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Melo CM, Cruz ACFG, Lima AFVA, Silva LR, Madi RR, Jeraldo VDLS, Mercado R. Triatomine Fauna and Recent Epidemiological Dynamics of Chagas Disease in an Endemic Area of Northeast Brazil. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2018; 2018:7020541. [PMID: 30364104 PMCID: PMC6188735 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7020541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Updated information of the dispersion dynamics of Chagas disease (CD) and a systemic analysis of these data will aid the early identification of areas that are vulnerable to transmission and enable efficient intervention. This work synthesized spatiotemporal information regarding triatomine fauna and analyzed this information in combination with the results from serological tests to elucidate the epidemiological panorama of CD in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. This is a retrospective analytical study that utilized information from the database of the National Chagas Disease Control Program. Between 2010 and 2016, 838 triatomines of eight species, namely, Panstrongylus geniculatus, which was first recorded in the state of Sergipe, Panstrongylus lutzi, P. megistus, Triatoma brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata, T. tibiamaculata, T. melanocephala, and Rhodnius neglectus, were collected. Optical microscopy revealed that 13.2% of triatomines examined were infected by Trypanosoma cruzi-like flagellates. The distribution of triatomines exhibits an expanding south-central to northern dispersion, with a preference for semiarid and agreste areas and occasional observations in humid coastal areas due to anthropogenic actions reflected in the environment. Of the human cases analyzed from 2012 to 2016, 8.3% (191/2316) presented positive serology for Trypanosoma cruzi, and this proportion showed a gradual increase in the southern center of the state and new notifications in coastal regions. There is a need for intensification and continuity of the measures adopted by the Chagas Disease Control Program in Sergipe, identifying new priority areas for intervention and preferential ecotopes of the vectors, considering the occurrence of positive triatomines intradomicilliary and a source of new triatomines in the peridomiciles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M. Melo
- Universidade Tiradentes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (LDIP/ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla F. G. Cruz
- Universidade Tiradentes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (LDIP/ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fernando V. A. Lima
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Sergipe, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Sergipe (Lacen-SE), Laboratório de Entomologia, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Luan R. Silva
- Universidade Tiradentes, Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (LDIP/ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Rubens R. Madi
- Universidade Tiradentes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (LDIP/ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Veronica de Lourdes S. Jeraldo
- Universidade Tiradentes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (LDIP/ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Ruben Mercado
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
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Haematological alterations in non-human hosts infected with Trypanosoma cruzi: a systematic review. Parasitology 2018; 146:142-160. [PMID: 30070181 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease whose spectrum has not been quite understood, including the impact of Trypanosoma cruzi infection on the haematological parameters of different vertebrate hosts. Thus, this study was designed to compare the pattern of haematological changes induced by T. cruzi infection in order to identify possible species-specific differences among taxons. We also aimed at evaluating the use of this parameter as a tool for diagnosis during the acute phase, when symptoms are usually masked. For this purpose, we performed a systematic search on PubMed and Scopus databases to retrieve original studies published until August 2016. Thirty-one studies were selected using Prisma strategy, which were then submitted to data extraction and methodological bias analysis. Half of the studies showed that the number of erythrogram decreased in infected animals, indicating anaemia. In 68.2% of the studies, the total amount of leukogram values increased, suggesting infection. The main methodological limitations were insufficient information for T. cruzi strains identification, inoculation routes and parasitological characterization. Most of the mammalian species analysed showed the same pattern of haematological changes following T. cruzi infection, indicating that haematological parameters might direct the diagnosis of Chagas disease in the initial phase.
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Cavallo MJ, Amelotti I, Abrahan L, Cueto G, Gorla DE. Rural houses infestation by Triatoma infestans in northwestern Argentina: Vector control in a high spatial heterogeneous infestation area. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201391. [PMID: 30071071 PMCID: PMC6072006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is a vector of the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, causative agent of Chagas disease. During the last decade, vector control activities have been systematically carried out in northwestern Argentina, an endemic region for this disease. The general aim of this study to evaluate was spatio-temporal variation of infestation by T. infestans in rural communities of Los Llanos in La Rioja province. We estimated house infestation using two sampling methods: passive and active. Passive collection was conducted with community participation collecting triatomines. Six passive collections were carried out in 397 houses during the warm season between 2014 and 2017. Active collection of T. infestans was thoroughly performed by trained staff for 60 minutes and was carried out once in March 2016. The estimate of intradomestic infestation did not show significant differences between both collection methods (p = 0.39). However, passive collection method had lower sensitivity than active collection method for the estimation of peridomestic infestation and intradomestic colonization (PDI: p< 0.01; ID colonization: p< 0.01). The results obtained with passive collection methods showed that the infestation in the study area was spatially heterogeneous and temporally variable. Intradomiciliary infestation decreased over time (14.4% to 7.9%, p<0.05) although the effect of the chemical treatment application was not associated with the infestation level of T. infestans (p = 0.15) and the Departments had a different response each year (p<0.01). A high infestation cluster was located in the south of our study area during 2016–2017. The vector presence in the houses confirms the importance of to improve entomological surveillance programs. The search for triatomines carried out by the inhabitants might be a useful method to complement the activities of vector control programs in isolated and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Cavallo
- Entomología Médica, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia La Rioja, UNLAR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET, Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Ivana Amelotti
- Entomología Médica, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia La Rioja, UNLAR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET, Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Luciana Abrahan
- Entomología Médica, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia La Rioja, UNLAR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET, Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Cueto
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David E. Gorla
- Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales Mario Gulich, CONAE-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Azevedo PHR, Xavier MAP, Silva GND, Costa PAD, Carneiro CM, Brasileiro Filho G. Anti-serum validation for use in immunohistochemistry for Trypanosoma cruzi detection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:467-474. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0011-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Santana DY, Salgado RM, Fevereiro M, Silva do Nascimento R, Fonseca R, Saraiva Câmara NO, Epiphanio S, Marinho CRF, Barreto-Chaves ML, D’ Império-Lima MR, Álvarez JM. MyD88 activation in cardiomyocytes contributes to the heart immune response to acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection with no effect on local parasite control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006617. [PMID: 30067739 PMCID: PMC6089445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the most serious consequence of Chagas disease, a neglected human disorder caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Because T. cruzi parasites invade cardiomyocytes, we sought to investigate whether these cells recognize the parasite in vivo by receptors signaling through the MyD88 adaptor, which mediates the activation pathway of most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1/IL-18 receptors, and influence the development of acute cardiac pathology. First, we showed that HL-1 cardiac muscle cell line expresses MyD88 gene and protein at resting state and after T. cruzi infection. To evaluate the role in vivo of MyD88 expression in cardiomyocytes, we generated Mer+MyD88flox+/+ mice in which tamoxifen treatment is expected to eliminate the MyD88 gene exclusively in cardiomyocytes. This Cre-loxP model was validated by both PCR and western blot analysis; tamoxifen treatment of Mer+MyD88flox+/+ mice resulted in decreased MyD88 gene and protein expression in the heart, but not in the spleen, while had no effect on littermates. The elimination of MyD88 in cardiomyocytes determined a lower increase in CCL5, IFNγ and TNFα gene transcription during acute infection by T. cruzi parasites of the Y strain, but it did not significantly modify heart leukocyte infiltration and parasitism. Together, our results show that cardiomyocytes can sense T. cruzi infection through MyD88-mediated molecular pathways and contribute to the local immune response to the parasite. The strong pro-inflammatory response of heart-recruited leukocytes may overshadow the effects of MyD88 deficiency in cardiomyocytes on the local leukocyte recruitment and T. cruzi control during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Yohani Santana
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moysés Salgado
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Fevereiro
- Department of Anatomy of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Raissa Fonseca
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicologic Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José M. Álvarez
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel phthaloyl derivatives of 3-amino-3-aryl propionic acids as inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:252-268. [PMID: 30006170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS) has been an important pharmacological target for developing new anti-Chagas agents. In a continuous effort to discover new potential TcTS inhibitors, 3-amino-3-arylpropionic acid derivatives (series A) and novel phthaloyl derivatives (series B, C and D) were synthesized and molecular docking, TcTS enzyme inhibition and determination of trypanocidal activity were carried out. From four series obtained, compound D-11 had the highest binding affinity value (-11.1 kcal/mol) compared to reference DANA (-7.8 kcal/mol), a natural ligand for TS enzyme. Furthermore, the 3D and 2D interactions analysis of compound D-11 showed a hydrogen bond, π-π stacking, π-anion, hydrophobic and Van der Waals forces with all important amino acid residues (Arg35, Arg245, Arg314, Tyr119, Trp312, Tyr342, Glu230 and Asp59) on the active site of TcTS. Additionally, D-11 showed the highest TcTS enzyme inhibition (86.9% ± 5) by high-performance ion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). Finally, D-11 showed better trypanocidal activity than the reference drugs nifurtimox and benznidazole with an equal % lysis (63 ± 4 and 65 ± 2 at 10 μg/mL) and LC50 value (52.70 ± 2.70 μM and 46.19 ± 2.36 μM) on NINOA and INC-5 strains, respectively. Therefore, D-11 is a small-molecule with potent TcTS inhibition and a strong trypanocidal effect that could help in the development of new anti-Chagas agents.
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Martín-Escolano R, Moreno-Viguri E, Santivañez-Veliz M, Martin-Montes A, Medina-Carmona E, Paucar R, Marín C, Azqueta A, Cirauqui N, Pey AL, Pérez-Silanes S, Sánchez-Moreno M. Second Generation of Mannich Base-Type Derivatives with in Vivo Activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5643-5663. [PMID: 29883536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a potentially life-threatening and neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. One of the most important challenges related to Chagas disease is the search for new, safe, effective, and affordable drugs since the current therapeutic arsenal is inadequate and insufficient. Here, we report a simple and cost-effective synthesis and the biological evaluation of the second generation of Mannich base-type derivatives. Compounds 7, 9, and 10 showed improved in vitro efficiency and lower toxicity than benznidazole, in addition to no genotoxicity; thus, they were applied in in vivo assays to assess their activity in both acute and chronic phases of the disease. Compound 10 presented a similar profile to benznidazole from the parasitological perspective but also yielded encouraging data, as no toxicity was observed. Moreover, compound 9 showed lower parasitaemia and higher curative rates than benznidazole, also with lower toxicity in both acute and chronic phases. Therefore, further studies should be considered to optimize compound 9 to promote its further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departament of Parasitology , Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada , Severo Ochoa s/n , E-18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Elsa Moreno-Viguri
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Instituto de Salud Tropical , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Mery Santivañez-Veliz
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Instituto de Salud Tropical , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Alvaro Martin-Montes
- Departament of Parasitology , Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada , Severo Ochoa s/n , E-18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Encarnación Medina-Carmona
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada , Av. Fuentenueva s/n , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Rocío Paucar
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Instituto de Salud Tropical , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departament of Parasitology , Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada , Severo Ochoa s/n , E-18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Nuria Cirauqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21949-900 , Brazil
| | - Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada , Av. Fuentenueva s/n , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Silanes
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Instituto de Salud Tropical , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departament of Parasitology , Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada , Severo Ochoa s/n , E-18071 Granada , Spain
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58
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Vizzoni AG, Varela MC, Sangenis LHC, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, do Brasil PEAA, Saraiva RM. Ageing with Chagas disease: an overview of an urban Brazilian cohort in Rio de Janeiro. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:354. [PMID: 29914550 PMCID: PMC6006711 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease control programmes have decreased the prevalence of Chagas disease in Latin America. Together with migration to urban areas and increase in life expectancy, a new scenario for Chagas disease has emerged in Brazil with most patients currently elderly individuals living in urban areas. However, acute Chagas disease cases still occur due to vector transmission by sylvatic vectors and oral transmission by contaminated food. Therefore, we characterized the clinical and epidemiological profile of the patients followed at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We aimed to identify the clinical forms, associated co-morbidities, and geographical areas where younger patients originate from. This will aid in the identification of potential challenges to be currently faced. RESULTS This is a cross-sectional study. Adult patients with chronic Chagas disease were recruited between March 2013 and April 2016. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from electronic medical records and interviews. The clinical form of the Chagas disease presented by the patients was determined following the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas disease. Six hundred and nineteen patients (mean age 60 ± 12 years; 56.9% women) were included in this study. Patients' clinical forms were classified as follows: indeterminate 29.1%; cardiac 55.4%; digestive 5.5%; and mixed 10.0%. Patients aged over 65 years comprised 38% of the population. Hypertension was present in 347 (56%) patients, dyslipidemia in 261 patients (42%) and diabetes mellitus in 185 patients (30%). There were no differences regarding gender, race, comorbidities frequency or place of origin across Chagas disease clinical forms. Most of the elderly population originated from Bahia, Minas Gerais and Pernambuco states, while most of the younger patients were born in Ceará, Paraíba and Rio de Janeiro states. CONCLUSIONS We described a great proportion of elderly patients in the composition of an urban Brazilian Chagas disease patient cohort with a high prevalence of comorbidities. We also identified a change in the pattern of the place of origin among younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Gomes Vizzoni
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Margareth Catoia Varela
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Magalhães Saraiva
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Emerging roles of regional journals in the accreditation of knowledge in tropical medicine: Biomédica and Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2007–2015. Scientometrics 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-018-2649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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60
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Almeida MS, Lorena VMB, Medeiros CDA, Junior WO, Cavalcanti MDGAM, Martins SM, de Morais CNL. Alternative Th17 and CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + cell frequencies increase and correlate with worse cardiac function in Chagas cardiomyopathy. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87:e12650. [PMID: 29473686 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immune homeostasis has been suggested to play an important role in the clinical evolution of chronic Chagas disease; however, the immunopathologic factors involved have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, our study aimed to analyse the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells, classic Th17 cells, alternative Th17 cells and IL-17+ B cells from peripheral blood of chronic cardiac patients after in vitro stimulation with Trypanosoma cruzi soluble EPI antigen. Patients were selected and classified according to clinical evaluation of cardiac involvement: mild, B1 (CARD1) (n = 20) and severe, C (CARD2) (n = 11). Patients with the indeterminate form of CD were included as the control group A (IND) (n = 17). Blood samples were collected and cultured in the presence of EPI antigen. Cells frequency and median fluorescence intensity (MFI) were obtained by flow cytometry. Our results showed that only CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ , CD4+ CD25high FoxP3+ , CD4+ IL-17+ IFN-γ- and CD4+ IL-17+ IFN-γ+ cells are more frequent in patients with severe cardiac disease and correlate with worse global cardiac function. However, while indeterminate patients demonstrated a positive correlation between CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ and CD4+ IL-17+ IFN-γ- Th17 cells, this relationship was not observed in cardiac patients. IL-17 expression by Th17 cells and B cells correlated with disease progression. Altogether our results suggest that the clinical progression of Chagas cardiomyopathy involves worsening of inflammation and impairment of immunoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Almeida
- Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
| | - V M B Lorena
- Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil.,Integrated Chagas Disease Programme (PIDC), FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
| | - C de A Medeiros
- Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - W O Junior
- Integrated Chagas Disease Programme (PIDC), FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil.,Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - M da G A M Cavalcanti
- Integrated Chagas Disease Programme (PIDC), FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil.,Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - S M Martins
- Integrated Chagas Disease Programme (PIDC), FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil.,Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - C N L de Morais
- Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
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61
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Ingber A, Garcia MN, Leon J, Murray KO. Chagas Disease Knowledge and Risk Behaviors of the Homeless Population in Houston, TX. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2018; 5:229-234. [PMID: 28567616 PMCID: PMC6239415 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a parasitic infection, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, endemic in Latin America. Sylvatic T. cruzi-infected triatomine vectors are present in rural and urban areas in the southern USA and may transmit T. cruzi infection to at-risk populations, such as homeless individuals. Our study aimed to evaluate Chagas disease knowledge and behaviors potentially associated with transmission risk of Chagas disease among Houston, Texas' homeless population by performing interviews with 212 homeless individuals. The majority of the 212 surveyed homeless individuals were male (79%), African-American (43%), American-born individuals (96%). About 30% of the individuals reported having seen triatomines in Houston, and 25% had evidence of blood-borne transmission risk (IV drug use and/or unregulated tattoos). The median total time homeless was significantly associated with recognition of the triatomine vector. Our survey responses indicate that the homeless populations may exhibit potential risks for Chagas disease, due to increased vector exposure, and participation in blood-borne pathogen risk behaviors. Our findings warrant additional research to quantify the prevalence of Chagas disease among homeless populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ingber
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Melissa N Garcia
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Juan Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kristy O Murray
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Fontes CER, Abreu APD, Gasparim AZ. RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MEGACOLON IN TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI INFECTED RATS. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA : ABCD = BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF DIGESTIVE SURGERY 2018; 31:e1341. [PMID: 29513802 PMCID: PMC5863993 DOI: 10.1590/0102-672020180001e1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researches on Chagas disease still use several animals and rats, due to size and susceptibility were preferred by many authors. AIM To develop an experimental model of megacolon in rats inoculated with the strain Y of Trypanosoma cruzi. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were distributed in three groups inoculated with different inoculants: Group A: 600000, Group B: 1000000 and Group C: 1500000 blood trypomastigotes of T. cruzi. Animals were sedated intramuscularly at zero inoculation time (T0) and 60 days after inoculation (T60), to perform the barium enema in order to evaluate the dilatation of the different segments of colon in a comparative study of the measurements obtained, using a digital caliper. Evidence of infection was performed by blood smear collected from the animal's tail 18 days after inoculation with observation of blood forms. RESULTS Comparing the intestinal diameter of the inoculated animals with 60,0000 trypomastigotes in the T0 of infection with T60 days after the inoculation, significant dilatation was observed between the proximal, medial and distal segments (p<0.01), indicating the establishment of the megacolon model. In addition, comparing intestinal diameter between the different segments, with in the T0 of infection and the T60 after inoculation, significant alterations were observed (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The proposed model was possible for in vivo studies of alterations due to infection by T. cruzi and functional alterations of the colon. In addition, the changes manifested in the colon are not directly proportional to the size of the inoculum, but to the time of infection that the animals were submitted, since the animals inoculated with 60,0000 blood forms were the ones which presented the most significant alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula de Abreu
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Aretuza Zaupa Gasparim
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Mast cell-nerve interaction in the colon of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals with chagasic megacolon. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1147-1158. [PMID: 29470711 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is an infection caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that affects millions of people worldwide and is endemic in Latin America. Megacolon is the most frequent complication of the digestive chronic form and happens due to lesions of the enteric nervous system. The neuronal lesions seem to initiate in the acute phase and persist during the chronic phase, albeit the mechanisms involved in this process are still debated. Among the cells of the immune system possibly involved in this pathological process is the mast cell (MC) due to its well-known role in the bi-directional communication between the immune and nervous systems. Using ultrastructural analysis, we found an increased number of degranulated MCs in close proximity to nerve fibers in infected patients when compared with uninfected controls. We also immunostained MCs for the two pro-inflammatory molecules tryptase and chymase, the first being also important in neuronal death. The number of MCs immunostained for tryptase or chymase was increased in patients with megacolon, whereas increased tryptase staining was additionally observed in patients without megacolon. Moreover, we detected the expression of the tryptase receptor PAR2 in neurons of the enteric nervous system, which correlated to the tryptase staining results. Altogether, the data presented herein point to the participation of MCs on the denervation process that occurs in the development of T. cruzi-induced megacolon.
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Miranda MBD, Melo ASD, Almeida MS, Marinho SM, Oliveira W, Gomes YDM. Ex vivo T-lymphocyte chemokine receptor phenotypes in patients with chronic Chagas disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:689-692. [PMID: 29160519 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0025-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elucidating the molecules involved in the inflammatory process of chronic Chagas disease may allow identification of treatment targets. METHODS The ex vivo phenotypic expression of chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, and CXCR5 on the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy of varying severity was evaluated using flow cytometry. RESULTS Differential expression of CD4+CCR3+ and CD8+CCR4+ T-cells was observed in patients with mild cardiac involvement compared, respectively, with patients with severe cardiac and asymptomatic forms of Chagas disease. CONCLUSIONS These receptors are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Martins Marinho
- Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Programa Integrado de Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Wilson Oliveira
- Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas e Insuficiência Cardíaca, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Yara de Miranda Gomes
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Programa Integrado de Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Sousa Júnior ADS, Palácios VRDCM, Miranda CDS, Costa RJFD, Catete CP, Chagasteles EJ, Pereira ALRR, Gonçalves NV. Análise espaço-temporal da doença de Chagas e seus fatores de risco ambientais e demográficos no município de Barcarena, Pará, Brasil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2017; 20:742-755. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5497201700040015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: Introdução: A doença de Chagas é uma parasitose considerada um grave problema de saúde pública. No município de Barcarena, Pará, de 2007 a 2014, ocorreu a maior prevalência dessa doença no Brasil. Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição dessa doença relacionada às variáveis epidemiológicas, ambientais e demográficas, na área e no período do estudo. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados epidemiológicos e demográficos da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Barcarena e imagens de satélites do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Os dados de desmatamento foram obtidos por classificação de imagens de satélites, utilizando rede neural artificial. As análises de significância estatística foram realizadas com o teste do χ2, e as de dependência espacial entre as variáveis, com as técnicas de Kernel e Moran. Resultados: A curva epidemiológica indicou um padrão sazonal da doença. O maior percentual dos casos foi em indivíduos do sexo masculino, pardos, adultos, analfabetos, da zona urbana e com provável contaminação oral. Foi confirmada dependência espacial dos casos da doença com os diferentes tipos de desmatamento identificados no município, bem como aglomerados de casos em áreas urbanas e rurais. Discussão: A distribuição da doença não ocorreu de forma homogênea, possivelmente pela dinâmica demográfica do município, com intensos fluxos migratórios que causam os desmatamentos. Conclusão: Foram observadas diferentes relações entre as variáveis estudadas e a ocorrência da doença no município. As tecnologias utilizadas foram satisfatórias para a construção dos cenários epidemiológicos da doença.
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Calvet CM, Choi JY, Thomas D, Suzuki B, Hirata K, Lostracco-Johnson S, de Mesquita LB, Nogueira A, Meuser-Batista M, Silva TA, Siqueira-Neto JL, Roush WR, de Souza Pereira MC, McKerrow JH, Podust LM. 4-aminopyridyl-based lead compounds targeting CYP51 prevent spontaneous parasite relapse in a chronic model and improve cardiac pathology in an acute model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006132. [PMID: 29281643 PMCID: PMC5744913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is the leading cause of heart failure in Latin America. The clinical treatment of Chagas disease is limited to two 60 year-old drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, that have variable efficacy against different strains of the parasite and may lead to severe side effects. CYP51 is an enzyme in the sterol biosynthesis pathway that has been exploited for the development of therapeutics for fungal and parasitic infections. In a target-based drug discovery program guided by x-ray crystallography, we identified the 4-aminopyridyl-based series of CYP51 inhibitors as being efficacious versus T.cruzi in vitro; two of the most potent leads, 9 and 12, have now been evaluated for toxicity and efficacy in mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Both acute and chronic animal models infected with wild type or transgenic T. cruzi strains were evaluated. There was no evidence of toxicity in the 28-day dosing study of uninfected animals, as judged by the monitoring of multiple serum and histological parameters. In two acute models of Chagas disease, 9 and 12 drastically reduced parasitemia, increased survival of mice, and prevented liver and heart injury. None of the compounds produced long term sterile cure. In the less severe acute model using the transgenic CL-Brenner strain of T.cruzi, parasitemia relapsed upon drug withdrawal. In the chronic model, parasitemia fell to a background level and, as evidenced by the bioluminescence detection of T. cruzi expressing the red-shifted luciferase marker, mice remained negative for 4 weeks after drug withdrawal. Two immunosuppression cycles with cyclophosphamide were required to re-activate the parasites. Although no sterile cure was achieved, the suppression of parasitemia in acutely infected mice resulted in drastically reduced inflammation in the heart. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The positive outcomes achieved in the absence of sterile cure suggest that the target product profile in anti-Chagasic drug discovery should be revised in favor of safe re-administration of the medication during the lifespan of a Chagas disease patient. A medication that reduces parasite burden may halt or slow progression of cardiomyopathy and therefore improve both life expectancy and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Magalhaes Calvet
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Cellular Ultra-Structure Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Diane Thomas
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Suzuki
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ken Hirata
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon Lostracco-Johnson
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Liliane Batista de Mesquita
- Cellular Ultra-Structure Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alanderson Nogueira
- Cellular Ultra-Structure Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Meuser-Batista
- Department of Pathologic Anatomy, Fernandes Figueira Institute (IFF), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Araujo Silva
- Cellular Ultra-Structure Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jair Lage Siqueira-Neto
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - William R. Roush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - James H. McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Kashif M, Moreno-Herrera A, Villalobos-Rocha JC, Nogueda-Torres B, Pérez-Villanueva J, Rodríguez-Villar K, Medina-Franco JL, de Andrade P, Carvalho I, Rivera G. Benzoic Acid Derivatives with Trypanocidal Activity: Enzymatic Analysis and Molecular Docking Studies toward Trans-Sialidase. Molecules 2017; 22:E1863. [PMID: 29084172 PMCID: PMC6150317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas, or American trypanosomiasis, remains an important public health problem in developing countries. In the last decade, trans-sialidase has become a pharmacological target for new anti-Chagas drugs. In this work, the aims were to design and find a new series of benzoic acid derivatives as trans-sialidase (TS) inhibitors and anti-trypanosomal agents. Three compounds (14, 18, and 19) sharing a para-aminobenzoic acid moiety showed more potent trypanocidal activity than the commercially available drugs nifurtimox and benznidazole in both strains: the lysis concentration of 50% of the population (LC50) was <0.15 µM on the NINOA strain, and LC50 < 0.22 µM on the INC-5 strain. Additionally, compound 18 showed a moderate inhibition (47%) on the trans-sialidase enzyme and a binding model similar to DANA (pattern A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kashif
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s/n, Esq. Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Mexico.
| | - Antonio Moreno-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s/n, Esq. Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Mexico.
| | - Juan Carlos Villalobos-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Pérez-Villanueva
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, UAM-X, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico.
| | - Karen Rodríguez-Villar
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, UAM-X, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico.
| | - José Lius Medina-Franco
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Peterson de Andrade
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-930, Brazil.
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-930, Brazil.
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s/n, Esq. Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Mexico.
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Oda JY, Belém MO, Carlos TM, Gouveia R, Luchetti BFC, Moreira NM, Massocatto CL, Araújo SM, Sant Ana DMG, Buttow NC, Pinge-Filho P, Araújo EJA. Myenteric neuroprotective role of aspirin in acute and chronic experimental infections with Trypanosoma cruzi. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:1-13. [PMID: 28524628 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and clinical studies have shown that myenteric neuron cell death during infection with Trypanosoma cruzi mainly occurs in the esophagus and colon, resulting in megaesophagus and megacolon, respectively. Evidence suggests that the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) is involved in the T. cruzi invasion process. The use of low-dose aspirin (ASA), a COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor, has been shown to reduce infection with T. cruzi. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of treatment with low-dose ASA on myenteric colonic neurons during murine infection with T. cruzi. METHODS Swiss mice were assigned into groups treated with either phosphate-buffered saline or low doses of ASA during the acute phase (20 mg/kg ASA) and chronic phase (50 mg/kg ASA) of infection with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Seventy-five days after infection, colon samples were collected to quantify inflammatory foci in histological sections and also general (myosin-V+ ), nitrergic, and VIPergic myenteric neurons in whole mounts. Gastrointestinal transit time was also measured. KEY RESULTS Aspirin treatment during the acute phase of infection reduced parasitemia (P<.05). Aspirin treatment during the acute or chronic phase of the infection reduced the intensity of inflammatory foci in the colon, protected myenteric neurons from cell death and plastic changes, and recovered the gastrointestinal transit of mice infected with T. cruzi (P<.05). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES Early and delayed treatment with low-dose ASA can reduce the morphofunctional damage of colonic myenteric neurons caused by murine T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Oda
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M O Belém
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - T M Carlos
- Department of Histology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - R Gouveia
- Department of Histology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - B F C Luchetti
- Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - N M Moreira
- Center for Education, Letters and Health, State University of Western Paraná, Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil
| | - C L Massocatto
- Department of Morphological Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - S M Araújo
- Department of Basic Health Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D M G Sant Ana
- Department of Morphological Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - N C Buttow
- Department of Morphological Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - P Pinge-Filho
- Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E J A Araújo
- Department of Histology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Grando TH, Baldissera MD, de Sá MF, do Carmo GM, Porto BCZ, Aguirre GSV, Azevedo MI, de Jesus FPK, Santurio JM, Sagrillo MR, Stefani LM, Monteiro SG. Avian antibodies (IgY) against Trypanosoma cruzi: Purification and characterization studies. J Immunol Methods 2017; 449:56-61. [PMID: 28697990 PMCID: PMC7126890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellated protozoan belonging to the Trypanosomatidae family, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. Currently, there is neither a licensed vaccine nor effective treatment, characterizing an unmet clinical need. The IgY refers to the egg yolk immunoglobulin (Y=yolk) and its production and use are subjects of many studies due to the diversity of its diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Several researchers have shown that the use of specific IgY may prevent and/or control infectious and parasitic diseases. Based on these evidences, the aim of this study was to immunize chickens with trypomastigotes of T. cruzi in order to produce highly effective and pure antibodies (IgY), as well as extract, characterize, quantify, and verify cytotoxic effects of IgY anti-T. cruzi. After the induction of IgY production by chickens, the eggs were collected and the IgY was extracted by method of precipitation of polyethylene glycol 6000. The IgY anti-T. cruzi characterization was performed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), western-blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the cytotoxic or proliferative effects of IgY anti-T. cruzi was verified by MTT assay. The concentration of IgY in yolk was 8.41±1.47mg/mL. The characterization of IgY reveled bands of stained peptides with molecular weight between 75 and 50kDa and 37 and 25kDa. In the ELISA test was observed that there was antigen-antibody reaction throughout the sample period. The concentrations of 1, 5 and 10mg/mL of IgY anti-T. cruzi presented no cytotoxic of proliferative effects in mononuclear and VERO cells in vitro. The results indicated that T. cruzi is able to generate a high production of specific immunoglobulins in chickens, it did not cause damage to the cell membrane and no proliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirssa H Grando
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariângela F de Sá
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M do Carmo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bianca Carolina Z Porto
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gisele S V Aguirre
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Azevedo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francielli P K de Jesus
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michele R Sagrillo
- Laboratory of Cell Culture, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenita Moura Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Romero AH, López SE. In silico molecular docking studies of new potential 4-phthalazinyl-hydrazones on selected Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania enzyme targets. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 76:313-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Dadé M, Daniele M, Mestorino N. Evaluation of the toxic effects of doramectin, ivermectin and eprinomectin against Triatoma infestans using a rat model. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2017; 37:324-332. [PMID: 28968009 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i3.3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyrethroids have been frequently and intensively used for controlling the triatomine vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. The emergence of resistance to these insecticides has resulted in an urgent need to identify novel, alternative and complementary control strategies. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the toxic effects of ivermectin, doramectin and eprinomectin on the bloodfeeding behaviour of Triatoma infestans using a rodent model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifth instar nymphs of T. infestans were fed at different times on Wistar rats pretreated with doramectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin or dimethylsulfoxide (excipient control) topically or orally administered. We determined the effects of each insecticide and of dimethyl sulfoxide on the amount of ingested blood, the volume of faecal discharge, and the mortality rates in triatomines. RESULTS Only the rate of triatomine mortality was associated with the antiparasitic compounds administered and the route of administration utilized. Doramectin administration was associated with a higher mortality rate (21.5%) than ivermectin, eprinomectin and dimethylsulfoxide (16, 11 and 2.5%, respectively), and topical administration was found to be most effective for inducing mortality (23 vs. 9.3 %). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the toxic effects of the three assessed insecticides on T. infestans. The administration of ecto/endoparasiticides to domiciliary or peridomiciliary animals may serve as an interesting complementary strategy to the use of pyrethroids for the control of T. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Dadé
- Laboratorio de Estudios Farmacológicos y Toxicológicos, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Cátedra de Farmacología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gonçalves LO, Luciana M DO, Grasielle CDP, Rosa AC, Bustamante MG, Belisário CJ, Resende DM, Diotaiuti LG, Ruiz JC. Insights from tissue-specific transcriptome sequencing analysis of Triatoma infestans. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:456-457. [PMID: 28591407 PMCID: PMC5446236 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatoma infestans is an insect of subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of human Chagas disease. In this work we reported a transcriptome assembly and annotation of T. infestans heads obtained by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilane O Gonçalves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Grupo Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - de Oliveira Luciana M
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Grupo Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioinformática, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - C D'Ávila Pessoa Grasielle
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Aline Cl Rosa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Marinely G Bustamante
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Carlota J Belisário
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Daniela M Resende
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Grupo Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lileia G Diotaiuti
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Jeronimo C Ruiz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Grupo Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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73
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Correia JPR, Costa ACD, Rocha EA, Quidute ARP, Cândido DDS, Ponciano ÂMDS, Fonteles MMDF, Oliveira MDF. Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of patients with Chagas disease using benznidazole: drug-related problems and pharmaceutical interventions. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:334-340. [PMID: 28700051 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0474-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benznidazole (BNZ) is a drug available for the etiological treatment of Chagas disease. However, this drug is toxic and has a limited effectiveness on the chronic phase of this disease, often leading to poor treatment adherence. METHODS: This is a descriptive and exploratory study conducted at the Pharmaceutical Care Service for Chagas disease patients of the Federal University of Ceará. Drug-related problems (DRPs) and pharmaceutical interventions (PIs) were classified according to the Second Consensus of Granada. RESULTS: The average age of patients with Chagas disease was 62 years, with the majority residing in the Ceará countryside (86.7%), and having low education levels (63.3% with elementary school education). Regarding family income, most patients belonged to a household that earned ≤1-2 times the minimum wage per month. Approximately 73% of these patients complied with the BNZ treatment, and nearly 7% underwent therapy interruption after medical evaluation. A total of 189 DRPs were identified, of which 51.9% (n=98) were classified as potential, and 48.1% (n=91) as actual. The most frequent DRPs were related to safety (qualitative safety; n=70; 37%), necessity (non-adherence; n=52; 27.5%), and effectiveness (qualitative effectiveness/non-optimal drug selection; n=45; 23.8%). Among the 216 PIs conducted, the majority were related to patient education (n=168; 77.8%) and pharmacological strategy (n=42; 19.4%). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the need for pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in patients with Chagas because of the high number of therapeutic interventions, DRPs (approximately 3 DRPs/patient), BNZ adherence, and polypharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Ramalho Correia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doença de Chagas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Alanna Carla da Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doença de Chagas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Arrais Rocha
- Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Ana Rosa Pinto Quidute
- Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Darlan da Silva Cândido
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Alergia e Imunopatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ângela Maria de Souza Ponciano
- Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Estudos em Atenção Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Marta Maria de França Fonteles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.,Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Estudos em Atenção Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Maria de Fátima Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doença de Chagas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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74
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Couto NF, Pedersane D, Rezende L, Dias PP, Corbani TL, Bentini LC, Oliveira ACS, Kelles LF, Castro-Gomes T, Andrade LO. LAMP-2 absence interferes with plasma membrane repair and decreases T. cruzi host cell invasion. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005657. [PMID: 28586379 PMCID: PMC5473579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi enters host cells by subverting the mechanism of cell membrane repair. In this process, the parasite induces small injuries in the host cell membrane leading to calcium entry and lysosomal exocytosis, which are followed by compensatory endocytosis events that drive parasites into host cells. We have previously shown that absence of both LAMP-1 and 2, major components of lysosomal membranes, decreases invasion of T. cruzi into host cells, but the mechanism by which they interfere with parasite invasion has not been described. Here we investigated the role of these proteins in parasitophorous vacuole morphology, host cell lysosomal exocytosis, and membrane repair ability. First, we showed that cells lacking only LAMP-2 present the same invasion phenotype as LAMP1/2-/- cells, indicating that LAMP-2 is an important player during T. cruzi invasion process. Second, neither vacuole morphology nor lysosomal exocytosis was altered in LAMP-2 lacking cells (LAMP2-/- and LAMP1/2-/- cells). We then investigated the ability of LAMP-2 deficient cells to perform compensatory endocytosis upon lysosomal secretion, the mechanism by which cells repair their membrane and T. cruzi ultimately enters cells. We observed that these cells perform less endocytosis upon injury when compared to WT cells. This was a consequence of impaired cholesterol traffic in cells lacking LAMP-2 and its influence in the distribution of caveolin-1 at the cell plasma membrane, which is crucial for plasma membrane repair. The results presented here show the major role of LAMP-2 in caveolin traffic and membrane repair and consequently in T. cruzi invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Pedersane
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luisa Rezende
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P. Dias
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tayanne L. Corbani
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. Bentini
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anny C. S. Oliveira
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludmila F. Kelles
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana O. Andrade
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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75
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Capuani L, Bierrenbach AL, Pereira Alencar A, Mendrone A, Ferreira JE, Custer B, P. Ribeiro AL, Cerdeira Sabino E. Mortality among blood donors seropositive and seronegative for Chagas disease (1996-2000) in São Paulo, Brazil: A death certificate linkage study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005542. [PMID: 28545053 PMCID: PMC5436632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals in the indeterminate phase of Chagas disease are considered to have mortality rates similar to those of the overall population. This study compares mortality rates among blood donors seropositive for Chagas disease and negative controls in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methodology/principal findings This is a retrospective cohort study of blood donors from 1996 to 2000: 2842 seropositive and 5684 seronegative for Chagas disease. Death status was ascertained by performing probabilistic record linkage (RL) with the Brazil national mortality information system (SIM). RL was assessed in a previous validation study. Cox Regression was used to derive hazard ratios (HR), adjusting for confounders. RL identified 159 deaths among the 2842 seropositive blood donors (5.6%) and 103 deaths among the 5684 seronegative (1.8%). Out of the 159 deaths among seropositive donors, 26 had the 10th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) indicating Chagas disease as the underlying cause of death (B57.0/B57.5), 23 had ICD-10 codes (I42.0/I42.2/I47.0/I47.2/I49.0/I50.0/I50.1/ I50.9/I51.7) indicating cardiac abnormalities possibly related to Chagas disease listed as an underlying or associated cause of death, with the others having no mention of Chagas disease in part I of the death certificate. Donors seropositive for Chagas disease had a 2.3 times higher risk of death due to all causes (95% Confidence Interval (95% CI), 1.8–3.0) than seronegative donors. When considering deaths due to Chagas disease or those that had underlying causes of cardiac abnormalities related to Chagas disease, seropositive donors had a risk of death 17.9 (95% CI, 6.3–50.8) times greater than seronegative donors. Conclusions/significance There is an excess risk of death in donors seropositive blood for Chagas disease compared to seronegative donors. Chagas disease is an under-reported cause of death in the Brazilian mortality database. Chagas disease is classified as one of the 17 most important neglected diseases by the World Health Organization (WHO). The majority of infected individuals live in 21 countries of Central and South America. Estimates of mortality attributable to Chagas disease vary considerably (between 0.2% and 19.2% annually). To improve the measurement of disease burden and policy decision-making in regard to treatment availability, more accurate estimates of mortality, especially among otherwise asymptomatic seropositive individuals are needed,. This study compares mortality rates and causes of death of asymptomatic blood donors who tested seropositive for Chagas disease and seronegative for all screening tests conducted in Brazil. Mortality status was ascertained by linking donor names with the Brazilian national mortality information system (SIM). The study found that donors who tested Chagas disease seropositive had risk of death from all causes 2.3 (95% CI, 1.8–3.0) times greater than seronegative ones. The data also suggest that the SIM may underestimate the total number of deaths attributable to Chagas disease in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Capuani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine—University of Sao Paulo—FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Luiza Bierrenbach
- Institute of Education and Research, Hospital Sirio Libanes, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Airlane Pereira Alencar
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo—IME-USP, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Mendrone
- Fundação Pró-Sangue—Hemocenter of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Ferreira
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo—IME-USP, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brian Custer
- Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Blood Systems Research Institute—BSRI, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro
- Hospital das Clínicas and School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Tropical Medicine Institute—University of Sao Paulo—FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kessler RL, Contreras VT, Marliére NP, Aparecida Guarneri A, Villamizar Silva LH, Mazzarotto GACA, Batista M, Soccol VT, Krieger MA, Probst CM. Recently differentiated epimastigotes fromTrypanosoma cruziare infective to the mammalian host. Mol Microbiol 2017; 104:712-736. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Tulio Contreras
- Laboratorio de Protozoología, Centro de Biología Molecular de Parásitos, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Carabobo; Valencia Venezuela
| | - Newmar Pinto Marliére
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Processos Biotecnológicos e Biotecnologia, Centro Politécnico; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba PR Brazil
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77
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Freitas EC, Oliveira MDF, Vasconcelos ASODB, Silva JDD, Viana CEM, Gomes KCMS, Cavalcanti LPDG. Analysis of the seroprevalence of and factors associated with Chagas disease in an endemic area in Northeastern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:44-51. [PMID: 28327801 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0242-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (CD) is currently considered a neglected disease; hence, identifying the factors associated with its high prevalence is essential. This study aimed to identify the seroprevalence of and the possible factors associated with CD in inhabitants of the City of Limoeiro do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Between April and November 2013, blood collection was conducted and a semi-structured questionnaire was administered. Blood samples that showed positive or possible serology for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies based on indirect immunofluorescence, hemagglutination indirect, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were analyzed. Associations between CD positivity and the study variables were analyzed using prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: A total of 812 individuals were analyzed, of which T. cruzi seropositivity was determined in 4.2% (34 individuals). Sociodemographic variables showing a significant association with T. cruzi positivity included age >50 years (PR = 27.6; 95% CI = 6.66-114.4), elementary level education (PR = 5.15; 95% CI = 1.83-14.47), and retirement (PR = 7.25; 95% CI = 3.72-14.14). Positivity for T. cruzi was 6.17 times higher in those who had a history of living in rammed earth houses compared with those who did not (95% CI = 2.19-17.37). There was no evidence of vertical transmission in the individuals studied. Among the individuals infected with T. cruzi, the majority reported having a comorbidity (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the seroprevalence of CD and identified factors associated with a high prevalence of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlane Chaves Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Maria de Fátima Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
| | | | - José Damião da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Menezes Viana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
| | | | - Luciano Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.,Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
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78
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Alzogaray RA, Zerba EN. Rhodnius prolixus intoxicated. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 97:93-113. [PMID: 27113321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is a hematophagous insect native from South America. By the end of the 20th century, it was one of the main vectors of Chagas disease in Venezuela, Colombia, several Central American countries and southern Mexico. The aim of the present article is to review the literature regarding R. prolixus toxicology. British entomologist Vincent B. Wigglesworth carried out the first studies on this subject over seventy years ago. A wide bibliographical search allowed to locate one hundred and thirty scientific articles describing the effects of different insecticides on R. prolixus. About one-third of these articles report the acute toxicity and/or sublethal effects produced by the main synthetic neurotoxic families of insecticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids). Only a couple of these studies have regarded the toxicokinetics or toxicodynamics of these insecticides. Insect growth or development disruptors, such as juvenoids, chitin synthesis inhibitors, precocenes, azadirachtin and lignoids, have been thoroughly studied in R. prolixus. Important aspects on the mode of action of ureases were also described in this species. By the end of the 1960's, resistance to insecticides was detected in R. prolixus from Venezuela. Some years later, the existence of pyrethroid-resistant individuals was also reported. Control programmes for R. prolixus in countries where Chagas is endemic have only used synthetic neurotoxic insecticides. In 2011, Central America and southern Mexico were declared free of this insect. The recent sequencing of the R. prolixus genome will provide valuable information to understand the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A Alzogaray
- UNIDEF, CITEDEF, CONICET, CIPEIN, Villa Martelli, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3IA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo N Zerba
- UNIDEF, CITEDEF, CONICET, CIPEIN, Villa Martelli, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3IA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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79
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Picchi GFA, Zulkievicz V, Krieger MA, Zanchin NT, Goldenberg S, de Godoy LMF. Post-translational Modifications of Trypanosoma cruzi Canonical and Variant Histones. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1167-1179. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Zulkievicz
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, Curitiba, Paraná 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Krieger
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, Curitiba, Paraná 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Nilson T. Zanchin
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, Curitiba, Paraná 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Samuel Goldenberg
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, Curitiba, Paraná 81350-010, Brazil
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80
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Serafim RAM, de Oliveira TF, Loureiro APM, Krogh R, Andricopulo AD, Dias LC, Ferreira EI. Molecular modeling and structure–activity relationships studies of bioisoster hybrids of N-acylhydrazone and furoxan groups on cruzain. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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81
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Nascimento CR, Andrade D, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Serra RR, Vellasco L, Brasil G, Ramos-Junior ES, da Mota JB, Almeida LN, Andrade MV, Correia Soeiro MDN, Juliano L, Alvarenga PH, Oliveira AC, Sicuro FL, de Carvalho ACC, Svensjö E, Scharfstein J. Mast Cell Coupling to the Kallikrein-Kinin System Fuels Intracardiac Parasitism and Worsens Heart Pathology in Experimental Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:840. [PMID: 28824610 PMCID: PMC5539176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of Chagas disease, infectious forms of Trypanosoma cruzi are occasionally liberated from parasitized heart cells. Studies performed with tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCTs, Dm28c strain) demonstrated that these parasites evoke neutrophil/CXCR2-dependent microvascular leakage by activating innate sentinel cells via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Upon plasma extravasation, proteolytically derived kinins and C5a stimulate immunoprotective Th1 responses via cross-talk between bradykinin B2 receptors (B2Rs) and C5aR. Awareness that TCTs invade cardiovascular cells in vitro via interdependent activation of B2R and endothelin receptors [endothelin A receptor (ETAR)/endothelin B receptor (ETBR)] led us to hypothesize that T. cruzi might reciprocally benefit from the formation of infection-associated edema via activation of kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Using intravital microscopy, here we first examined the functional interplay between mast cells (MCs) and the KKS by topically exposing the hamster cheek pouch (HCP) tissues to dextran sulfate (DXS), a potent "contact" activator of the KKS. Surprisingly, although DXS was inert for at least 30 min, a subtle MC-driven leakage resulted in factor XII (FXII)-dependent activation of the KKS, which then amplified inflammation via generation of bradykinin (BK). Guided by this mechanistic insight, we next exposed TCTs to "leaky" HCP-forged by low dose histamine application-and found that the proinflammatory phenotype of TCTs was boosted by BK generated via the MC/KKS pathway. Measurements of footpad edema in MC-deficient mice linked TCT-evoked inflammation to MC degranulation (upstream) and FXII-mediated generation of BK (downstream). We then inoculated TCTs intracardiacally in mice and found a striking decrease of parasite DNA (quantitative polymerase chain reaction; 3 d.p.i.) in the heart of MC-deficient mutant mice. Moreover, the intracardiac parasite load was significantly reduced in WT mice pretreated with (i) cromoglycate (MC stabilizer) (ii) infestin-4, a specific inhibitor of FXIIa (iii) HOE-140 (specific antagonist of B2R), and (iv) bosentan, a non-selective antagonist of ETAR/ETBR. Notably, histopathology of heart tissues from mice pretreated with these G protein-coupled receptors blockers revealed that myocarditis and heart fibrosis (30 d.p.i.) was markedly and redundantly attenuated. Collectively, our study suggests that inflammatory edema propagated via activation of the MC/KKS pathway fuels intracardiac parasitism by generating infection-stimulatory peptides (BK and endothelins) in the edematous heart tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R. Nascimento
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Andrade
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Rangel Serra
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vellasco
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Brasil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erivan Schnaider Ramos-Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julia Barbalho da Mota
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Nogueira Almeida
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. Andrade
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Clinica Medica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Juliano
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Hessab Alvarenga
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lencastre Sicuro
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Centro Biomédico Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Erik Svensjö
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Julio Scharfstein,
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Dias JCP, Ramos Jr. AN, Gontijo ED, Luquetti A, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Coura JR, Torres RM, Melo JRDC, Almeida EAD, Oliveira Jr. WD, Silveira AC, Rezende JMD, Pinto FS, Ferreira AW, Rassi A, Fragata Filho AA, Sousa ASD, Correia D, Jansen AM, Andrade GMQ, Britto CFDPDC, Pinto AYDN, Rassi Jr. A, Campos DE, Abad-Franch F, Santos SE, Chiari E, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Moreira EF, Marques DSDO, Silva EL, Marin-Neto JA, Galvão LMDC, Xavier SS, Valente SADS, Carvalho NB, Cardoso AV, Silva RAE, Costa VMD, Vivaldini SM, Oliveira SM, Valente VDC, Lima MM, Alves RV. 2 nd Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49Suppl 1:3-60. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0505-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Perez TD, Figueiredo FB, Junior AAMV, Silva VL, Madeira MDF, Brazil RP, Coura JR. PREVALENCE OF AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS AND LEISHMANIASES IN DOMESTIC DOGS IN A RURAL AREA OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF SÃO JOÃO DO PIAUÍ, PIAUÍ STATE, BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:79. [PMID: 27828620 PMCID: PMC5096633 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease and the leishmaniases are endemic zoonoses of great importance to public health in the state of Piauí, Brazil. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is a major reservoir, host of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. in both urban and rural areas, playing an important role in the transmission of these parasites. The present study evaluated the prevalence of both infectious diseases in dogs of a rural area in the municipality of São João do Piauí, Piauí State. One hundred twenty-nine blood samples were collected for serological assessment: for the leishmaniases, 49 (38%) animals tested positive by the Dual-Path Platform technology (DPP), nine (6%) by the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and 19 (14.7%) by the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody test (IFA); while for American Trypanosomiasis, 36 (28%) dogs were reagent by ELISA and 21 by IFA. Of the 129 dogs sampled, 76 were submitted to xenodiagnosis, bone marrow aspiration and skin biopsy to perform parasitological tests whose results showed only one (2.3%) positive skin sample for Trypanosoma caninum and one positive xenodiagnosis for T. cruzi, both results confirmed by molecular assays. Three hundred triatomines of the species Triatoma brasiliensis and 552 phlebotomines - 509 (97%) of the species Lutzomyia longipalpis, were also captured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taliha Dias Perez
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mails: ; ;
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Evandro Chagas (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mails: ;
| | - Artur Augusto Mendes Velho Junior
- Instituto de Pesquisa Evandro Chagas (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mails: ;
| | - Valmir Laurentino Silva
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (FIOCRUZ), Setor Imunodiagnóstico do Laboratório de Pesquisa e Serviço em Saúde Pública do Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mails: ; ;
| | - José Rodrigues Coura
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mails: ; ;
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Garcia MN, O’Day S, Fisher-Hoch S, Gorchakov R, Patino R, Feria Arroyo TP, Laing ST, Lopez JE, Ingber A, Jones KM, Murray KO. One Health Interactions of Chagas Disease Vectors, Canid Hosts, and Human Residents along the Texas-Mexico Border. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005074. [PMID: 27832063 PMCID: PMC5104435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) is the leading cause of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in Latin America. Texas, particularly the southern region, has compounding factors that could contribute to T. cruzi transmission; however, epidemiologic studies are lacking. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of T. cruzi in three different mammalian species (coyotes, stray domestic dogs, and humans) and vectors (Triatoma species) to understand the burden of Chagas disease among sylvatic, peridomestic, and domestic cycles. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine prevalence of infection, we tested sera from coyotes, stray domestic dogs housed in public shelters, and residents participating in related research studies and found 8%, 3.8%, and 0.36% positive for T. cruzi, respectively. PCR was used to determine the prevalence of T. cruzi DNA in vectors collected in peridomestic locations in the region, with 56.5% testing positive for the parasite, further confirming risk of transmission in the region. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings contribute to the growing body of evidence for autochthonous Chagas disease transmission in south Texas. Considering this region has a population of 1.3 million, and up to 30% of T. cruzi infected individuals developing severe cardiac disease, it is imperative that we identify high risk groups for surveillance and treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N. Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah O’Day
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susan Fisher-Hoch
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rodion Gorchakov
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramiro Patino
- The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Department of Biology, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
| | - Teresa P. Feria Arroyo
- The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Department of Biology, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susan T. Laing
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Job E. Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Ingber
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristy O. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Kropf SP. Endemias rurais, saúde e desenvolvimento: Emmanuel Dias e a construção de uma rede de aliados contra a doença de Chagas. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2016; 21:3621-3629. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320152111.00612016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a atuação de Emmanuel Dias (1908-1962), pesquisador do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) e diretor do Centro de Estudos e Profilaxia da Moléstia de Chagas (posto do IOC criado em 1943 na cidade de Bambuí, Minas Gerais), como ator decisivo no processo de reconhecimento da doença de Chagas como problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no continente americano. Busca-se evidenciar que a conquista deste reconhecimento, que teve como marco fundamental a realização da primeira campanha de combate à enfermidade no Brasil em 1950, foi viabilizada pela intensa mobilização política de Dias junto a diversos grupos sociais, como médicos, políticos e moradores das áreas rurais, profissionais dos serviços públicos de saúde, governos e associações internacionais. Tal mobilização, ao longo das décadas de 1940 e 1950, num contexto histórico marcado por intensos debates sobre as relações entre saúde e desenvolvimento, levou à construção de uma rede de apoios decisiva para que a doença, caracterizada como cardiopatia crônica a ameaçar a produtividade do trabalhador rural, fosse considerada um problema médico-social a merecer ações e programas de saúde pública voltados para seu controle.
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86
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Bello Corassa R, Aceijas C, Alves PAB, Garelick H. Evolution of Chagas' disease in Brazil. Epidemiological perspective and challenges for the future: a critical review. Perspect Public Health 2016; 137:289-295. [PMID: 27758973 DOI: 10.1177/1757913916671160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This article aimed to provide a critical review of the evolution of Chagas' disease (ChD) in Brazil, its magnitude, historical development and management, and challenges for the future. METHODS A literature search was performed using PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar and throughout collected articles' references. Narrative analysis was structured around five main themes identified: vector transmission, control programme, transfusion, oral and congenital transmission. RESULTS In Brazil, the Chagas' Disease Control Programme was fully implemented in the 1980s, when it reached practically all the endemic areas, and in 1991, the Southern Cone Initiative was created, aiming to control the disease transmission through eliminating the Triatoma infestans and controlling blood banks. As a result, the prevalence of chagasic donors in blood banks reduced from 4.4% in the 1980s to 0.2% in 2005. In 2006, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) certified the interruption of transmission of ChD through this vector in Brazil. However, there are still challenges, such as the domiciliation of new vector species, the need for medical care of the infected individuals, the prevention of alternative mechanisms of transmission, the loss of political concern regarding the disease and the weakening of the control programme. CONCLUSION Despite the progress towards control, there are still many challenges ahead to maintain and expand such control and minimise the risk of re-emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bello Corassa
- Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Carmen Aceijas
- Middlesex University, The Burroughs Hendon, Town Hall Extension Building, London NW4 4BT. UK
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Nabarro Ferraz F, da Veiga FK, Lessa Aleixo D, Ciupa L, de Abreu Filho BA, da Silva SS, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR, de Araújo SM. Biotherapies of rabbit serum modulate the immune response and decrease parasite load in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. J Appl Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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88
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Phenotypic Screening In Vitro of Novel Aromatic Amidines against Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4701-7. [PMID: 27216059 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01788-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current treatment of Chagas disease (CD), based on nifurtimox and benznidazole (Bz), is unsatisfactory. In this context, we performed the phenotypic in vitro screening of novel mono- and diamidines and drug interaction assays with selected compounds. Ten novel amidines were tested for their activities against bloodstream trypomastigote (BT) and amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y and Tulahuen strains) and their toxicities for mammalian host cells (L929 cells and cardiac cells). Seven of 10 molecules were more active than Bz against BT, with the most active compound being the diamidine DB2267 (50% effective concentration [EC50] = 0.23 μM; selectivity index = 417), which was 28-fold more active and about 3 times more selective than the standard drug. Five of the six monoamidines were also more active than Bz. The combination of DB2267 and DB2236 in fixed-ratio proportions showed an additive effect (sum of fractional inhibitory concentrations < 4) on BT. Interestingly, when intracellular forms were exposed to DB2267, its activity was dependent on the parasite strain, being effective (EC50 = 0.87 ± 0.05 μM) against a discrete typing unit (DTU) II strain (strain Y) but not against a representative DTU VI strain (strain Tulahuen) even when different vehicles (β-cyclodextrin and dimethyl sulfoxide) were used. The intrinsic fluorescence of several diamidines allowed their uptake to be studied. Testing of the uptake of DB2236 (inactive) and DB2267 (active) by amastigotes of the Y strain showed that the two compounds were localized intracellularly in different compartments: DB2236 in the cytoplasm and DB2267 in the nucleus. Our present data encourage further studies regarding the activities of amidines and provide information which will help with the identification of novel agents for the treatment of CD.
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89
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Silveira EADA, Ribeiro IS, Amorim MS, Rocha DV, Coutinho HS, Freitas LMDE, Tomazi L, Silva RAADA. Correlation between infection rate of triatominies and Chagas Disease in Southwest of Bahia, Brazil: a warning sign? AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2016; 88:1941-1951. [PMID: 27411071 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi, has a wide distribution in South America, and its main method of control is the elimination of triatomines. It is presented here the geographic distribution and the rate of natural infection by T. cruzi of triatomines collected and evaluated from 2008 to 2013 in southwest of Bahia. Triatomines were captured in the intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary areas of five cities located in the southwest of Bahia state, identified, and analyzed for the presence of trypanosomatids in their feces. During the study period the number of patients suspected for acute Chagas disease was recovered from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). 8966 triatomines were captured and identified as belonging to eight species. Twenty-six presented themselves infected, being Triatoma sordida the most abundant and with the highest percentage of infection by T. cruzi. Tremedal was the city with the highest number of cases of acute Chagas' disease reported to SINAN. All cities showed triatomines infected with T. cruzi, so there is considerable risk of vectorial transmission of Chagas disease in the southwestern Bahia state, evidencing the need for vector transmission control programs and preventive surveillance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer A DA Silveira
- Controle de Doenças Endêmicas, Vigilância Epidemiológica, 20ª Diretoria Regional de Saúde, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Rua João Pereira, s/n, São Vicente, 45000-115 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - Israel S Ribeiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - Miguel S Amorim
- Controle de Doenças Endêmicas, Vigilância Epidemiológica, 20ª Diretoria Regional de Saúde, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Rua João Pereira, s/n, São Vicente, 45000-115 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - Dalva V Rocha
- Controle de Doenças Endêmicas, Vigilância Epidemiológica, 20ª Diretoria Regional de Saúde, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Rua João Pereira, s/n, São Vicente, 45000-115 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - Helder S Coutinho
- Programa de Controle da Doença de Chagas, Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Avenida ACM, s/n, Iguatemi, 41820.300 Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Leandro M DE Freitas
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - Laize Tomazi
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - Robson A A DA Silva
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
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Fronza G, Toloza AC, Picollo MI, Spillmann C, Mougabure-Cueto GA. Geographical Variation of Deltamethrin Susceptibility of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Argentina With Emphasis on a Resistant Focus in the Gran Chaco. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:880-887. [PMID: 27113106 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most important parasitic infections in Latin America. The main vector of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi in America is Triatoma infestans, a blood-sucking triatomine bug who is widely distributed in the Gran Chaco ecoregion. Control programs in endemic countries are focused in the elimination of triatomine vectors with pyrethroid insecticides. However, chemical control has failed in the Gran Chaco over the last two decades because of several factors. Previous studies have reported the evolution of different levels of resistance to deltamethrin in Tri. infestans Recently, very high resistance has been found in the central area of the Argentine Gran Chaco. However, the origin and the extension of this remarkably resistant focus remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the geographical variation of deltamethrin susceptibility of Tri. infestans in different endemic provinces of Argentina, with emphasis in the center of the Argentine Gran Chaco ecoregion where this main vector has not been reduced. Populations of Mendoza, San Juan, Santiago del Estero, and Tucumán provinces were all susceptible. Resistant populations were only detected in the province of Chaco, where a mosaic resistant focus was described at the Güemes Department. It was characterized into three pyrethroid resistance categories: susceptible, low, and highly resistant populations. We found the populations with the highest resistance levels to deltamethrin, with resistant ratios over 1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fronza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, Unidad de Investigación y desarrollo estratégico para la Defensa/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIPEIN, UNIDEF/ CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
| | - A C Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, Unidad de Investigación y desarrollo estratégico para la Defensa/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIPEIN, UNIDEF/ CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M I Picollo
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, Unidad de Investigación y desarrollo estratégico para la Defensa/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIPEIN, UNIDEF/ CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Spillmann
- Programa Nacional de Chagas de Argentina, Dirección de Enfermedades Transmisibles por Vectores, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, 9 de Julio 341, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G A Mougabure-Cueto
- Centro de Referencia de Vectores (CeReVe), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Pabellón Rawson s/n, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
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de Moraes Gomes PAT, de Oliveira Barbosa M, Farias Santiago E, de Oliveira Cardoso MV, Capistrano Costa NT, Hernandes MZ, Moreira DRM, da Silva AC, Dos Santos TAR, Pereira VRA, Brayner Dos Santosd FA, do Nascimento Pereira GA, Ferreira RS, Leite ACL. New 1,3-thiazole derivatives and their biological and ultrastructural effects on Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:387-398. [PMID: 27295485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, the compound 3-(bromopropiophenone) thiosemicarbazone was described as a potent anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and cruzain inhibitor. In view to optimize this activity, 1,3-thiazole core was used as building-block strategy to access new lead generation of anti T. cruzi agents. In this way a series of thiazole derivatives were synthesized and most of these derivatives exhibited antiparasitic activity similar to benznidazole (Bzd). Among them, compounds (1c) and (1g) presented better selective index (SI) than Bzd. In addition, compounds showed inhibitory activity against the cruzain protease. As observed by electron microscopy, compound (1c) treatment caused irreversible and specific morphological changes on ultrastructure organization of T. cruzi, demonstrating that this class of compounds is killing parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miria de Oliveira Barbosa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Edna Farias Santiago
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Natáli Tereza Capistrano Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zaldini Hernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Caroline da Silva
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Glaécia Aparecida do Nascimento Pereira
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Salgado Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Majerowicz D, Hannibal-Bach HK, Castro RSC, Bozaquel-Morais BL, Alves-Bezerra M, Grillo LAM, Masuda CA, Færgeman NJ, Knudsen J, Gondim KC. The ACBP gene family in Rhodnius prolixus: Expression, characterization and function of RpACBP-1. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 72:41-52. [PMID: 27001070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBP) constitute a family of conserved proteins that bind acyl-CoA with high affinity and protect it from hydrolysis. Thus, ACBPs may have essential roles in basal cellular lipid metabolism. The genome of the insect Rhodnius prolixus encodes five ACBP genes similar to those described for other insect species. The qPCR analysis revealed that these genes have characteristic expression profiles in insect organs, suggesting that they have specific roles in insect physiology. Recombinant RpACBP-1 was able to bind acyl-CoA in an in vitro gel-shift assay. Moreover, heterologous RpACBP-1 expression in acb1Δ mutant yeast rescued the multi-lobed vacuole phenotype, indicating that RpACBP-1 acts as a bona fide acyl-CoA-binding protein. RpACBP-1 knockdown using RNAi caused triacylglycerol accumulation in the insect posterior midgut and a reduction in the number of deposited eggs. The amount of stored triacylglycerol was reduced in flight muscle, and the incorporation of fatty acids in cholesteryl esters was increased in the fat body. These results showed that RpACBP-1 participates in several lipid metabolism steps in R. prolixus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Majerowicz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institut for Biokemi og Molekylær Biologi, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans K Hannibal-Bach
- Institut for Biokemi og Molekylær Biologi, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rodolfo S C Castro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Bozaquel-Morais
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michele Alves-Bezerra
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciano A M Grillo
- Escola de Enfermagem e Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Masuda
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Institut for Biokemi og Molekylær Biologi, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Knudsen
- Institut for Biokemi og Molekylær Biologi, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katia C Gondim
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brazil.
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93
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Conners EE, Vinetz JM, Weeks JR, Brouwer KC. A global systematic review of Chagas disease prevalence among migrants. Acta Trop 2016; 156:68-78. [PMID: 26777312 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human migration has been identified as a potential factor for increased Chagas disease risk and has transformed the disease from a Latin American problem to a global one. We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature between 2004-2014 in order to: summarize recent seroprevalence estimates of Chagas disease among Latin American migrants, in both endemic and non-endemic settings; compare seroprevalence estimates in migrants to countrywide prevalence estimates; and identify risk factors for Chagas disease among migrants. A total of 320 studies were screened and 23 studies were included. We found evidence that the prevalence of Chagas disease is higher than expected in some migrant groups and that reliance on blood donor screening prevalence estimates underestimates the burden of disease. Overall there is a dearth of high quality epidemiologic studies on the prevalence of Chagas disease in migrants, especially among intra-regional migrants within Latin America. Given that this zoonotic disease cannot likely be eradicated, improved surveillance and reporting is vital to continuing control efforts. More accurate health surveillance of both Latin American migrants and the Chagas disease burden will help countries appropriately scale up their response to this chronic disease. Overall, improved estimates of Chagas disease among migrants would likely serve to highlight the real need for better screening, diagnostics, and treatment of individuals living with the disease.
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94
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Benznidazole Extended-Release Tablets for Improved Treatment of Chagas Disease: Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2492-8. [PMID: 26883698 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02506-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benznidazole (BNZ) is the first-line drug for the treatment of Chagas disease. The drug is available in the form of immediate-release tablets for 100-mg (adult) and 12.5-mg (pediatric) doses. The drug is administered two or three times daily for 60 days. The high frequency of daily administrations and the long period of treatment are factors that significantly contribute to the abandonment of therapy, affecting therapeutic success. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the preclinical pharmacokinetics of BNZ administered as extended-release tablets (200-mg dose) formulated with different types of polymers (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M and K100M), compared to the tablets currently available. The studies were conducted with rabbits, and BNZ quantification was performed in plasma and urine by ultraperformance liquid chromatography methods previously validated. The bioavailability of BNZ was adequate in the administration of extended-release tablets; however, with the administration of the pediatric tablet, the bioavailability was lower than with other tablets, which showed that the clinical use of this formulation should be monitored. The pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated that the extended-release tablets prolonged drug release from the pharmaceutical matrix and provided an increase in the maintenance of the drug concentrationin vivo, which would allow the frequency of administration to be reduced. Thus, a relative bioavailability study in humans will be planned for implementation of a new product for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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95
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Armaganijan LV, Staico R, Moreira DAR, Lopes RD, Medeiros PTJ, Habib R, Melo Neto J, Katz M, Armaganijan D, Sousa AGMR, Mahfoud F, Abizaid A. 6-Month Outcomes in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Undergoing Renal Sympathetic Denervation for the Treatment of Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 8:984-90. [PMID: 26088516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess 6-month outcomes in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) undergoing renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) for refractory ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). BACKGROUND ICDs are generally indicated for patients at high risk of malignant VAs. Sympathetic hyperactivity plays a critical role in the development, maintenance, and aggravation of VAs. METHODS A total of 10 patients with refractory VA underwent RSD. Underlying conditions were Chagas disease (n = 6), nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 2), and ischemic cardiomyopathy (n = 2). Information on the number of ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF) episodes and device therapies (antitachycardia pacing/shocks) in the previous 6 months as well as 1 and 6 months post-treatment was obtained from ICD interrogation. RESULTS The median number of VT/VF episodes/antitachycardia pacing/shocks 6 months before RSD was 28.5 (range 1 to 106)/20.5 (range 0 to 52)/8 (range 0 to 88), respectively, and was reduced to 1 (range 0 to 17)/0 (range 0 to 7)/0 (range 0 to 3) at 1 month and 0 (range 0 to 9)/0 (range 0 to 7)/0 (range 0 to 3) at 6 months afterward, respectively. There were no major procedure-related complications. Two patients experienced sustained VT within the first week; in both cases, no further episodes occurred during follow-up. Two patients were nonresponders: 1 with persistent idioventricular rhythm and 1 with multiple renal arteries and incomplete ablation. Three patients died during follow-up. None of the deaths was attributed to VA. CONCLUSIONS In patients with ICDs and refractory VAs, RSD was associated with reduced arrhythmic burden with no procedure-related complications. Randomized controlled trials investigating RSD for treatment of refractory VAs in patients with increased sympathetic activity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodolfo Staico
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renato D Lopes
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Habib
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Katz
- Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felix Mahfoud
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistiche Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Harvard-MIT Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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96
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Bustamante Gomez M, Gonçalves Diotaiuti L, Gorla DE. Distribution of Pyrethroid Resistant Populations of Triatoma infestans in the Southern Cone of South America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004561. [PMID: 27007658 PMCID: PMC4805280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies published during the last 15 years showed the occurrence of insecticide resistance in Triatoma infestans populations. The different toxicological profiles and mechanisms of resistance to insecticides is due to a genetic base and environmental factors, being the insecticide selective pressure the best studied among the last factors. The studies on insecticide resistance on T. infestans did not consider the effect of environmental factors that may influence the distribution of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. To fill this knowledge gap, the present study aims at studying the association between the spatial distribution of pyrethroid resistant populations of T. infestans and environmental variables. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 24 articles reporting on studies that evaluated the susceptibility to pyrethroids of 222 field-collected T. infestans populations were compiled. The relationship between resistance occurrence (according to different criteria) with environmental variables was studied using a generalized linear model. The lethal dose that kills 50% of the evaluated population (LD50) showed a strong linear relationship with the corresponding resistance ratio (RR50). The statistical descriptive analysis of showed that the frequency distribution of the Log (LD50) is bimodal, suggesting the existence of two statistical groups. A significant model including 5 environmental variables shows the geographic distribution of high and low LD50 groups with a particular concentration of the highest LD50 populations over the region identified as the putative center of dispersion of T. infestans. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The occurrence of these two groups concentrated over a particular region that coincides with the area where populations of the intermediate cytogenetic group were found might reflect the spatial heterogeneity of the genetic variability of T. infestans, that seems to be the cause of the insecticide resistance in the area, even on sylvatic populations of T. infestans, never before exposed to pyrethroid insecticides, representing natural and wild toxicological phenotypes. The strong linear relationship found between LD50 and RR50 suggest RR50 might not be the best indicator of insecticide resistance in triatomines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinely Bustamante Gomez
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou—FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Liléia Gonçalves Diotaiuti
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou—FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David E. Gorla
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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97
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Yauri V, Castro-Sesquen YE, Verastegui M, Angulo N, Recuenco F, Cabello I, Malaga E, Bern C, Gavidia CM, Gilman RH. Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) as an Animal Model for Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1020-7. [PMID: 26928841 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs were infected with a Bolivian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (genotype I) and evaluated up to 150 days postinoculation (dpi) to determine the use of pigs as an animal model of Chagas disease. Parasitemia was observed in the infected pigs during the acute phase (15-40 dpi). Anti-T. cruzi immunoglobulin M was detected during 15-75 dpi; high levels of anti-T. cruzi immunoglobulin G were detected in all infected pigs from 75 to 150 dpi. Parasitic DNA was observed by western blot (58%, 28/48) and polymerase chain reaction (27%, 13/48) in urine samples, and in the brain (75%, 3/4), spleen (50%, 2/4), and duodenum (25%, 1/4), but no parasitic DNA was found in the heart, colon, and kidney. Parasites were not observed microscopically in tissues samples, but mild inflammation, vasculitis, and congestion was observed in heart, brain, kidney, and spleen. This pig model was useful for the standardization of the urine test because of the higher volume that can be obtained as compared with other small animal models. However, further experiments are required to observe pathological changes characteristic of Chagas disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Yauri
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yagahira E Castro-Sesquen
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Manuela Verastegui
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Noelia Angulo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fernando Recuenco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ines Cabello
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edith Malaga
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caryn Bern
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Alberca LN, Sbaraglini ML, Balcazar D, Fraccaroli L, Carrillo C, Medeiros A, Benitez D, Comini M, Talevi A. Discovery of novel polyamine analogs with anti-protozoal activity by computer guided drug repositioning. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:305-21. [PMID: 26891837 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi that affects about 6 million people in Latin America. Despite its sanitary importance, there are currently only two drugs available for treatment: benznidazole and nifurtimox, both exhibiting serious adverse effects and limited efficacy in the chronic stage of the disease. Polyamines are ubiquitous to all living organisms where they participate in multiple basic functions such as biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, proliferation and cell differentiation. T. cruzi is auxotroph for polyamines, which are taken up from the extracellular medium by efficient transporters and, to a large extent, incorporated into trypanothione (bis-glutathionylspermidine), the major redox cosubstrate of trypanosomatids. From a 268-compound database containing polyamine analogs with and without inhibitory effect on T. cruzi we have inferred classificatory models that were later applied in a virtual screening campaign to identify anti-trypanosomal compounds among drugs already used for other therapeutic indications (i.e. computer-guided drug repositioning) compiled in the DrugBank and Sweetlead databases. Five of the candidates identified with this strategy were evaluated in cellular models from different pathogenic trypanosomatids (T. cruzi wt, T. cruzi PAT12, T. brucei and Leishmania infantum), and in vitro models of aminoacid/polyamine transport assays and trypanothione synthetase inhibition assay. Triclabendazole, sertaconazole and paroxetine displayed inhibitory effects on the proliferation of T. cruzi (epimastigotes) and the uptake of putrescine by the parasite. They also interfered with the uptake of others aminoacids and the proliferation of infective T. brucei and L. infantum (promastigotes). Trypanothione synthetase was ruled out as molecular target for the anti-parasitic activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas N Alberca
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Research and Development (LIDeB), Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Science, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina, 47 & 115, B1900AJI, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L Sbaraglini
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Research and Development (LIDeB), Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Science, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina, 47 & 115, B1900AJI, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Balcazar
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Fraccaroli
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Medeiros
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Benitez
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alan Talevi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Research and Development (LIDeB), Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Science, Exact Sciences College, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina, 47 & 115, B1900AJI, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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99
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Schama R, Pedrini N, Juárez MP, Nelson DR, Torres AQ, Valle D, Mesquita RD. Rhodnius prolixus supergene families of enzymes potentially associated with insecticide resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 69:91-104. [PMID: 26079630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Once known as an endemic health problem of poor rural populations in Latin American countries, it has now spread worldwide. The parasite is transmitted by triatomine bugs, of which Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) is one of the vectors and a model organism. This species occurs mainly in Central and South American countries where the disease is endemic. Disease prevention focuses on vector control programs that, in general, rely intensely on insecticide use. However, the massive use of chemical insecticides can lead to resistance. One of the major mechanisms is known as metabolic resistance that is associated with an increase in the expression or activity of detoxification genes. Three of the enzyme families that are involved in this process - carboxylesterases (CCE), glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochrome P450s (CYP) - are analyzed in the R. prolixus genome. A similar set of detoxification genes to those of the Hemipteran Acyrthosiphon pisum but smaller than in most dipteran species was found in R. prolixus genome. All major CCE classes (43 genes found) are present but the pheromone/hormone processing class had fewer genes than usual. One main expansion was detected on the detoxification/dietary class. The phosphotriesterase family, recently associated with insecticide resistance, was also represented with one gene. One microsomal GST gene was found and the cytosolic GST gene count (14 genes) is extremely low when compared to the other hemipteran species with sequenced genomes. However, this is similar to Apis mellifera, a species known for its deficit in detoxification genes. In R. prolixus 88 CYP genes were found, with representatives in the four clans (CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial) usually found in insects. R. prolixus seems to have smaller species-specific expansions of CYP genes than mosquitoes and beetles, among others. The number of R. prolixus CYP genes is similar to the hemipteran Ac. pisum, although with a bigger expansion in CYP3 and CYP4 clans, along with several gene fragments, mostly in CYP4 clan. Eleven founding members of new families were detected, consisting of ten genes in the CYP3 clan and 1 gene in the CYP4 clan. Members of these clans were proposed to have important detoxification roles in insects. The identification of CCE, GST and CYP genes is of utmost importance for directing detoxification studies on triatomines that can help insecticide management strategies in control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil.
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - M Patricia Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - André Q Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Valle
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
| | - Rafael D Mesquita
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
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Garg NJ, Soman KV, Zago MP, Koo SJ, Spratt H, Stafford S, Blell ZN, Gupta S, Nuñez Burgos J, Barrientos N, Brasier AR, Wiktorowicz JE. Changes in Proteome Profile of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Chronic Chagas Disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004490. [PMID: 26919708 PMCID: PMC4769231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) infection causes chagasic cardiomyopathy; however, why 30-40% of the patients develop clinical disease is not known. To discover the pathomechanisms in disease progression, we obtained the proteome signature of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of normal healthy controls (N/H, n = 30) and subjects that were seropositive for Tc-specific antibodies, but were clinically asymptomatic (C/A, n = 25) or clinically symptomatic (C/S, n = 28) with cardiac involvement and left ventricular dysfunction. Protein samples were labeled with BODIPY FL-maleimide (dynamic range: > 4 orders of magnitude, detection limit: 5 f-mol) and resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE). After normalizing the gel images, protein spots that exhibited differential abundance in any of the two groups were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and searched against UniProt human database for protein identification. We found 213 and 199 protein spots (fold change: |≥ 1.5|, p< 0.05) were differentially abundant in C/A and C/S individuals, respectively, with respect to N/H controls. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of PBMCs proteome dataset identified an increase in disorganization of cytoskeletal assembly and recruitment/activation and migration of immune cells in all chagasic subjects, though the invasion capacity of cells was decreased in C/S individuals. IPA predicted with high probability a decline in cell survival and free radical scavenging capacity in C/S (but not C/A) subjects. The MYC/SP1 transcription factors that regulate hypoxia and oxidative/inflammatory stress were predicted to be key targets in the context of control of Chagas disease severity. Further, MARS-modeling identified a panel of proteins that had >93% prediction success in classifying infected individuals with no disease and those with cardiac involvement and LV dysfunction. In conclusion, we have identified molecular pathways and a panel of proteins that could aid in detecting seropositive individuals at risk of developing cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Faculty of the Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kizhake V. Soman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria P. Zago
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET-UNSa, Salta, Argentina
| | - Sue-Jie Koo
- Department of Pathology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Heidi Spratt
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susan Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zinzi N. Blell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shivali Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | | - Allan R. Brasier
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John E. Wiktorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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