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Brunetta HS, de Paula GC, de Oliveira J, Martins EL, Dos Santos GJ, Galina A, Rafacho A, de Bem AF, Nunes EA. Decrement in resting and insulin-stimulated soleus muscle mitochondrial respiration is an early event in diet-induced obesity in mice. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:306-321. [PMID: 30578638 DOI: 10.1113/ep087317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the temporal responses of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial responsivity to insulin in soleus muscle fibres from mice during the development of obesity and insulin resistance? What is the main finding and its importance? Short- and long-term feeding with a high-fat diet markedly reduced soleus mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial responsivity to insulin before any change in glycogen synthesis. Muscle glycogen synthesis and whole-body insulin resistance were present after 14 and 28 days, respectively. Our findings highlight the plasticity of mitochondria during the development of obesity and insulin resistance. ABSTRACT Recently, significant attention has been given to the role of muscle mitochondrial function in the development of insulin resistance associated with obesity. Our aim was to investigate temporal alterations in mitochondrial respiration, H2 O2 emission and mitochondrial responsivity to insulin in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibres during the development of obesity in mice. Male Swiss mice (5-6 weeks old) were fed with a high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) or standard diet for 7, 14 or 28 days to induce obesity and insulin resistance. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice presented with reduced glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinaemia after 7 days of high-fat diet. After 14 days, the expected increase in muscle glycogen content after systemic injection of glucose and insulin was not observed in DIO mice. At 28 days, blood glucose decay after insulin injection was significantly impaired. Complex I (pyruvate + malate) and II (succinate)-linked respiration and oxidative phosphorylation (ADP) were decreased after 7 days of high-fat diet and remained low in DIO mice after 14 and 28 days of treatment. Moreover, mitochondria from DIO mice were incapable of increasing respiratory coupling and ADP responsivity after insulin stimulation in all observed periods. Markers of mitochondrial content were reduced only after 28 days of treatment. The mitochondrial H2 O2 emission profile varied during the time course of DIO, with a reduction of H2 O2 emission in the early stages of DIO and an increased emission after 28 days of treatment. Our data demonstrate that DIO promotes transitory alterations in mitochondrial physiology during the early and late stages of insulin resistance related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henver Simionato Brunetta
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopólis, Santa Catrina, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cristina de Paula
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopólis, Santa Catrina, Brazil
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Lopes Martins
- Graduate Program in Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Jorge Dos Santos
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopólis, Santa Catrina, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Graduate Program in Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopólis, Santa Catrina, Brazil
| | - Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopólis, Santa Catrina, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Everson Araújo Nunes
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopólis, Santa Catrina, Brazil
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Kappler L, Kollipara L, Lehmann R, Sickmann A. Investigating the Role of Mitochondria in Type 2 Diabetes - Lessons from Lipidomics and Proteomics Studies of Skeletal Muscle and Liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1158:143-182. [PMID: 31452140 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8367-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is discussed as a key player in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm), a highly prevalent disease rapidly developing as one of the greatest global health challenges of this century. Data however about the involvement of mitochondria, central hubs in bioenergetic processes, in the disease development are still controversial. Lipid and protein homeostasis are under intense discussion to be crucial for proper mitochondrial function. Consequently proteomics and lipidomics analyses might help to understand how molecular changes in mitochondria translate to alterations in energy transduction as observed in the healthy and metabolic diseases such as T2Dm and other related disorders. Mitochondrial lipids integrated in a tool covering proteomic and functional analyses were up to now rarely investigated, although mitochondrial lipids might provide a possible lynchpin in the understanding of type 2 diabetes development and thereby prevention. In this chapter state-of-the-art analytical strategies, pre-analytical aspects, potential pitfalls as well as current proteomics and lipidomics-based knowledge about the pathophysiological role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kappler
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Laxmikanth Kollipara
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany. .,Medical Proteome Centre, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Gancheva S, Jelenik T, Álvarez-Hernández E, Roden M. Interorgan Metabolic Crosstalk in Human Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1371-1415. [PMID: 29767564 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy intake and reduced energy expenditure drive the development of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic signals derived from dietary intake or secreted from adipose tissue, gut, and liver contribute to energy homeostasis. Recent metabolomic studies identified novel metabolites and enlarged our knowledge on classic metabolites. This review summarizes the evidence of their roles as mediators of interorgan crosstalk and regulators of insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. Circulating lipids such as free fatty acids, acetate, and palmitoleate from adipose tissue and short-chain fatty acids from the gut effectively act on liver and skeletal muscle. Intracellular lipids such as diacylglycerols and sphingolipids can serve as lipotoxins by directly inhibiting insulin action in muscle and liver. In contrast, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids have been recently shown to exert a series of beneficial effects. Also, ketoacids are gaining interest as potent modulators of insulin action and mitochondrial function. Finally, branched-chain amino acids not only predict metabolic diseases, but also inhibit insulin signaling. Here, we focus on the metabolic crosstalk in humans, which regulates insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Elisa Álvarez-Hernández
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
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Kras KA, Langlais PR, Hoffman N, Roust LR, Benjamin TR, De Filippis EA, Dinu V, Katsanos CS. Obesity modifies the stoichiometry of mitochondrial proteins in a way that is distinct to the subcellular localization of the mitochondria in skeletal muscle. Metabolism 2018; 89:18-26. [PMID: 30253140 PMCID: PMC6221946 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function appear to be altered in obesity. Mitochondria in muscle are found in well-defined regions within cells, and they are arranged in a way that form distinct subpopulations of subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria. We sought to investigate differences in the proteomes of SS and IMF mitochondria between lean subjects and subjects with obesity. METHODS We performed comparative proteomic analyses on SS and IMF mitochondria isolated from muscle samples obtained from lean subjects and subjects with obesity. Mitochondria were isolated using differential centrifugation, and proteins were subjected to label-free quantitative tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Collected data were evaluated for abundance of mitochondrial proteins using spectral counting. The Reactome pathway database was used to determine metabolic pathways that are altered in obesity. RESULTS Among proteins, 73 and 41 proteins showed different (mostly lower) expression in subjects with obesity in the SS and IMF mitochondria, respectively (false discovery rate-adjusted P ≤ 0.05). We specifically found an increase in proteins forming the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) complex II, but a decrease in proteins forming protein complexes I and III of the ETC and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase in subjects with obesity in the IMF, but not SS, mitochondria. Obesity was associated with differential effects on metabolic pathways linked to protein translation in the SS mitochondria and ATP formation in the IMF mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS Obesity alters the expression of mitochondrial proteins regulating key metabolic processes in skeletal muscle, and these effects are distinct to mitochondrial subpopulations located in different regions of the muscle fibers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01824173).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katon A Kras
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America
| | - Paul R Langlais
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America
| | - Nyssa Hoffman
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America
| | - Lori R Roust
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America
| | - Tonya R Benjamin
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America
| | - Elena A De Filippis
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America
| | - Valentin Dinu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America
| | - Christos S Katsanos
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America; College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America.
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Dahlmans D, Houzelle A, Andreux P, Wang X, Jörgensen JA, Moullan N, Daemen S, Kersten S, Auwerx J, Hoeks J. MicroRNA-382 silencing induces a mitonuclear protein imbalance and activates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response in muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6601-6610. [PMID: 30417335 PMCID: PMC6344277 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proper mitochondrial function plays a central role in cellular metabolism. Various diseases as well as aging are associated with diminished mitochondrial function. Previously, we identified 19 miRNAs putatively involved in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle, a highly metabolically active tissue. In the current study, these 19 miRNAs were individually silenced in C2C12 myotubes using antisense oligonucleotides, followed by measurement of the expression of 27 genes known to play a major role in regulating mitochondrial metabolism. Based on the outcomes, we then focused on miR‐382‐5p and identified pathways affected by its silencing using microarrays, investigated protein expression, and studied cellular respiration. Silencing of miRNA‐382‐5p significantly increased the expression of several genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis. Conventional microarray analysis in C2C12 myotubes silenced for miRNA‐382‐5p revealed a collective downregulation of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins and respiratory chain proteins. This effect was accompanied by an imbalance between mitochondrial proteins encoded by the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (1.35‐fold, p < 0.01) and an induction of HSP60 protein (1.31‐fold,
p < 0.05), indicating activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR). Furthermore, silencing of miR‐382‐5p reduced basal oxygen consumption rate by 14% (
p < 0.05) without affecting mitochondrial content, pointing towards a more efficient mitochondrial function as a result of improved mitochondrial quality control. Taken together, silencing of miR‐382‐5p induces a mitonuclear protein imbalance and activates the mtUPR in skeletal muscle, a phenomenon that was previously associated with improved longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dahlmans
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Houzelle
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Pénélope Andreux
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xu Wang
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Norman Moullan
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Daemen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Division of Human Nutrition, Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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López-Domènech S, Abad-Jiménez Z, Iannantuoni F, de Marañón AM, Rovira-Llopis S, Morillas C, Bañuls C, Víctor VM, Rocha M. Moderate weight loss attenuates chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human obesity. Mol Metab 2018; 19:24-33. [PMID: 30385096 PMCID: PMC6323177 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In obese patients undergoing caloric restriction, there are several potential mechanisms involved in the improvement of metabolic outcomes. The present study further explores whether caloric restriction can modulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial function, as both are known to be mechanisms underlying inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) during obesity. METHODS A total of 64 obese patients with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 underwent a dietary program consisting of 6 weeks of a very-low-calorie diet followed by 18 weeks of low-calorie diet. We evaluated changes in the metabolic and inflammatory markers -TNFα, hsCRP, complement component 3 (C3c), and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4)-, in the ER stress markers and modulators -eIF2α-P, sXBP1, ATF6, JNK-P, CHOP, GRP78, and SIRT1-, and in mitochondrial function parameters -mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), cytosolic Ca2+, and mitochondrial membrane potential. RESULTS The dietary intervention produced an 8.85% weight loss associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity, a less marked atherogenic lipid profile, and a decrease in systemic inflammation (TNFα, hsCRP) and adipokine levels (RBP4 and C3c). Chronic ER stress was significantly reduced (ATF6-CHOP, JNK-P) and expression levels of SIRT1 and GRP78 - a Ca2+-dependent chaperone - were increased and accompanied by the restoration of Ca2+ depots. Furthermore, mROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential improvement were associated with the up-regulation of the antioxidant enzyme GPX1. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that moderate weight loss attenuates systemic inflammation and IR and promotes the amelioration of ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, increasing the expression of chaperones, SIRT1 and antioxidant GPX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra López-Domènech
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Zaida Abad-Jiménez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesca Iannantuoni
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Aranzazu M. de Marañón
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Rovira-Llopis
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Morillas
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Manuel Víctor
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain,CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group, CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibáñez 13, 46010 Valencia, Spain,Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibáñez 13, 46010 Valencia, Spain,Corresponding author. Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Av. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain. Fax: +34 961622492.
| | - Milagros Rocha
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain,CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group, CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibáñez 13, 46010 Valencia, Spain,Corresponding author. Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset-FISABIO, Av. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain. Fax: +34 961622492.
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Kruse R, Højlund K. Proteomic study of skeletal muscle in obesity and type 2 diabetes: progress and potential. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:817-828. [PMID: 30251560 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1528147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle is the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and imparts the beneficial effects of exercise, and hence is an important site of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite extensive molecular biology-oriented research the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in skeletal muscle remain to be established. Areas covered: The proteomic capabilities have greatly improved over the last decades. This review summarizes the technical challenges in skeletal muscle proteomics studies as well as the results of quantitative proteomic studies of skeletal muscle in relation to obesity, T2D, and exercise. Expert commentary: Current available proteomic studies contribute to the view that insulin resistance in obesity and T2D is associated with increased glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle, and that the latter can be improved by exercise. Future proteomics studies should be designed to markedly intensify the identification of abnormalities in metabolic and signaling pathways in skeletal muscle of insulin-resistant individuals to increase the understanding of the pathogenesis of T2D, but more importantly to identify multiple novel targets of treatment of which at least some can be safely targeted by novel drugs to treat and prevent T2D and reduce risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kruse
- a The Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,b Steno Diabetes Center Odense , Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- a The Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,b Steno Diabetes Center Odense , Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
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Larsen S, Lundby AM, Dandanell S, Oberholzer L, Keiser S, Andersen AB, Haider T, Lundby C. Four days of bed rest increases intrinsic mitochondrial respiratory capacity in young healthy males. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13793. [PMID: 30221830 PMCID: PMC6139706 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed rest leads to impaired glucose tolerance. Whether this is linked to maladaptation's in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and in particular to the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is at present unknown. The aim of this longitudinal study was to quantify skeletal muscle mitochondrial function (respiratory capacity and ROS production) together with glucose tolerance after 4 days of strict bed rest in healthy young male subjects (n = 14). Mitochondrial function was determined in permeabilized muscle fibers using high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry, mitochondrial content (citrate synthase [CS] activity) and antioxidant protein expression levels were assessed in parallel to this. Glucose tolerance was determined by means of oral glucose tolerance tests. Intrinsic mitochondrial respiratory capacity was augmented after the bed rest period (CI + IIP : 0.43 ± 0.12 vs. 0.55 ± 0.14 [pmol/sec/mg]/CS activity), due to a decreased CS activity (158 ± 39 vs. 129 ± 25 mU/mg dw.). No differences were observed in ROS production (per mg of tissue or when normalized to CS activity). Furthermore, the protein content for catalase was increased while superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase remained unaffected. These findings were accompanied by an impaired glucose tolerance after the bed rest period (Matsuda index: 12 ± 6 vs. 9 ± 5). The change in intrinsic mitochondrial respiratory capacity could be an early indication in the development of impaired glucose tolerance. The increased catalase protein content might explain that no change was seen in ROS production after 4 days of bed rest. Whether these findings can be extrapolated to lifestyle-dependent decrements in physical activity and the development of type-2-diabetes remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen Larsen
- XlabCenter for Healthy AgingDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Clinical Research CentreMedical University of BialystokBialystokPoland
| | | | - Sune Dandanell
- XlabCenter for Healthy AgingDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Institute of PhysiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Stefanie Keiser
- Institute of PhysiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Thomas Haider
- Institute of PhysiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Institute of PhysiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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Peng KY, Watt MJ, Rensen S, Greve JW, Huynh K, Jayawardana KS, Meikle PJ, Meex RCR. Mitochondrial dysfunction-related lipid changes occur in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1977-1986. [PMID: 30042157 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises fat-accumulating conditions within hepatocytes that can cause severe liver damage and metabolic comorbidities. Studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to its development and progression and that the hepatic lipidome changes extensively in obesity and in NAFLD. To gain insight into the relationship between lipid metabolism and disease progression through different stages of NAFLD, we performed lipidomic analysis of plasma and liver biopsy samples from obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and from those without NAFLD. Congruent with earlier studies, hepatic lipid levels overall increased with NAFLD. Lipid species that differed with NAFLD severity were related to mitochondrial dysfunction; specifically, hepatic cardiolipin and ubiquinone accumulated in NAFL, and levels of acylcarnitine increased with NASH. We propose that increased levels of cardiolipin and ubiquinone may help to preserve mitochondrial function in early NAFLD, but that mitochondrial function eventually fails with progression to NASH, leading to increased acylcarnitine. We also found a negative association between hepatic odd-chain phosphatidylcholine and NAFLD, which may result from mitochondrial dysfunction-related impairment of branched-chain amino acid catabolism. Overall, these data suggest a close link between accumulation of specific hepatic lipid species, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yu Peng
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sander Rensen
- Departments of Surgery Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Greve
- Department of Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Center Heerlen, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth C R Meex
- Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Tran L, Kras KA, Hoffman N, Ravichandran J, Dickinson JM, D’Lugos A, Carroll CC, Patel SH, Mandarino LJ, Roust L, Katsanos CS. Lower Fasted-State but Greater Increase in Muscle Protein Synthesis in Response to Elevated Plasma Amino Acids in Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1179-1187. [PMID: 29896930 PMCID: PMC6078204 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity alters protein metabolism in skeletal muscle, but consistent evidence is lacking. This study compared muscle protein synthesis in adults with obesity and in lean controls in the fasted state and during an amino acid infusion. METHODS Ten subjects with obesity (age: 36 ± 3 years; BMI: 34 ± 1 kg/m2 ) and ten controls (age: 35 ± 3 years; BMI: 23 ± 1 kg/m2 ) received an infusion of L-[2,3,3,4,5,5,5,6,6,6-2 H10 ]leucine (0.15 μmol/kg fat-free mass/min) to measure muscle protein synthesis after an overnight fast and during amino acid infusion. RESULTS Despite greater muscle mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation (P ≤ 0.05), fasted-state mixed-muscle and mitochondrial protein synthesis were lower in subjects with obesity (P ≤ 0.05). However, the change in mixed-muscle protein synthesis during the amino acid infusion was 2.7-fold greater in subjects with obesity (P ≤ 0.05), accompanied by a greater change in S6 kinase-1 phosphorylation (P ≤ 0.05). The change in mitochondrial protein synthesis did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adults with obesity have reduced muscle protein synthesis in the fasted state, but this response is compensated for by a greater change in overall muscle protein synthesis during amino acid infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Tran
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Katon A. Kras
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Nyssa Hoffman
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | | | - Jared M. Dickinson
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Andrew D’Lugos
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Chad C. Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Shivam H. Patel
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Lawrence J. Mandarino
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Lori Roust
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Christos S. Katsanos
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
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A. R, Agrawal N, Kumar H, Kumar V. Emerging role of branched chain amino acids in metabolic disorders: A mechanistic review. PHARMANUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Willis WT, Miranda-Grandjean D, Hudgens J, Willis EA, Finlayson J, De Filippis EA, Zapata Bustos R, Langlais PR, Mielke C, Mandarino LJ. Dominant and sensitive control of oxidative flux by the ATP-ADP carrier in human skeletal muscle mitochondria: Effect of lysine acetylation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:93-103. [PMID: 29653079 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) of the mitochondrial inner membrane exchanges ADP for ATP. Mitochondria were isolated from human vastus lateralis muscle (n = 9). Carboxyatractyloside titration of O2 consumption rate (Jo) at clamped [ADP] of 21 μM gave ANT abundance of 0.97 ± 0.14 nmol ANT/mg and a flux control coefficient of 82% ± 6%. Flux control fell to 1% ± 1% at saturating (2 mM) [ADP]. The KmADP for Jo was 32.4 ± 1.8 μM. In terms of the free (-3) ADP anion this KmADP was 12.0 ± 0.7 μM. A novel luciferase-based assay for ATP production gave KmADP of 13.1 ± 1.9 μM in the absence of ATP competition. The free anion KmADP in this case was 2.0 ± 0.3 μM. Targeted proteomic analyses showed significant acetylation of ANT Lysine23 and that ANT1 was the most abundant isoform. Acetylation of Lysine23 correlated positively with KmADP, r = 0.74, P = 0.022. The findings underscore the central role played by ANT in the control of oxidative phosphorylation, particularly at the energy phosphate levels associated with low ATP demand. As predicted by molecular dynamic modeling, ANT Lysine23 acetylation decreased the apparent affinity of ADP for ANT binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Willis
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245099, Tucson, AZ 85724-5099, USA.
| | - D Miranda-Grandjean
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, East Shea Boulevard and 134th Street, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
| | - J Hudgens
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, East Shea Boulevard and 134th Street, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
| | - E A Willis
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, East Shea Boulevard and 134th Street, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
| | - J Finlayson
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245099, Tucson, AZ 85724-5099, USA.
| | - E A De Filippis
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, East Shea Boulevard and 134th Street, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
| | - R Zapata Bustos
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245099, Tucson, AZ 85724-5099, USA.
| | - P R Langlais
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245099, Tucson, AZ 85724-5099, USA.
| | - C Mielke
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, East Shea Boulevard and 134th Street, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
| | - L J Mandarino
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245099, Tucson, AZ 85724-5099, USA.
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Alkhalidy H, Wang Y, Liu D. Dietary Flavonoids in the Prevention of T2D: An Overview. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040438. [PMID: 29614722 PMCID: PMC5946223 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive metabolic disease that is increasing in prevalence globally. It is well established that insulin resistance (IR) and a progressive decline in functional β-cell mass are hallmarks of developing T2D. Obesity is a leading pathogenic factor for developing IR. Constant IR will progress to T2D when β-cells are unable to secret adequate amounts of insulin to compensate for decreased insulin sensitivity. Recently, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to identifying naturally occurring anti-diabetic compounds that are abundant in certain types of foods. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenols that have drawn great interest for their various health benefits. Results from many clinical and animal studies demonstrate that dietary intake of flavonoids might be helpful in preventing T2D, although cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are still not completely understood. This review discusses our current understanding of the pathophysiology of T2D and highlights the potential anti-diabetic effects of flavonoids and mechanisms of their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Alkhalidy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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Sarıgöl Kılıç Z, Aydın S, Ündeğer Bucurgat Ü, Başaran N. In vitro genotoxicity assessment of dinitroaniline herbicides pendimethalin and trifluralin. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:90-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Toledo FGS, Johannsen DL, Covington JD, Bajpeyi S, Goodpaster B, Conley KE, Ravussin E. Impact of prolonged overfeeding on skeletal muscle mitochondria in healthy individuals. Diabetologia 2018; 61:466-475. [PMID: 29150696 PMCID: PMC5770194 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESES Reduced mitochondrial capacity in skeletal muscle has been observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In humans, the aetiology of this abnormality is not well understood but the possibility that it is secondary to the stress of nutrient overload has been suggested. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether sustained overfeeding decreases skeletal muscle mitochondrial content or impairs function. METHODS Twenty-six healthy volunteers (21 men, 5 women, age 25.3 ± 4.5 years, BMI 25.5 ± 2.4 kg/m2) underwent a supervised protocol consisting of 8 weeks of high-fat overfeeding (40% over baseline energy requirements). Before and after overfeeding, we measured systemic fuel oxidation by indirect calorimetry and performed skeletal muscle biopsies to measure mitochondrial gene expression, content and function in vitro. Mitochondrial function in vivo was measured by 31P NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS With overfeeding, volunteers gained 7.7 ± 1.8 kg (% change 9.8 ± 2.3). Overfeeding increased fasting NEFA, LDL-cholesterol and insulin concentrations. Indirect calorimetry showed a shift towards greater reliance on lipid oxidation. In skeletal muscle tissue, overfeeding increased ceramide content, lipid droplet content and perilipin-2 mRNA expression. Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase was decreased. Overfeeding increased mRNA expression of certain genes coding for mitochondrial proteins (CS, OGDH, CPT1B, UCP3, ANT1). Despite the stress of nutrient overload, mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiration in muscle did not change after overfeeding. Similarly, overfeeding had no effect on either the emission of reactive oxygen species or on mitochondrial function in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Skeletal muscle mitochondria are significantly resilient to nutrient overload. The lower skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity in human obesity is likely to be caused by reasons other than nutrient overload per se. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01672632.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico G S Toledo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, BST W1054, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | | | | | - Sudip Bajpeyi
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Bret Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kevin E Conley
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Kras KA, Hoffman N, Roust LR, Patel SH, Carroll CC, Katsanos CS. Plasma Amino Acids Stimulate Uncoupled Respiration of Muscle Subsarcolemmal Mitochondria in Lean but Not Obese Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4515-4525. [PMID: 29029131 PMCID: PMC5718694 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Increasing the plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations stimulates mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in lean individuals. OBJECTIVE To determine whether acute elevation in plasma AAs enhances muscle mitochondrial respiration and ATP production in subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria in obese adults. DESIGN Assessment of SS and IMF mitochondrial function during saline (i.e., control) and AA infusions. PARTICIPANTS Eligible participants were healthy lean (body mass index, <25 kg/m2; age, 37 ± 3 years; n = 10) and obese (body mass index >30 kg/m2; age 35 ± 3 years; n = 11) subjects. INTERVENTION Single trial of saline infusion followed by AA infusion. SS and IMF mitochondria were isolated from muscle biopsies collected at the end of the saline and AA infusions. MAIN OUTCOMES Mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. RESULTS AA infusion increased adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-stimulated respiration and ATP production rates of SS mitochondria in the lean (P < 0.05), but not obese, subjects. Furthermore, AA infusion increased the uncoupled (i.e., non-ADP-stimulated) respiration of SS mitochondria in the lean subjects only (P < 0.05). AA infusion had no effect on any of these parameters in IMF mitochondria in either lean or obese subjects (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increasing the plasma AA concentrations enhances the capacity for respiration and ATP production of muscle SS, but not IMF, mitochondria in lean individuals, in parallel with increases in uncoupled respiration. However, neither of these parameters increases in muscle SS or IMF mitochondria in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katon A. Kras
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University/Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Nyssa Hoffman
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University/Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Lori R. Roust
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Shivam H. Patel
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Chad C. Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Christos S. Katsanos
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University/Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
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Srisawat K, Shepherd SO, Lisboa PJ, Burniston JG. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Proteomics Literature on the Response of Human Skeletal Muscle to Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Versus Exercise Training. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5040030. [PMID: 29137117 PMCID: PMC5748565 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of proteomics literature that reports human skeletal muscle responses in the context of either pathological decline associated with obesity/T2DM and physiological adaptations to exercise training. Literature was collected from PubMed and DOAJ databases following PRISMA guidelines using the search terms ‘proteom*’, and ‘skeletal muscle’ combined with either ‘obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance’ or ‘exercise, training’. Eleven studies were included in the systematic review, and meta-analysis was performed on a sub-set (four studies) of the reviewed literature that reported the necessary primary data. The majority of proteins (n = 73) more abundant in the muscle of obese/T2DM individuals were unique to this group and not reported to be responsive to exercise training. The main response of skeletal muscle to exercise training was a greater abundance of proteins of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly. In total, five proteins were less abundant in muscle of obese/T2DM individuals and were also reported to be more abundant in the muscle of endurance-trained individuals, suggesting one of the major mechanisms of exercise-induced protection against the deleterious effects of obesity/T2DM occurs at complex I of the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Srisawat
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
- Bureau of Non-Communicable Diseases, Department of Diseases Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Paulo J Lisboa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Jatin G Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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Willis WT, Jackman MR, Messer JI, Kuzmiak-Glancy S, Glancy B. A Simple Hydraulic Analog Model of Oxidative Phosphorylation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:990-1000. [PMID: 26807634 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the primary source of cellular energy transduction in mammals. This energy conversion involves dozens of enzymatic reactions, energetic intermediates, and the dynamic interactions among them. With the goal of providing greater insight into the complex thermodynamics and kinetics ("thermokinetics") of mitochondrial energy transduction, a simple hydraulic analog model of oxidative phosphorylation is presented. In the hydraulic model, water tanks represent the forward and back "pressures" exerted by thermodynamic driving forces: the matrix redox potential (ΔGredox), the electrochemical potential for protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane (ΔGH), and the free energy of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) (ΔGATP). Net water flow proceeds from tanks with higher water pressure to tanks with lower pressure through "enzyme pipes" whose diameters represent the conductances (effective activities) of the proteins that catalyze the energy transfer. These enzyme pipes include the reactions of dehydrogenase enzymes, the electron transport chain (ETC), and the combined action of ATP synthase plus the ATP-adenosine 5'-diphosphate exchanger that spans the inner membrane. In addition, reactive oxygen species production is included in the model as a leak that is driven out of the ETC pipe by high pressure (high ΔGredox) and a proton leak dependent on the ΔGH for both its driving force and the conductance of the leak pathway. Model water pressures and flows are shown to simulate thermodynamic forces and metabolic fluxes that have been experimentally observed in mammalian skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise, chronic endurance training, and reduced substrate availability, as well as account for the thermokinetic behavior of mitochondria from fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle and the metabolic capacitance of the creatine kinase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne T Willis
- 1Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University at Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; 2Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; 3Exercise Science Department, Mesa Community College, Mesa, AZ; 4Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC; and 5Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Wong HS, Dighe PA, Mezera V, Monternier PA, Brand MD. Production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from specific mitochondrial sites under different bioenergetic conditions. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16804-16809. [PMID: 28842493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.789271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide is potentially important in cell signaling and disease. Eleven distinct mitochondrial sites that differ markedly in capacity are known to leak electrons to oxygen to produce O2̇̄ and/or H2O2 We discuss their contributions to O2̇̄/H2O2 production under native conditions in mitochondria oxidizing different substrates and in conditions mimicking physical exercise and the changes in their capacities after caloric restriction. We review the use of S1QELs and S3QELs, suppressors of mitochondrial O2̇̄/H2O2 generation that do not inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, as tools to characterize the contributions of specific sites in situ and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Shan Wong
- From the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
| | - Pratiksha A Dighe
- From the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
| | - Vojtech Mezera
- From the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
| | | | - Martin D Brand
- From the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
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Xie X, Sinha S, Yi Z, Langlais PR, Madan M, Bowen BP, Willis W, Meyer C. Role of adipocyte mitochondria in inflammation, lipemia and insulin sensitivity in humans: effects of pioglitazone treatment. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:ijo2017192. [PMID: 29087390 PMCID: PMC6021211 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To gain further insight into the role of adipocyte mitochondria in systemic lipid metabolism, inflammation and insulin sensitivity in humans and to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone. SUBJECTS/METHODS Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, mitochondrial distribution, mitochondrial and overall cellular protein abundances as well as intrinsic mitochondrial function of subcutaneous adipocytes were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR, MitoTracker staining, global proteomics analyses and NADH cytochrome c reductase activity in insulin-sensitive, normal-glucose-tolerant (NGT) individuals and age, gender, adiposity-matched insulin-resistant individuals with abnormal glucose tolerant (AGT) before and after 3 months of pioglitazone treatment. RESULTS mtDNA copy number/adipocyte and mtDNA copy number/adipocyte volume were ~55% and ~4-fold lower in AGT than in NGT, respectively, and correlated positively with the M-value of euglycemic clamps and high-density lipoprotein, and negatively with fasting plasma triglyceride, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels in the entire cohort. mtDNA copy number/adipocyte volume also correlated positively with plasma adiponectin. Pioglitazone, which improved insulin sensitivity, plasma lipids and inflammation, increased the mitochondrial copy number, and led to a redistribution of mitochondria from a punctate to a more reticular pattern as observed in NGT. This was accompanied by disproportionately increased abundances of mitochondrial proteins, including those involved in fat oxidation and triglyceride synthesis. Pioglitazone also increased the abundance of collagen VI and decreased the abundance of cytoskeletal proteins. NADH cytochrome c reductase activity of isolated adipocyte mitochondria was similar in AGT and NGT and unaltered by pioglitazone. CONCLUSIONS Adipocyte mitochondria are deficient in insulin-resistant individuals and correlate with systemic lipid metabolism, inflammation and insulin sensitivity. Pioglitazone induces mitochondrial biogenesis and reorganization as well as the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins including those critical for lipid metabolism. It also alters extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal proteins. The intrinsic function of adipocyte mitochondria appears unaffected in insulin resistance and by pioglitazone.International Journal of Obesity advance online publication, 31 October 2017; doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.192.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xie
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - S Sinha
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Z Yi
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy/Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - PR Langlais
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M Madan
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - BP Bowen
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - W Willis
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C Meyer
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
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Adeva-Andany MM, Calvo-Castro I, Fernández-Fernández C, Donapetry-García C, Pedre-Piñeiro AM. Significance of l-carnitine for human health. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:578-594. [PMID: 28653367 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine acyltransferases catalyze the reversible transfer of acyl groups from acyl-coenzyme A esters to l-carnitine, forming acyl-carnitine esters that may be transported across cell membranes. l-Carnitine is a wáter-soluble compound that humans may obtain both by food ingestion and endogenous synthesis from trimethyl-lysine. Most l-carnitine is intracellular, being present predominantly in liver, skeletal muscle, heart and kidney. The organic cation transporter-2 facilitates l-carnitine uptake inside cells. Congenital dysfunction of this transporter causes primary l-carnitine deficiency. Carnitine acetyltransferase is involved in the export of excess acetyl groups from the mitochondria and in acetylation reactions that regulate gene transcription and enzyme activity. Carnitine octanoyltransferase is a peroxysomal enzyme required for the complete oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids and phytanic acid, a branched-chain fatty acid. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 is a transmembrane protein located on the outer mitochondrial membrane where it catalyzes the conversion of acyl-coenzyme A esters to acyl-carnitine esters. Carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase transports acyl-carnitine esters across the inner mitochondrial membrane in exchange for free l-carnitine that exits the mitochondrial matrix. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 is anchored on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it converts acyl-carnitine esters back to acyl-coenzyme A esters, which may be used in metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial β-oxidation. l-Carnitine enhances nonoxidative glucose disposal under euglycemic hyperinsulinemic conditions in both healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that l-carnitine strengthens insulin effect on glycogen storage. The plasma level of acyl-carnitine esters, primarily acetyl-carnitine, increases during diabetic ketoacidosis, fasting, and physical activity, particularly high-intensity exercise. Plasma concentration of free l-carnitine decreases simultaneously under these conditions. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(8):578-594, 2017.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oxidative stress describes an imbalance between production and degradation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage macromolecules. However, ROS may also serve as signaling molecules activating cellular pathways involved in cell proliferation and adaptation. This review describes alterations in metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, and/or diabetes mellitus as well as responses to acute and chronic physical exercise. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic upregulation of oxidative stress associates with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). While single bouts of exercise can transiently induce oxidative stress, chronic exercise promotes favorable oxidative adaptations with improvements in muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose uptake. Although impaired antioxidant defense fails to scavenge ROS in metabolic diseases, chronic exercising can restore this abnormality. The different metabolic effects are likely due to variability of reactive species and discrepancies in temporal (acute vs. chronic) and local (subcellular distribution) patterns of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Pesta
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, c/o Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Di Meo S, Iossa S, Venditti P. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance: role of mitochondria and other ROS sources. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:R15-R42. [PMID: 28232636 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At present, obesity is one of the most important public health problems in the world because it causes several diseases and reduces life expectancy. Although it is well known that insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (the more frequent disease in obese people) the link between obesity and insulin resistance is yet a matter of debate. One of the most deleterious effects of obesity is the deposition of lipids in non-adipose tissues when the capacity of adipose tissue is overwhelmed. During the last decade, reduced mitochondrial function has been considered as an important contributor to 'toxic' lipid metabolite accumulation and consequent insulin resistance. More recent reports suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is not an early event in the development of insulin resistance, but rather a complication of the hyperlipidemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in skeletal muscle, which might promote mitochondrial alterations, lipid accumulation and inhibition of insulin action. Here, we review the literature dealing with the mitochondria-centered mechanisms proposed to explain the onset of obesity-linked IR in skeletal muscle. We conclude that the different pathways leading to insulin resistance may act synergistically because ROS production by mitochondria and other sources can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn can further increase ROS production leading to the establishment of a harmful positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Venditti
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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74
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Pesta DH, Goncalves RLS, Madiraju AK, Strasser B, Sparks LM. Resistance training to improve type 2 diabetes: working toward a prescription for the future. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:24. [PMID: 28270856 PMCID: PMC5335813 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly increasing, and effective strategies to manage and prevent this disease are urgently needed. Resistance training (RT) promotes health benefits through increased skeletal muscle mass and qualitative adaptations, such as enhanced glucose transport and mitochondrial oxidative capacity. In particular, mitochondrial adaptations triggered by RT provide evidence for this type of exercise as a feasible lifestyle recommendation to combat T2D, a disease typically characterized by altered muscle mitochondrial function. Recently, the synergistic and antagonistic effects of combined training and Metformin use have come into question and warrant more in-depth prospective investigations. In the future, clinical intervention studies should elucidate the mechanisms driving RT-mitigated mitochondrial adaptations in muscle and their link to improvements in glycemic control, cholesterol metabolism and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik H Pesta
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery, D. Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Renata L S Goncalves
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Anila K Madiraju
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Barbara Strasser
- Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, 301 E. Princeton Street, Orlando, FL 32804 USA.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Center for Clinical and Molecular Origins of Disease, Orlando, FL USA
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75
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Asping M, Stride N, Søgaard D, Dohlmann TL, Helge JW, Dela F, Larsen S. The effects of 2 weeks of statin treatment on mitochondrial respiratory capacity in middle-aged males: the LIFESTAT study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73:679-687. [PMID: 28246888 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are used to lower cholesterol in plasma and are one of the most used drugs in the world. Many statin users experience muscle pain, but the mechanisms are unknown at the moment. Many studies have hypothesized that mitochondrial function could be involved in these side effects. AIM The aim of the study was to investigate mitochondrial function after 2 weeks of treatment with simvastatin (S; n = 10) or pravastatin (P; n = 10) in healthy middle-aged participants. METHODS Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and substrate sensitivity were measured in permeabilized muscle fibers by high-resolution respirometry. Mitochondrial content (citrate synthase (CS) activity), antioxidant content, as well as coenzyme Q10 concentration (Q10) were determined. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured, and whole body maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was determined. RESULTS No differences were seen in mitochondrial respiratory capacity although a tendency was observed for a reduction when complex IV respiration was analyzed in both S (229 (169; 289 (95% confidence interval)) vs. 179 (146; 211) pmol/s/mg, respectively; P = 0.062) and P (214 (143; 285) vs. 162 (104; 220) pmol/s/mg, respectively; P = 0.053) after treatment. A tendency (1.64 (1.28; 2.00) vs. 1.28 (0.99; 1.58) mM, respectively; P = 0.092) for an increased mitochondrial substrate sensitivity (complex I-linked substrate; glutamate) was seen only in S after treatment. No differences were seen in Q10, CS activity, or antioxidant content after treatment. Fasting glucose and insulin as well as VO2max were not changed after treatment. CONCLUSION Two weeks of statin (S or P) treatment have no major effect on mitochondrial function. The tendency for an increased mitochondrial substrate sensitivity after simvastatin treatment could be an early indication of the negative effects linked to statin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Asping
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nis Stride
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ditte Søgaard
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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76
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Merdzo I, Rutkai I, Sure VNLR, McNulty CA, Katakam PVG, Busija DW. Impaired Mitochondrial Respiration in Large Cerebral Arteries of Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. J Vasc Res 2017; 54:1-12. [PMID: 28095372 DOI: 10.1159/000454812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested as a potential underlying cause of pathological conditions associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We have previously shown that mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial protein levels were similar in the large cerebral arteries of insulin-resistant Zucker obese rats and their lean controls. In this study, we extend our investigations into the mitochondrial dynamics of the cerebral vasculature of 14-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty obese (ZDFO) rats with early T2DM. Body weight and blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the ZDFO group, and basal mitochondrial respiration and proton leak were significantly decreased in the large cerebral arteries of the ZDFO rats compared with the lean controls (ZDFL). The expression of the mitochondrial proteins total manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) were significantly lower in the cerebral microvessels, and acetylated MnSOD levels were significantly reduced in the large arteries of the ZDFO group. Additionally, superoxide production was significantly increased in the microvessels of the ZDFO group. Despite evidence of increased oxidative stress in ZDFO, exogenous SOD was not able to restore mitochondrial respiration in the ZDFO rats. Our results show, for the first time, that mitochondrial respiration and protein levels are compromised during the early stages of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Merdzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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77
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Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Patti ME. Insulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:465-520. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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78
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Fisher-Wellman KH, Ryan TE, Smith CD, Gilliam LAA, Lin CT, Reese LR, Torres MJ, Neufer PD. A Direct Comparison of Metabolic Responses to High-Fat Diet in C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:3249-3261. [PMID: 27495226 PMCID: PMC5079634 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT)-deficient C57BL/6J (6J) mice are known to be highly susceptible to diet-induced metabolic disease, this notion stems primarily from comparisons of 6J mice to other inbred strains. To date, very few studies have directly compared metabolic disease susceptibility between NNT-deficient 6J mice and NNT-competent C57BL/6 substrains. In this study, comprehensive profiling of the metabolic response to a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFD) were compared across time in 6J and C57BL/6NJ (6N) mice. Given that increased peroxide exposure drives insulin resistance, coupled with the fact that NNT regulates peroxide detoxification, it was hypothesized that 6J mice would experience greater derangements in redox homeostasis/metabolic disease upon HFD exposure. Contrary to this, both lines were found to be highly susceptible to diet-induced metabolic disease, as evidenced by impairments in glucose tolerance as early as 24 h into the HFD. Moreover, various markers of the metabolic syndrome, as well as peroxide stress, were actually blunted, rather than exacerbated, in the 6J mice, likely reflecting compensatory increases in alterative redox-buffering pathways. Together, these data provide evidence that the susceptibility to HFD-induced metabolic disease is similar in the 6J and 6N substrains. Given the numerous genetic variances in the 6J stain, including loss of NNT function, these findings suggest that the 6N substrain is the more logical and representative genetic background model for metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Terence E Ryan
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Cody D Smith
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Laura A A Gilliam
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Lauren R Reese
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Maria J Torres
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
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79
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The concentrations of plasma-free amino acids, such as branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids, are associated with visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and the future development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses recent progress in the early assessment of the risk of developing diabetes and the reversal of altered plasma-free amino acids through interventions. Additionally, recent developments that have increased the utility of amino acid profiling technology are also described. RECENT FINDINGS Plasma-free amino acid alterations in the early stage of lifestyle-related diseases are because of obesity and insulin resistance-related inflammation, and these alterations are reversed by appropriate (nutritional, drug, or surgical) interventions that improve insulin sensitivity. For clinical applications, procedures for measuring amino acids are being standardized and automated. SUMMARY Plasma-free amino acid profiles have potential as biomarkers for both assessing diabetes risk and monitoring the effects of strategies designed to lower that risk. In addition, the methodology for measuring amino acids has been refined, with the goal of routine clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nagao
- aInstitute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan bStanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA cCenter for Multiphasic Health Testing and Services, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Izumicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo dDepartment of Nursing, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikaga, Tochigi, Japan
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80
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Yang P, Hu W, Fu Z, Sun L, Zhou Y, Gong Y, Yang T, Zhou H. The positive association of branched-chain amino acids and metabolic dyslipidemia in Chinese Han population. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:120. [PMID: 27457614 PMCID: PMC4960685 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that serum branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with the incident, progression and prognostic of type 2 diabetes. However, the role of BCAAs in metabolic dyslipidemia (raised triglycerides (TG) and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)) remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate 1) the association of serum BCAAs with total cholesterol (TC), TG, HDL-C and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and 2) the association between serum BCAAs levels and risk of metabolic dyslipidemia in a community population with different glucose homeostasis. Methods Demographics data and blood samples were collected from 2251 Chinese subjects from the Huaian Diabetes Protective Program (HADPP) study. After exclusion for cardiovascular disease (CVD), serious hepatic or nephritic diseases and others, 1320 subjects remained for analysis (789 subjects with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) > 5.7, 521 with HbA1c ≤ 5.7). Serum BCAAs level was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS). The association of BCAAs with lipids or with the risk of metabolic dyslipidemia was analyzed. Results Elevated serum BCAAs (both total and individual BCAA) were positively associated with TG and inversely associated with HDL-C in the whole population. These correlations were still significant even after adjustment for confounding factors (r = 0.165, p < 0.001 for TG; and r = -0.126, p < 0.001 for HDL-C). For reduced HDL-C, we found higher odds risk (OR) of Valine (Val) in high HbA1c group than in the low one (OR = 1.055, p < 0.001 vs OR = 1.032, p = 0.059). Compared with that in the first quartile, the multivariable-adjusted OR (95 % CI) of the 4th quartile of serum total BCAAs level for reduced HDL-C was 3.689 (2.325, 5.854) in high HbA1c group and 2.329 (1.284, 4.227) in low group, for raised TG was 3.305 (2.120, 5.152) and 2.972 (1.706, 5.176), and for metabolic dyslipidemia was 3.703 (2.261, 6.065) and 3.702 (1.877, 7.304), respectively (all p < 0.01). Conclusion Elevated serum BCAAs level are positively associated with incident metabolic dyslipidemia. In addition, glucose homeostasis could play a certain role in BCAAs-related dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huaian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College and Huaian Second People's Hospital, Huaian, 223002, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Luning Sun
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yingyun Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
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81
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Kras KA, Willis WT, Barker N, Czyzyk T, Langlais PR, Katsanos CS. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria isolated with the proteolytic enzyme nagarse exhibit greater protein specific activities and functional coupling. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 6:101-107. [PMID: 27092336 PMCID: PMC4832603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mitochondria are arranged as a reticulum. Insight into the functional characteristics of such structure is achieved by viewing the network as consisting of “subsarcolemmal” (SS) and “intermyofibrillar” (IMF) regions. During the decades, most, but not all, published studies have reported higher (sometimes over 2-fold) enzyme and enzyme-pathway protein-specific activities in IMF compared to SS mitochondria. We tested the hypothesis that non-mitochondrial protein contamination might account for much of the apparently lower specific activities of isolated SS mitochondria. Mouse gastrocnemii (n=6) were suspended in isolation medium, minced, and homogenized according to procedures typically used to isolate SS mitochondria. However, the supernatant fraction, collected after the first slow-speed (800g) centrifugation, was divided equally: one sample was exposed to nagarse (MITO+), while the other was not (MITO−). Nagarse treatment reduced total protein yield by 25%, while it increased protein-specific respiration rates (nmol O2 min−1 mg−1), by 38% under “resting” (state 4) and by 84% under maximal (state 3) conditions. Nagarse therefore increased the respiratory control ratio (state 3/state 4) by 30%. In addition, the ADP/O ratio was increased by 9% and the activity of citrate synthase (U/mg) was 49% higher. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the MITO+ preparation contained less contamination from non-mitochondrial proteins. We conclude that nagarse treatment of SS mitochondria removes not only non-mitochondrial proteins but also the protein of damaged mitochondria, improves indices of functional integrity, and the resulting protein-specific activities. Exposure of mitochondria to nagarse removes non-mitochondrial proteins Exposure of mitochondria to nagarse removes protein of damaged mitochondria Treating mitochondria with nagarse improves indices of functional integrity
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Affiliation(s)
- Katon A Kras
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University Boulevard Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Wayne T Willis
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University Boulevard Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Natalie Barker
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Mayo Clinic Collaborative Research Building, 13208 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Traci Czyzyk
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Mayo Clinic Collaborative Research Building, 13208 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Paul R Langlais
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Mayo Clinic Collaborative Research Building, 13208 East Shea Boulevard Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Christos S Katsanos
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University Boulevard Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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82
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Xie X, Yi Z, Sinha S, Madan M, Bowen BP, Langlais P, Ma D, Mandarino L, Meyer C. Proteomics analyses of subcutaneous adipocytes reveal novel abnormalities in human insulin resistance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1506-14. [PMID: 27345962 PMCID: PMC4926648 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a more global view of adipocyte changes in human insulin resistance by proteomics analyses. METHODS Baseline biopsies of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained from 23 subjects without diabetes. Euglycemic clamps were used to divide subjects into an insulin-resistant group (IR, N = 10) and an insulin-sensitive (IS, N = 13) group, which were of similar age and gender but unequal adiposity (greater in IR). Proteins of isolated adipocytes were quantified by mass spectrometry using normalized spectral abundance factors. RESULTS Of 1,245 proteins assigned, 30 were detected in at least 12 of the 23 subjects that differed significantly in abundance ≥1.5-fold between IR and IS. IR displayed a pattern of increased cytoskeletal proteins and decreased mitochondrial proteins and FABP4 and FABP5. In subgroup analyses of adiposity-matched subjects, several of these changes were less pronounced in IR, but the abundance of proteins related to lipid metabolism and the unfolded/misfolded protein response were significantly and unfavorably altered. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm lower abundance of mitochondrial proteins and suggest increased cytoskeletal proteins and decreased FABP4 and FABP5 in subcutaneous adipocytes of typical IR individuals. Changes in proteins related to lipid metabolism and the unfolded/misfolded protein may discriminate IR and IS individuals of equal adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitao Xie
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona
| | - Zhengping Yi
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum
College of Pharmacy/Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Sandeep Sinha
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona
| | - Meenu Madan
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and
Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL
| | - Benjamin P. Bowen
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona
| | - Paul Langlais
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona
| | - Danjun Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum
College of Pharmacy/Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Christian Meyer
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and
Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL
- Address of Correspondence: Christian Meyer, MD, PhD,
Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital,
301 E. Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804,
, Phone: 407-303-1307
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83
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Yoon MS. The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin Resistance and Metabolism. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070405. [PMID: 27376324 PMCID: PMC4963881 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is required for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Despite the importance of insulin sensitivity to metabolic health, the mechanisms that induce insulin resistance remain unclear. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) belong to the essential amino acids, which are both direct and indirect nutrient signals. Even though BCAAs have been reported to improve metabolic health, an increased BCAA plasma level is associated with a high risk of metabolic disorder and future insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by BCAAs has been suggested to cause insulin resistance. In addition, defective BCAA oxidative metabolism might occur in obesity, leading to a further accumulation of BCAAs and toxic intermediates. This review provides the current understanding of the mechanism of BCAA-induced mTORC1 activation, as well as the effect of mTOR activation on metabolic health in terms of insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, the effects of impaired BCAA metabolism will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
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84
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Koliaki C, Roden M. Alterations of Mitochondrial Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Human Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:337-67. [PMID: 27146012 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function refers to a broad spectrum of features such as resting mitochondrial activity, (sub)maximal oxidative phosphorylation capacity (OXPHOS), and mitochondrial dynamics, turnover, and plasticity. The interaction between mitochondria and insulin sensitivity is bidirectional and varies depending on tissue, experimental model, methodological approach, and features of mitochondrial function tested. In human skeletal muscle, mitochondrial abnormalities may be inherited (e.g., lower mitochondrial content) or acquired (e.g., impaired OXPHOS capacity and plasticity). Abnormalities ultimately lead to lower mitochondrial functionality due to or resulting in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Similar mechanisms can also operate in adipose tissue and heart muscle. In contrast, mitochondrial oxidative capacity is transiently upregulated in the liver of obese insulin-resistant humans with or without fatty liver, giving rise to oxidative stress and declines in advanced fatty liver disease. These data suggest a highly tissue-specific interaction between insulin sensitivity and oxidative metabolism during the course of metabolic diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysi Koliaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf 40225, Germany;
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf 40225, Germany;
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Sparks LM, Gemmink A, Phielix E, Bosma M, Schaart G, Moonen-Kornips E, Jörgensen JA, Nascimento EBM, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Hoeks J. ANT1-mediated fatty acid-induced uncoupling as a target for improving myocellular insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1030-9. [PMID: 26886198 PMCID: PMC4826430 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Dissipating energy via mitochondrial uncoupling has been suggested to contribute to enhanced insulin sensitivity. We hypothesised that skeletal muscle mitochondria of endurance-trained athletes have increased sensitivity for fatty acid (FA)-induced uncoupling, which is driven by the mitochondrial protein adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1). METHODS Capacity for FA-induced uncoupling was measured in endurance-trained male athletes (T) and sedentary young men (UT) in an observational study and also in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria from Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and C2C12 myotubes following small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing of ANT1. Thus, fuelled by glutamate/succinate (fibres) or pyruvate (mitochondria and myotubes) and in the presence of oligomycin to block ATP synthesis, increasing levels of oleate (fibres) or palmitate (mitochondria and myotubes) were automatically titrated while respiration was monitored. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp in humans and via insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in myotubes. RESULTS Skeletal muscle from the T group displayed increased sensitivity to FA-induced uncoupling (p = 0.011) compared with muscle from the UT group, and this was associated with elevated insulin sensitivity (p = 0.034). ANT1 expression was increased in T (p = 0.013). Mitochondria from ZDF rats displayed decreased sensitivity for FA-induced uncoupling (p = 0.008). This difference disappeared in the presence of the adenine nucleotide translocator inhibitor carboxyatractyloside. Partial knockdown of ANT1 in C2C12 myotubes decreased sensitivity to the FA-induced uncoupling (p = 0.008) and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (p = 0.025) compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Increased sensitivity to FA-induced uncoupling is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity and is affected by ANT1 activity in skeletal muscle. FA-induced mitochondrial uncoupling may help to preserve insulin sensitivity in the face of a high supply of FAs. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.trialregister.nl NTR2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Sparks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Anne Gemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Madeleen Bosma
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Emmani B M Nascimento
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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86
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Mitochondrial dynamics, quality control and miRNA regulation in skeletal muscle: implications for obesity and related metabolic disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:843-52. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The western dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle largely contributes to the growing epidemic of obesity. Mitochondria are at the front line of cellular energy homoeostasis and are implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease. In recent years, novel aspects in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, such as mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial protein quality control and post-transcriptional regulation of genes coding for mitochondrial proteins, have emerged. In this review, we discuss the recent findings concerning the dysregulation of these processes in skeletal muscle in obesogenic conditions.
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87
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Jin Z, Wu J, Yan LJ. Chemical Conditioning as an Approach to Ischemic Stroke Tolerance: Mitochondria as the Target. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:351. [PMID: 27005615 PMCID: PMC4813212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the brain can be prepared to resist or tolerate ischemic stroke injury, and mitochondrion is a major target for this tolerance. The preparation of ischemic stroke tolerance can be achieved by three major approaches: ischemic conditioning, hypoxic conditioning and chemical conditioning. In each conditioning approach, there are often two strategies that can be used to achieve the conditioning effects, namely preconditioning (Pre-C) and postconditioning (Post-C). In this review, we focus on chemical conditioning of mitochondrial proteins as targets for neuroprotection against ischemic stroke injury. Mitochondrial targets covered include complexes I, II, IV, the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP), adenine dinucleotide translocase (ANT) and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). While numerous mitochondrial proteins have not been evaluated in the context of chemical conditioning and ischemic stroke tolerance, the paradigms and approaches reviewed in this article should provide general guidelines on testing those mitochondrial components that have not been investigated. A deep understanding of mitochondria as the target of chemical conditioning for ischemic stroke tolerance should provide valuable insights into strategies for fighting ischemic stroke, a leading cause of death in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Jinzi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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88
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Merdzo I, Rutkai I, Tokes T, Sure VNLR, Katakam PVG, Busija DW. The mitochondrial function of the cerebral vasculature in insulin-resistant Zucker obese rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H830-8. [PMID: 26873973 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00964.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about mitochondrial functioning in the cerebral vasculature during insulin resistance (IR). We examined mitochondrial respiration in isolated cerebral arteries of male Zucker obese (ZO) rats and phenotypically normal Zucker lean (ZL) rats using the Seahorse XFe24 analyzer. We investigated mitochondrial morphology in cerebral blood vessels as well as mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial protein expression levels in cerebral arteries and microvessels. We also measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cerebral microvessels. Under basal conditions, the mitochondrial respiration components (nonmitochondrial respiration, basal respiration, ATP production, proton leak, and spare respiratory capacity) showed similar levels among the ZL and ZO groups with the exception of maximal respiration, which was higher in the ZO group. We examined the role of nitric oxide by measuring mitochondrial respiration following inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and mitochondrial activation after administration of diazoxide (DZ). Both ZL and ZO groups showed similar responses to these stimuli with minor variations.l-NAME significantly increased the proton leak, and DZ decreased nonmitochondrial respiration in the ZL group. Other components were not affected. Mitochondrial morphology and distribution within vascular smooth muscle and endothelium as well as mitochondrial protein levels were similar in the arteries and microvessels of both groups. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and ROS levels were increased in cerebral microvessels of the ZO. Our study suggests that mitochondrial function is not significantly altered in the cerebral vasculature of young ZO rats, but increased ROS production might be due to increased eNOS in the cerebral microcirculation during IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Merdzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tunde Tokes
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Venkata N L R Sure
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - David W Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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89
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Putti R, Migliaccio V, Sica R, Lionetti L. Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Morphology in High Fat Diet Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance: Focus on Dietary Fat Source. Front Physiol 2016; 6:426. [PMID: 26834644 PMCID: PMC4719079 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that skeletal muscle mitochondria play a key role in high fat (HF) diet induced insulin resistance (IR). Two opposite views are debated on mechanisms by which mitochondrial function could be involved in skeletal muscle IR. In one theory, mitochondrial dysfunction is suggested to cause intramyocellular lipid accumulation leading to IR. In the second theory, excess fuel within mitochondria in the absence of increased energy demand stimulates mitochondrial oxidant production and emission, ultimately leading to the development of IR. Noteworthy, mitochondrial bioenergetics is strictly associated with the maintenance of normal mitochondrial morphology by maintaining the balance between the fusion and fission processes. A shift toward mitochondrial fission with reduction of fusion protein, mainly mitofusin 2, has been associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and inflammation in obesity and IR development. However, dietary fat source during chronic overfeeding differently affects mitochondrial morphology. Saturated fatty acids induce skeletal muscle IR and inflammation associated with fission phenotype, whereas ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and inflammation, associated with a shift toward mitochondrial fusion phenotype. The present minireview focuses on mitochondrial bioenergetics and morphology in skeletal muscle IR, with particular attention to the effect of different dietary fat sources on skeletal muscle mitochondria morphology and fusion/fission balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Putti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Sica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
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90
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Differential Mitochondrial Adaptation in Primary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from a Diabetic Rat Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8524267. [PMID: 27034743 PMCID: PMC4737048 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8524267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes affects more than 330 million people worldwide and causes elevated cardiovascular disease risk. Mitochondria are critical for vascular function, generate cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are perturbed by diabetes, representing a novel target for therapeutics. We hypothesized that adaptive mitochondrial plasticity in response to nutrient stress would be impaired in diabetes cellular physiology via a nitric oxide synthase- (NOS-) mediated decrease in mitochondrial function. Primary smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from aorta of the nonobese, insulin resistant rat diabetes model Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and the Wistar control rat were exposed to high glucose (25 mM). At baseline, significantly greater nitric oxide evolution, ROS production, and respiratory control ratio (RCR) were observed in GK SMCs. Upon exposure to high glucose, expression of phosphorylated eNOS, uncoupled respiration, and expression of mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, and V were significantly decreased in GK SMCs (p < 0.05). Mitochondrial superoxide increased with high glucose in Wistar SMCs (p < 0.05) with no change in the GK beyond elevated baseline concentrations. Baseline comparisons show persistent metabolic perturbations in a diabetes phenotype. Overall, nutrient stress in GK SMCs caused a persistent decline in eNOS and mitochondrial function and disrupted mitochondrial plasticity, illustrating eNOS and mitochondria as potential therapeutic targets.
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91
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Wu J, Jin Z, Zheng H, Yan LJ. Sources and implications of NADH/NAD(+) redox imbalance in diabetes and its complications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2016; 9:145-53. [PMID: 27274295 PMCID: PMC4869616 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD(+) is a fundamental molecule in metabolism and redox signaling. In diabetes and its complications, the balance between NADH and NAD(+) can be severely perturbed. On one hand, NADH is overproduced due to influx of hyperglycemia to the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways and activation of the polyol pathway. On the other hand, NAD(+) can be diminished or depleted by overactivation of poly ADP ribose polymerase that uses NAD(+) as its substrate. Moreover, sirtuins, another class of enzymes that also use NAD(+) as their substrate for catalyzing protein deacetylation reactions, can also affect cellular content of NAD(+). Impairment of NAD(+) regeneration enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes and complex I in mitochondria can also contribute to NADH accumulation and NAD(+) deficiency. The consequence of NADH/NAD(+) redox imbalance is initially reductive stress that eventually leads to oxidative stress and oxidative damage to macromolecules, including DNA, lipids, and proteins. Accordingly, redox imbalance-triggered oxidative damage has been thought to be a major factor contributing to the development of diabetes and its complications. Future studies on restoring NADH/NAD(+) redox balance could provide further insights into design of novel antidiabetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Correspondence: Liang-Jun Yan, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA, Tel +1 817 735 2386, Fax +1 817 735 2603, Email
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92
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Tumova J, Andel M, Trnka J. Excess of free fatty acids as a cause of metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Physiol Res 2015; 65:193-207. [PMID: 26447514 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with metabolic impairments in peripheral tissues. Evidence suggests an excess of free fatty acids (FFA) as one factor linking obesity and related pathological conditions and the impact of FFA overload on skeletal muscle metabolism is described herein. Obesity is associated with dysfunctional adipose tissue unable to buffer the flux of dietary lipids. Resulting increased levels and fluxes of plasma FFA lead to ectopic lipid deposition and lipotoxicity. FFA accumulated in skeletal muscle are associated with insulin resistance and overall cellular dysfunction. Mechanisms supposed to be involved in these conditions include the Randle cycle, intracellular accumulation of lipid metabolites, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction or mitochondrial stress. These mechanisms are described and discussed in the view of current experimental evidence with an emphasis on conflicting theories of decreased vs. increased mitochondrial fat oxidation associated with lipid overload. Since different types of FFA may induce diverse metabolic responses in skeletal muscle cells, this review also focuses on cellular mechanisms underlying the different action of saturated and unsaturated FFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tumova
- Department of Nutrition and Centre for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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93
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Virmani A, Pinto L, Bauermann O, Zerelli S, Diedenhofen A, Binienda ZK, Ali SF, van der Leij FR. The Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase (CPT) System and Possible Relevance for Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Conditions. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:826-36. [PMID: 26041663 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) system is a multiprotein complex with catalytic activity localized within a core represented by CPT1 and CPT2 in the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria, respectively. Two proteins, the acyl-CoA synthase and a translocase also form part of this system. This system is crucial for the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. CPT1 has two well-known isoforms, CPT1a and CPT1b. CPT1a is the hepatic isoform and CPT1b is typically muscular; both are normally utilized by the organism for metabolic processes throughout the body. There is a strong evidence for their involvement in various disease states, e.g., metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and in diabetes mellitus type 2. Recently, a new, third isoform of CPT was described, CPT1c. This is a neuronal isoform and is prevalently localized in brain regions such as hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. These brain regions play an important role in control of food intake and neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. CPT activity has been implicated in several neurological and social diseases mainly related to the alteration of insulin equilibrium in the brain. These pathologies include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. Evolution of both Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease is in some way linked to brain insulin and related metabolic dysfunctions with putative links also with the diabetes type 2. Studies show that in the CNS, CPT1c affects ceramide levels, endocannabionoids, and oxidative processes and may play an important role in various brain functions such as learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Virmani
- Research, Innovation and Development, Sigma-tau Health Science International BV, Utrecht, Netherlands,
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94
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Konopka AR, Asante A, Lanza IR, Robinson MM, Johnson ML, Dalla Man C, Cobelli C, Amols MH, Irving BA, Nair KS. Defects in mitochondrial efficiency and H2O2 emissions in obese women are restored to a lean phenotype with aerobic exercise training. Diabetes 2015; 64:2104-15. [PMID: 25605809 PMCID: PMC4439568 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The notion that mitochondria contribute to obesity-induced insulin resistance is highly debated. Therefore, we determined whether obese (BMI 33 kg/m(2)), insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome had aberrant skeletal muscle mitochondrial physiology compared with lean, insulin-sensitive women (BMI 23 kg/m(2)). Maximal whole-body and mitochondrial oxygen consumption were not different between obese and lean women. However, obese women exhibited lower mitochondrial coupling and phosphorylation efficiency and elevated mitochondrial H2O2 (mtH2O2) emissions compared with lean women. We further evaluated the impact of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on obesity-related impairments in insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial energetics in the fasted state and after a high-fat mixed meal. Exercise training reversed obesity-related mitochondrial derangements as evidenced by enhanced mitochondrial bioenergetics efficiency and decreased mtH2O2 production. A concomitant increase in catalase antioxidant activity and decreased DNA oxidative damage indicate improved cellular redox status and a potential mechanism contributing to improved insulin sensitivity. mtH2O2 emissions were refractory to a high-fat meal at baseline, but after exercise, mtH2O2 emissions increased after the meal, which resembles previous findings in lean individuals. We demonstrate that obese women exhibit impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in the form of decreased efficiency and impaired mtH2O2 emissions, while exercise effectively restores mitochondrial physiology toward that of lean, insulin-sensitive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Konopka
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Albert Asante
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Matthew L Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Chiara Dalla Man
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mark H Amols
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Brian A Irving
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - K S Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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95
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Antioxidant treatment normalizes mitochondrial energetics and myocardial insulin sensitivity independently of changes in systemic metabolic homeostasis in a mouse model of the metabolic syndrome. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:104-16. [PMID: 26004364 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction in obesity is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and altered insulin sensitivity. Whether oxidative stress directly contributes to myocardial insulin resistance remains to be determined. This study tested the hypothesis that ROS scavenging will improve mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity in the hearts of rodent models with varying degrees of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. The catalytic antioxidant MnTBAP was administered to the uncoupling protein-diphtheria toxin A (UCP-DTA) mouse model of insulin resistance (IR) and obesity, at early and late time points in the evolution of IR, and to db/db mice with severe obesity and type-two diabetes. Mitochondrial function was measured in saponin-permeabilized cardiac fibers. Aconitase activity and hydrogen peroxide emission were measured in isolated mitochondria. Insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation, glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation rates were measured in isolated working hearts, and 2-deoxyglucose uptake was measured in isolated cardiomyocytes. Four weeks of MnTBAP attenuated glucose intolerance in 13-week-old UCP-DTA mice but was without effect in 24-week-old UCP-DTA mice and in db/db mice. Despite the absence of improvement in the systemic metabolic milieu, MnTBAP reversed cardiac mitochondrial oxidative stress and improved mitochondrial bioenergetics by increasing ATP generation and reducing mitochondrial uncoupling in all models. MnTBAP also improved myocardial insulin mediated glucose metabolism in 13 and 24-week-old UCP-DTA mice. Pharmacological ROS scavenging improves myocardial energy metabolism and insulin responsiveness in obesity and type 2 diabetes via direct effects that might be independent of changes in systemic metabolism.
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96
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Väremo L, Scheele C, Broholm C, Mardinoglu A, Kampf C, Asplund A, Nookaew I, Uhlén M, Pedersen BK, Nielsen J. Proteome- and transcriptome-driven reconstruction of the human myocyte metabolic network and its use for identification of markers for diabetes. Cell Rep 2015; 11:921-933. [PMID: 25937284 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal myocytes are metabolically active and susceptible to insulin resistance and are thus implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This complex disease involves systemic metabolic changes, and their elucidation at the systems level requires genome-wide data and biological networks. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) provide a network context for the integration of high-throughput data. We generated myocyte-specific RNA-sequencing data and investigated their correlation with proteome data. These data were then used to reconstruct a comprehensive myocyte GEM. Next, we performed a meta-analysis of six studies comparing muscle transcription in T2D versus healthy subjects. Transcriptional changes were mapped on the myocyte GEM, revealing extensive transcriptional regulation in T2D, particularly around pyruvate oxidation, branched-chain amino acid catabolism, and tetrahydrofolate metabolism, connected through the downregulated dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. Strikingly, the gene signature underlying this metabolic regulation successfully classifies the disease state of individual samples, suggesting that regulation of these pathways is a ubiquitous feature of myocytes in response to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Väremo
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christa Broholm
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Kampf
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Asplund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 17121 Stockholm, Sweden.
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97
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Zheng T, Yang X, Wu D, Xing S, Bian F, Li W, Chi J, Bai X, Wu G, Chen X, Zhang Y, Jin S. Salidroside ameliorates insulin resistance through activation of a mitochondria-associated AMPK/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3284-301. [PMID: 25754463 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent reports have suggested that salidroside could protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative injury and stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of salidroside on diabetic mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The therapeutic effects of salidroside on type 2 diabetes were investigated. Increasing doses of salidroside (25, 50 and 100 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1)) were administered p.o. to db/db mice for 8 weeks. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examinations were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of salidroside. Primary cultured mouse hepatocytes were used to further explore the underlying mechanisms in vitro. KEY RESULTS Salidroside dramatically reduced blood glucose and serum insulin levels and alleviated insulin resistance. Hypolipidaemic effects and amelioration of liver steatosis were observed after salidroside administration. In vitro, salidroside dose-dependently induced an increase in the phosphorylations of AMPK and PI3K/Akt, as well as glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in hepatocytes. Furthermore, salidroside-stimulated AMPK activation was found to suppress the expression of PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase. Salidroside-induced AMPK activation also resulted in phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase, which can reduce lipid accumulation in peripheral tissues. In isolated mitochondria, salidroside inhibited respiratory chain complex I and disturbed oxidation/phosphorylation coupling and moderately depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in a transient increase in the AMP/ATP ratio. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Salidroside exerts an antidiabetic effect by improving the cellular metabolic flux through the activation of a mitochondria-related AMPK/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shasha Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangli Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guangjie Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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98
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Constantinescu S, Turcotte LP. Amelioration of palmitate-induced metabolic dysfunction in L6 muscle cells expressing low levels of receptor-interacting protein 140. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:913-22. [PMID: 26406163 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that reduced expression of receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) alters the regulation of fatty-acid (FA) oxidation in muscle. To determine whether a high level of FA availability alters the effects of RIP140 on metabolic regulation, L6 myotubes were transfected with or without RNA interference oligonucleotide sequences to reduce RIP140 expression, and then incubated with high levels of palmitic acid, with or without insulin. High levels of palmitate reduced basal (53%-58%) and insulin-treated (24%-44%) FA uptake and oxidation, and increased basal glucose uptake (88%). In cells incubated with high levels of palmitate, low RIP140 increased basal FA uptake and insulin-treated FA oxidation and glucose uptake, and decreased basal glucose uptake and insulin-treated FA uptake. Under basal conditions, low RIP140 increased the mRNA content of FAT/CD36 (159%) and COX4 (61%), as well as the protein content of Nur77 (68%), whereas the mRNA expression of FGF21 (50%) was decreased, as was the protein content of CPT1b (35%) and FGF21 (44%). Under insulin-treated conditions, low RIP140 expression increased the mRNA content of MCAD (84%) and Nur77 (84%), as well as the protein content of Nur77 (23%). Thus, a low level of RIP140 restores the rates of FA uptake in the basal state, in part via a reduction in upstream insulin signaling. Our data also indicate that the protein expression of Nur77 may be modulated by RIP140 when muscle cells are metabolically challenged by high levels of palmitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Constantinescu
- b Department of Math and Science, Marymount California University, Rancho Palos Verdes, California, USA
| | - Lorraine P Turcotte
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, 3560 Watt Way, PED 107, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0652, USA
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99
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Everman S, Mandarino LJ, Carroll CC, Katsanos CS. Effects of acute exposure to increased plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations on insulin-mediated plasma glucose turnover in healthy young subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120049. [PMID: 25781654 PMCID: PMC4363593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are inversely related to insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism in humans. However, currently, it is not known whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between increased plasma BCAA concentrations and decreased insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of acute exposure to increased plasma BCAA concentrations on insulin-mediated plasma glucose turnover in humans. METHODS Ten healthy subjects were randomly assigned to an experiment where insulin was infused at 40 mU/m2/min (40U) during the second half of a 6-hour intravenous infusion of a BCAA mixture (i.e., BCAA; N = 5) to stimulate plasma glucose turnover or under the same conditions without BCAA infusion (Control; N = 5). In a separate experiment, seven healthy subjects were randomly assigned to receive insulin infusion at 80 mU/m2/min (80U) in association with the above BCAA infusion (N = 4) or under the same conditions without BCAA infusion (N = 3). Plasma glucose turnover was measured prior to and during insulin infusion. RESULTS Insulin infusion completely suppressed the endogenous glucose production (EGP) across all groups. The percent suppression of EGP was not different between Control and BCAA in either the 40U or 80U experiments (P > 0.05). Insulin infusion stimulated whole-body glucose disposal rate (GDR) across all groups. However, the increase (%) in GDR was not different [median (1st quartile - 3rd quartile)] between Control and BCAA in either the 40U ([199 (167-278) vs. 186 (94-308)] or 80 U ([491 (414-548) vs. 478 (409-857)] experiments (P > 0.05). Likewise, insulin stimulated the glucose metabolic clearance in all experiments (P < 0.05) with no differences between Control and BCAA in either of the experiments (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Short-term exposure of young healthy subjects to increased plasma BCAA concentrations does not alter the insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Everman
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University/Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Mandarino
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University/Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University,Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Chad C. Carroll
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christos S. Katsanos
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University/Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University,Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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100
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Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important nutrient signals that have direct and indirect effects. Frequently, BCAAs have been reported to mediate antiobesity effects, especially in rodent models. However, circulating levels of BCAAs tend to be increased in individuals with obesity and are associated with worse metabolic health and future insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A hypothesized mechanism linking increased levels of BCAAs and T2DM involves leucine-mediated activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which results in uncoupling of insulin signalling at an early stage. A BCAA dysmetabolism model proposes that the accumulation of mitotoxic metabolites (and not BCAAs per se) promotes β-cell mitochondrial dysfunction, stress signalling and apoptosis associated with T2DM. Alternatively, insulin resistance might promote aminoacidaemia by increasing the protein degradation that insulin normally suppresses, and/or by eliciting an impairment of efficient BCAA oxidative metabolism in some tissues. Whether and how impaired BCAA metabolism might occur in obesity is discussed in this Review. Research on the role of individual and model-dependent differences in BCAA metabolism is needed, as several genes (BCKDHA, PPM1K, IVD and KLF15) have been designated as candidate genes for obesity and/or T2DM in humans, and distinct phenotypes of tissue-specific branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex activity have been detected in animal models of obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lynch
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, MC-H166, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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