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Marone G, Galdiero MR, Pecoraro A, Pucino V, Criscuolo G, Triassi M, Varricchi G. Prostaglandin D 2 receptor antagonists in allergic disorders: safety, efficacy, and future perspectives. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 28:73-84. [PMID: 30513028 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1555237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a major cyclooxygenase mediator that is synthesized by activated human mast cells and other immune cells. The biological effects of PGD2 are mediated by D-prostanoid (DP1), DP2 (CRTH2) and thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors that are expressed on several immune and non-immune cells involved in allergic inflammation. PGD2 exerts various proinflammatory effects relevant to the pathophysiology of allergic disorders. Several selective, orally active, DP2 receptor antagonists and a small number of DP1 receptor antagonists are being developed for the treatment of allergic disorders. AREAS COVERED The role of DP2 and DP1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. EXPERT OPINION Head-to-head studies that compare DP1 antagonists with the standard treatment for allergic rhinitis are necessary to verify the role of these novel drugs as mono- or combination therapies. Further clinical trials are necessary to verify whether DP2 antagonists as monotherapies or, more likely, as add-on therapies, will be effective for the treatment of different phenotypes of adult and childhood asthma. Long-term studies are necessary to evaluate the safety of targeted anti-PGD2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- a Department of Public Health , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,b Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonio Pecoraro
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- e William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine &Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- a Department of Public Health , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
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Intranasal curcumin protects against LPS-induced airway remodeling by modulating toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and matrixmetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression via affecting MAP kinases in mouse model. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:731-748. [PMID: 30470954 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial infections can exacerbate asthmatic inflammation depending on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition, the outermost component of cell wall, its exposure timings as well as host's immune status. In present study, Balb/c mice were exposed to antigen (ovalbumin) and LPS simultaneously to establish an asthmatic model. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), well known for its anti-inflammatory potential, was administered through intranasal route 1 h before LPS and OVA (ovalbumin) exposure to evaluate its efficacy against airway structural changes. METHODS Inflammatory cell infiltration in lungs was measured by flow cytometry and further eosinophils were especially measured by immunofluorescence detection of major basic protein (MBP) as marker of eosinophilc granule protein. We also measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BALF by spectrofluorometry. MMP-9 activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography and mRNA expressions of MMP-9, TIMP-1, TGF-β1, IL-13, Collagen-1 and TLR-4 were measured in lungs. Protein expression of MAP kinases (P-ERK, P-JNK, P-p38), TLR-4, Cox-2, Lox-5 and Eotaxin was measured by western blotting. Hydroxyproline level and masson's trichrome staining were used to evaluate collagen deposition in lung. RESULTS Exposure to LPS (0.1 µg) exacerbates airway inflammation and induces structural changes in lungs by enhanced ROS production, collagen deposition, expression of genes involved in airway remodeling and activation of MAP kinases pathway enzymes. Intranasal curcumin pretreatment had significantly suppressed inflammatory mediators and airway remodeling proteins. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that intranasal curcumin effectively protects LPS-induced airway inflammation and structural changes by modulating genes involved in airway remodeling in safer way; hence, it can be considered as supplementary alternative towards asthma treatments.
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Gothi D, Sah RB, Teotia A, Yadav S. Improvement in spirometry and oxygenation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during pregnancy. Lung India 2018; 35:441-442. [PMID: 30168469 PMCID: PMC6120325 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_409_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Gothi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ESI-PGIMSR, New Delhi, India E-mail:
| | - Ram Babu Sah
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ESI-PGIMSR, New Delhi, India E-mail:
| | - Aanchal Teotia
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ESI-PGIMSR, New Delhi, India E-mail:
| | - Saurabh Yadav
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ESI-PGIMSR, New Delhi, India E-mail:
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Loynes CA, Lee JA, Robertson AL, Steel MJG, Ellett F, Feng Y, Levy BD, Whyte MK, Renshaw SA. PGE 2 production at sites of tissue injury promotes an anti-inflammatory neutrophil phenotype and determines the outcome of inflammation resolution in vivo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar8320. [PMID: 30191175 PMCID: PMC6124908 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar8320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first immune cells recruited to a site of injury or infection, where they perform many functions. Having completed their role, neutrophils must be removed from the inflammatory site-either by apoptosis and efferocytosis or by reverse migration away from the wound-for restoration of normal tissue homeostasis. Disruption of these tightly controlled physiological processes of neutrophil removal can lead to a range of inflammatory diseases. We used an in vivo zebrafish model to understand the role of lipid mediator production in neutrophil removal. Following tailfin amputation in the absence of macrophages, neutrophillic inflammation does not resolve, due to loss of macrophage-dependent handling of eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that drives neutrophil removal via promotion of reverse migration. Knockdown of endogenous PGE synthase gene reveals PGE2 as essential for neutrophil inflammation resolution. Furthermore, PGE2 is able to signal through EP4 receptors during injury, causing an increase in Alox12 production and switching toward anti-inflammatory eicosanoid signaling. Our data confirm regulation of neutrophil migration by PGE2 and LXA4 (lipoxin A4) in an in vivo model of inflammation resolution. This pathway may contain therapeutic targets for driving inflammation resolution in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Loynes
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Jou A. Lee
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Anne L. Robertson
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael JG. Steel
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Felix Ellett
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Burns Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yi Feng
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Bruce D. Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Moira K.B. Whyte
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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Simmons S, Erfinanda L, Bartz C, Kuebler WM. Novel mechanisms regulating endothelial barrier function in the pulmonary microcirculation. J Physiol 2018; 597:997-1021. [PMID: 30015354 DOI: 10.1113/jp276245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary epithelial and vascular endothelial cell layers provide two sequential physical and immunological barriers that together form a semi-permeable interface and prevent alveolar and interstitial oedema formation. In this review, we focus specifically on the continuous endothelium of the pulmonary microvascular bed that warrants strict control of the exchange of gases, fluid, solutes and circulating cells between the plasma and the interstitial space. The present review provides an overview of emerging molecular mechanisms that permit constant transcellular exchange between the vascular and interstitial compartment, and cause, prevent or reverse lung endothelial barrier failure under experimental conditions, yet with a clinical perspective. Based on recent findings and at times seemingly conflicting results we discuss emerging paradigms of permeability regulation by altered ion transport as well as shifts in the homeostasis of sphingolipids, angiopoietins and prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szandor Simmons
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lasti Erfinanda
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Bartz
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082164. [PMID: 30042373 PMCID: PMC6121522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain has been considered as a concept of sensation that we feel as a reaction to the stimulus of our surrounding, putting us in harm's way and acting as a form of defense mechanism that our body has permanently installed into its system. However, pain leads to a huge chunk of finances within the healthcare system with continuous rehabilitation of patients with adverse pain sensations, which might reduce not only their quality of life but also their productivity at work setting back the pace of our economy. It may not look like a huge deal but factor in pain as an issue for majority of us, it becomes an economical burden. Although pain has been researched into and understood by numerous researches, from its definition, mechanism of action to its inhibition in hopes of finding an absolute solution for victims of pain, the pathways of pain sensation, neurotransmitters involved in producing such a sensation are not comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this review article aims to put in place a thorough understanding of major pain conditions that we experience-nociceptive, inflammatory and physiologically dysfunction, such as neuropathic pain and its modulation and feedback systems. Moreover, the complete mechanism of conduction is compiled within this article, elucidating understandings from various researches and breakthroughs.
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Forkuo GS, Nieman AN, Kodali R, Zahn NM, Li G, Rashid Roni MS, Stephen MR, Harris TW, Jahan R, Guthrie ML, Yu OB, Fisher JL, Yocum GT, Emala CW, Steeber DA, Stafford DC, Cook JM, Arnold LA. A Novel Orally Available Asthma Drug Candidate That Reduces Smooth Muscle Constriction and Inflammation by Targeting GABA A Receptors in the Lung. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1766-1777. [PMID: 29578347 PMCID: PMC5954213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe lead compound MIDD0301 for the oral treatment of asthma based on previously developed positive allosteric α5β3γ2 selective GABAA receptor (GABAAR) ligands. MIDD0301 relaxed airway smooth muscle at single micromolar concentrations as demonstrated with ex vivo guinea pig tracheal rings. MIDD0301 also attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in an ovalbumin murine model of asthma by oral administration. Reduced numbers of eosinophils and macrophages were observed in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid without changing mucous metaplasia. Importantly, lung cytokine expression of IL-17A, IL-4, and TNF-α were reduced for MIDD0301-treated mice without changing antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels. Automated patch clamp confirmed amplification of GABA induced current mediated by α1-3,5β3γ2 GABAARs in the presence of MIDD0301. Pharmacodynamically, transmembrane currents of ex vivo CD4+ T cells from asthmatic mice were potentiated by MIDD0301 in the presence of GABA. The number of CD4+ T cells observed in the lung of MIDD0301-treated mice were reduced by an oral treatment of 20 mg/kg b.i.d. for 5 days. A half-life of almost 14 h was demonstrated by pharmacokinetic studies (PK) with no adverse CNS effects when treated mice were subjected to sensorimotor studies using the rotarod. PK studies also confirmed very low brain distribution. In conclusion, MIDD0301 represents a safe and improved oral asthma drug candidate that relaxes airway smooth muscle and attenuates inflammation in the lung leading to a reduction of AHR at a dosage lower than earlier reported GABAAR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria S. Forkuo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Amanda N. Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Nicolas M. Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - M. S. Rashid Roni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Michael Rajesh Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Ted W. Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Margaret L. Guthrie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Olivia B. Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Janet L. Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gene T. Yocum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Charles W. Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Douglas A. Steeber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Douglas C. Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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Samuchiwal SK, Boyce JA. Role of lipid mediators and control of lymphocyte responses in type 2 immunopathology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1182-1190. [PMID: 29477727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunopathology is a cardinal feature of allergic diseases and involves cooperation between adaptive immunity and innate effector responses. Virtually all cell types relevant to this pathology generate leukotriene and/or prostaglandin mediators that derive from arachidonic acid, express receptors for such mediators, or both. Recent studies highlight prominent functions for these mediators in communication between the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as amplification or suppression of type 2 effector responses. This review focuses on recent advances and insights, and highlights existing and potential therapeutic applications of drugs that target these mediators or their receptors, with a special emphasis on their regulation of the innate and adaptive lymphocytes relevant to type 2 immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Samuchiwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Kot K, Gutowska I, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Chlubek D, Kosik-Bogacka D. Expression and Activity of COX-1 and COX-2 in Acanthamoeba sp.-Infected Lungs According to the Host Immunological Status. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010121. [PMID: 29301283 PMCID: PMC5796070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the pathomechanism of pulmonary infections caused by Acanthamoeba sp. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether Acanthamoeba sp. may affect the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in the altered levels of their main products, prostaglandins (PGE₂) and thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂), in lungs of immunocompetent or immunosuppressed hosts. Acanthamoeba sp. induced a strong expression of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins in the lungs of immunocompetent mice, which, however, did not result in significant differences in the expression of PGE₂ and TXB₂. Our immunohistochemical analysis showed that immunosuppression induced by glucocorticoids in Acanthamoeba sp.-infected mice caused a decrease in COX-1 and COX-2 (not at the beginning of infection) in lung tissue. These results suggest that similar to COX-2, COX-1 is an important mediator of the pathophysiology in experimental pulmonary acanthamoebiasis. We suggest that the signaling pathways important for Acanthamoeba sp. induction of lung infection might interact with each other and depend on the host immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
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Han ZQ, Liao H, Shi F, Chen XP, Hu HC, Tian MQ, Wang LH, Ying S. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 sensitizes lung cancer cells to radiation-induced apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5959-5965. [PMID: 29113232 PMCID: PMC5661612 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy resistance is an enduring major setback in lung cancer therapy, and is responsible for a large proportion of treatment failures. In previous years, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has frequently been reported to promote tumor occurrence and development, suggesting a potential role in radiotherapy resistance. To investigate whether COX-2 inhibitors can be applied in radiosensitization, an MTT assay was performed to examine cell viability after X-ray radiation in the presence or absence of the specific COX-2 inhibitor Celecoxib. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle changes were also detected through laser confocal scanning microcopy and flow cytometry. X-ray treatment only caused mild cell death in lung cancer A549 cells. However, combination treatment using celecoxib and X-ray radiation exhibited improved inhibitory effects and significantly suppressed cell proliferation. Therefore, COX-2 inhibitors combined with radiotherapy can counteract radiation-induced high COX-2 expression, demonstrating that celecoxib can function as a radiosensitizer of lung cancer cells. It is therefore reasonable to predict COX-2 inhibitors to be potential clinical radiotherapy synergists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Han
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Liao
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Cheng Hu
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Qing Tian
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Quzhou City, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
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Cavagnero K, Doherty TA. Cytokine and Lipid Mediator Regulation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2s) in Human Allergic Airway Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2. [PMID: 28959799 PMCID: PMC5614509 DOI: 10.4172/2576-3881.1000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) has caused a paradigm shift in the understanding of allergic airway disease pathogenesis. Prior to the discovery of ILC2s, Th2 cells were largely thought to be the primary source of type 2 cytokines; however, activated ILC2s have since been shown to contribute significantly, and in some cases, dominantly to type 2 cytokine production. Since the discovery of ILC2s in 2010, many mediators have been shown to regulate their effector functions. Initial studies identified the epithelial derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP as activators of ILC2s, and recent studies have identified many additional cytokine and lipid mediators that are involved in ILC2 regulation. ILC2s and their mediators represent novel therapeutic targets for allergic airway diseases and intensive investigation is underway to better understand ILC2 biology and upstream and downstream pathways that lead to ILC2-driven airway pathology. In this review, we will focus on the cytokine and lipid mediators that regulate ILC2s in human allergic airway disease, as well as highlight newly discovered mediators of mouse ILC2s that may eventually translate to humans.
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Zemski Berry KA, Murphy RC, Kosmider B, Mason RJ. Lipidomic characterization and localization of phospholipids in the human lung. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:926-933. [PMID: 28280112 PMCID: PMC5408611 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m074955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a central role in lung physiology and pathology; however, a comprehensive lipidomic characterization of human pulmonary cells relevant to disease has not been performed. The cells involved in lung host defense, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), and alveolar type II cells (ATIIs), were isolated from human subjects and lipidomic analysis by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS was performed. Additionally, pieces of lung tissue from the same donors were analyzed by MALDI imaging MS in order to determine lipid localization in the tissue. The unique distribution of phospholipids in ATIIs, BECs, and AMs from human subjects was accomplished by subjecting the large number of identified phospholipid molecular species to univariant statistical analysis. Specific MALDI images were generated based on the univariant statistical analysis data to reveal the location of specific cell types within the human lung slice. While the complex composition and function of the lipidome in various disease states is currently poorly understood, this method could be useful for the characterization of lipid alterations in pulmonary disease and may aid in a better understanding of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Robert J Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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63
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Hocke AC, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Human lung ex vivo infection models. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:511-524. [PMID: 27999962 PMCID: PMC7087833 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is counted among the leading causes of death worldwide. Viruses, bacteria and pathogen-related molecules interact with cells present in the human alveolus by numerous, yet poorly understood ways. Traditional cell culture models little reflect the cellular composition, matrix complexity and three-dimensional architecture of the human lung. Integrative animal models suffer from species differences, which are of particular importance for the investigation of zoonotic lung diseases. The use of cultured ex vivo infected human lung tissue may overcome some of these limitations and complement traditional models. The present review gives an overview of common bacterial lung infections, such as pneumococcal infection and of widely neglected pathogens modeled in ex vivo infected lung tissue. The role of ex vivo infected lung tissue for the investigation of emerging viral zoonosis including influenza A virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus is discussed. Finally, further directions for the elaboration of such models are revealed. Overall, the introduced models represent meaningful and robust methods to investigate principles of pathogen-host interaction in original human lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Rumzhum NN, Ammit AJ. Cyclooxygenase 2: its regulation, role and impact in airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:397-410. [PMID: 26685098 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2: official gene symbol - PTGS2) has long been regarded as playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in respiratory diseases including asthma. COX-2 can be rapidly and robustly expressed in response to a diverse range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Thus, increased levels of COX-2 protein and prostanoid metabolites serve as key contributors to pathobiology in respiratory diseases typified by dysregulated inflammation. But COX-2 products may not be all bad: prostanoids can exert anti-inflammatory/bronchoprotective functions in airways in addition to their pro-inflammatory actions. Herein, we outline COX-2 regulation and review the diverse stimuli known to induce COX-2 in the context of airway inflammation. We discuss some of the positive and negative effects that COX-2/prostanoids can exert in in vitro and in vivo models of airway inflammation, and suggest that inhibiting COX-2 expression to repress airway inflammation may be too blunt an approach; because although it might reduce the unwanted effects of COX-2 activation, it may also negate the positive effects. Evidence suggests that prostanoids produced via COX-2 upregulation show diverse actions (and herein we focus on prostaglandin E2 as a key example); these can be either beneficial or deleterious and their impact on respiratory disease can be dictated by local concentration and specific interaction with individual receptors. We propose that understanding the regulation of COX-2 expression and associated receptor-mediated functional outcomes may reveal number of critical steps amenable to pharmacological intervention. These may prove invaluable in our quest towards future development of novel anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Rumzhum
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J Ammit
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sivarajasingam SP, Imami N, Johnson MR. Myometrial cytokines and their role in the onset of labour. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R101-R119. [PMID: 27647860 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human labour is an inflammatory event, physiologically driven by an interaction between hormonal and mechanical factors and pathologically associated with infection, bleeding and excessive uterine stretch. The initiation and communicators of inflammation is still not completely understood; however, a key role for cytokines has been implicated. We summarise the current understanding of the nature and role of cytokines, chemokines and hormones and their involvement in signalling within the myometrium particularly during labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sivarajasingam
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Imami
- Department of MedicineImperial College London, London, UK
| | - M R Johnson
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Onaka Y, Shintani N, Nakazawa T, Kanoh T, Ago Y, Matsuda T, Hashimoto R, Ohi K, Hirai H, Nagata KY, Nakamura M, Kasai A, Hayata-Takano A, Nagayasu K, Takuma K, Ogawa A, Baba A, Hashimoto H. Prostaglandin D 2 signaling mediated by the CRTH2 receptor is involved in MK-801-induced cognitive dysfunction. Behav Brain Res 2016; 314:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
An important issue in relation to the utility and reliability of biomarkers for asthma monitoring is how asthma is defined and characterized. What kind of asthma, or at what stage of the disease is a particular biomarker supposed to add information? Often, the purpose, or usefulness of a biomarker is not made clear. Diagnosis, severity evaluation, and monitoring are all different clinical uses for a biomarker, and confusion may arise when a biomarker is suitable for one of these but not another. When the utility of available biomarkers are discussed, these different roles need to be clarified. Our opinion is that there are four aspects of relevance to asthma, for which biomarkers are required: to diagnose allergies, to evaluate inflammation in the airways, to evaluate hyper-responsiveness, and for certain measures of lung function, such as lung clearance index. These types of biomarkers are needed for the phenotyping and monitoring of asthma. Another important role for biomarkers is, as mentioned above, to monitor asthma in order to follow treatment effects on inflammation and hyper-responsiveness as objective adjuncts to the patients' own symptom reports and lung function. This review will mainly focus on biomarkers that reflect airway inflammation. In spite of the numerous studies that have been conducted, we still have to remember that the value of biomarkers available for routine use, such as eosinophil counts in blood and sputum and exhaled nitric oxide, have to be interpreted in relation to reported symptoms and lung function. Measures of bronchial hyper-responsiveness, performed either by direct (methacholine challenge) or indirect (exercise or mannitol challenge) methods, could be considered biomarkers but will not be included in this review. On the other hand, diagnosing allergy is not usually useful for monitoring asthma although it is of fundamental importance for the interpretation of most biomarkers that are suitable for monitoring. We have therefore included the different approaches for diagnosing and evaluating allergic sensitization in this review.
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Prakash YS. Emerging concepts in smooth muscle contributions to airway structure and function: implications for health and disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1113-L1140. [PMID: 27742732 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis. In this regard, the contributions of airway smooth muscle (ASM) are both functional, in the context of airway contractility and relaxation, as well as synthetic, involving production and modulation of extracellular components, modulation of the local immune environment, cellular contribution to airway structure, and, finally, interactions with other airway cell types such as epithelium, fibroblasts, and nerves. These ASM contributions are now found to be critical in airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling that occur in lung diseases. This review emphasizes established and recent discoveries that underline the central role of ASM and sets the stage for future research toward understanding how ASM plays a central role by being both upstream and downstream in the many interactive processes that determine airway structure and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Departments of Anesthesiology, and Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Wilson SJ, Ward JA, Sousa AR, Corfield J, Bansal AT, De Meulder B, Lefaudeux D, Auffray C, Loza MJ, Baribaud F, Fitch N, Sterk PJ, Chung KF, Gibeon D, Sun K, Guo YK, Adcock I, Djukanovic R, Dahlen B, Chanez P, Shaw D, Krug N, Hohlfeld J, Sandström T, Howarth PH. Severe asthma exists despite suppressed tissue inflammation: findings of the U-BIOPRED study. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:1307-1319. [PMID: 27799384 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01129-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The U-BIOPRED study is a multicentre European study aimed at a better understanding of severe asthma. It included three steroid-treated adult asthma groups (severe nonsmokers (SAn group), severe current/ex-smokers (SAs/ex group) and those with mild-moderate disease (MMA group)) and healthy controls (HC group). The aim of this cross-sectional, bronchoscopy substudy was to compare bronchial immunopathology between these groups.In 158 participants, bronchial biopsies and bronchial epithelial brushings were collected for immunopathologic and transcriptomic analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of glycol methacrylate resin-embedded biopsies showed there were more mast cells in submucosa of the HC group (33.6 mm-2) compared with both severe asthma groups (SAn: 17.4 mm-2, p<0.001; SAs/ex: 22.2 mm-2, p=0.01) and with the MMA group (21.2 mm-2, p=0.01). The number of CD4+ lymphocytes was decreased in the SAs/ex group (4.7 mm-2) compared with the SAn (11.6 mm-2, p=0.002), MMA (10.1 mm-2, p=0.008) and HC (10.6 mm-2, p<0.001) groups. No other differences were observed.Affymetrix microarray analysis identified seven probe sets in the bronchial brushing samples that had a positive relationship with submucosal eosinophils. These mapped to COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2), ADAM-7 (disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 7), SLCO1A2 (solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2), TMEFF2 (transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor like and two follistatin like domains 2) and TRPM-1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1); the remaining two are unnamed.We conclude that in nonsmoking and smoking patients on currently recommended therapy, severe asthma exists despite suppressed tissue inflammation within the proximal airway wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Wilson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan A Ward
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bertrand De Meulder
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CIRI UMR5308, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Diane Lefaudeux
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CIRI UMR5308, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Charles Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CIRI UMR5308, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Peter J Sterk
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kai Sun
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ratko Djukanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Barbro Dahlen
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Dominick Shaw
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Norbert Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Hohlfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Peter H Howarth
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Cornejo-García JA, Perkins JR, Jurado-Escobar R, García-Martín E, Agúndez JA, Viguera E, Pérez-Sánchez N, Blanca-López N. Pharmacogenomics of Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:316. [PMID: 27708579 PMCID: PMC5030812 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual genetic background together with environmental effects are thought to be behind many human complex diseases. A number of genetic variants, mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been shown to be associated with various pathological and inflammatory conditions, representing potential therapeutic targets. Prostaglandins (PTGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid and related polyunsaturated fatty acids that participate in both normal homeostasis and inflammatory conditions. These bioactive lipid mediators are synthesized through two major multistep enzymatic pathways: PTGs by cyclooxygenase and LTs by 5-lipoxygenase. The main physiological effects of PTGs include vasodilation and vascular leakage (PTGE2); mast cell maturation, eosinophil recruitment, and allergic responses (PTGD2); vascular and respiratory smooth muscle contraction (PTGF2), and inhibition of platelet aggregation (PTGI2). LTB4 is mainly involved in neutrophil recruitment, vascular leakage, and epithelial barrier function, whereas cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs) (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) induce bronchoconstriction and neutrophil extravasation, and also participate in vascular leakage. PTGs and LTs exert their biological functions by binding to cognate receptors, which belong to the seven transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. SNPs in genes encoding these receptors may influence their functionality and have a role in disease susceptibility and drug treatment response. In this review we summarize SNPs in PTGs and LTs receptors and their relevance in human diseases. We also provide information on gene expression. Finally, we speculate on future directions for this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Cornejo-García
- Research Laboratory, International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA)-Regional University Hospital of Malaga, University of Málaga (UMA)Malaga, Spain; Allergy Unit, International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA)-Regional University Hospital of Malaga, University of Málaga (UMA)Malaga, Spain
| | - James R Perkins
- Research Laboratory, International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA)-Regional University Hospital of Malaga, University of Málaga (UMA) Malaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Jurado-Escobar
- Research Laboratory, International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA)-Regional University Hospital of Malaga, University of Málaga (UMA) Malaga, Spain
| | | | - José A Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura Caceres, Spain
| | - Enrique Viguera
- Genetics Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga Malaga, Spain
| | - Natalia Pérez-Sánchez
- Allergy Unit, International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA)-Regional University Hospital of Malaga, University of Málaga (UMA) Malaga, Spain
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Han J, Lu X, Zou L, Xu X, Qiu H. E-Prostanoid 2 Receptor Overexpression Promotes Mesenchymal Stem Cell Attenuated Lung Injury. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:621-30. [PMID: 27158855 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising approach for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, their low efficiency in homing to injured lung tissue limits their therapeutic effect. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis substantially enhances the inflammatory response of the tissue. Moreover, it also facilitates the migration of MSCs by activating the E-prostanoid 2 (EP2) receptor in vitro. Given these observations, it would seem reasonable that PGE2 might act as a chemokine to promote the migration of MSCs through activation of the EP2 receptor. Herein, we confirmed that PGE2 was significantly increased in lung tissue as a result of stimulation by LPS. In addition, we constructed a lentiviral vector carrying the EP2 gene, which was successfully transduced into MSCs (MSCs-EP2). Near-infrared imaging and immunofluorescence showed that compared with MSCs-GFP, MSCs-EP2 significantly enhanced MSC homing to injured lung tissue. Moreover, the diminished amounts of Evans blue in homogeneous lung parenchyma in vivo indicated, in comparison with MSCs-GFP, that MSCs-EP2 significantly decreased LPS-induced pulmonary vascular permeability. In addition, administration of MSCs-EP2 largely decreased the levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α compared with that observed after administration of MSCs-GFP at both 24 and 72 hr. Our results suggested that treatment with MSCs-EP2 markedly enhanced MSC homing to damaged lung tissue and, in addition, improved both lung inflammation and permeability. Thus, MSCs and EP2 combination gene therapy could markedly facilitate MSC homing to areas of inflammation, representing a novel strategy for MSC-based gene therapy in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuping Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
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72
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Lipid mediators as regulators of human ILC2 function in allergic diseases. Immunol Lett 2016; 179:36-42. [PMID: 27396531 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are specialized in type 2 immunity. ILC2 are activated early in immune responses and, despite their low abundance, are able to initiate and amplify allergic inflammation by orchestrating other type 2 immune cells. Based on recent discoveries, the spectrum of ILC2 regulating factors has been extended. It is now well established that not only epithelial cell-derived innate cytokines, but also bioactive lipids can regulate ILC2 activity and accumulation. Additionally, ILC2 appear to be susceptible to changes in the cytokine milieu and can acquire an ILC1-like phenotype due to a high degree of cellular plasticity. As ILC2 are fundamentally involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diseases, they represent a promising therapeutic target for allergic airway and skin diseases. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about ILC2 biology in the allergy context, with a particular focus on the emerging role of lipid mediators in regulating ILC2 function.
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73
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Gafvelin G, Grundström J, Edin Grimheden M, Sánchez Vidaurre S, Daham K, Dahlén SE, Dahlén B, van Hage M. Selective COX-2 Inhibition Exerts No Negative Effects on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Allergic Asthmatics. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 170:57-61. [PMID: 27372432 DOI: 10.1159/000446960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) reduces the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects on allergic inflammation. Moreover, in vitro PGE2 has been shown to affect inflammation through the modulation of lymphocyte responses. METHODS Sixteen subjects with mild allergic asthma were recruited to a two-period cross-over study: one treatment period with the selective COX-2 inhibitor etoricoxib and one without. Each treatment period ended with an airway challenge with the patient's relevant allergen. Antigen-specific proliferation with the major cat allergen, Fel d 1, was analysed in PBMCs. CD4+ T cells were phenotyped using flow cytometry, and mRNA expression of FOXP3 in anti-CD3-stimulated CD4+ cells were analysed. RESULTS No significant impact of in vivo inhibition of COX-2 was detected on the proportion of Th1, Th2, or Treg cells in peripheral blood. Likewise, the treatment had minor effects on the stimulated expression of FOXP3 mRNA in CD4+ T cells. Proliferation of PBMCs to the major cat allergen Fel d 1 was slightly reduced by etoricoxib treatment in cat-allergic patients. CONCLUSIONS Short-term treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor etoricoxib had a minor impact on T-cell responses, supporting its safe use also in subjects exposed to triggers of lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Gafvelin
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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74
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Fan F, Ge Y, Lv W, Elliott MR, Muroya Y, Hirata T, Booz GW, Roman RJ. Molecular mechanisms and cell signaling of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in vascular pathophysiology. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21:1427-63. [PMID: 27100515 DOI: 10.2741/4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s enzymes catalyze the metabolism of arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid (HETEs). 20-HETE is a vasoconstrictor that depolarizes vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking K+ channels. EETs serve as endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factors. Inhibition of the formation of 20-HETE impairs the myogenic response and autoregulation of renal and cerebral blood flow. Changes in the formation of EETs and 20-HETE have been reported in hypertension and drugs that target these pathways alter blood pressure in animal models. Sequence variants in CYP4A11 and CYP4F2 that produce 20-HETE, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase involved in the biotransformation of 20-HETE and soluble epoxide hydrolase that inactivates EETs are associated with hypertension in human studies. 20-HETE contributes to the regulation of vascular hypertrophy, restenosis, angiogenesis and inflammation. It also promotes endothelial dysfunction and contributes to cerebral vasospasm and ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, kidney and heart. This review will focus on the role of 20-HETE in vascular dysfunction, inflammation, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and cardiac and renal ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Wenshan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Matthew R Elliott
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Yoshikazu Muroya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 and Department of General Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 and Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216,
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Wang H, Dong BW, Zheng ZH, Wu ZB, Li W, Ding J. Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) signaling in rheumatoid synovium: Regulation of inflammatory response and cytokine-mediated production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:442-8. [PMID: 26970310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal perpetual inflammatory response and sequential cytokine-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play important roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The underlying regulatory mechanism, however, remain largely unknown. Here, we discovered that expression level of Metastasis associated protein 1 (MTA1), an important chromatin modifier that plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation by modifying DNA accessibility for cofactors, was upregulated in human rheumatoid synovial tissues. Furthermore, a knockdown of MTA1 by siRNA in the human fibroblast-like synovial cell line MH7A was found to impair the 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-induced transcriptional expression levels of certain proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, endogenous MTA1 was required for the cytokines-induced PGE2 synthesis by rheumatoid synoviocytes. Collectively, the coordinated existence of MTA1 inside distinct cascade loops points to its indispensable role in the modulation of the integrated cytokine network along the pathogenesis of RA. Further exploration of the functional details of this master transcriptional regulator should be an attractive strategy to identify novel therapeutic target for RA and warrants execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bing-Wei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Xian Yang Central Hospital, Xian Yang, 712000, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhen-Biao Wu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Jin Ding
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Rumzhum NN, Ammit AJ. Prostaglandin E2 induces expression of MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) in airway smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 782:1-5. [PMID: 27108790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a prostanoid with diverse actions in health and disease. In chronic respiratory diseases driven by inflammation, PGE2 has both positive and negative effects. An enhanced understanding of the receptor-mediated cellular signalling pathways induced by PGE2 may help us separate the beneficial properties from unwanted actions of this important prostaglandin. PGE2 is known to exert anti-inflammatory and bronchoprotective actions in human airways. To date however, whether PGE2 increases production of the anti-inflammatory protein MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) was unknown. We address this herein and use primary cultures of human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells to show that PGE2 increases MKP-1 mRNA and protein upregulation in a concentration-dependent manner. We explore the signalling pathways responsible and show that PGE2-induces CREB phosphorylation, not p38 MAPK activation, in ASM cells. Moreover, we utilize selective antagonists of EP2 (PF-04418948) and EP4 receptors (GW 627368X) to begin to identify EP-mediated functional outcomes in ASM cells in vitro. Taken together with earlier studies, our data suggest that PGE2 increases production of the anti-inflammatory protein MKP-1 via cAMP/CREB-mediated cellular signalling in ASM cells and demonstrates that EP2 may, in part, be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Recent discoveries have led to the identification of a novel group of immune cells, the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The members of this group are divided into three subpopulations: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. ILC2s produce Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, upon activation by epithelial cell-derived cytokines, lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2), and TNF family member TL1A and promote structural and immune cell responses in the airways after antigen exposure. In addition, ILC2 function is also influenced by inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS)/ICOS-ligand (ICOS-L) interactions via direct contact between immune cells. The most common airway antigens are allergens and viruses which are highly linked to the induction of airway diseases with underlying type 2 inflammation including asthma and allergic rhinitis. Based on recent findings linking ILC2s and airway Th2 responses, there is intensive investigation into the role of ILC2s in human disease with the hope of a better understanding of the pathophysiology and the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the recent advances made in elucidating ILC2 involvement in human Th2 airway disease.
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78
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Weitnauer M, Mijošek V, Dalpke AH. Control of local immunity by airway epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:287-98. [PMID: 26627458 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung is ventilated by thousand liters of air per day. Inevitably, the respiratory system comes into contact with airborne microbial compounds, most of them harmless contaminants. Airway epithelial cells are known to have innate sensor functions, thus being able to detect microbial danger. To avoid chronic inflammation, the pulmonary system has developed specific means to control local immune responses. Even though airway epithelial cells can act as proinflammatory promoters, we propose that under homeostatic conditions airway epithelial cells are important modulators of immune responses in the lung. In this review, we discuss epithelial cell regulatory functions that control reactivity of professional immune cells within the microenvironment of the airways and how these mechanisms are altered in pulmonary diseases. Regulation by epithelial cells can be divided into two mechanisms: (1) mediators regulate epithelial cells' innate sensitivity in cis and (2) factors are produced that limit reactivity of immune cells in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weitnauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Mijošek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A H Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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79
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Wen T, Rothenberg ME, Wang YH. Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase: Linking pathogenic effector CD4(+) T(H)2 cells to proeosinophilic inflammation in patients with gastrointestinal allergic disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:919-21. [PMID: 26947983 PMCID: PMC5037440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yui-Hsi Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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80
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Zaslona Z, Peters-Golden M. Prostanoids in Asthma and COPD: Actions, Dysregulation, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Chest 2016. [PMID: 26204554 DOI: 10.1378/chest.15-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiologic gaps in the actions of currently available treatments for asthma and COPD include neutrophilic inflammation, airway remodeling, and alveolar destruction. All of these processes can be modulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate-elevating prostaglandins E2 and I2 (also known as prostacyclin). These prostanoids have long been known to elicit bronchodilation and to protect against bronchoconstriction provoked by a variety of stimuli. Much less well known is their capacity to inhibit inflammatory responses involving activation of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, as well as to attenuate epithelial injury and mesenchymal cell activation. This profile of actions identifies prostanoids as attractive candidates for exogenous administration in asthma. By contrast, excessive prostanoid production and signaling might contribute to both the increased susceptibility to infections that drive COPD exacerbations and the inadequate alveolar repair that characterizes emphysema. Inhibition of endogenous prostanoid synthesis or signaling, thus, has therapeutic potential for these types of patients. By virtue of their pleiotropic capacity to modulate numerous pathophysiologic processes relevant to the expression and natural history of airway diseases, prostanoids emerge as attractive targets for therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Zaslona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI..
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81
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Zhu T, Chen R, Li Z, Tian J, Deng C, Zhang X, Zhang K, Tong L, Yu Y, Bai C. Functional Role of FcγRIIB in the Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Function. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:154-60. [PMID: 26941575 PMCID: PMC4764783 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow are plural-potent stem cells with immune regulatory functions. We aimed to evaluate role of FcγRIIB in the regulation of bone marrow-derived MSC function. MSCs were prepared from mouse bone marrow derived from wild-type (WT) or FcγRIIB-deficient (FcγRIIB-/-) mice. MSCs were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and BMDC maturation and function were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-labeled OT-II T-cell addition. An acute asthma model was established by aeresol ovalbumin challenge in mice. Mice received WT or FcγRIIB-/- MSC therapy. Lung function was evaluated by histological examination and cytokine production measurement. mRNA and protein expression levels of target genes were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactionor western blotting. We found that MSCs derived from bone marrow exhibit a high level of FcγRIIB expression. FcγRIIB deficiency impaired the suppressive function of MSCs, as FcγRIIB deficiency efficiently reversed the inhibitory effect of MSCs on BMDC maturation and function. Additionally, FcγRIIB-/-MSCs were less potent at suppressing asthma in model mice, possibly through reduced expression of Smad2, Smad3, Cox-2, and prostaglandin E2 in FcγRIIB-/-MSCs. FcγRIIB might play an essential role in regulating the inhibitory effects of MSCs derived from bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhu
- 1. Department of Respiratory, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- 2. Department of Respiratory, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110015, China
| | - Ruohua Chen
- 3. Department of VIP Treatment, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zeng Li
- 4. Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Jun Tian
- 5. Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310000, China
| | - Changwen Deng
- 1. Department of Respiratory, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- 1. Department of Respiratory, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Koudong Zhang
- 6. Department of Respiratory, No. 1 People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, China
| | - Linrong Tong
- 7. Department of Respiratory, The 174 Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, 361000, China
| | - Yizhi Yu
- 8. Institute of Immunology, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chong Bai
- 1. Department of Respiratory, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Liu H, Chen Y, Xu S, Du B, Tang HL, Qiu J, Yang CM. Effect of positive acceleration adaptive training on PGI 2 and TXA 2 contents and TXA 2/PGI 2 ratio in the gastric mucosa of rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4680-4686. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i29.4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the effect of positive acceleration adaptive training on prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) contents and TXA2/PGI2 ratio in the gastric mucosa of rats.
METHODS: Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: A, B, C, D and E. Group A did not undergo any treatment. Group B was exposed to +5 Gz for 5 min per day over 5 consecutive days. Group C was exposed to +10 Gz for 5 min per day over 5 consecutive days. Group D was exposed to +4 Gz for 3 min per day over 5 consecutive days and +5 Gz for 5 min per day over another 5 consecutive days. Group E was exposed to +4 Gz for 3 min per day over 5 consecutive days and +10 Gz for 5 min per day over another 5 consecutive days. The damage to the gastric mucosa was then observed grossly and under a microscope to calculate the damage index. The TXB2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-K-PGF1α) contents in the gastric mucosa were detected by ELISA, and the TXB2/6-K-PGF1α ratio was calculated.
RESULTS: On unaided visual and microscopic observations, all groups developed mucosa damage, with the exception of group A. The damage to the gastric mucosa was less in group D than in group B, and in group E than in group C. The harm index was significantly lower in group D than in group B (0.875 ± 0.641 vs 1.750 ± 0.707, P < 0.05), and in group E than in group C (2.250 ± 1.035 vs 5.625 ± 1.767, P < 0.05). The content of TXB2 was significantly lower in group D than in group B (159.588 pg/mL ± 36.216 pg/mL vs 251.018 pg/mL ± 50.845 pg/mL, P < 0.01), and in group E than in group C (150.476 pg/mL ± 48.589 pg/mL vs 331.538 pg/mL ± 79.102 pg/mL, P < 0.01). The content of 6-K-PGF1α was significantly higher in group D than in group B (72.242 pg/mL ± 12.413 pg/mL vs 52.015 pg/mL ± 11.827 pg/mL, P < 0.01), and in group E than in group C (87.426 pg/mL ± 15.833 pg/mL vs 44.726 pg/mL ± 18.867 pg/mL, P < 0.01). The ratio of TXB2/6-K-PGF1α was significantly lower in group D than in group B (2.283 ± 0.705 vs 5.128 ± 1.788, P < 0.01), and in group E than in group C (2.250 ± 1.035 vs 8.599 ± 4.157, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Adaptive training can significantly reduce the gastric mucosal damage caused by high +Gz via mechanisms possibly related to the increase in PGI2 content, decrease in TXA2 content and reduction of the TXA2/PGI2 ratio.
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Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity promotes antihelminth immunity, suppresses type 1-driven autoimmune disease, neutralizes toxins, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and regulates wound repair and tissue regeneration pathways following infection or injury. Nevertheless, when type 2 responses are dysregulated, they can become important drivers of disease. Type 2 immunity induces a complex inflammatory response characterized by eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, IL-4-and/or IL-13-conditioned macrophages and T helper 2 (TH2) cells, which are crucial to the pathogenesis of many allergic and fibrotic disorders. As chronic type 2 immune responses promote disease, the mechanisms that regulate their maintenance are thought to function as crucial disease modifiers. This Review discusses the many endogenous negative regulatory mechanisms that antagonize type 2 immunity and highlights how therapies that target some of these pathways are being developed to treat type 2-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0425, USA
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Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity promotes antihelminth immunity, suppresses type 1-driven autoimmune disease, neutralizes toxins, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and regulates wound repair and tissue regeneration pathways following infection or injury. Nevertheless, when type 2 responses are dysregulated, they can become important drivers of disease. Type 2 immunity induces a complex inflammatory response characterized by eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, IL-4-and/or IL-13-conditioned macrophages and T helper 2 (TH2) cells, which are crucial to the pathogenesis of many allergic and fibrotic disorders. As chronic type 2 immune responses promote disease, the mechanisms that regulate their maintenance are thought to function as crucial disease modifiers. This Review discusses the many endogenous negative regulatory mechanisms that antagonize type 2 immunity and highlights how therapies that target some of these pathways are being developed to treat type 2-mediated disease.
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