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Dauletova M, Hafsan H, Mahhengam N, Zekiy AO, Ahmadi M, Siahmansouri H. Mesenchymal stem cell alongside exosomes as a novel cell-based therapy for COVID-19: A review study. Clin Immunol 2021; 226:108712. [PMID: 33684527 PMCID: PMC7935675 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past year, an emerging disease called Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been discovered in Wuhan, China, which has become a worrying pandemic and has challenged the world health system and economy. SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell through a specific receptor (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) expressed on epithelial cells of various tissues. The virus, by inducing cell apoptosis and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, generates as cytokine storm, which is the major cause of mortality in the patients. This type of response, along with responses by other immune cell, such as alveolar macrophages and neutrophils causes extensive damage to infected tissue. Newly, a novel cell-based therapy by Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) as well as by their exosomes has been developed for treatment of COVID-19 that yielded promising outcomes. In this review study, we discuss the characteristics and benefits of MSCs therapy as well as MSC-secreted exosome therapy in treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Dauletova
- Department of Propaedeutics and Internal Medicine, Akhmet Yassawi Internationl Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Kazakhstan
| | - Hafsan Hafsan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Negah Mahhengam
- Faculty of General Medicine, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Angelina Olegovna Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Homayoon Siahmansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Nutritional immunity: the impact of metals on lung immune cells and the airway microbiome during chronic respiratory disease. Respir Res 2021; 22:133. [PMID: 33926483 PMCID: PMC8082489 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is the sequestration of bioavailable trace metals such as iron, zinc and copper by the host to limit pathogenicity by invading microorganisms. As one of the most conserved activities of the innate immune system, limiting the availability of free trace metals by cells of the immune system serves not only to conceal these vital nutrients from invading bacteria but also operates to tightly regulate host immune cell responses and function. In the setting of chronic lung disease, the regulation of trace metals by the host is often disrupted, leading to the altered availability of these nutrients to commensal and invading opportunistic pathogenic microbes. Similarly, alterations in the uptake, secretion, turnover and redox activity of these vitally important metals has significant repercussions for immune cell function including the response to and resolution of infection. This review will discuss the intricate role of nutritional immunity in host immune cells of the lung and how changes in this fundamental process as a result of chronic lung disease may alter the airway microbiome, disease progression and the response to infection.
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Paijens ST, Vledder A, de Bruyn M, Nijman HW. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the immunotherapy era. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:842-859. [PMID: 33139907 PMCID: PMC8115290 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of cancer immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has refocused attention on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) across cancer types. The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients has been linked to the quality and magnitude of T cell, NK cell, and more recently, B cell responses within the tumor microenvironment. State-of-the-art single-cell analysis of TIL gene expression profiles and clonality has revealed a remarkable degree of cellular heterogeneity and distinct patterns of immune activation and exhaustion. Many of these states are conserved across tumor types, in line with the broad responses observed clinically. Despite this homology, not all cancer types with similar TIL landscapes respond similarly to immunotherapy, highlighting the complexity of the underlying tumor-immune interactions. This observation is further confounded by the strong prognostic benefit of TILs observed for tumor types that have so far respond poorly to immunotherapy. Thus, while a holistic view of lymphocyte infiltration and dysfunction on a single-cell level is emerging, the search for response and prognostic biomarkers is just beginning. Within this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of TIL biology, their prognostic benefit, and their predictive value for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterre T Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annegé Vledder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Toxicology of flavoring- and cannabis-containing e-liquids used in electronic delivery systems. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107838. [PMID: 33746051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were introduced in the United States in 2007 and by 2014 they were the most popular tobacco product amongst youth and had overtaken use of regular tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarettes are used to aerosolize a liquid (e-liquid) that the user inhales. Flavorings in e-liquids is a primary reason for youth to initiate use of e-cigarettes. Evidence is growing in the scientific literature that inhalation of some flavorings is not without risk of harm. In this review, 67 original articles (primarily cellular in vitro) on the toxicity of flavored e-liquids were identified in the PubMed and Scopus databases and evaluated critically. At least 65 individual flavoring ingredients in e-liquids or aerosols from e-cigarettes induced toxicity in the respiratory tract, cardiovascular and circulatory systems, skeletal system, and skin. Cinnamaldehyde was most frequently reported to be cytotoxic, followed by vanillin, menthol, ethyl maltol, ethyl vanillin, benzaldehyde and linalool. Additionally, modern e-cigarettes can be modified to aerosolize cannabis as dried plant material or a concentrated extract. The U.S. experienced an outbreak of lung injuries, termed e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) that began in 2019; among 2,022 hospitalized patients who had data on substance use (as of January 14, 2020), 82% reported using a delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (main psychoactive component in cannabis) containing e-cigarette, or vaping, product. Our literature search identified 33 articles related to EVALI. Vitamin E acetate, a diluent and thickening agent in cannabis-based products, was strongly linked to the EVALI outbreak in epidemiologic and laboratory studies; however, e-liquid chemistry is highly complex, and more than one mechanism of lung injury, ingredient, or thermal breakdown product may be responsible for toxicity. More research is needed, particularly with regard to e-cigarettes (generation, power settings, etc.), e-liquids (composition, bulk or vaped form), modeled systems (cell type, culture type, and dosimetry metrics), biological monitoring, secondhand exposures and contact with residues that contain nicotine and flavorings, and causative agents and mechanisms of EVALI toxicity.
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Zhang H, He F, Li P, Hardwidge PR, Li N, Peng Y. The Role of Innate Immunity in Pulmonary Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6646071. [PMID: 33553427 PMCID: PMC7847335 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6646071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity forms a protective line of defense in the early stages of pulmonary infection. The primary cellular players of the innate immunity against respiratory infections are alveolar macrophages (AMs), dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). They recognize conserved structures of microorganisms through membrane-bound and intracellular receptors to initiate appropriate responses. In this review, we focus on the prominent roles of innate immune cells and summarize transmembrane and cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling recognition mechanisms during pulmonary microbial infections. Understanding the mechanisms of PRR signal recognition during pulmonary pathogen infections will help us to understand pulmonary immunopathology and lay a foundation for the development of effective therapies to treat and/or prevent pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Nengzhang Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Abebe F. Immunological basis of early clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: the role of natural killer cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:32-40. [PMID: 33315236 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) kills more people than any other single infectious disease globally. Despite decades of research, there is no vaccine to prevent TB transmission. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, developed a century ago, is effective against childhood (disseminated and miliary) TB. However, its protective efficacy against pulmonary TB varies from 0 to 80% in different populations. One of the main reasons for the lack of an effective vaccine against TB is the lack of complete understanding about correlates of protective immunity on which to base vaccine design and development. However, some household contacts who are extensively exposed to Mtb infection remain persistently negative to tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma assay. These individuals, called 'resisters', clear Mtb infection early before the development of acquired immunity. The immunological basis of early Mtb clearance is yet to be established; however, innate lymphocytes such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and natural killer cells, and innate-like T cells such as mucosal-associated invariant T cells, invariant natural killer (NK) T cells and gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, have been implicated in this early protection. In recent years, NK cells have attracted increasing attention because of their role in controlling Mtb infection. Emerging data from animal and epidemiological studies indicate that NK cells play a significant role in the fight against Mtb. NK cells express various surface markers to recognize and kill both Mtb and Mtb-infected cells. This review presents recent advances in our understanding of NK cells in the fight against Mtb early during infection, with emphasis on cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abebe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Brownlie D, Doughty-Shenton D, Yh Soong D, Nixon C, O Carragher N, M Carlin L, Kitamura T. Metastasis-associated macrophages constrain antitumor capability of natural killer cells in the metastatic site at least partially by membrane bound transforming growth factor β. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001740. [PMID: 33472858 PMCID: PMC7818844 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Infusion of natural killer (NK) cells is an emerging immunotherapy for such malignant tumors, although elimination of the immunosuppressive tumor environment is required to improve its efficacy. The effects of this "metastatic" tumor environment on NK cells, however, remain largely unknown. Previous studies, including our own, have demonstrated that metastasis-associated macrophages (MAMs) are one of the most abundant immune cell types in the metastatic tumor niche in mouse models of metastatic breast cancer. We thus investigated the effects of MAMs on antitumor functions of NK cells in the metastatic tumor microenvironment. METHODS MAMs were isolated from the tumor-bearing lung of C57BL/6 mice intravenously injected with E0771-LG mouse mammary tumor cells. The effects of MAMs on NK cell cytotoxicity towards E0771-LG cells were evaluated in vitro by real-time fluorescence microscopy. The effects of MAM depletion on NK cell activation, maturation, and accumulation in the metastatic lung were evaluated by flow cytometry (CD69, CD11b, CD27) and in situ hybridization (Ncr1) using colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) receptor conditional knockout (Csf1r-cKO) mice. Finally, metastatic tumor loads in the chest region of mice were determined by bioluminescence imaging in order to evaluate the effect of MAM depletion on therapeutic efficacy of endogenous and adoptively transferred NK cells in suppressing metastatic tumor growth. RESULTS MAMs isolated from the metastatic lung suppressed NK cell-induced tumor cell apoptosis in vitro via membrane-bound transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) dependent mechanisms. In the tumor-challenged mice, depletion of MAMs increased the percentage of activated (CD69+) and mature (CD11b+CD27-) NK cells and the number of Ncr1+ NK cells as well as NK cell-mediated tumor rejection in the metastatic site. Moreover, MAM depletion or TGF-β receptor antagonist treatment significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of NK cell infusion in suppressing early metastatic tumor outgrowth. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that MAMs are a main negative regulator of NK cell function within the metastatic tumor niche, and MAM targeting is an attractive strategy to improve NK cell-based immunotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi Brownlie
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dahlia Doughty-Shenton
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel Yh Soong
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Leo M Carlin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Takanori Kitamura
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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58
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Sheehan K, Schalper KA. Tumor Microenvironment: Immune Effector and Suppressor Imbalance. Lung Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74028-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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59
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Quinones Tavarez Z, Li D, Croft DP, Gill SR, Ossip DJ, Rahman I. The Interplay Between Respiratory Microbiota and Innate Immunity in Flavor E-Cigarette Vaping Induced Lung Dysfunction. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:589501. [PMID: 33391205 PMCID: PMC7772214 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.589501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has been increasing in the last decade. ENDS are non-combustible tobacco products that heat and aerosolize a liquid containing humectants, with added flavorings and often nicotine. Though ENDS are promoted as a less harmful alternative to smoking, current evidence links their use to a wide range of deleterious health effects including acute and chronic lung damage. ENDS can elicit an inflammatory response and impair the innate immune response in the lungs. Exposure to ENDS flavorings results in abnormal activation of the lung epithelial cells and β-defensins, dysfunction of the macrophage phagocytic activity, increased levels of mucin (MUC5AC) and abnormal activation of the neutrophilic response (NETosis). ENDS menthol flavorings disrupt innate immunity and might be associated with allergies and asthma through activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRAP1). Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the relationship between the homeostasis of lung innate immunity and the immunomodulatory effect of the host-microbiota interaction. Alterations of the normal respiratory microbiota have been associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, atopy and cystic fibrosis complications which are strongly associated with smoking and potentially with ENDS use. Little is known about the short-and long-term effects of ENDS on the respiratory microbiota, their impact on the innate immune response and their link to pulmonary health and disease. Here we review the interaction between the innate immune system and the respiratory microbiota in the pathogenesis of ENDS-induced pulmonary dysfunction and identify future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahira Quinones Tavarez
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Daniel P Croft
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Steven R Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Deborah J Ossip
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Airway Redox Homeostasis and Inflammation Gone Awry: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Emerging Therapeutics in Respiratory Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239317. [PMID: 33297418 PMCID: PMC7731288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As aerobic organisms, we are continuously and throughout our lifetime subjected to an oxidizing atmosphere and, most often, to environmental threats. The lung is the internal organ most highly exposed to this milieu. Therefore, it has evolved to confront both oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a variety of pollutants, pathogens, and allergens that promote inflammation and can harm the airways to different degrees. Indeed, an excess of ROS, generated intrinsically or from external sources, can imprint direct damage to key structural cell components (nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, and proteins) and indirectly perturb ROS-mediated signaling in lung epithelia, impairing its homeostasis. These early events complemented with efficient recognition of pathogen- or damage-associated recognition patterns by the airway resident cells alert the immune system, which mounts an inflammatory response to remove the hazards, including collateral dead cells and cellular debris, in an attempt to return to homeostatic conditions. Thus, any major or chronic dysregulation of the redox balance, the air-liquid interface, or defects in epithelial proteins impairing mucociliary clearance or other defense systems may lead to airway damage. Here, we review our understanding of the key role of oxidative stress and inflammation in respiratory pathology, and extensively report current and future trends in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatments focusing on the following major acute and chronic lung diseases: acute lung injury/respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis.
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Fahlberg MD, Blair RV, Doyle-Meyers LA, Midkiff CC, Zenere G, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Monjure CJ, Haupt EH, Penney TP, Lehmicke G, Threeton BM, Golden N, Datta PK, Roy CJ, Bohm RP, Maness NJ, Fischer T, Rappaport J, Vaccari M. Cellular events of acute, resolving or progressive COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 infected non-human primates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6078. [PMID: 33247138 PMCID: PMC7695721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding SARS-CoV-2 associated immune pathology is crucial to develop pan-effective vaccines and treatments. Here we investigate the immune events from the acute state up to four weeks post SARS-CoV-2 infection, in non-human primates (NHP) with heterogeneous pulmonary pathology. We show a robust migration of CD16 expressing monocytes to the lungs occurring during the acute phase, and we describe two subsets of interstitial macrophages (HLA-DR+CD206-): a transitional CD11c+CD16+ cell population directly associated with IL-6 levels in plasma, and a long-lasting CD11b+CD16+ cell population. Trafficking of monocytes is mediated by TARC (CCL17) and associates with viral load measured in bronchial brushes. We also describe associations between disease outcomes and high levels of cell infiltration in lungs including CD11b+CD16hi macrophages and CD11b+ neutrophils. Accumulation of macrophages is long-lasting and detectable even in animals with mild or no signs of disease. Interestingly, animals with anti-inflammatory responses including high IL-10:IL-6 and kynurenine to tryptophan ratios show less severe illness. Our results unravel cellular mechanisms of COVID-19 and suggest that NHP may be appropriate models to test immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Fahlberg
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - R V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - C C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - G Zenere
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - K E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - C J Monjure
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - E H Haupt
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - T P Penney
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - G Lehmicke
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - B M Threeton
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - N Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - P K Datta
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - C J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - R P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - N J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T Fischer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M Vaccari
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Murakami Y, Ishii T, Nunokawa H, Kurata K, Narita T, Yamashita N. TLR9-IL-2 axis exacerbates allergic asthma by preventing IL-17A hyperproduction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18110. [PMID: 33093516 PMCID: PMC7581806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is one of most famous allergic diseases, which develops lung and airway inflammation. Recent studies have revealed the relationship between the pathology of allergic asthma and the increase of host-derived DNA in inflamed lung, but the role of the DNA-recognizing innate immune receptor for the inflammation is unknown well. Here we investigated the role of Toll-Like Receptor 9 in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma without synthesized CpG-ODNs. To examine that, we analyzed the pathology and immunology of house-dust-mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma in Tlr9–/– mice and TLR9-inhibitory-antibody-treated mice. In Tlr9–/– mice, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and the number of eosinophils decreased, and production of the Th2 cytokines IL-13, IL-5, and IL-4 was suppressed, compared with in wild-type mice. Interestingly, unlike Th2 cytokine production, IL-17A production was increased in Tlr9–/– mice. Furthermore, production of IL-2, which decreases IL-17A production, was reduced in Tlr9–/– mice. Blockade of TLR9 by treatment with TLR9-inhibitory-antibody, NaR9, effectively suppressed the development of allergic asthma pathology. IL-17A production in NaR9-treated mice was enhanced, which is comparable to Tlr9-/- mice. These results suggest that the TLR9–IL-2 axis plays an important role in Th2 inflammation by modulating IL-17A production in HDM-induced allergic asthma and that targeting of TLR9 might be a novel therapeutic method for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishii
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nunokawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | | | - Tomoya Narita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Naomi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan.
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Theresine M, Patil ND, Zimmer J. Airway Natural Killer Cells and Bacteria in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585048. [PMID: 33101315 PMCID: PMC7546320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity and mostly studied for their important roles in viral infections and malignant tumors. They can kill diseased cells and produce cytokines and chemokines, thereby shaping the adaptive immune response. Nowadays, NK cells are considered as a strong weapon for cancer immunotherapy and can for example be transduced to express tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptors or harnessed with therapeutic antibodies such as the so-called NK engagers. Whereas a large body of literature exists about the antiviral and antitumoral properties of NK cells, their potential role in bacterial infections is not that well delineated. Furthermore, NK cells are much more heterogeneous than previously thought and have tissue-characteristic features and phenotypes. This review gives an overview of airway NK cells and their position within the immunological army dressed against bacterial infections in the upper and predominantly the lower respiratory tracts. Whereas it appears that in several infections, NK cells play a non-redundant and protective role, they can likewise act as rather detrimental. The use of mouse models and the difficulty of access to human airway tissues for ethical reasons might partly explain the divergent results. However, new methods are appearing that are likely to reduce the heterogeneity between studies and to give a more coherent picture in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Theresine
- CG I Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Neha D Patil
- CG I Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- CG I Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunotherapy strategies alternative to current antiretroviral therapies will need to address viral diversity while increasing the immune system's ability to efficiently target the latent virus reservoir. Antibody-based molecules can be designed based on broadly neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies that target free virions and infected cells. These multispecific molecules, either by IgG-like or non-IgG-like in structure, aim to target several independent HIV-1 epitopes and/or engage effector cells to eliminate the replicating virus and infected cells. This detailed review is intended to stimulate discussion on future requirements for novel immunotherapeutic molecules. RECENT FINDINGS Bispecific and trispecific antibodies are engineered as a single molecules to target two or more independent epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope (Env). These antibody-based molecules have increased avidity for Env, leading to improved neutralization potency and breadth compared with single parental antibodies. Furthermore, bispecific and trispecific antibodies that engage cellular receptors with one arm of the molecule help concentrate inhibitory molecules to the sites of potential infection and facilitate engagement of immune effector cells and Env-expressing target cells for their elimination. SUMMARY Recently engineered antibody-based molecules of different sizes and structures show promise in vitro or in vivo and are encouraging candidates for HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tuyishime
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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65
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Cong J. Metabolism of Natural Killer Cells and Other Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1989. [PMID: 32983138 PMCID: PMC7484708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the host's first line of defense against tumors and viral infections without prior sensitization. It is increasingly accepted that NK cells belong to the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family. Other ILCs, comprising ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, are largely non-cytotoxic, tissue-resident cells, which function to protect local microenvironments against tissue insults and maintain homeostasis. Recently, evidence has accumulated that metabolism supports many aspects of the biology of NK cells and other ILCs, and that metabolic reprogramming regulates their development and function. Here, we outline the current understanding of ILC metabolism, and describe how metabolic processes are affected, and how metabolic defects are coupled to dysfunction of ILCs, in disease settings. Furthermore, we summarize the current and potential directions for immunotherapy involving targeting of ILC metabolism. Finally, we discuss the open questions in the rapidly expanding field of ILC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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66
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Soleimanian S, Yaghobi R. Harnessing Memory NK Cell to Protect Against COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1309. [PMID: 32973527 PMCID: PMC7468462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide struggle against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health crisis continues to sweep across the globe. Up to now, effective antiviral treatment against COVID-19 is not available. Therefore, throughout virus infections, a thorough clarification of the virus-host immune system interactions will be most probably helpful to encounter these challenges. Emerging evidence suggests that just like SARS and MERS, COVID-19 primarily suppresses the innate immune system, enabling its stable propagation during the early stage of infection. Consequently, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been increasing during infection progression associated with severe lung pathology. It is imperative to consider hyper inflammation in vaccine designing, as vaccine-induced immune responses must have a protective role against infection without leading to immunopathology. Among the front-line responders to viral infections, Natural Killer (NK) cells have immense therapeutic potential, forming a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. A subset of NK cells exhibits putatively increased effector functions against viruses following pathogen-specific and immunization. Memory NK cells have higher cytotoxicity and effector activity, compared with the conventional NK cells. As a pioneering strategy, prompt accumulation and long-term maintenance of these memory NK cells could be an efficacious viral treatment. According to the high prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the world, it remains to be determined whether HCMV adaptive NK cells could play a protective role against this new emerging virus. In addition, the new adaptive-like KIR+NKG2C+ NK cell subset (the adaptive-like lung tissue residue [tr]NK cell) in the context of the respiratory infection at this site could specifically exhibit the expansion upon COVID-19. Another aspect of NK cells we should note, utilizing modified NK cells such as allogeneic off-the-shelf CAR-NK cells as a state-of-the-art strategy for the treatment of COVID-19. In this line, we speculate introducing NKG2C into chimeric antigen receptors in NK cells might be a potential approach in future viral immunotherapy for emerging viruses. In this contribution, we will briefly discuss the current status and future perspective of NK cells, which provide to successfully exploit NK cell-mediated antiviral activity that may offer important new tools in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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67
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Kumar V. Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1722. [PMID: 32849610 PMCID: PMC7417316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a primary organ for gas exchange in mammals that represents the largest epithelial surface in direct contact with the external environment. It also serves as a crucial immune organ, which harbors both innate and adaptive immune cells to induce a potent immune response. Due to its direct contact with the outer environment, the lung serves as a primary target organ for many airborne pathogens, toxicants (aerosols), and allergens causing pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute lung injury or inflammation (ALI). The current review describes the immunological mechanisms responsible for bacterial pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. It highlights the immunological differences for the severity of bacterial sepsis-induced ALI as compared to the pneumonia-associated ALI. The immune-based differences between the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria-induced pneumonia show different mechanisms to induce ALI. The role of pulmonary epithelial cells (PECs), alveolar macrophages (AMs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasome proteins) in neutrophil infiltration and ALI induction have been described during pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. Also, the resolution of inflammation is frequently observed during ALI associated with pneumonia, whereas sepsis-associated ALI lacks it. Hence, the review mainly describes the different immune mechanisms responsible for pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. The differences in immune response depending on the causal pathogen (Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria) associated pneumonia or sepsis-induced ALI should be taken in mind specific immune-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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68
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Cantoni C, Granata S, Bruschi M, Spaggiari GM, Candiano G, Zaza G. Recent Advances in the Role of Natural Killer Cells in Acute Kidney Injury. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1484. [PMID: 32903887 PMCID: PMC7438947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence is revealing a central role for natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic cells belonging to the broad family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), in acute and chronic forms of renal disease. NK cell effector functions include both the recognition and elimination of virus-infected and tumor cells and the capability of sensing pathogens through Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement. Notably, they also display immune regulatory properties, exerted thanks to their ability to secrete cytokines/chemokines and to establish interactions with different innate and adaptive immune cells. Therefore, because of their multiple functions, NK cells may have a major pathogenic role in acute kidney injury (AKI), and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving NK cell activation in AKI and their downstream interactions with intrinsic renal cells and infiltrating immune cells could help to identify new potential biomarkers and to select clinically valuable novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the current literature regarding the potential involvement of NK cells in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Spaggiari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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69
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Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Zohar T, Slein MD, Burke J, Loos C, McCulloch DJ, Newman KL, Wolf C, Yu J, Shuey K, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna T, Schmidt AG, Suscovich TJ, Linde C, Cai Y, Barouch D, Ryan ET, Charles RC, Lauffenburger D, Chu H, Alter G. Distinct Early Serological Signatures Track with SARS-CoV-2 Survival. Immunity 2020; 53:524-532.e4. [PMID: 32783920 PMCID: PMC7392190 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 infections and death counts continue to rise, it remains unclear why some individuals recover from infection, whereas others rapidly progress and die. Although the immunological mechanisms that underlie different clinical trajectories remain poorly defined, pathogen-specific antibodies often point to immunological mechanisms of protection. Here, we profiled SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral responses in a cohort of 22 hospitalized individuals. Despite inter-individual heterogeneity, distinct antibody signatures resolved individuals with different outcomes. Although no differences in SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG levels were observed, spike-specific humoral responses were enriched among convalescent individuals, whereas functional antibody responses to the nucleocapsid were elevated in deceased individuals. Furthermore, this enriched immunodominant spike-specific antibody profile in convalescents was confirmed in a larger validation cohort. These results demonstrate that early antigen-specific and qualitative features of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies point to differences in disease trajectory, highlighting the potential importance of functional antigen-specific humoral immunity to guide patient care and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; PhD Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tomer Zohar
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Kira L Newman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caitlin Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kiel Shuey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Tim Caradonna
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Yongfei Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helen Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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70
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Rajaram S, Canaday LM, Ochayon DE, Rangel KM, Ali A, Gyurova IE, Krishnamurthy D, Fletcher JS, Reighard SD, Cox A, Weirauch MT, Kottyan LC, Deshmukh H, Zacharias WJ, Borchers MT, Waggoner SN. The Promise and Peril of Natural Killer Cell Therapies in Pulmonary Infection. Immunity 2020; 52:887-889. [PMID: 32405233 PMCID: PMC7219410 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeth Rajaram
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Sciences Undergraduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura M Canaday
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David E Ochayon
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelly M Rangel
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Biomedical Research Technologies Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ayad Ali
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ivayla E Gyurova
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Durga Krishnamurthy
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan S Fletcher
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Seth D Reighard
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Residency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William J Zacharias
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael T Borchers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Cincinnati Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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71
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Masselli E, Vaccarezza M, Carubbi C, Pozzi G, Presta V, Mirandola P, Vitale M. NK cells: A double edge sword against SARS-CoV-2. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 77:100737. [PMID: 32773100 PMCID: PMC7292949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are pivotal effectors of the innate immunity protecting an individual from microbes. They are the first line of defense against invading viruses, given their substantial ability to directly target infected cells without the need for specific antigen presentation. By establishing cellular networks with a variety of cell types such as dendritic cells, NK cells can also amplify and modulate antiviral adaptive immune responses. In this review, we will examine the role of NK cells in SARS-COV2 infections causing the ongoing COVID19 pandemic, keeping in mind the controversial role of NK cells specifically in viral respiratory infections and in inflammatory-driven lung damage. We discuss lessons learnt from previous coronavirus outbreaks in humans (caused by SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-COV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Masselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy; University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Pozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Presta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Anatomy Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy; University Hospital of Parma, AOU-PR, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
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72
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Hashemi E, Malarkannan S. Tissue-Resident NK Cells: Development, Maturation, and Clinical Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061553. [PMID: 32545516 PMCID: PMC7352973 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) and are essential in killing infected or transformed cells. NK cells mediate their effector functions using non-clonotypic germ-line-encoded activation receptors. The utilization of non-polymorphic and conserved activating receptors promoted the conceptual dogma that NK cells are homogeneous with limited but focused immune functions. However, emerging studies reveal that NK cells are highly heterogeneous with divergent immune functions. A distinct combination of several activation and inhibitory receptors form a diverse array of NK cell subsets in both humans and mice. Importantly, one of the central factors that determine NK cell heterogeneity and their divergent functions is their tissue residency. Decades of studies provided strong support that NK cells develop in the bone marrow. However, evolving evidence supports the notion that NK cells also develop and differentiate in tissues. Here, we summarize the molecular basis, phenotypic signatures, and functions of tissue-resident NK cells and compare them with conventional NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Hashemi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence:
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73
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Kelly AM, McLoughlin RM. Target the Host, Kill the Bug; Targeting Host Respiratory Immunosuppressive Responses as a Novel Strategy to Improve Bacterial Clearance During Lung Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:767. [PMID: 32425944 PMCID: PMC7203494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is under constant pressure to protect the body from invading bacteria. An effective inflammatory immune response must be tightly orchestrated to ensure complete clearance of any invading bacteria, while simultaneously ensuring that inflammation is kept under strict control to preserve lung viability. Chronic bacterial lung infections are seen as a major threat to human life with the treatment of these infections becoming more arduous as the prevalence of antibiotic resistance becomes increasingly commonplace. In order to survive within the lung bacteria target the host immune system to prevent eradication. Many bacteria directly target inflammatory cells and cytokines to impair inflammatory responses. However, bacteria also have the capacity to take advantage of and strongly promote anti-inflammatory immune responses in the host lung to inhibit local pro-inflammatory responses that are critical to bacterial elimination. Host cells such as T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are often enhanced in number and activity during chronic pulmonary infection. By increasing suppressive cell populations and cytokines, bacteria promote a permissive environment suitable for their prolonged survival. This review will explore the anti-inflammatory aspects of the lung immune system that are targeted by bacteria and how bacterial-induced immunosuppression could be inhibited through the use of host-directed therapies to improve treatment options for chronic lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna M Kelly
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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74
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Riccardo F, Barutello G, Petito A, Tarone L, Conti L, Arigoni M, Musiu C, Izzo S, Volante M, Longo DL, Merighi IF, Papotti M, Cavallo F, Quaglino E. Immunization against ROS1 by DNA Electroporation Impairs K-Ras-Driven Lung Adenocarcinomas . Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020166. [PMID: 32268572 PMCID: PMC7349290 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapeutic approaches, there is still an urgent need for novel strategies to improve patient survival. ROS1, a tyrosine kinase receptor endowed with oncoantigen features, is activated by chromosomal rearrangement or overexpression in NSCLC and in several tumor histotypes. In this work, we have exploited transgenic mice harboring the activated K-Ras oncogene (K-RasG12D) that spontaneously develop metastatic NSCLC as a preclinical model to test the efficacy of ROS1 immune targeting. Indeed, qPCR and immunohistochemical analyses revealed ROS1 overexpression in the autochthonous primary tumors and extrathoracic metastases developed by K-RasG12D mice and in a derived transplantable cell line. As proof of concept, we have evaluated the effects of the intramuscular electroporation (electrovaccination) of plasmids coding for mouse- and human-ROS1 on the progression of these NSCLC models. A significant increase in survival was observed in ROS1-electrovaccinated mice challenged with the transplantable cell line. It is worth noting that tumors were completely rejected, and immune memory was achieved, albeit only in a few mice. Most importantly, ROS1 electrovaccination was also found to be effective in slowing the development of autochthonous NSCLC in K-RasG12D mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Barutello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Angela Petito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Chiara Musiu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Stefania Izzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.I.); (M.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.I.); (M.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Irene Fiore Merighi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (S.I.); (M.V.); (M.P.)
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (E.Q.); Tel.: +39-011670-6457 (F.C. & E.Q.)
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (F.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.M.); (I.F.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (E.Q.); Tel.: +39-011670-6457 (F.C. & E.Q.)
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Pascual-Guardia S, Ataya M, Ramírez-Martínez I, Yélamos J, Chalela R, Bellido S, López-Botet M, Gea J. Adaptive NKG2C+ natural killer cells are related to exacerbations and nutritional abnormalities in COPD patients. Respir Res 2020; 21:63. [PMID: 32131843 PMCID: PMC7057582 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic and often progressive disorder with a heterogeneous presentation and frequent systemic manifestations. Several aspects like persistence in smoking habit, continuous exacerbations, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and inflammatory-immune response, are involved in the pathophysiology and progression of the disease. However, the role of natural killer (NK) cells remains controversial. Otherwise, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been reported to induce an adaptive differentiation and expansion of an NK cell subset which carries the CD94/NKG2C receptor, which may contribute to an upset immune defense. For these reasons, our objective is to assess the distribution of NK cells and their subset in COPD patients and some of its phenotypes. Methods Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 66 COPD patients. HCMV serology and the proportions of total NK cells and the NKG2C+ and NKG2A+ subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry. The NKG2C genotype was also assessed. Results Eighty-eight per cent of COPD patients were HCMV(+), and the proportions of total NK cells were higher in patients with severe-very severe airway obstruction than in those with only mild-moderate involvement. There were no differences in the proportions of NKG2C+ cells between controls and COPD, either among COPD patients classified by severity of the disease. However, the percentage of NKG2C+ cells were higher in COPD patients with frequent exacerbations than in occasional exacerbators, and higher in cases with reduced lean mass (Fat free mass index) than in those with normal nutritional status. Conclusion These results suggest a relationship between levels of NKG2C+ cells in COPD patients and clinical variables closely linked to a poor/worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Pascual-Guardia
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar, Pg. Marítim 27, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain. .,Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michelle Ataya
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Ramírez-Martínez
- Immunology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatry department, Hospital Torrecardenas, Almería, Spain
| | - José Yélamos
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Chalela
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar, Pg. Marítim 27, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salomé Bellido
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar, Pg. Marítim 27, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar, Pg. Marítim 27, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Respiratory Network, Barcelona, Spain
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Maintenance of Type 2 Response by CXCR6-Deficient ILC2 in Papain-Induced Lung Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215493. [PMID: 31690060 PMCID: PMC6862482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are important players of early immune defenses in situations like lymphoid organogenesis or in case of immune response to inflammation, infection and cancer. Th1 and Th2 antagonism is crucial for the regulation of immune responses, however mechanisms are still unclear for ILC functions. ILC2 and NK cells were reported to be both involved in allergic airway diseases and were shown to be able to interplay in the regulation of the immune response. CXCR6 is a common chemokine receptor expressed by all ILC, and its deficiency affects ILC2 and ILC1/NK cell numbers and functions in lungs in both steady-state and inflammatory conditions. We determined that the absence of a specific ILC2 KLRG1+ST2− subset in CXCR6-deficient mice is probably dependent on CXCR6 for its recruitment to the lung under inflammation. We show that despite their decreased numbers, lung CXCR6-deficient ILC2 are even more activated cells producing large amount of type 2 cytokines that could drive eosinophilia. This is strongly associated to the decrease of the lung Th1 response in CXCR6-deficient mice.
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