in metabolising the vitamin B3 class of NAD+ precursor molecules, with a particular focus on the recently identified nicotinamide riboside kinase pathway at both a tissue-specific and systemic level.
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Sasaki Y. Metabolic aspects of neuronal degeneration: From a NAD + point of view. Neurosci Res 2018; 139:9-20. [PMID: 30006197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism maintains the life of cells, allowing energy production required for building cellular constituents and maintaining homeostasis under constantly changing external environments. Neuronal cells maintain their structure and function for the entire life of organisms and the loss of neurons, with limited neurogenesis in adults, directly causes loss of complexity in the neuronal networks. The nervous system organizes the neurons by placing cell bodies containing nuclei of similar types of neurons in discrete regions. Accordingly, axons must travel great distances to connect different types of neurons and peripheral organs. The enormous surface area of neurons makes them high-energy demanding to keep their membrane potential. Distal axon survival is dependent on axonal transport that is another energy demanding process. All of these factors make metabolic stress a potential risk factor for neuronal death and neuronal degeneration often associated with metabolic diseases. This review discusses recent findings on metabolic dysregulations under neuronal degeneration and pathways protecting neurons in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, Couch Biomedical Research Building, 4515 McKinley Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, United States
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Turkiew E, Falconer D, Reed N, Höke A. Deletion of Sarm1 gene is neuroprotective in two models of peripheral neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2018; 22:162-171. [PMID: 28485482 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Distal axon degeneration seen in many peripheral neuropathies is likely to share common molecular mechanisms with Wallerian degeneration. Although several studies in mouse models of peripheral neuropathy showed prevention of axon degeneration in the slow Wallerian degeneration (Wlds) mouse, the role of a recently identified player in Wallerian degeneration, Sarm1, has not been explored extensively. In this study, we show that mice lacking the Sarm1 gene are resistant to distal axonal degeneration in a model of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy caused by paclitaxel and a model of high fat diet induced putative metabolic neuropathy. This study extends the role of Sarm1 to axon degeneration seen in peripheral neuropathies and identifies it as a likely target for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Turkiew
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debbie Falconer
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Reed
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Nieto CA, Sánchez LM, Sánchez DM, Díaz GJ, Ramírez MH. Localization and phosphorylation of Plasmodium falciparum nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (PfNMNAT) in intraerythrocytic stages. Malar J 2018; 17:161. [PMID: 29642910 PMCID: PMC5896089 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential molecule in the energy metabolism of living beings, and it has various cellular functions. The main enzyme in the biosynthesis of this nucleotide is nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT, EC 2.7.7.1/18) because it is the convergence point for all known biosynthetic pathways. NMNATs have divergences in both the number of isoforms detected and their distribution, depending on the organism. Methods In the laboratory of basic research in biochemistry (LIBBIQ: acronym in Spanish) the NMNATs of protozoan parasites (Leishmania braziliensis, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Giardia duodenalis) have been studied, analysing their catalytic properties through the use of proteins. Recombinants and their cellular distribution essentially. In 2014, O’Hara et al. determined the cytoplasmic localization of NMNAT of P. falciparum, using a transgene coupled to GFP, however, the addition of labels to the study protein can modify several of its characteristics, including its sub-cellular localization. Results This study confirms the cytoplasmic localization of this protein in the parasite through recognition of the endogenous protein in the different stages of the asexual life cycle. Additionally, the study found that PfNMNAT could be a phosphorylation target at serine, tyrosine and threonine residues, and it shows variations during the asexual life cycle. Conclusions These experiments confirmed that the parasite is situated in the cytoplasm, fulfilling the required functions of NAD+ in this compartment, the PfNMNAT is regulated in post-transcription processes, and can be regulated by phosphorylation in its residues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2307-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Nieto
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica (LIBBIQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Lina M Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica (LIBBIQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Diana M Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica (LIBBIQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Gonzalo J Díaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - María H Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica (LIBBIQ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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Martino Carpi F, Cortese M, Orsomando G, Polzonetti V, Vincenzetti S, Moreschini B, Coleman M, Magni G, Pucciarelli S. Simultaneous quantification of nicotinamide mononucleotide and related pyridine compounds in mouse tissues by UHPLC-MS/MS. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201700024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuseppe Orsomando
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry; Polytechnic University of Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Valeria Polzonetti
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Silvia Vincenzetti
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Benedetta Moreschini
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | | | - Giulio Magni
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Stefania Pucciarelli
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
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Galindo R, Banks Greenberg M, Araki T, Sasaki Y, Mehta N, Milbrandt J, Holtzman DM. NMNAT3 is protective against the effects of neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:722-738. [PMID: 29046881 PMCID: PMC5634348 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the NAD+ biosynthetic protein, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase-3 (NMNAT3), is a neuroprotective inducible enzyme capable of decreasing cerebral injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) and reducing glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxic neurodegeneration of immature neurons. METHODS Using NMNAT3-overexpressing mice we investigated whether increases in brain NMNAT3 reduced cerebral tissue loss following H-I. We then employed biochemical methods from injured neonatal brains to examine the inducibility of NMNAT3 and the mechanism of NMNAT3-dependent neuroprotection. Using AAV8-mediated vectors for in vitro neuronal NMNAT3 knockdown, we then examine the endogenous role of this protein on immature neuronal survival prior and following NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. RESULTS NMNAT3 mRNA and protein levels increased after neonatal H-I. In addition, NMNAT3 overexpression decreased cortical and hippocampal tissue loss 7 days following injury. We further show that the NMNAT3 neuroprotective mechanism involves a decrease in calpastatin degradation, and a decrease in caspase-3 activity and calpain-mediated cleavage. Conversely, NMNAT3 knockdown of cortical and hippocampal neurons in vitro caused neuronal degeneration and increased excitotoxic cell death. The neurodegenerative effects of NMNAT3 knockdown were counteracted by exogenous upregulation of NMNAT3. CONCLUSIONS Our observations provide new insights into the neuroprotective mechanisms of NMNATs in the injured developing brain, adding NMNAT3 as an important neuroprotective enzyme in neonatal H-I via inhibition of apoptotic and necrotic neurodegeneration. Interestingly, we find that endogenous NMNAT3 is an inducible protein important for maintaining the survival of immature neurons. Future studies aimed at uncovering the mechanisms of NMNAT3 upregulation and neuroprotection may offer new therapies against the effects of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Galindo
- Department of NeurologyHope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington UniversitySt. LouisMissouri63110
| | - Marianne Banks Greenberg
- Department of NeurologyHope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington UniversitySt. LouisMissouri63110
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System ResearchNational Institute of NeuroscienceKodairaTokyoJapan
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of GeneticsWashington UniversitySt. LouisMissouri63110
| | - Nehali Mehta
- Department of NeurologyHope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington UniversitySt. LouisMissouri63110
| | | | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of NeurologyHope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington UniversitySt. LouisMissouri63110
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for many aspects of cellular homeostasis, including energy harvesting through oxidative phosphorylation. Alterations of mitochondrial function not only impact on cellular metabolism but also critically influence whole-body metabolism, health, and life span. Diseases defined by mitochondrial dysfunction have expanded from rare monogenic disorders in a strict sense to now also include many common polygenic diseases, including metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and neuromuscular diseases. This has led to an intensive search for new therapeutic and preventive strategies aimed at invigorating mitochondrial function by exploiting key components of mitochondrial biogenesis, redox metabolism, dynamics, mitophagy, and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. As such, new findings linking mitochondrial function to the progression or outcome of this ever-increasing list of diseases has stimulated the discovery and development of the first true mitochondrial drugs, which are now entering the clinic and are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Vaur P, Brugg B, Mericskay M, Li Z, Schmidt MS, Vivien D, Orset C, Jacotot E, Brenner C, Duplus E. Nicotinamide riboside, a form of vitamin B 3, protects against excitotoxicity-induced axonal degeneration. FASEB J 2017; 31:5440-5452. [PMID: 28842432 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700221rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NAD+ depletion is a common phenomenon in neurodegenerative pathologies. Excitotoxicity occurs in multiple neurologic disorders and NAD+ was shown to prevent neuronal degeneration in this process through mechanisms that remained to be determined. The activity of nicotinamide riboside (NR) in neuroprotective models and the recent description of extracellular conversion of NAD+ to NR prompted us to probe the effects of NAD+ and NR in protection against excitotoxicity. Here, we show that intracortical administration of NR but not NAD+ reduces brain damage induced by NMDA injection. Using cortical neurons, we found that provision of extracellular NR delays NMDA-induced axonal degeneration (AxD) much more strongly than extracellular NAD+ Moreover, the stronger effect of NR compared to NAD+ depends of axonal stress since in AxD induced by pharmacological inhibition of nicotinamide salvage, both NAD+ and NR prevent neuronal death and AxD in a manner that depends on internalization of NR. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that NR is a better neuroprotective agent than NAD+ in excitotoxicity-induced AxD and that axonal protection involves defending intracellular NAD+ homeostasis.-Vaur, P., Brugg, B., Mericskay, M., Li, Z., Schmidt, M. S., Vivien, D., Orset, C., Jacotot, E., Brenner, C., Duplus, E. Nicotinamide riboside, a form of vitamin B3, protects against excitotoxicity-induced axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Vaur
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement (UMR 8256), Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Brugg
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement (UMR 8256), Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Mericskay
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement (UMR 8256), Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Unité Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement (UMR 8256), Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) U1164, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Denis Vivien
- Unité INSERM 1237, GIP Cycéron, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Université Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Unité INSERM 1237, GIP Cycéron, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Université Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Etienne Jacotot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement (UMR 8256), Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Eric Duplus
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement (UMR 8256), Institut Biologie Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France;
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Katsyuba E, Auwerx J. Modulating NAD + metabolism, from bench to bedside. EMBO J 2017; 36:2670-2683. [PMID: 28784597 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered in the beginning of the 20th century, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has evolved from a simple oxidoreductase cofactor to being an essential cosubstrate for a wide range of regulatory proteins that include the sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent protein deacylases, widely recognized regulators of metabolic function and longevity. Altered NAD+ metabolism is associated with aging and many pathological conditions, such as metabolic diseases and disorders of the muscular and neuronal systems. Conversely, increased NAD+ levels have shown to be beneficial in a broad spectrum of diseases. Here, we review the fundamental aspects of NAD+ biochemistry and metabolism and discuss how boosting NAD+ content can help ameliorate mitochondrial homeostasis and as such improve healthspan and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ashrafi G, Ryan TA. Glucose metabolism in nerve terminals. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 45:156-161. [PMID: 28605677 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nerve terminals in the brain carry out the primary form of intercellular communication between neurons. Neurotransmission, however, requires adequate supply of ATP to support energetically demanding steps, including the maintenance of ionic gradients, reversing changes in intracellular Ca2+ that arise from opening voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, as well recycling synaptic vesicles. The energy demands of the brain are primarily met by glucose which is oxidized through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. The pathways of ATP production have to respond rapidly to changes in energy demand at the synapse to sustain neuronal activity. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding the mechanisms regulating glycolysis at nerve terminals, their contribution to synaptic function, and how dysregulation of glycolysis may contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Ashrafi
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Timothy A Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
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80
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Fletcher RS, Ratajczak J, Doig CL, Oakey LA, Callingham R, Da Silva Xavier G, Garten A, Elhassan YS, Redpath P, Migaud ME, Philp A, Brenner C, Canto C, Lavery GG. Nicotinamide riboside kinases display redundancy in mediating nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Mol Metab 2017; 6:819-832. [PMID: 28752046 PMCID: PMC5518663 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Augmenting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) availability may protect skeletal muscle from age-related metabolic decline. Dietary supplementation of NAD+ precursors nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR) appear efficacious in elevating muscle NAD+. Here we sought to identify the pathways skeletal muscle cells utilize to synthesize NAD+ from NMN and NR and provide insight into mechanisms of muscle metabolic homeostasis. Methods We exploited expression profiling of muscle NAD+ biosynthetic pathways, single and double nicotinamide riboside kinase 1/2 (NRK1/2) loss-of-function mice, and pharmacological inhibition of muscle NAD+ recycling to evaluate NMN and NR utilization. Results Skeletal muscle cells primarily rely on nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), NRK1, and NRK2 for salvage biosynthesis of NAD+. NAMPT inhibition depletes muscle NAD+ availability and can be rescued by NR and NMN as the preferred precursors for elevating muscle cell NAD+ in a pathway that depends on NRK1 and NRK2. Nrk2 knockout mice develop normally and show subtle alterations to their NAD+ metabolome and expression of related genes. NRK1, NRK2, and double KO myotubes revealed redundancy in the NRK dependent metabolism of NR to NAD+. Significantly, these models revealed that NMN supplementation is also dependent upon NRK activity to enhance NAD+ availability. Conclusions These results identify skeletal muscle cells as requiring NAMPT to maintain NAD+ availability and reveal that NRK1 and 2 display overlapping function in salvage of exogenous NR and NMN to augment intracellular NAD+ availability. NRK1 and NRK2 are expressed in skeletal muscle and display redundancy in converting NR and NMN to NAD+. NRK1 and NRK2 are dispensable for maintaining basal skeletal muscle cell NAD+. Exogenous NMN salvage to NAD+ is NRK dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Fletcher
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Joanna Ratajczak
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig L Doig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Lucy A Oakey
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Rebecca Callingham
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gabriella Da Silva Xavier
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antje Garten
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Leipzig University, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Liebigstrasse 19-21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yasir S Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Philip Redpath
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK.
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81
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Hamity MV, White SR, Walder RY, Schmidt MS, Brenner C, Hammond DL. Nicotinamide riboside, a form of vitamin B3 and NAD+ precursor, relieves the nociceptive and aversive dimensions of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in female rats. Pain 2017; 158:962-972. [PMID: 28346814 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Injury to sensory afferents may contribute to the peripheral neuropathies that develop after administration of chemotherapeutic agents. Manipulations that increase levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) can protect against neuronal injury. This study examined whether nicotinamide riboside (NR), a third form of vitamin B3 and precursor of NAD, diminishes tactile hypersensitivity and place escape-avoidance behaviors in a rodent model of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received 3 intravenous injections of 6.6 mg/kg paclitaxel over 5 days. Daily oral administration of 200 mg/kg NR beginning 7 days before paclitaxel treatment and continuing for another 24 days prevented the development of tactile hypersensitivity and blunted place escape-avoidance behaviors. These effects were sustained after a 2-week washout period. This dose of NR increased blood levels of NAD by 50%, did not interfere with the myelosuppressive effects of paclitaxel, and did not produce adverse locomotor effects. Treatment with 200 mg/kg NR for 3 weeks after paclitaxel reversed the well-established tactile hypersensitivity in a subset of rats and blunted escape-avoidance behaviors. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg oral acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) did not prevent paclitaxel-induced tactile hypersensitivity or blunt escape-avoidance behaviors. ALCAR by itself produced tactile hypersensitivity. These findings suggest that agents that increase NAD, a critical cofactor for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation systems and cellular redox systems involved with fuel utilization and energy metabolism, represent a novel therapeutic approach for relief of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies. Because NR is a vitamin B3 precursor of NAD and a nutritional supplement, clinical tests of this hypothesis may be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Donna L Hammond
- Departments of Anesthesia.,Pharmacology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Chen L, Nye DM, Stone MC, Weiner AT, Gheres KW, Xiong X, Collins CA, Rolls MM. Mitochondria and Caspases Tune Nmnat-Mediated Stabilization to Promote Axon Regeneration. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006503. [PMID: 27923046 PMCID: PMC5173288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon injury can lead to several cell survival responses including increased stability and axon regeneration. Using an accessible Drosophila model system, we investigated the regulation of injury responses and their relationship. Axon injury stabilizes the rest of the cell, including the entire dendrite arbor. After axon injury we found mitochondrial fission in dendrites was upregulated, and that reducing fission increased stabilization or neuroprotection (NP). Thus axon injury seems to both turn on NP, but also dampen it by activating mitochondrial fission. We also identified caspases as negative regulators of axon injury-mediated NP, so mitochondrial fission could control NP through caspase activation. In addition to negative regulators of NP, we found that nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (Nmnat) is absolutely required for this type of NP. Increased microtubule dynamics, which has previously been associated with NP, required Nmnat. Indeed Nmnat overexpression was sufficient to induce NP and increase microtubule dynamics in the absence of axon injury. DLK, JNK and fos were also required for NP. Because NP occurs before axon regeneration, and NP seems to be actively downregulated, we tested whether excessive NP might inhibit regeneration. Indeed both Nmnat overexpression and caspase reduction reduced regeneration. In addition, overexpression of fos or JNK extended the timecourse of NP and dampened regeneration in a Nmnat-dependent manner. These data suggest that NP and regeneration are conflicting responses to axon injury, and that therapeutic strategies that boost NP may reduce regeneration. Unlike many other cell types, most neurons last a lifetime. When injured, these cells often activate survival and repair strategies rather than dying. One such response is regeneration of the axon after it is injured. Axon regeneration is a conserved process activated by the same signaling cascade in worms, flies and mammals. Surprisingly we find that this signaling cascade first initiates a different response. This first response stabilizes the cell, and its downregulation by mitochondrial fission and caspases allows for maximum regeneration at later times. We propose that neurons respond to axon injury in a multi-step process with an early lock-down phase in which the cell is stabilized, followed by a more plastic state in which regeneration is maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Derek M. Nye
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michelle C. Stone
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kyle W. Gheres
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xin Xiong
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Collins
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Rolls
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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83
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Xie L, Wang Z, Li C, Yang K, Liang Y. Protective effect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury via reducing oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 36:114-119. [PMID: 27887979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As previous studies demonstrate that oxidative stress and apoptosis play crucial roles in ischemic pathogenesis and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) treatment attenuates oxidative stress-induced cell death among primary neurons and astrocytes as well as significantly reduce cerebral ischemic injury in rats. We used a spinal cord ischemia injury (SCII) model in rats to verify our hypothesis that NAD+ could ameliorate oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. Adult male rats were subjected to transient spinal cord ischemia for 60min, and different doses of NAD+ were administered intraperitoneally immediately after the start of reperfusion. Neurological function was determined by Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scores. The oxidative stress level was assessed by superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The degree of apoptosis was analyzed by deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and AIF (apoptosis inducing factor). The results showed that NAD+ at 50 or 100mg/kg significantly decreased the oxidative stress level and neuronal apoptosis in the spinal cord of ischemia-reperfusion rats compared with saline, as accompanied with the decreased oxidative stress, NAD+ administration significantly restrained the neuronal apoptosis after ischemia injury while improved the neurological and motor function. These findings suggested that NAD+ might protect against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion via reducing oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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84
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Acute Axonal Degeneration Drives Development of Cognitive, Motor, and Visual Deficits after Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0220-16. [PMID: 27822499 PMCID: PMC5086797 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0220-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a prominent feature of many forms of neurodegeneration, and also an early event in blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (TBI), the signature injury of soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. It is not known, however, whether this axonal degeneration is what drives development of subsequent neurologic deficits after the injury. The Wallerian degeneration slow strain (WldS) of mice is resistant to some forms of axonal degeneration because of a triplicated fusion gene encoding the first 70 amino acids of Ufd2a, a ubiquitin-chain assembly factor, that is linked to the complete coding sequence of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMAT1). Here, we demonstrate that resistance of WldS mice to axonal degeneration after blast-mediated TBI is associated with preserved function in hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, cerebellar-dependent motor balance, and retinal and optic nerve–dependent visual function. Thus, early axonal degeneration is likely a critical driver of subsequent neurobehavioral complications of blast-mediated TBI. Future therapeutic strategies targeted specifically at mitigating axonal degeneration may provide a uniquely beneficial approach to treating patients suffering from the effects of blast-mediated TBI.
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85
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Sasaki Y, Nakagawa T, Mao X, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J. NMNAT1 inhibits axon degeneration via blockade of SARM1-mediated NAD + depletion. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27735788 PMCID: PMC5063586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme NMNAT1 leads to preservation of injured axons. While increased NAD+ or decreased NMN levels are thought to be critical to this process, the mechanism(s) of this axon protection remain obscure. Using steady-state and flux analysis of NAD+ metabolites in healthy and injured mouse dorsal root ganglion axons, we find that rather than altering NAD+ synthesis, NMNAT1 instead blocks the injury-induced, SARM1-dependent NAD+ consumption that is central to axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Frontier Research Core for Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Xianrong Mao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
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86
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NRK1 controls nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside metabolism in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13103. [PMID: 27725675 PMCID: PMC5476803 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ is a vital redox cofactor and a substrate required for activity of various enzyme families, including sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. Supplementation with NAD+ precursors, such as nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinamide riboside (NR), protects against metabolic disease, neurodegenerative disorders and age-related physiological decline in mammals. Here we show that nicotinamide riboside kinase 1 (NRK1) is necessary and rate-limiting for the use of exogenous NR and NMN for NAD+ synthesis. Using genetic gain- and loss-of-function models, we further demonstrate that the role of NRK1 in driving NAD+ synthesis from other NAD+ precursors, such as nicotinamide or nicotinic acid, is dispensable. Using stable isotope-labelled compounds, we confirm NMN is metabolized extracellularly to NR that is then taken up by the cell and converted into NAD+. Our results indicate that mammalian cells require conversion of extracellular NMN to NR for cellular uptake and NAD+ synthesis, explaining the overlapping metabolic effects observed with the two compounds. Raising cellular levels of the metabolic cofactor NAD+ reverses key indicators of aging. Here, Ratajczak et al. show that cellular levels of NAD+ depend on the extracellular catalytic activity of NRK1, which processes two NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside, in mice.
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87
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SARM1-specific motifs in the TIR domain enable NAD+ loss and regulate injury-induced SARM1 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6271-E6280. [PMID: 27671644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601506113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon injury in response to trauma or disease stimulates a self-destruction program that promotes the localized clearance of damaged axon segments. Sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin receptor (TIR) motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) is an evolutionarily conserved executioner of this degeneration cascade, also known as Wallerian degeneration; however, the mechanism of SARM1-dependent neuronal destruction is still obscure. SARM1 possesses a TIR domain that is necessary for SARM1 activity. In other proteins, dimerized TIR domains serve as scaffolds for innate immune signaling. In contrast, dimerization of the SARM1 TIR domain promotes consumption of the essential metabolite NAD+ and induces neuronal destruction. This activity is unique to the SARM1 TIR domain, yet the structural elements that enable this activity are unknown. In this study, we identify fundamental properties of the SARM1 TIR domain that promote NAD+ loss and axon degeneration. Dimerization of the TIR domain from the Caenorhabditis elegans SARM1 ortholog TIR-1 leads to NAD+ loss and neuronal death, indicating these activities are an evolutionarily conserved feature of SARM1 function. Detailed analysis of sequence homology identifies canonical TIR motifs as well as a SARM1-specific (SS) loop that are required for NAD+ loss and axon degeneration. Furthermore, we identify a residue in the SARM1 BB loop that is dispensable for TIR activity yet required for injury-induced activation of full-length SARM1, suggesting that SARM1 function requires multidomain interactions. Indeed, we identify a physical interaction between the autoinhibitory N terminus and the TIR domain of SARM1, revealing a previously unrecognized direct connection between these domains that we propose mediates autoinhibition and activation upon injury.
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88
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Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a common but intractable degenerative disorder of peripheral neurons. DPN first results in retraction and loss of sensory terminals in target organs such as the skin, whereas the perikarya (cell bodies) of neurons are relatively preserved. This is important because it implies that regrowth of distal terminals, rather than neuron replacement or rescue, may be useful clinically. Although a number of neuronal molecular abnormalities have been examined in experimental DPN, several are prominent: loss of structural proteins, neuropeptides, and neurotrophic receptors; upregulation of "stress" and "repair" proteins; elevated nitric oxide synthesis; increased AGE-RAGE signaling, NF-κB and PKC; altered neuron survival pathways; changes of pain-related ion channel investment. There is also a role for abnormalities of direct signaling of neurons by insulin, an important trophic factor for neurons that express its receptors. While evidence implicating each of these pathways has emerged, how they link together and result in neuronal degeneration remains unclear. However, several offer interesting new avenues for more definitive therapy of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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89
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Srivastava S. Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD(+) metabolism in mitochondrial and age-related disorders. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:25. [PMID: 27465020 PMCID: PMC4963347 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central metabolic cofactor in eukaryotic cells that plays a critical role in regulating cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. NAD+ in its reduced form (i.e. NADH) serves as the primary electron donor in mitochondrial respiratory chain, which involves adenosine triphosphate production by oxidative phosphorylation. The NAD+/NADH ratio also regulates the activity of various metabolic pathway enzymes such as those involved in glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and fatty acid oxidation. Intracellular NAD+ is synthesized de novo from l-tryptophan, although its main source of synthesis is through salvage pathways from dietary niacin as precursors. NAD+ is utilized by various proteins including sirtuins, poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) and cyclic ADP-ribose synthases. The NAD+ pool is thus set by a critical balance between NAD+ biosynthetic and NAD+ consuming pathways. Raising cellular NAD+ content by inducing its biosynthesis or inhibiting the activity of PARP and cADP-ribose synthases via genetic or pharmacological means lead to sirtuins activation. Sirtuins modulate distinct metabolic, energetic and stress response pathways, and through their activation, NAD+ directly links the cellular redox state with signaling and transcriptional events. NAD+ levels decline with mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced NAD+/NADH ratio is implicated in mitochondrial disorders, various age-related pathologies as well as during aging. Here, I will provide an overview of the current knowledge on NAD+ metabolism including its biosynthesis, utilization, compartmentalization and role in the regulation of metabolic homoeostasis. I will further discuss how augmenting intracellular NAD+ content increases oxidative metabolism to prevent bioenergetic and functional decline in multiple models of mitochondrial diseases and age-related disorders, and how this knowledge could be translated to the clinic for human relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Srivastava
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
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90
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Ali YO, Allen HM, Yu L, Li-Kroeger D, Bakhshizadehmahmoudi D, Hatcher A, McCabe C, Xu J, Bjorklund N, Taglialatela G, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Shulman JM, Bellen HJ, Lu HC. NMNAT2:HSP90 Complex Mediates Proteostasis in Proteinopathies. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002472. [PMID: 27254664 PMCID: PMC4890852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) is neuroprotective in numerous preclinical models of neurodegeneration. Here, we show that brain nmnat2 mRNA levels correlate positively with global cognitive function and negatively with AD pathology. In AD brains, NMNAT2 mRNA and protein levels are reduced. NMNAT2 shifts its solubility and colocalizes with aggregated Tau in AD brains, similar to chaperones, which aid in the clearance or refolding of misfolded proteins. Investigating the mechanism of this observation, we discover a novel chaperone function of NMNAT2, independent from its enzymatic activity. NMNAT2 complexes with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) to refold aggregated protein substrates. NMNAT2’s refoldase activity requires a unique C-terminal ATP site, activated in the presence of HSP90. Furthermore, deleting NMNAT2 function increases the vulnerability of cortical neurons to proteotoxic stress and excitotoxicity. Interestingly, NMNAT2 acts as a chaperone to reduce proteotoxic stress, while its enzymatic activity protects neurons from excitotoxicity. Taken together, our data indicate that NMNAT2 exerts its chaperone or enzymatic function in a context-dependent manner to maintain neuronal health. This study reveals NMNAT2 to be a dual-function neuronal maintenance factor that not only generates NAD to protect neurons from excitotoxicity but also moonlights as a chaperone to combat protein toxicity. Pathological protein aggregates are found in many neurodegenerative diseases, and it has been hypothesized that these protein aggregates are toxic and cause neuronal death. Little is known about how neurons protect against pathological protein aggregates to maintain their health. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) is a newly identified neuronal maintenance factor. We found that in humans, levels of NMNAT2 transcript are positively correlated with cognitive function and are negatively correlated with pathological features of neurodegenerative disease like plaques and tangles. In this study, we demonstrate that NMNAT2 can act as a chaperone to reduce protein aggregates, and this function is independent from its known function in the enzymatic synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). We find that NMNAT2 interacts with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) to refold protein aggregates, and that deleting NMNAT2 in cortical neurons renders them vulnerable to protein stress or excitotoxicity. Interestingly, the chaperone function of NMNAT2 protects neurons from protein toxicity, while its enzymatic function is required to defend against excitotoxicity. Our work here suggests that NMNAT2 uses either its chaperone or enzymatic function to combat neuronal insults in a context-dependent manner. In Alzheimer disease brains, NMNAT2 levels are less than 50% of control levels, and we propose that enhancing NMNAT2 function may provide an effective therapeutic intervention to reserve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf O. Ali
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hunter M. Allen
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dena Bakhshizadehmahmoudi
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Asante Hatcher
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cristin McCabe
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jishu Xu
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Bjorklund
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Shulman
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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91
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Chen X, Zhao S, Song Y, Shi Y, Leak RK, Cao G. The Role of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 15:2211-21. [PMID: 26059356 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150610142234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only drug approved for the clinical treatment of acute ischemic stroke, there is an urgent unmet need for novel stroke treatments. Endogenous defense mechanisms against stroke may hold the key to new therapies for stroke. A large number of studies suggest that nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (NAMPT is an attractive candidate to improve post-stroke recovery. NAMPT is a multifunctional protein and plays important roles in immunity, metabolism, aging, inflammation, and stress responses. NAMPT exists in both the intracellular and extracellular space. As a rate-limiting enzyme, the intracellular form (iNAMPT catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD from nicotinamide. iNAMPT closely regulates energy metabolism, enhancing the proliferation of endothelial cells, inhibiting apoptosis, regulating vascular tone, and stimulating autophagy in disease conditions such as stroke. Extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT is also known as visfatin (visceral fat-derived adipokine and has pleotropic effects. It is widely believed that the diverse biological functions of eNAMPT are attributed to its NAMPT enzymatic activity. However, the effects of eNAMPT on ischemic injury are still controversial. Some authors have argued that eNAMPT exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury non-enzymatically by triggering the release of TNF-α from glial cells. In addition, NAMPT also participates in several pathophysiological processes such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Thus, it remains unclear under what conditions NAMPT is beneficial or destructive. Recent work using in vitro and in vivo genetic/ pharmacologic manipulations, including our own studies, has greatly improved our understanding of NAMPT. This review focuses on the multifaceted and complex roles of NAMPT under both normal and ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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92
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Chang B, Quan Q, Lu S, Wang Y, Peng J. Molecular mechanisms in the initiation phase of Wallerian degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2040-8. [PMID: 27062141 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is an early hallmark of nerve injury and many neurodegenerative diseases. The discovery of the Wallerian degeneration slow mutant mouse, in which axonal degeneration is delayed, revealed that Wallerian degeneration is an active progress and thereby illuminated the mechanisms underlying axonal degeneration. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 and sterile alpha and armadillo motif-containing protein 1 play essential roles in the maintenance of axon integrity by regulating the level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which seems to be the key molecule involved in the maintenance of axonal health. However, the function of nicotinamide mononucleotide remains debatable, and we discuss two apparently conflicting roles of nicotinamide mononucleotide in Wallerian degeneration. In this article, we focus on the roles of these molecules in the initiation phase of Wallerian degeneration to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chang
- Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Quan
- Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Shibi Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,The Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,The Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, China
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93
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Nicotinamide Riboside Opposes Type 2 Diabetes and Neuropathy in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26933. [PMID: 27230286 PMCID: PMC4882590 DOI: 10.1038/srep26933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Male C57BL/6J mice raised on high fat diet (HFD) become prediabetic and develop insulin resistance and sensory neuropathy. The same mice given low doses of streptozotocin are a model of type 2 diabetes (T2D), developing hyperglycemia, severe insulin resistance and diabetic peripheral neuropathy involving sensory and motor neurons. Because of suggestions that increased NAD+ metabolism might address glycemic control and be neuroprotective, we treated prediabetic and T2D mice with nicotinamide riboside (NR) added to HFD. NR improved glucose tolerance, reduced weight gain, liver damage and the development of hepatic steatosis in prediabetic mice while protecting against sensory neuropathy. In T2D mice, NR greatly reduced non-fasting and fasting blood glucose, weight gain and hepatic steatosis while protecting against diabetic neuropathy. The neuroprotective effect of NR could not be explained by glycemic control alone. Corneal confocal microscopy was the most sensitive measure of neurodegeneration. This assay allowed detection of the protective effect of NR on small nerve structures in living mice. Quantitative metabolomics established that hepatic NADP+ and NADPH levels were significantly degraded in prediabetes and T2D but were largely protected when mice were supplemented with NR. The data justify testing of NR in human models of obesity, T2D and associated neuropathies.
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94
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Axon degeneration: context defines distinct pathways. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:108-15. [PMID: 27197022 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Axon degeneration is an essential part of development, plasticity, and injury response and has been primarily studied in mammalian models in three contexts: 1) Axotomy-induced Wallerian degeneration, 2) Apoptosis-induced axon degeneration (axon apoptosis), and 3) Axon pruning. These three contexts dictate engagement of distinct pathways for axon degeneration. Recent advances have identified the importance of SARM1, NMNATs, NAD+ depletion, and MAPK signaling in axotomy-induced Wallerian degeneration. Interestingly, apoptosis-induced axon degeneration and axon pruning have many shared mechanisms both in signaling (e.g. DLK, JNKs, GSK3α/β) and execution (e.g. Puma, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3). However, the specific mechanisms by which caspases are activated during apoptosis versus pruning appear distinct, with apoptosis requiring Apaf-1 but not caspase-6 while pruning requires caspase-6 but not Apaf-1.
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95
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Musiek ES, Xiong DD, Patel T, Sasaki Y, Wang Y, Bauer AQ, Singh R, Finn SL, Culver JP, Milbrandt J, Holtzman DM. Nmnat1 protects neuronal function without altering phospho-tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:434-42. [PMID: 27547771 PMCID: PMC4891997 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The nicotinamide‐nucleotide adenylyltransferase protein Nmnat1 is a potent inhibitor of axonal degeneration in models of acute axonal injury. Hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of the microtubule‐associated protein Tau are associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease and other disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated that other Nmnat isoforms can act both as axonoprotective agents and have protein chaperone function, exerting protective effects in drosophila and mouse models of tauopathy. Nmnat1 targeted to the cytoplasm (cytNmnat1) is neuroprotective in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia, but the effect of cytNmnat1 on tauopathy remains unknown. Methods We examined the impact of overexpression of cytNmnat1 on tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and brain functional connectivity in the P301S mouse model of chronic tauopathy. Results Overexpression of cytNmnat1 preserved cortical neuron functional connectivity in P301S mice in vivo. However, whereas Nmnat1 overexpression decreased the accumulation of detergent‐insoluble tau aggregates in the cerebral cortex, it exerted no effect on immunohistochemical evidence of pathologic tau phosphorylation and misfolding, hippocampal atrophy, or inflammatory markers in P301S mice. Interpretation Our results demonstrate that cytNmnat1 partially preserves neuronal function and decreases biochemically insoluble tau in a mouse model of chronic tauopathy without preventing tau phosphorylation, formation of soluble aggregates, or tau‐induced inflammation and atrophy. Nmnat1 might thus represent a therapeutic target for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Musiek
- Departments of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - David D Xiong
- Departments of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Tirth Patel
- Departments of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Genetics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Yinong Wang
- Departments of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Adam Q Bauer
- Radiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Risham Singh
- Departments of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Samantha L Finn
- Departments of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Joseph P Culver
- Radiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Genetics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - David M Holtzman
- Departments of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
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96
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Sahebekhtiari N, Nielsen CB, Johannsen M, Palmfeldt J. Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals a Link between ETHE1-Mediated Disruptive Redox State and Altered Metabolic Regulation. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1630-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sahebekhtiari
- Research
Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Camilla Bak Nielsen
- Section
for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Section
for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Research
Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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97
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Mao XR, Kaufman DM, Crowder CM. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase promotes hypoxic survival by activating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2113. [PMID: 26913604 PMCID: PMC4849163 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the mouse nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase type 1 (Nmnat1) produce two remarkable phenotypes: protection against traumatic axonal degeneration and reduced hypoxic brain injury. Despite intensive efforts, the mechanism of Nmnat1 cytoprotection remains elusive. To develop a new model to define this mechanism, we heterologously expressed a mouse Nmnat1 non-nuclear-localized gain-of-function mutant gene (m-nonN-Nmnat1) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and show that it provides protection from both hypoxia-induced animal death and taxol-induced axonal pathology. Additionally, we find that m-nonN-Nmnat1 significantly lengthens C. elegans lifespan. Using the hypoxia-protective phenotype in C. elegans, we performed a candidate screen for genetic suppressors of m-nonN-Nmnat1 cytoprotection. Loss of function in two genes, haf-1 and dve-1, encoding mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mitoUPR) factors were identified as suppressors. M-nonN-Nmnat1 induced a transcriptional reporter of the mitoUPR gene hsp-6 and provided protection from the mitochondrial proteostasis toxin ethidium bromide. M-nonN-Nmnat1 was also protective against axonal degeneration in C. elegans induced by the chemotherapy drug taxol. Taxol markedly reduced basal expression of a mitoUPR reporter; the expression was restored by m-nonN-Nmnat1. Taken together, these data implicate the mitoUPR as a mechanism whereby Nmnat1 protects from hypoxic and axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- X R Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - D M Kaufman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-6540, USA
| | - C M Crowder
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-6540, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-6540, USA
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98
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Gerdts J, Summers DW, Milbrandt J, DiAntonio A. Axon Self-Destruction: New Links among SARM1, MAPKs, and NAD+ Metabolism. Neuron 2016; 89:449-60. [PMID: 26844829 PMCID: PMC4742785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wallerian axon degeneration is a form of programmed subcellular death that promotes axon breakdown in disease and injury. Active degeneration requires SARM1 and MAP kinases, including DLK, while the NAD+ synthetic enzyme NMNAT2 prevents degeneration. New studies reveal that these pathways cooperate in a locally mediated axon destruction program, with NAD+ metabolism playing a central role. Here, we review the biology of Wallerian-type axon degeneration and discuss the most recent findings, with special emphasis on critical signaling events and their potential as therapeutic targets for axonopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Gerdts
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel W Summers
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Reversible acetylation was initially described as an epigenetic mechanism regulating DNA accessibility. Since then, this process has emerged as a controller of histone and nonhistone acetylation that integrates key physiological processes such as metabolism, circadian rhythm and cell cycle, along with gene regulation in various organisms. The widespread and reversible nature of acetylation also revitalized interest in the mechanisms that regulate lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and deacetylases (KDACs) in health and disease. Changes in protein or histone acetylation are especially relevant for many common diseases including obesity, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, as well as for some rare diseases such as mitochondrial diseases and lipodystrophies. In this Review, we examine the role of reversible acetylation in metabolic control and how changes in levels of metabolites or cofactors, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide, coenzyme A, acetyl coenzyme A, zinc and butyrate and/or β-hydroxybutyrate, directly alter KAT or KDAC activity to link energy status to adaptive cellular and organismal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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100
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NAD+ and its precursors in human longevity. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-015-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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