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Archambault AS, Turcotte C, Martin C, Lefebvre JS, Provost V, Laviolette M, Flamand N. Leukotriene B₄ Metabolism and p70S6 Kinase 1 Inhibitors: PF-4708671 but Not LY2584702 Inhibits CYP4F3A and the ω-Oxidation of Leukotriene B₄ In Vitro and In Cellulo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169804. [PMID: 28068410 PMCID: PMC5222342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
LTB4 is an inflammatory lipid mediator mainly biosynthesized by leukocytes. Since its implication in inflammatory diseases is well recognized, many tools to regulate its biosynthesis have been developed and showed promising results in vitro and in vivo, but mixed results in clinical trials. Recently, the mTOR pathway component p70S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1) has been linked to LTC4 synthase and the biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotrienes. In this respect, we investigated if p70S6K1 could also play a role in LTB4 biosynthesis. We thus evaluated the impact of the p70S6K1 inhibitors PF-4708671 and LY2584702 on LTB4 biosynthesis in human neutrophils. At a concentration of 10 μM, both compounds inhibited S6 phosphorylation, although neither one inhibited the thapsigargin-induced LTB4 biosynthesis, as assessed by the sum of LTB4, 20-OH-LTB4, and 20-COOH-LTB4. However, PF-4708671, but not LY2584702, inhibited the ω-oxidation of LTB4 into 20-OH-LTB4 by intact neutrophils and by recombinant CYP4F3A, leading to increased LTB4 levels. This was true for both endogenously biosynthesized and exogenously added LTB4. In contrast to that of 17-octadecynoic acid, the inhibitory effect of PF-4708671 was easily removed by washing the neutrophils, indicating that PF-4708671 was a reversible CYP4F3A inhibitor. At optimal concentration, PF-4708671 increased the half-life of LTB4 in our neutrophil suspensions by 7.5 fold, compared to 5 fold for 17-octadecynoic acid. Finally, Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burk plots indicate that PF-4708671 is a mixed inhibitor of CYP4F3A. In conclusion, we show that PF-4708671 inhibits CYP4F3A and prevents the ω-oxidation of LTB4 in cellulo, which might result in increased LTB4 levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Archambault
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie S. Lefebvre
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Provost
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Barquissau V, Ghandour RA, Ailhaud G, Klingenspor M, Langin D, Amri EZ, Pisani DF. Control of adipogenesis by oxylipins, GPCRs and PPARs. Biochimie 2016; 136:3-11. [PMID: 28034718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are bioactive metabolites derived from the oxygenation of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, triggered essentially by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities. Oxylipins are involved in the development and function of adipose tissue and their productions are strictly related to diet quality and quantity. Oxylipins signal via cell surface membrane (G Protein-coupled receptors) and nuclear receptors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), two pathways playing a pivotal role in adipocyte biology. In this review, we made an attempt to cover the available knowledge about synthesis and molecular function of oxylipins known to modulate adipogenesis, adipocyte function and phenotype conversion, with a focus on their interaction with peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Barquissau
- Inserm, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, 31432, France; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, 31432, France
| | | | | | - Martin Klingenspor
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, 31432, France; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, 31432, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, 31059, France
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Marcello C, Carlo L. Asthma phenotypes: the intriguing selective intervention with Montelukast. Asthma Res Pract 2016; 2:11. [PMID: 27965779 PMCID: PMC5142440 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-016-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation and a variable course associated with various underlying mechanisms that can differ between individuals. Patients with asthma can therefore exhibit different phenotypes, a term used to define the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction between its genetic makeup and the environment. The heterogeneity of asthma has received a large amount of attention in the last few years in order to better tailor treatment according to the different clinical and biological phenotypes of the disease. Specific asthma phenotypes may require an approach to treatment sometimes different from that recommended by current guidelines, so a personalized approach to asthma pharmacotherapy is recommended. Growing evidence suggests that leukotrienes play an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. The mechanisms of action of leukotriene-receptor antagonists theoretically predict a good response in some asthma “phenotypes”.In this article we have performed an analysis of the recent literature (controlled clinical trials and real-life studies) about a possible selective intervention with Montelukast in specific asthma phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lombardi Carlo
- Departmental Unit of Allergology, Immunology & Pulmonary Diseases, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Via Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Elias I, Ferré T, Vilà L, Muñoz S, Casellas A, Garcia M, Molas M, Agudo J, Roca C, Ruberte J, Bosch F, Franckhauser S. ALOX5AP Overexpression in Adipose Tissue Leads to LXA4 Production and Protection Against Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2016; 65:2139-50. [PMID: 27207555 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids, such as leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4), may play a key role during obesity. While LTB4 is involved in adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, LXA4 may exert anti-inflammatory effects and alleviate hepatic steatosis. Both lipid mediators derive from the same pathway, in which arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) and its partner, arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (ALOX5AP), are involved. ALOX5 and ALOX5AP expression is increased in humans and rodents with obesity and insulin resistance. We found that transgenic mice overexpressing ALOX5AP in adipose tissue had higher LXA4 rather than higher LTB4 levels, were leaner, and showed increased energy expenditure, partly due to browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Upregulation of hepatic LXR and Cyp7a1 led to higher bile acid synthesis, which may have contributed to increased thermogenesis. In addition, transgenic mice were protected against diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Finally, treatment of C57BL/6J mice with LXA4, which showed browning of WAT, strongly suggests that LXA4 is responsible for the transgenic mice phenotype. Thus, our data support that LXA4 may hold great potential for the future development of therapeutic strategies for obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivet Elias
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tura Ferré
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Vilà
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Muñoz
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Casellas
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Garcia
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Molas
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Agudo
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Roca
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruberte
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvie Franckhauser
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
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55
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Bellucci PN, González Bagnes MF, Di Girolamo G, González CD. Potential Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Pharm Pract 2016; 30:549-556. [DOI: 10.1177/0897190016649551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of heterogeneous drugs largely known for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects, which are met by means of the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Even when their use in patients with diabetes mellitus is limited due to relevant adverse events, some pharmacological and metabolic effects of NSAIDs have been further studied to be potentially beneficial in the prevention and/or treatment of diabetic subjects. Effects on endogenous glucose production, peripheral insulin resistance, pancreatic islet, and systemic inflammation and the insulin clearance have been reported. In this article, we overview the scientific literature of the last 5 years regarding the potential effects of NSAID treatment on diabetes prevention/treatment. The selected papers showed information in both humans and animal models. Furthermore, we included papers that suggest new areas for further investigation, and we discussed our own suggestions on this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Natalia Bellucci
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Instituto Universitario CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Guillermo Di Girolamo
- Second Chair of Pharmacology - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Daniel González
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Instituto Universitario CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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56
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Silencing CCR2 in Macrophages Alleviates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and the Associated Metabolic Syndrome in Dietary Obese Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e280. [PMID: 26812653 PMCID: PMC5012549 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophage (ATM)-mediated inflammation is a key feature contributing to the adverse metabolic outcomes of dietary obesity. Recruitment of macrophages to obese adipose tissues (AT) can occur through the engagement of CCR2, the receptor for MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), which is expressed on peripheral monocytes/macrophages. Here, we show that i.p. administration of a rabies virus glycoprotein-derived acetylcholine receptor-binding peptide effectively delivers complexed siRNA into peritoneal macrophages and ATMs in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Treatment with siRNA against CCR2 inhibited macrophage infiltration and accumulation in AT and, therefore, proinflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages. Consequently, the treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity profiles, and also alleviated the associated symptoms of hepatic steatosis and reduced hepatic triglyceride production. These results demonstrate that disruption of macrophage chemotaxis to the AT through cell-targeted gene knockdown strategies can provide a therapeutic intervention for obesity-related metabolic diseases. The study also highlights a siRNA delivery approach for targeting specific monocyte subsets that contribute to obesity-associated inflammation without affecting the function of other tissue-resident macrophages that are essential for host homeostasis and survival.
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57
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Hallenborg P, Petersen RK, Kouskoumvekaki I, Newman JW, Madsen L, Kristiansen K. The elusive endogenous adipogenic PPARγ agonists: Lining up the suspects. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 61:149-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abdel-Latif M. Diethylcarbamazine citrate ameliorates insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via modulation of adipose tissue inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:607-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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59
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Filgueiras LR, Serezani CH, Jancar S. Leukotriene B4 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders. Front Immunol 2015; 6:515. [PMID: 26500652 PMCID: PMC4597104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
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60
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Heemskerk MM, Giera M, el Bouazzaoui F, Lips MA, Pijl H, Willems van Dijk K, van Harmelen V. Increased PUFA Content and 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway Expression Are Associated with Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2015; 7:7676-90. [PMID: 26378572 PMCID: PMC4586557 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have more inflammation in their subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) than age-and-BMI similar obese women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). We aimed to investigate whether WAT fatty acids and/or oxylipins are associated with the enhanced inflammatory state in WAT of the T2DM women. Fatty acid profiles were measured in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (vWAT) of 19 obese women with NGT and 16 age-and-BMI similar women with T2DM. Oxylipin levels were measured in sWAT of all women. Arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) percentages were higher in sWAT, but not vWAT of the T2DM women, and AA correlated positively to the gene expression of macrophage marker CD68. We found tendencies for higher oxylipin concentrations of the 5-LOX leukotrienes in sWAT of T2DM women. Gene expression of the 5-LOX leukotriene biosynthesis pathway was significantly higher in sWAT of T2DM women. In conclusion, AA and DHA content were higher in sWAT of T2DM women and AA correlated to the increased inflammatory state in sWAT. Increased AA content was accompanied by an upregulation of the 5-LOX pathway and seems to have led to an increase in the conversion of AA into proinflammatory leukotrienes in sWAT.
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MESH Headings
- 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/analysis
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/genetics
- Arachidonic Acid/analysis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Dipeptidases/genetics
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation/diagnosis
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation Mediators/analysis
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/enzymology
- Leukotrienes/analysis
- Middle Aged
- Netherlands
- Obesity, Morbid/diagnosis
- Obesity, Morbid/enzymology
- Obesity, Morbid/genetics
- Obesity, Morbid/surgery
- Signal Transduction
- Subcutaneous Fat/enzymology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattijs M. Heemskerk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.M.H.); (F.B.); (K.W.V.D.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Fatiha el Bouazzaoui
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.M.H.); (F.B.); (K.W.V.D.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Lips
- Department of Medicine, division Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.A.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Medicine, division Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.A.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.M.H.); (F.B.); (K.W.V.D.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, division Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.A.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.M.H.); (F.B.); (K.W.V.D.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +31-71-526-9471; Fax: +31-71-526-8285
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Schultze JL, Schmieder A, Goerdt S. Macrophage activation in human diseases. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:249-56. [PMID: 26303100 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly accepted that macrophages play a crucial role in many diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, cancer, skin diseases, and even neurodegenerative diseases. It is therefore not surprising that macrophages in human diseases have gained significant interest during the last years. Molecular analysis combined with more sophisticated murine disease models and the application of genome-wide technologies has resulted in a much better understanding of the role of macrophages in human disease. We highlight important gain of knowledge during the last years for tumor-associated macrophages, and for macrophages in atherosclerosis, obesity and wound healing. Albeit these exciting findings certainly pave the way to novel diagnostics and therapeutics, several hurdles still need to be overcome. We propose a general outline for future research and development in disease-related macrophage biology based on integrating (1) genome-wide technologies, (2) direct human sampling, and (3) a dedicated use of in vivo model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Astrid Schmieder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Goerdt
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Wensveen FM, Valentić S, Šestan M, Turk Wensveen T, Polić B. The “Big Bang” in obese fat: Events initiating obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Wensveen
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Valentić
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Marko Šestan
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | | | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
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63
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Berthou F, Ceppo F, Dumas K, Massa F, Vergoni B, Alemany S, Cormont M, Tanti JF. The Tpl2 Kinase Regulates the COX-2/Prostaglandin E2 Axis in Adipocytes in Inflammatory Conditions. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1025-36. [PMID: 26020725 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive lipid mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have emerged as potent regulator of obese adipocyte inflammation and functions. PGE2 is produced by cyclooxygenases (COXs) from arachidonic acid, but inflammatory signaling pathways controlling COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in adipocytes remain ill-defined. Here, we demonstrated that the MAP kinase kinase kinase tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) controls COX-2 expression and PGE2 secretion in adipocytes in response to different inflammatory mediators. We found that pharmacological- or small interfering RNA-mediated Tpl2 inhibition in 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased by 50% COX-2 induction in response to IL-1β, TNF-α, or a mix of the 2 cytokines. PGE2 secretion induced by the cytokine mix was also markedly blunted. At the molecular level, nuclear factor κB was required for Tpl2-induced COX-2 expression in response to IL-1β but was inhibitory for the TNF-α or cytokine mix response. In a coculture between adipocytes and macrophages, COX-2 was mainly increased in adipocytes and pharmacological inhibition of Tpl2 or its silencing in adipocytes markedly reduced COX-2 expression and PGE2 secretion. Further, Tpl2 inhibition in adipocytes reduces by 60% COX-2 expression induced by a conditioned medium from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages. Importantly, LPS was less efficient to induce COX-2 mRNA in adipose tissue explants of Tpl2 null mice compared with wild-type and Tpl2 null mice displayed low COX-2 mRNA induction in adipose tissue in response to LPS injection. Collectively, these data established that activation of Tpl2 by inflammatory stimuli in adipocytes and adipose tissue contributes to increase COX-2 expression and production of PGE2 that could participate in the modulation of adipose tissue inflammation during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Berthou
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Franck Ceppo
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karine Dumas
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabienne Massa
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bastien Vergoni
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Alemany
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireille Cormont
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-François Tanti
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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64
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Litvinova L, Kirienkova E, Mazunin I, Vasilenko M, Fattakhov N. Insulin resistance pathogenesis in metabolic obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:70-82. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance concomitant with metabolic inflammation. We also analyze the world results of experimental and clinical studies which aimed at identifying the molecular targets for the development of new prevention and treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.S. Litvinova
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - E.V. Kirienkova
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - I.O. Mazunin
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - M.A. Vasilenko
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - N.S. Fattakhov
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
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65
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Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. A chronic low grade inflammatory state has been described during obesity and associated with insulin resistance pathogenesis. Results from animal studies are in favor of a role of the leukotriene (LT) pathway in obesity induced-insulin resistance. However, there is a paucity of data regarding this association in human obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether LT production was associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic parameters in a cohort of obese subjects. Forty-six (70% females) obese subjects (BMI≧30 kg/m2) without known diabetes and without inflammatory disease (CRP<10 mg/l) were included. Median age was 44 years (16–80) with a median BMI of 36.8 kg/m2 (30–51). Insulin resistance was evaluated by HOMA-IR index and glucose tolerance test. Urinary LTE4 (U-LTE4) concentration was measured by enzyme immune assay. Screening for obstructive sleep apnea was performed. There was a positive association of U-LTE4 with waist to hip ratio, systolic blood pressure and HOMA-IR in univariate analysis. Further, waist to hip ratio remained the only parameter significantly correlated with U-LTE4, in adjusted multivariate analysis. Taken together, these results confirm the previously established notion of chronic low grade inflammation in obesity and further suggests a role for the LT pathway in obesity-associated development of insulin resistance in humans.
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66
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de Jong AJ, Kloppenburg M, Toes REM, Ioan-Facsinay A. Fatty acids, lipid mediators, and T-cell function. Front Immunol 2014; 5:483. [PMID: 25352844 PMCID: PMC4195378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research toward the mechanisms underlying obesity-linked complications has intensified during the last years. As a consequence, it has become clear that metabolism and immunity are intimately linked. Free fatty acids and other lipids acquired in excess by current feeding patterns have been proposed to mediate this link due to their immune modulatory capacity. The functional differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, in combination with their dietary intake are believed to modulate the outcome of immune responses. Moreover, unsaturated fatty acids can be oxidized in a tightly regulated and specific manner to generate either potent pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving lipid mediators. These oxidative derivatives of fatty acids have received detailed attention during the last years, as they have proven to have strong immune modulatory capacity, even in pM ranges. Both fatty acids and oxidized fatty acids have been studied especially in relation to macrophage and T-cells functions. In this review, we propose to focus on the effect of fatty acids and their oxidative derivatives on T-cells, as it is an active area of research during the past 5 years. The effect of fatty acids and their derivatives on activation and proliferation of T-cells, as well as the delicate balance between stimulation and lipotoxicity will be discussed. Moreover, the receptors involved in the interaction between free fatty acids and their derivatives with T-cells will be summarized. Finally, the mechanisms involved in modulation of T-cells by fatty acids will be addressed, including cellular signaling and metabolism of T-cells. The in vitro results will be placed in context of in vivo studies both in humans and mice. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the immune modulatory function of lipids on T-cells and will point out novel directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja J de Jong
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , Netherlands
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67
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Masoodi M, Kuda O, Rossmeisl M, Flachs P, Kopecky J. Lipid signaling in adipose tissue: Connecting inflammation & metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:503-18. [PMID: 25311170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-associated low-grade inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) contributes to development of insulin resistance and other disorders. Accumulation of immune cells, especially macrophages, and macrophage polarization from M2 to M1 state, affect intrinsic WAT signaling, namely anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines, fatty acids (FA), and lipid mediators derived from both n-6 and n-3 long-chain PUFA such as (i) arachidonic acid (AA)-derived eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, and (ii) specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators including resolvins derived from both eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lipoxins (AA metabolites), protectins and maresins (DHA metabolites). In this respect, potential differences in modulating adipocyte metabolism by various lipid mediators formed by inflammatory M1 macrophages typical of obese state, and non-inflammatory M2 macrophages typical of lean state remain to be established. Studies in mice suggest that (i) transient accumulation of M2 macrophages could be essential for the control of tissue FA levels during activation of lipolysis, (ii) currently unidentified M2 macrophage-borne signaling molecule(s) could inhibit lipolysis and re-esterification of lipolyzed FA back to triacylglycerols (TAG/FA cycle), and (iii) the egress of M2 macrophages from rebuilt WAT and removal of the negative feedback regulation could allow for a full unmasking of metabolic activities of adipocytes. Thus, M2 macrophages could support remodeling of WAT to a tissue containing metabolically flexible adipocytes endowed with a high capacity of both TAG/FA cycling and oxidative phosphorylation. This situation could be exemplified by a combined intervention using mild calorie restriction and dietary supplementation with EPA/DHA, which enhances the formation of "healthy" adipocytes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance."
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Masoodi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, EPFL Innovation Park, bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Flachs
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.
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68
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McNelis JC, Olefsky JM. Macrophages, immunity, and metabolic disease. Immunity 2014; 41:36-48. [PMID: 25035952 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, low-grade adipose tissue inflammation is a key etiological mechanism linking the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. It is well recognized that the immune system and metabolism are highly integrated, and macrophages, in particular, have been identified as critical effector cells in the initiation of inflammation and insulin resistance. Recent advances have been made in the understanding of macrophage recruitment and retention to adipose tissue and the participation of other immune cell populations in the regulation of this inflammatory process. Here we discuss the pathophysiological link between macrophages, obesity, and insulin resistance, highlighting the dynamic immune cell regulation of adipose tissue inflammation. We also describe the mechanisms by which inflammation causes insulin resistance and the new therapeutic targets that have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C McNelis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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69
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Zha W, Edin ML, Vendrov KC, Schuck RN, Lih FB, Jat JL, Bradbury JA, DeGraff LM, Hua K, Tomer KB, Falck JR, Zeldin DC, Lee CR. Functional characterization of cytochrome P450-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in adipogenesis and obesity. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2124-36. [PMID: 25114171 PMCID: PMC4174005 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of obesity. Although cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have emerged as a potential therapeutic target for cardiometabolic disease, the functional contribution of EETs to adipogenesis and the pathogenesis of obesity remain poorly understood. Our studies demonstrated that induction of adipogenesis in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (in vitro) and obesity-associated adipose expansion in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice (in vivo) significantly dysregulate the CYP epoxygenase pathway and evoke a marked suppression of adipose-derived EET levels. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated that exogenous EET analog administration elicits potent anti-adipogenic effects via inhibition of the early phase of adipogenesis. Furthermore, EET analog administration to mice significantly mitigated HFD-induced weight gain, adipose tissue expansion, pro-adipogenic gene expression, and glucose intolerance. Collectively, these findings suggest that suppression of EET bioavailability in adipose tissue is a key pathological consequence of obesity, and strategies that promote the protective effects of EETs in adipose tissue offer enormous therapeutic potential for obesity and its downstream pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Zha
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Matthew L. Edin
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kimberly C. Vendrov
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert N. Schuck
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Fred B. Lih
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Jawahar Lal Jat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - J. Alyce Bradbury
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Laura M. DeGraff
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kunjie Hua
- UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - John R. Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Craig R. Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Van Noolen L, Bäck M, Arnaud C, Rey A, Petri MH, Levy P, Faure P, Stanke-Labesque F. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation modifies fatty acid incorporation in tissues and prevents hypoxia induced-atherosclerosis progression in apolipoprotein-E deficient mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:111-7. [PMID: 25139400 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), displays anti-inflammatory properties that may prevent atherosclerosis progression. Exposure of apolipoprotein-E deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) accelerates atherosclerosis progression. Our aim was to assess DHA-supplementation influence on fatty acid incorporation in different tissues/organs and on atherosclerosis progression in ApoE(-/-) mice exposed to CIH. ApoE(-/-) mice were exposed to CIH or normoxia (N) and randomized to four groups (N control, CIH control, N+DHA, and CIH+DHA). DHA-supplementation enhanced DHA and reduced arachidonic acid (AA) contents in tissues/organs. CIH control mice exhibited increased atherosclerosis lesion sizes compared to N control mice. DHA prevented CIH induced atherosclerosis but did not improve atherosclerosis burden in N mice. Aortic matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression was decreased in CIH+DHA mice (p=0.007). DHA-supplementation prevented CIH-induced atherosclerosis acceleration. This was associated with a decrease of AA incorporation and of aortic MMP-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Van Noolen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France; INSERM U1042, HP2, F-38041 Grenoble, France; CHU, Hôpital A. Michalon, Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, CS 10217, F-38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claire Arnaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France; INSERM U1042, HP2, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Amandine Rey
- CHU, Hôpital A. Michalon, Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, CS 10217, F-38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Marcelo H Petri
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Levy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France; INSERM U1042, HP2, F-38041 Grenoble, France; CHU, Hôpital A. Michalon, Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, CS 10217, F-38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Patrice Faure
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France; INSERM U1042, HP2, F-38041 Grenoble, France; CHU, Hôpital A. Michalon, Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, CS 10217, F-38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Françoise Stanke-Labesque
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France; INSERM U1042, HP2, F-38041 Grenoble, France; CHU, Hôpital A. Michalon, Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, CS 10217, F-38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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71
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Montales MTE, Melnyk SB, Simmen FA, Simmen RCM. Maternal metabolic perturbations elicited by high-fat diet promote Wnt-1-induced mammary tumor risk in adult female offspring via long-term effects on mammary and systemic phenotypes. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2102-12. [PMID: 24832086 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many adult chronic diseases are thought to be influenced during early life by maternal nutrition; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Obesity-related diseases may be due partly to high fat consumption. Herein, we evaluated mammary tumor risk in female mouse mammary tumor virus-Wnt-1 transgenic (Tg) offspring exposed to high-fat diet (HFD) or control diet (CD) (45% and 17% kcal from fat, respectively) during gestation and lactation, with CD provided to progeny at weaning. In Tg offspring, maternal HFD exposure increased mammary tumor incidence and decreased tumor latency without affecting tumor volume. Tumor risk was associated with higher tumor necrosis factor-α and insulin and altered oxidative stress biomarkers in sera and with early changes in mammary expression of genes linked to tumor promotion [interleukin 6 (Il6)] or inhibition [phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (Pten), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2)]. Corresponding wild-type progeny exposed to maternal HFD displayed accelerated mammary development, higher mammary adiposity, increased insulin resistance and early changes in Pten, Bcl2 and Il6, than CD-exposed offspring. Dams-fed HFD showed higher serum glucose and oxidative stress biomarkers but comparable adiposity compared with CD-fed counterparts. In human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, sera from maternal HFD-exposed Tg offspring elicited changes in PTEN, BCL2 and IL6 gene expression, mimicking in vivo exposure; increased cell viability and mammosphere formation and induced measures [insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), IRS-2] of insulin sensitivity. Serum effects on IRS-1 were recapitulated by exogenous insulin and the PTEN-specific inhibitor SF1670. Hyperinsulinemia and PTEN loss-of-function may thus, couple maternal HFD exposure to enhanced insulin sensitivity via increased mammary IRS-1 expression in progeny, to promote breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Theresa E Montales
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Department of Pediatrics and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Stepan B Melnyk
- Department of Pediatrics and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Frank A Simmen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Department of Pediatrics and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Rosalia C M Simmen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Department of Pediatrics and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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72
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Vielma SA, Klein RL, Levingston CA, Young MRI. Skewing of immune cell cytokine production by mediators from adipocytes and endothelial cells. Adipocyte 2014; 3:126-31. [PMID: 24719786 PMCID: PMC3979877 DOI: 10.4161/adip.28287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since adipose tissue is composed of adipocytes as well as other cell types including endothelial cells, this study sought to determine how mediators from adipocytes and from endothelial cells impact on immune cell production of cytokines. A minimalistic design was used in which media conditioned by adipocytes or by endothelial cells were added individually or as a mixture to normal spleen cells. Media from adipocytes or endothelial cells each stimulated spleen cell production of Th1 cytokines, Th2 cytokines, most of the measured inflammatory cytokines, and some chemokines. However, a mixture of media conditioned by adipocytes and by endothelial cells inhibited production of Th1 cytokines and skewed reactivity toward a Th2 and inflammatory phenotype. Adiponectin, but not leptin, was shown to contribute to the skewing of immune responsiveness to endothelial cell-derived mediators.
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73
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Bhattacharya A, Hamilton R, Jernigan A, Zhang Y, Sabia M, Rahman MM, Li Y, Wei R, Chaudhuri A, Van Remmen H. Genetic ablation of 12/15-lipoxygenase but not 5-lipoxygenase protects against denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:30-40. [PMID: 24121057 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating outcome of a number of chronic diseases and conditions associated with loss of muscle innervation by motor neurons, such as aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We previously reported that denervation-induced loss of muscle mass is associated with activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), the rate-limiting step for the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, which then acts as a substrate for metabolic pathways that generate bioactive lipid mediators. In this study, we asked whether 5- and 12/15-lipoxygenase (LO) lipid metabolic pathways downstream of cPLA2 mediate denervation-induced muscle atrophy in mice. Both 5- and 12/15-LO were activated in response to surgical denervation; however, 12/15-LO activity was increased ~2.5-fold versus an ~1.5-fold increase in activity of 5-LO. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of 12/15-LO (but not 5-LO) significantly protected against denervation-induced muscle atrophy, suggesting a selective role for the 12/15-LO pathway in neurogenic muscle atrophy. The activation of the 12/15-LO pathway (but not 5-LO) during muscle atrophy increased NADPH oxidase activity, protein ubiquitination, and ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolytic degradation. In conclusion, this study reveals a novel pathway for neurogenic muscle atrophy and suggests that 12/15-LO may be a potential therapeutic target in diseases associated with loss of innervation and muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA.
| | - Ryan Hamilton
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Amanda Jernigan
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marian Sabia
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Md M Rahman
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Rochelle Wei
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Asish Chaudhuri
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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74
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Gu Y, Yu S, Park JY, Harvatine K, Lambert JD. Dietary cocoa reduces metabolic endotoxemia and adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat fed mice. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:439-45. [PMID: 24561154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In diet-induced obesity, adipose tissue (AT) is in a chronic state of inflammation predisposing the development of metabolic syndrome. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a polyphenol-rich food with putative anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we examined the impact and underlying mechanisms of action of cocoa on AT inflammation in high fat-fed mice. In the present study, male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high fat diet (HF), a HF diet with 8% (w/w) unsweetened cocoa powder (HFC), or a low-fat diet (LF) for 18 weeks. Cocoa supplementation decreased AT mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 by 40-60% compared to HF group, and this was accompanied by decreased nuclear protein levels of nuclear factor-κB. Cocoa treatment reduced the levels of arachidonic acid in the AT by 33% compared to HF controls. Moreover, cocoa treatment also reduced protein levels of the eicosanoid-generating enzymes, adipose-specific phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase-2 by 53% and 55%, respectively, compared to HF-fed mice. Finally, cocoa treatment ameliorated metabolic endotoxemia (40% reduction in plasma endotoxin) and improved gut barrier function (as measured by increased plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-2). In conclusion, the present study has shown for the first time that long-term cocoa supplementation can reduce AT inflammation in part by modulating eicosanoid metabolism and metabolic endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyi Gu
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jong Yung Park
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kevin Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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75
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Stanke-Labesque F, Pépin JL, Gautier-Veyret E, Lévy P, Bäck M. Leukotrienes as a molecular link between obstructive sleep apnoea and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:187-93. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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76
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Urinary leukotriene E4 is associated with renal function but not with endothelial function in type 2 diabetes. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:475-80. [PMID: 24198444 PMCID: PMC3809968 DOI: 10.1155/2013/370461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are inflammatory and vasoactive mediators implicated in endothelium-dependent relaxations and atherosclerosis. Urinary leukotriene E4 (U-LTE4) is a validated disease marker of asthma and increases also in diabetes and acute coronary syndromes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of U-LTE4 and CRP with endothelial function. Urine samples were obtained from 30 subjects (80% males; median age 65) with type 2 diabetes of at least two years duration and a median glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 71 (14–129) mL/min. Reactive hyperemia index (RHI) was used as a measure of microvascular endothelial function, whereas macrovascular endothelial function was determined be means of flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery (FMD). Decreased renal function was associated with lower concentrations of U-LTE4. In addition, U-LTE4 was correlated with serum creatinine (R = −0.572; P = 0.001) and eGFR (R = 0.517; P = 0.0036). A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis identified eGFR as an independent predictor of U-LTE4 concentrations. In conclusion, the present results did not establish an association of U-LTE4 with endothelial dysfunction. However, eGFR was an independent predictor of U-LTE4, but not CRP, in this cohort, suggesting that GFR should be considered in biomarker studies of U-LTE4.
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77
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Neels JG. A role for 5-lipoxygenase products in obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance. Adipocyte 2013; 2:262-5. [PMID: 24052903 PMCID: PMC3774703 DOI: 10.4161/adip.24835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing amount of evidence that obesity-induced low-grade inflammation is an important causative link between obesity and many of its associated pathologies such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. In the quest to identify the triggers of obesity-associated inflammation of adipose tissue, our laboratory recently demonstrated that adipocytes can secrete leukotrienes, and that these pro-inflammatory lipid mediators contribute to obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Together with other recent studies, our recent findings identify an important role for the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase and its products in the induction and resolution of adipose tissue inflammation. Therefore, pharmaceutical approaches that target this enzyme or its products should be considered as novel treatments aimed at preventing or resolving obesity-induced inflammation and its associated pathologies.
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78
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Hadad N, Burgazliev O, Elgazar-Carmon V, Solomonov Y, Wueest S, Item F, Konrad D, Rudich A, Levy R. Induction of cytosolic phospholipase a2α is required for adipose neutrophil infiltration and hepatic insulin resistance early in the course of high-fat feeding. Diabetes 2013; 62:3053-63. [PMID: 23670971 PMCID: PMC3749346 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In established obesity, inflammation and macrophage recruitment likely contribute to the development of insulin resistance. In the current study, we set out to explore whether adipose tissue infiltration by neutrophils that occurs early (3 days) after initiating a high-fat diet (HFD) could contribute to the early occurrence of hepatic insulin resistance and to determine the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) in this process. The 3-day HFD caused a significant upregulation of cPLA2α in periepididymal fat and in the liver. A specific antisense oligonucleotide (AS) effectively prevented cPLA2α induction, neutrophil infiltration into adipose tissue (likely involving MIP-2), and protected against 3-day HFD-induced impairment in hepatic insulin signaling and glucose over-production from pyruvate. To sort out the role of adipose neutrophil infiltration independent of cPLA2α induction in the liver, mice were injected intraperitoneally with anti-intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibodies. This effectively prevented neutrophil infiltration without affecting cPLA2α or MIP-2, but like AS, prevented impairment in hepatic insulin signaling, the enhanced pyruvate-to-glucose flux, and the impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production (assessed by clamp), which were induced by the 3-day HFD. Adipose tissue secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was increased by the 3-day HFD, but not if mice were treated with AS or ICAM-1 antibodies. Moreover, systemic TNF-α neutralization prevented 3-day HFD-induced hepatic insulin resistance, suggesting its mediatory role. We propose that an acute, cPLA2α-dependent, neutrophil-dominated inflammatory response of adipose tissue contributes to hepatic insulin resistance and glucose overproduction in the early adaptation to high-fat feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Hadad
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Olga Burgazliev
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Vered Elgazar-Carmon
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Solomonov
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children Research’s Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Item
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children Research’s Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children Research’s Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Levy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Corresponding author: Rachel Levy,
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79
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5-lipoxygenase-activating protein as a modulator of olanzapine-induced lipid accumulation in adipocyte. J Lipids 2013; 2013:864593. [PMID: 23762565 PMCID: PMC3677661 DOI: 10.1155/2013/864593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiated in vitro into adipocytes. Cells were treated with olanzapine and a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor MK-886. Lipid content was measured using an Oil Red O assay; 5-LOX and FLAP mRNA content was measured using quantitative real-time PCR; the corresponding protein contents were measured using quantitative Western blot assay. Olanzapine did not affect the cell content of 5-LOX mRNA and protein; it decreased FLAP mRNA and protein content at day five but not 24 hours after olanzapine addition. In the absence of MK-886, low concentrations of olanzapine increased lipid content only slightly, whereas a 56% increase was induced by 50 μM olanzapine. A 5-day cotreatment with 10 μM MK-886 potentiated the lipid increasing action of low concentrations of olanzapine. In contrast, in the presence of 50 μM olanzapine nanomolar and low micromolar concentrations of MK-886 reduced lipid content. These data suggest that FLAP system in adipocytes is affected by olanzapine and that it may modify how these cells respond to the second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGADs). Clinical studies could evaluate whether the FLAP/5-LOX system could play a role in setting a variable individual susceptibility to the metabolic side effects of SGADs.
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80
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Vielma SA, Klein RL, Levingston CA, Young MRI. Premalignant lesions skew spleen cell responses to immune modulation by adipocytes. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:1809-18. [PMID: 23645725 PMCID: PMC5925418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity can promote a chronic inflammatory state and is associated with an increased risk for cancer. Since adipocytes can produce mediators that can regulate conventional immune cells, this study sought to determine if the presence of premalignant oral lesions would skew how immune cells respond to adipocyte-derived mediators to create an environment that may be more favorable for their progression toward cancer. While media conditioned by adipocytes stimulated normal spleen cell production of the T helper (Th) type-1 cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-12 and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM CSF), media from premalignant lesion cells either blocked or had no added affect on the adipocyte-stimulated Th1 cytokine production. In contrast, media conditioned by premalignant lesion cells exacerbated adipocyte-stimulated spleen cell production of the Th2 cytokines IL-10 and IL-13, although it did not further enhance the adipocyte-stimulated spleen cell production of IL-4 and TGF-β. The premalignant lesion environment also heightened the adipocyte-stimulated spleen cell production of the inflammatory mediators IL 1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-9, although it did not further increase the adipocyte-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). IL 17 production was unaffected by the adipocyte-derived mediators, but was synergistically triggered by adding media from premalignant lesion cells. These stimulatory effects on spleen cell production of Th2 and inflammatory mediators were not induced in the absence of media conditioned by adipocytes. In contrast, media conditioned by adipocytes did not stimulate production of predominantly monocyte-derived chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)9, chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL)3 or CCL4, although it stimulated production of CCL2 and the predominantly T cell-derived chemokine CCL5, which was the only chemokine whose production was further increased by media from premalignant lesions. These results suggest that the responsiveness of spleen cells to adipocyte-derived mediators is influenced by mediators from premalignant lesion cells to favor conventional immune cell production of a Th2 and inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana A Vielma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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81
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Flachs P, Rossmeisl M, Kuda O, Kopecky J. Stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity in white fat independent of UCP1: A key to lean phenotype. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:986-1003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Long EK, Hellberg K, Foncea R, Hertzel AV, Suttles J, Bernlohr DA. Fatty acids induce leukotriene C4 synthesis in macrophages in a fatty acid binding protein-dependent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1199-207. [PMID: 23583845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity results in increased macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue that promotes a chronic low-grade inflammatory state linked to increased fatty acid efflux from adipocytes. Activated macrophages produce a variety of pro-inflammatory lipids such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and 5-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) suggesting the hypothesis that fatty acids may stimulate eicosanoid synthesis. To assess if eicosanoid production increases with obesity, adipose tissue of leptin deficient ob/ob mice was analyzed. In ob/ob mice, LTC4 and 12-HETE levels increased in the visceral (but not subcutaneous) adipose depot while the 5-HETE levels decreased and 15-HETE abundance was unchanged. Since macrophages produce the majority of inflammatory molecules in adipose tissue, treatment of RAW264.7 or primary peritoneal macrophages with free fatty acids led to increased secretion of LTC4 and 5-HETE, but not 12- or 15-HETE. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) facilitate the intracellular trafficking of fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands and in vitro stabilize the LTC4 precursor leukotriene A4 (LTA4) from non-enzymatic hydrolysis. Consistent with a role for FABPs in LTC4 synthesis, treatment of macrophages with HTS01037, a specific FABP inhibitor, resulted in a marked decrease in both basal and fatty acid-stimulated LTC4 secretion but no change in 5-HETE production or 5-lipoxygenase expression. These results indicate that the products of adipocyte lipolysis may stimulate the 5-lipoxygenase pathway leading to FABP-dependent production of LTC4 and contribute to the insulin resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Long
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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83
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Hernández-Alvídrez E, Alba-Reyes G, Muñoz-Cedillo BC, Arreola-Ramírez JL, Furuya MEY, Becerril-Ángeles M, Vargas MH. Passive smoking induces leukotriene production in children: influence of asthma. J Asthma 2013; 50:347-53. [PMID: 23398266 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.773009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive smoking is associated with poor asthma control in children, but the mechanism is unknown. Leukotrienes are involved in the asthma pathogenesis and their synthesis is increased in adult subjects who actively smoke. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether passive smoking, as assessed by urinary cotinine levels, increases leukotriene production in children with or without asthma. METHODS This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which children with stable intermittent asthma (without exacerbation) and healthy control children were studied through spirometry and urinary concentrations of cotinine and leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)). Both groups were balanced to include children with and without passive smoking. RESULTS Ninety children (49 with asthma and 41 controls, 54.4% females) aged 9 years (range, 5-13 years) were studied. Urinary LTE(4) concentrations were progressively higher as cotinine levels increased (r(S) = 0.23, p = .03). LTE(4) also correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r(S) = 0.30, p = .004), and multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI was even more influential than cotinine for determining LTE(4) levels. LTE(4) concentrations were unrelated with gender, age, or spirometry. In turn, cotinine inversely correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) (r(S) = -0.22, p = .04) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (r(S) = -0.25, p = .02), but when analyzed by groups, these relationships were statistically significant only in children with asthma. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, as assessed by urinary cotinine levels, was associated with an increased urinary concentration of LTE(4), although BMI exerted more influence in determining its concentration. Urinary cotinine was associated with decreased lung function, mainly in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hernández-Alvídrez
- Departamento de Neumopediatría, Hospital General Gaudencio González Garza, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico DF, Mexico
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84
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Su J, Zhou L, Kong X, Yang X, Xiang X, Zhang Y, Li X, Sun L. Endoplasmic reticulum is at the crossroads of autophagy, inflammation, and apoptosis signaling pathways and participates in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:193461. [PMID: 23762873 PMCID: PMC3673337 DOI: 10.1155/2013/193461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, and its incidence is growing worldwide. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a central component of cellular functions and is involved in protein folding and trafficking, lipid synthesis, and maintenance of calcium homeostasis. The ER is also a sensor of both intra- and extracellular stress and thus participates in monitoring and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Therefore, the ER is one site of interaction between environmental signals and a cell's biological function. The ER is tightly linked to autophagy, inflammation, and apoptosis, and recent evidence suggests that these processes are related to the pathogenesis of DM and its complications. Thus, the ER has been considered an intersection integrating multiple stress responses and playing an important role in metabolism-related diseases including DM. Here, we review the relationship between the ER and autophagy, inflammation, and apoptosis in DM to better understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoxia Kong
- Institute of Hypoxia Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaochun Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiyan Xiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- *Liankun Sun:
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85
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Molecular targets related to inflammation and insulin resistance and potential interventions. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:379024. [PMID: 23049242 PMCID: PMC3463198 DOI: 10.1155/2012/379024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and insulin resistance are common in several chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Various studies show a relationship between these two factors, although the mechanisms involved are not completely understood yet. Here, we discuss the molecular basis of insulin resistance and inflammation and the molecular aspects on inflammatory pathways interfering in insulin action. Moreover, we explore interventions based on molecular targets for preventing or treating correlated disorders, advances for a better characterization, and understanding of the mechanisms and mediators involved in the different inflammatory and insulin resistance conditions. Finally, we address biotechnological studies for the development of new potential therapies and interventions.
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