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Singh RK. Recent Trends in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Therapeutic Options and Drug Repurposing Approaches. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:868-882. [PMID: 31989900 PMCID: PMC7569317 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200128121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most progressive forms of dementia, ultimately leading to death in aged populations. The major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease include deposition of extracellular amyloid senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in brain neuronal cells. Although there are classical therapeutic options available for the treatment of the diseases, however, they provide only a symptomatic relief and do not modify the molecular pathophysiological course of the disease. Recent research advances in Alzheimer's disease have highlighted the potential role of anti-amyloid, anti-tau, and anti-inflammatory therapies. However, these therapies are still in different phases of pre-clinical/clinical development. In addition, drug repositioning/repurposing is another interesting and promising approach to explore rationalized options for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the different aspects of the pathophysiological mechanism involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease along with the limitations of current therapies. Furthermore, this review also highlights emerging investigational drugs along with recent drug repurposing approaches for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Manesar, Gurgaon-122413, Haryana, India,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Raebareli. Transit Campus, Bijnour-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow-226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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52
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Ahuja-Casarín AI, Merino-Montiel P, Vega-Baez JL, Montiel-Smith S, Fernandes MX, Lagunes I, Maya I, Padrón JM, López Ó, Fernández-Bolaños JG. Tuning the activity of iminosugars: novel N-alkylated deoxynojirimycin derivatives as strong BuChE inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:138-146. [PMID: 33228403 PMCID: PMC7717699 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1847101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have designed unprecedented cholinesterase inhibitors based on 1-deoxynojirimycin as potential anti-Alzheimer’s agents. Compounds are comprised of three key structural motifs: the iminosugar, for interaction with cholinesterase catalytic anionic site (CAS); a hydrocarbon tether with variable lengths, and a fragment derived from 2-phenylethanol for promoting interactions with peripheral anionic site (PAS). Title compounds exhibited good selectivity towards BuChE, strongly depending on the substitution pattern and the length of the tether. The lead compounds were found to be strong mixed inhibitors of BuChE (IC50 = 1.8 and 1.9 µM). The presumptive binding mode of the lead compound was analysed using molecular docking simulations, revealing H-bond interactions with the catalytic subsite (His438) and CAS (Trp82 and Glu197) and van der Waals interactions with PAS (Thr284, Pro285, Asn289). They also lacked significant antiproliferative activity against tumour and non-tumour cells at 100 µM, making them promising new agents for tackling Alzheimer’s disease through the cholinergic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ahuja-Casarín
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Penélope Merino-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - José Luis Vega-Baez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Sara Montiel-Smith
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Miguel X Fernandes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Irene Lagunes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Inés Maya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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53
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Salkov VN, Khudoerkov RM. [The role of aluminum and lead in the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases]. Arkh Patol 2021; 83:56-61. [PMID: 34041898 DOI: 10.17116/patol20218303156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The article summarizes the data available in the literature on the toxic effects of aluminum and lead on the human brain and assesses the relationship of these effects to the etiopathogenesis of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The accumulation of ions of these metals in the brain structures leads to chronic intoxication that is manifested by the morphological signs that are typical for Alzheimer's disease, such as deposits of β-amyloid and τ-protein mainly in the frontal and temporal regions of the cortex, and for Parkinson's disease, such as degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and their accumulation of α-synuclein. The most likely forms of participation of aluminum and lead ions in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration are the replacement of bivalent metal ions necessary for brain functioning, oxidative stress initiation, epigenetic modifications of histones, and increased expression of noncoding ribonucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Salkov
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
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54
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Ben-Shushan S, Miller Y. Neuropeptides: Roles and Activities as Metal Chelators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2796-2811. [PMID: 33570949 PMCID: PMC8389909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by deposits of amyloid proteins. The homeostasis of metal ions is crucial for the normal biological functions in the brain. However, in AD and PD, the imbalance of metal ions leads to formation of amyloid deposits. In the past four decades, there has been extensive effort to design compound agents than can chelate metal ions with the aim of preventing the formation of the amyloid deposits. Unfortunately, the compounds to date that were designed were not successful candidates to be used in clinical trials. Neuropeptides are small molecules that are produced and released by neurons. It has been shown that neuropeptides have neuroprotective effects in the brain and reduce the formation of amyloid deposits. This Review Article is focused on the function of neuropeptides as metal chelators. Experimental and computational studies demonstrated that neuropeptides could bind metal ions, such as Cu2+ and Zn2+. This Review Article provides perspectives and initiates future studies to investigate the role of neuropeptides as metal chelators in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Ben-Shushan
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
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55
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Bacci A, Runfola M, Sestito S, Rapposelli S. Beyond Antioxidant Effects: Nature-Based Templates Unveil New Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030367. [PMID: 33671015 PMCID: PMC7997428 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex network of malfunctioning pathways occurring in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represents a huge hurdle in the development of new effective drugs to be used in therapy. In this context, redox reactions act as crucial regulators in the maintenance of neuronal microenvironment homeostasis. Particularly, their imbalance results in the severe compromising of organism’s natural defense systems and subsequently, in the instauration of deleterious OS, that plays a fundamental role in the insurgence and progress of NDDs. Despite the huge efforts in drug discovery programs, the identification process of new therapeutic agents able to counteract the relentless progress of neurodegenerative processes has produced low or no effective therapies. Consequently, a paradigm-shift in the drug discovery approach for these diseases is gradually occurring, paving the way for innovative therapeutical approaches, such as polypharmacology. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the main pharmacological features of most promising nature-based scaffolds for a possible application in drug discovery, especially for NDDs, highlighting their multifaceted effects against OS and neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bacci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Massimiliano Runfola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence:
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56
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A Toxic Synergy between Aluminium and Amyloid Beta in Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041835. [PMID: 33673244 PMCID: PMC7918211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent, age-related, neurodegenerative disease, is associated with the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and oxidative stress. However, the sporadic nature of late-onset AD has suggested that other factors, such as aluminium may be involved. Aluminium (Al3+) is the most ubiquitous neurotoxic metal on earth, extensively bioavailable to humans. Despite this, the link between Al3+ and AD has been debated for decades and remains controversial. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism expressing Aβ42, this study aimed to examine the mechanisms of Al3+ toxicity and its interactions with Aβ42. S. cerevisiae cells producing Aβ42 treated with varying concentrations of Al3+ were examined for cell viability, growth inhibition, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Al3+ caused a significant reduction in cell viability: cell death in yeast producing green fluorescent protein tagged with Aβ42 (GFP–Aβ42) was significantly higher than in cells producing green fluorescent protein (GFP) alone. Additionally, Al3+ greatly inhibited the fermentative growth of yeast producing GFP–Aβ42, which was enhanced by ferric iron (Fe3+), while there was negligible growth inhibition of GFP cells. Al3+- induced ROS levels in yeast expressing native Aβ42 were significantly higher than in empty vector controls. These findings demonstrate Al3+ has a direct, detrimental toxic synergy with Aβ42 that can be influenced by Fe3+, causing increased oxidative stress. Thus, Al3+ should be considered as an important factor, alongside the known characteristic hallmarks of AD, in the development and aetiology of the disease.
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57
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Lopes de Andrade V, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M. NEUROTOXICITY OF METAL MIXTURES. ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2021; 5:329-364. [PMID: 34263093 PMCID: PMC8276944 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures and/or alterations in the homeostasis of essential transition metals (ETM), such as Fe, Cu, Zn or Mn, are known to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases (ND), such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). Aberrant ETM homeostasis leads to altered distributions, as significant amounts may accumulate in specific brain areas, while causing metal deficiency in others. The disruption of processes reliant on the interplay between these ETM, may lead to loss of metal balance and the ensuing neurotoxicity via shared mechanisms, such as the induction of oxidative stress (OS). Both ETM imbalance and OS may play a role, via complex positive loop processes, in primary neuropathological signatures of AD, such as the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NTF), and in PD, α-Syn aggregation and loss of dopamine(DA)rgic neurons. The association between ETM imbalance and ND is rarely approached under the view that metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, can act as dangerous endogenous neurotoxic mixtures when their control mechanisms became disrupted. In fact, their presence as mixtures implies intricacies, which should be kept in mind when developing therapies for complex disorders of metal dyshomeostasis, which commonly occur in ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Lopes de Andrade
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa. Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Marreilha dos Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa. Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michael Aschner
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Einstein Center of Toxicology.1300 Morris Park Avenue. Bronx, NY 10461
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58
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Neurotoxic Effect of Flavonol Myricetin in the Presence of Excess Copper. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040845. [PMID: 33562817 PMCID: PMC7914656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) induced by the disturbed homeostasis of metal ions is one of the pivotal factors contributing to neurodegeneration. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of flavonoid myricetin on copper-induced toxicity in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. As determined by the MTT method, trypan blue exclusion assay and measurement of ATP production, myricetin heightened the toxic effects of copper and exacerbated cell death. It also increased copper-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, indicating the prooxidative nature of its action. Furthermore, myricetin provoked chromatin condensation and loss of membrane integrity without caspase-3 activation, suggesting the activation of both caspase-independent programmed cell death and necrosis. At the protein level, myricetin-induced upregulation of PARP-1 and decreased expression of Bcl-2, whereas copper-induced changes in the expression of p53, p73, Bax and NME1 were not further affected by myricetin. Inhibitors of ERK1/2 and JNK kinases, protein kinase A and L-type calcium channels exacerbated the toxic effects of myricetin, indicating the involvement of intracellular signaling pathways in cell death. We also employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) to evaluate the morphological and mechanical properties of SH-SY5Y cells at the nanoscale. Consistent with the cellular and molecular methods, this biophysical approach also revealed a myricetin-induced increase in cell surface roughness and reduced elasticity. Taken together, we demonstrated the adverse effects of myricetin, pointing out that caution is required when considering powerful antioxidants for adjuvant therapy in copper-related neurodegeneration.
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59
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Campora M, Canale C, Gatta E, Tasso B, Laurini E, Relini A, Pricl S, Catto M, Tonelli M. Multitarget Biological Profiling of New Naphthoquinone and Anthraquinone-Based Derivatives for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:447-461. [PMID: 33428389 PMCID: PMC7880572 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Two
series of naphthoquinone and anthraquinone derivatives decorated
with an aromatic/heteroaromatic chain have been synthesized and evaluated
as potential promiscuous agents capable of targeting different factors
playing a key role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis.
On the basis of the in vitro biological profiling,
most of them exhibited a significant ability to inhibit amyloid aggregation,
PHF6 tau sequence aggregation, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and monoamine
oxidase (MAO) B. In particular, naphthoquinone 2 resulted
as one of the best performing multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) experiencing
a high potency profile in inhibiting β-amyloid (Aβ40) aggregation (IC50 = 3.2 μM), PHF6 tau
fragment (91% at 10 μM), AChE enzyme (IC50 = 9.2
μM) jointly with a remarkable inhibitory activity against MAO
B (IC50 = 7.7 nM). Molecular modeling studies explained
the structure–activity relationship (SAR) around the binding
modes of representative compound 2 in complex with hMAO
B and hAChE enzymes, revealing inhibitor/protein key contacts and
the likely molecular rationale for enzyme selectivity. Compound 2 was also demonstrated to be a strong inhibitor of Aβ42 aggregation, with potency comparable to quercetin. Accordingly,
atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the most promising naphthoquinones 2 and 5 and anthraquinones 11 and 12 were able to impair Aβ42 fibrillation,
deconstructing the morphologies of its fibrillar aggregates. Moreover,
the same compounds exerted a moderate neuroprotective effect against
Aβ42 toxicity in primary cultures of cerebellar granule
cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that these molecules may
represent valuable chemotypes toward the development of promising
candidates for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campora
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Canale
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gatta
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Bruno Tasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Amooei M, Meshkati Z, Nasiri R, Dakhili AB. Cognitive decline prevention in offspring of Pb +2 exposed mice by maternal aerobic training and Cur/CaCO 3@Cur supplementations: In vitro and in vivo studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111785. [PMID: 33348254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are considered contaminants that hazardously influence the healthy life of humans and animals as they are widely used in industry. Contact of youngsters and women at ages of parturition with lead (Pb+2) is a main related concern, which passes through the placental barricade and its better absorption in the intestine leads to flaws in the fetal developfment. However, the metals threaten animal and human life, in particular throughout developmental stages. Products existing in the nature have a major contribution to innovating chemo-preventives. As a naturally available polyphenol and necessary curcuminoid, curcumin (Cur) is a derivative of the herb Curcuma longa (L.) rhizome, which globally recognized as "wonder drug of life"; however, Cur has a limited clinical use as it is poorly dissolved in water. Therefore, to enhance its clinically relevant parameters, curcumin-loaded calcium carbonate (CaCO3@Cur) was synthesized by one step coprecipitation method as a newly introduced in this research. Initially, its structure was physio chemically characterized using FT-IR, FESEM and DLS equipment and then the cytotoxicity of lead when it was pretreated with Cur/CaCO3@Cur were assessed by MTT assay. Both Cur and CaCO3@Cur diminished the toxic effects of Pb+2 while the most protective effect on the Pb+2 cytotoxicity was achieved by pre-incubation of cells with CaCO3@Cur. Besides, the morphological changes of Pb+2-treated cells that were pre-incubated with or without Cur/CaCO3@Cur were observed by normal and florescent microscopes. A non-pharmacologic method that lowers the hazard of brain damage is exercise training that is capable of both improving and alleviating memory. In the current study, the role of regular aerobic training and CaCO3@Cur was assessed in reducing the risk of brain damage induced by lead nitrate contact. To achieve the mentioned goal, pregnant Balb/C mice were assigned to five groups (six mice/group) at random: negative and positive controls, aerobic training group and Cur and CaCO3@Cur treated (50 mg/kg/b.wt) trained groups that exposed to Pb+2 (2 mg/kg) by drinking water during breeding and pregnancy. With the completion of study, offspring were subjected to the behavioral tasks that was tested by step-through ORT, DLB, MWM and YM tests. As a result, having regular aerobic training and CaCO3@Cur co-administration with lead nitrate could reverse the most defected behavioral indicators; yet, this was not visible for both sexes and it seems that gender can also be a source of different effects in the animal's body. In fact, having regular aerobic training along with CaCO3@Cur supplementation during pregnancy may be encouraging protecting potential agents towards the toxicity of Pb+2 that could be recommended in the areas with high pollution of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amooei
- Department of physical education and sport sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Meshkati
- Department of physical education and sport sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Rozita Nasiri
- Iran National Elite Foundation, Tehran 93111-14578, Iran; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Bahador Dakhili
- Department of physical education and sport science, Faculty of shahid chamran Branch, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Kerman, Iran
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61
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Li S, Kerman K. Electrochemical biosensors for biometal-protein interactions in neurodegenerative diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 179:113035. [PMID: 33578115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have been adopted into a wide range of applications in the study of biometal-protein interactions in neurodegenerative diseases. Transition metals such as zinc, copper, and iron that are significant to biological functions have been shown to have strong implications in the progressive neural degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and prion protein diseases. This review presents a summative examination of the progress made in the design, fabrication, and applications of electrochemical biosensors in recent literature at understanding the metal-protein interactions in neurodegenerative diseases. The focus will be drawn on disease-causing biomarkers such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins for AD, α-synuclein (α-syn) for PD, and prion proteins (PrP). Topics such as the use of electrochemical biosensing in monitoring biometal-induced conformational changes, elucidation of complexation motifs, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as the influence on downstream biomolecular interactions will be discussed. Major results and important concepts presented in these studies will be summarized in the hope to spark inspiration for the next generation of electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopei Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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62
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Mustonen V, Muruganandam G, Loris R, Kursula P, Ruskamo S. Crystal and solution structure of NDRG1, a membrane-binding protein linked to myelination and tumour suppression. FEBS J 2021; 288:3507-3529. [PMID: 33305529 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a tumour suppressor involved in vesicular trafficking and stress response. NDRG1 participates in peripheral nerve myelination, and mutations in the NDRG1 gene lead to Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. The 43-kDa NDRG1 is considered as an inactive member of the α/β hydrolase superfamily. In addition to a central α/β hydrolase fold domain, NDRG1 consists of a short N terminus and a C-terminal region with three 10-residue repeats. We determined the crystal structure of the α/β hydrolase domain of human NDRG1 and characterised the structure and dynamics of full-length NDRG1. The structure of the α/β hydrolase domain resembles the canonical α/β hydrolase fold with a central β sheet surrounded by α helices. Small-angle X-ray scattering and CD spectroscopy indicated a variable conformation for the N- and C-terminal regions. NDRG1 binds to various types of lipid vesicles, and the conformation of the C-terminal region is modulated upon lipid interaction. Intriguingly, NDRG1 interacts with metal ions, such as nickel, but is prone to aggregation in their presence. Our results uncover the structural and dynamic features of NDRG1, as well as elucidate its interactions with metals and lipids, and encourage studies to identify a putative hydrolase activity of NDRG1. DATABASES: The coordinates and structure factors for the crystal structure of human NDRG1 were deposited to PDB (PDB ID: 6ZMM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venla Mustonen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Gopinath Muruganandam
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Remy Loris
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Salla Ruskamo
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
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63
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Lakey-Beitia J, Burillo AM, Penna GL, Hegde ML, Rao K. Polyphenols as Potential Metal Chelation Compounds Against Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S335-S357. [PMID: 32568200 PMCID: PMC7809605 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 50 million people worldwide. The pathology of this multifactorial disease is primarily characterized by the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates; however, other etiological factors including metal dyshomeostasis, specifically copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), play critical role in disease progression. Because these transition metal ions are important for cellular function, their imbalance can cause oxidative stress that leads to cellular death and eventual cognitive decay. Importantly, these transition metal ions can interact with the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and Aβ42 peptide, affecting Aβ aggregation and increasing its neurotoxicity. Considering how metal dyshomeostasis may substantially contribute to AD, this review discusses polyphenols and the underlying chemical principles that may enable them to act as natural chelators. Furthermore, polyphenols have various therapeutic effects, including antioxidant activity, metal chelation, mitochondrial function, and anti-amyloidogenic activity. These combined therapeutic effects of polyphenols make them strong candidates for a moderate chelation-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johant Lakey-Beitia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Andrea M. Burillo
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Giovanni La Penna
- National Research Council, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - K.S. Rao
- Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Institute, Hangzhou, Republic of China
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Kaur A, Goyal D, Goyal B. An α-helix mimetic oligopyridylamide, ADH-31, modulates Aβ 42 monomer aggregation and destabilizes protofibril structures: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:28055-28073. [PMID: 33289734 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04672h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an epidemic growing worldwide due to no effective medical aid available in the market, is a neurological disorder. AD is known to be directly associated with the toxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates. In search of potent inhibitors of Aβ aggregation, Hamilton and co-workers reported an α-helix mimetic, ADH-31, which acts as a powerful antagonist of Aβ42 aggregation. To identify the key interactions between protein-ligand complexes and to gain insights into the inhibitory mechanism of ADH-31 against Aβ42 aggregation, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed in the present study. The MD simulations highlighted that ADH-31 showed distinct binding capabilities with residues spanning from the N-terminal to the central hydrophobic core (CHC) region of Aβ42 and restricted the conformational transition of the helix-rich structure of Aβ42 into another form of secondary structures (coil/turn/β-sheet). Hydrophobic contacts, hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction contribute to the strong binding between ADH-31 and Aβ42 monomer. The Dictionary of Secondary Structure of Proteins (DSSP) analysis highlighted that the probability of helical content increases from 38.5% to 50.2% and the turn content reduces from 14.7% to 6.2% with almost complete loss of the β-sheet structure (4.5% to 0%) in the Aβ42 monomer + ADH-31 complex. The per-residue binding free energy analysis demonstrated that Arg5, Tyr10, His14, Gln15, Lys16, Val18, Phe19 and Lys28 residues of Aβ42 are responsible for the favourable binding free energy in Aβ42 monomer + ADH-31 complex, which is consistent with the 2D HSQC NMR of the Aβ42 monomer that depicted a change in the chemical shift of residues spanning from Glu11 to Phe20 in the presence of ADH-31. The MD simulations highlighted the prevention of sampling of amyloidogenic β-strand conformations in Aβ42 trimer in the presence of ADH-31 as well as the ability of ADH-31 to destabilize Aβ42 trimer and protofibril structures. The lower binding affinity between Aβ42 trimer chains in the presence of ADH-31 highlights the destabilization of the Aβ42 trimer structure. Overall, MD results highlighted that ADH-31 inhibited Aβ42 aggregation by constraining Aβ peptides into helical conformation and destabilized Aβ42 trimer as well as protofibril structures. The present study provides a theoretical insight into the atomic level details of the inhibitory mechanism of ADH-31 against Aβ42 aggregation as well as protofibril destabilization and could be implemented in the structure-based drug design of potent therapeutic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupamjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib-140406, Punjab, India.
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Maher P. Modulation of the Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Flavonol Fisetin by the Transition Metals Iron and Copper. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1113. [PMID: 33187316 PMCID: PMC7696754 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations occur in the homeostasis of the transition metals iron (Fe2+) and copper (Cu2+) during aging and these are further amplified in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). These observations suggest that the most effective drug candidates for AD might be those that can reduce these alterations. The flavonoid fisetin has both neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo and can bind both iron and copper suggesting that its chelating activity might play a role in its beneficial effects. To test this idea, the effects of iron and copper on both the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of fisetin were examined. It is shown that while fisetin can reduce the potentiation of cell death by iron and copper in response to treatments that lower glutathione levels, it is much less effective when the metals are combined with other inducers of oxidative stress. In addition, iron but not copper reduces the anti-inflammatory effects of fisetin in a dose-dependent manner. These effects correlate with the ability of iron but not copper to block the induction of the antioxidant transcription factor, Nrf2, by fisetin. In contrast, although the flavanone sterubin also binds iron, the metal has no effect on sterubin's ability to induce Nrf2 or protect cells from toxic or pro-inflammatory insults. Together, these results suggest that while iron and copper binding could contribute to the beneficial effects of neuroprotective compounds in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, the consequences of this binding need to be fully examined for each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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66
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Lin G, Li X, Cheng X, Zhao N, Zheng W. Manganese Exposure Aggravates β-Amyloid Pathology by Microglial Activation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:556008. [PMID: 33244298 PMCID: PMC7685005 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.556008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidemiological evidence and animal experimental data suggest that chronic manganese (Mn) exposure increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyloid plaques, a hallmark of AD brain pathology, but the underlying mechanisms were not fully understood. Using the transgenic APP/PS1/Tau triple transgenic AD (3×Tg-AD) mouse model and mouse-derived microglia and neuroblastoma cell lines, we found that chronic 5-month Mn treatment increased beta amyloid peptide (Aβ) expression and Aβ plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in these 3×Tg-AD mice. Furthermore, we found that the β- and γ-secretase cleavage activities were markedly increased, while α-secretase cleavage activity was reduced in the brain of Mn-treated AD mice; these effects increase Aβ production and thus are amyloidogenic. Equally important, Mn treatment alone did not alter β-secretase 1 (BACE1) gene expression or Aβ production in amyloidogenic mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene hAPPsw-transfected N2a cells (APPsw-N2a), but in APPsw-N2a cells either co-cultured with microglia or cultured with microglia-conditioned media, Mn exposure increased BACE1 expression and amyloidogenesis. We further determined that Mn exposure promoted the activation of microglia both in 3×Tg-AD mouse brains and in cultured microglia cells, and increased the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Taken together, these results suggest that Mn may increase the release of IL-1β and TNF-α from microglia that in turn stimulates the expression of BACE1 gene and protein and consequently Aβ production; this novel molecular mechanism not only advances our understanding about the amyloidogenic effect of chronic Mn exposure reported for special human populations but also indicates Mn dyshomeostasis as a potential contributor to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinlu Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Mahan B, Antonelli MA, Burckel P, Turner S, Chung R, Habekost M, Jørgensen AL, Moynier F. Longitudinal biometal accumulation and Ca isotope composition of the Göttingen minipig brain. Metallomics 2020; 12:1585-1598. [PMID: 33084720 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biometals play a critical role in both the healthy and diseased brain's functioning. They accumulate in the normal aging brain, and are inherent to neurodegenerative disorders and their associated pathologies. A prominent example of this is the brain accumulation of metals such as Ca, Fe and Cu (and more ambiguously, Zn) associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The natural stable isotope compositions of such metals have also shown utility in constraining biological mechanisms, and in differentiating between healthy and diseased states, sometimes prior to conventional methods. Here we have detailed the distribution of the biologically relevant elements Mg, P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn in brain regions of Göttingen minipigs ranging in age from three months to nearly six years, including control animals and both a single- and double-transgenic model of AD (PS1, APP/PS1). Moreover, we have characterized the Ca isotope composition of the brain for the first time. Concentration data track rises in brain biometals with age, namely for Fe and Cu, as observed in the normal ageing brain and in AD, and biometal data point to increased soluble amyloid beta (Aβ) load prior to AD plaque identification via brain imaging. Calcium isotope results define the brain as the isotopically lightest permanent reservoir in the body, indicating that brain Ca dyshomeostasis may induce measurable isotopic disturbances in accessible downstream reservoirs such as biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Mahan
- Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. and Thermo Fisher Isotope Development Hub, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Michael A Antonelli
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 75238 Paris, France and Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Burckel
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 75238 Paris, France
| | - Simon Turner
- Thermo Fisher Isotope Development Hub, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Roger Chung
- Thermo Fisher Isotope Development Hub, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mette Habekost
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Frédéric Moynier
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 75238 Paris, France
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Barthelson K, Pederson SM, Newman M, Lardelli M. Brain transcriptome analysis reveals subtle effects on mitochondrial function and iron homeostasis of mutations in the SORL1 gene implicated in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2020; 13:142. [PMID: 33076949 PMCID: PMC7570131 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we must understand its molecular basis. The great majority of AD cases arise sporadically with a late onset after 65 years of age (LOAD). However, rare familial cases of AD can occur due to dominant mutations in a small number of genes that cause an early onset prior to 65 years of age (EOfAD). As EOfAD and LOAD share similar pathologies and disease progression, analysis of EOfAD genetic models may give insight into both subtypes of AD. Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) is genetically associated with both EOfAD and LOAD and provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationships between both forms of AD. Currently, the role of SORL1 mutations in AD pathogenesis is unclear. To understand the molecular consequences of SORL1 mutation, we performed targeted mutagenesis of the orthologous gene in zebrafish. We generated an EOfAD-like mutation, V1482Afs, and a putatively null mutation, to investigate whether EOfAD-like mutations in sorl1 display haploinsufficiency by acting through loss-of-function mechanisms. We performed mRNA-sequencing on whole brains, comparing wild type fish with their siblings heterozygous for EOfAD-like or putatively loss-of-function mutations in sorl1, or transheterozygous for these mutations. Differential gene expression analysis identified a small number of differentially expressed genes due to the sorl1 genotypes. We also performed enrichment analysis on all detectable genes to obtain a more complete view on changes to gene expression by performing three methods of gene set enrichment analysis, then calculated an overall significance value using the harmonic mean p-value. This identified subtle effects on expression of genes involved in energy production, mRNA translation and mTORC1 signalling in both the EOfAD-like and null mutant brains, implying that these effects are due to sorl1 haploinsufficiency. Surprisingly, we also observed changes to expression of genes occurring only in the EOfAD-mutation carrier brains, suggesting gain-of-function effects. Transheterozygosity for the EOfAD-like and null mutations (i.e. lacking wild type sorl1), caused apparent effects on iron homeostasis and other transcriptome changes distinct from the single-mutation heterozygous fish. Our results provide insight into the possible early brain molecular effects of an EOfAD mutation in human SORL1. Differential effects of heterozygosity and complete loss of normal SORL1 expression are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Stephen Martin Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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69
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Micera A, Bruno L, Cacciamani A, Rongioletti M, Squitti R. Alzheimer's Disease and Retinal Degeneration: A Glimpse at Essential Trace Metals in Ocular Fluids and Tissues. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1073-1083. [PMID: 31642780 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191023114015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life expectancy is increasing all over the world, although neurodegenerative disorders might drastically affect the individual activity of aged people. Of those, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most social-cost age-linked diseases of industrialized countries. To date, retinal diseases seem to be more common in the developing world and characterize principally aged people. Agerelated Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset, neurodegenerative retinal disease that shares several clinical and pathological features with AD, including stress stimuli such as oxidative stress, inflammation and amyloid formations. METHODS In both diseases, the detrimental intra/extra-cellular deposits have many similarities. Aging, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, arteriosclerosis and smoking are risk factors to develop both diseases. Cellular aging routes have similar organelle and signaling patterns in retina and brain. The possibility to find out new research strategies represent a step forward to disclose potential treatment for both of them. Essential trace metals play critical roles in both physiological and pathological condition of retina, optic nerve and brain, by influencing metabolic processes chiefly upon complex multifactorial pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Hence, this review addresses current knowledge about some up-to-date investigated essential trace metals associated with AD and AMD. Changes in the levels of systemic and ocular fluid essential metals might reflect the early stages of AMD, possibly disclosing neurodegeneration pathways shared with AD, which might open to potential early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bruno
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cacciamani
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, BS, Italy
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70
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Haghighijoo Z, Akrami S, Saeedi M, Zonouzi A, Iraji A, Larijani B, Fakherzadeh H, Sharifi F, Arzaghi SM, Mahdavi M, Edraki N. N-Cyclohexylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Baraibar AM, Hernández-Guijo JM. Micromolar concentrations of Zn 2+ depress cellular excitability through a blockade of calcium current in rat adrenal slices. Toxicology 2020; 444:152543. [PMID: 32858065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present work, using chromaffin cells in rat adrenal slices (RCCs), aims to describe what type of ionic current alterations induced by zinc underlies their effects reported on synaptic transmission. Thus, Zn2+ blocked calcium channels of RCCs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 391 μM. This blockade was partially reversed upon washout and was greater at more depolarizing holding potentials (i.e. 32 ± 5% at -110 mV, and 43 ± 6% at -50 mV, after 5 min perfusion). In ω-toxins-sensitive calcium channels (N-, P- and Q-types), Zn2+caused a lower blockade of ICa, 33.3%, than in ω-toxins-resistant ones (L-type, 55.3%; and R-type, 90%). This compound inhibited calcium current at all test potentials and shows a shift of the I-V curve to more depolarized values of about 10 mV. The sodium current was not blocked by acute application of high Zn2+concentrations. Voltage-dependent potassium current was marginally affected by high Zn2+ concentrations showing no concentration-dependence. Nevertheless, calcium- and voltage-dependent potassium current was drastically depressed in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 453 μM. This blockade was related to the prevention of Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels coupled to BK channels. Under current-clamp conditions, RCCs exhibit a resting potential of -50.7 mV, firing spontaneous APs (1-2 spikes/s) generated by the opening of Na+ and Ca2+-channels, and terminated by the activation of voltage and Ca2+-activated K+-channels (BK). We found that the blockade of these ionic currents by Zn2+ led to a drastic alteration of cellular excitability with a depolarization of the membrane potential, the slowdown and broadening of the APs and the severe reduction of the after hyperpolarization (AHP) which led to a decrease in the APs firing frequency. Taken together, these results point to a neurotoxic action evoked by zinc that is associated with changes to cellular excitability by blocking the ionic currents responsible for both the neurotransmitter release and the action potentials firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M Baraibar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 4-260 Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, 2101 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jesús M Hernández-Guijo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9,100, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Tang KS. The potential role of nanoyttria in alleviating oxidative stress biomarkers: Implications for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Life Sci 2020; 259:118287. [PMID: 32814066 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that requires immediate attention. Oxidative stress that leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species is a contributing factor to the disease progression by promoting synthesis and deposition of amyloid-β, the main hallmark protein in AD. It has been previously demonstrated that nanoyttria possesses antioxidant properties and can alleviate cellular oxidative injury in various toxicity and disease models. This review proposed that nanoyttria could be used for the treatment of AD. In this paper, the evidence on the antioxidant potential of nanoyttria is presented and its prospects on AD therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim San Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Gorantla NV, Das R, Balaraman E, Chinnathambi S. Transition metal nickel prevents Tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:1359-1365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Neuropathological Mechanisms Associated with Pesticides in Alzheimer's Disease. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020021. [PMID: 32218337 PMCID: PMC7355712 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, and pesticide exposure is a suspected environmental risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several epidemiological analyses have affirmed a link between pesticides and incidence of sporadic AD. Meanwhile, in vitro and animal models of AD have shed light on potential neuropathological mechanisms. In this paper, a perspective on neuropathological mechanisms underlying pesticides’ induction of AD is provided. Proposed mechanisms range from generic oxidative stress induction in neurons to more AD-specific processes involving amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau). Mechanisms that are more speculative or indirect in nature, including somatic mutation, epigenetic modulation, impairment of adult neurogenesis, and microbiota dysbiosis, are also discussed. Chronic toxicity mechanisms of environmental pesticide exposure crosstalks in complex ways and could potentially be mutually enhancing, thus making the deciphering of simplistic causal relationships difficult.
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Shi XL, Yan N, Cui YJ, Liu ZP. A Unique GSK-3β inhibitor B10 Has a Direct Effect on Aβ, Targets Tau and Metal Dyshomeostasis, and Promotes Neuronal Neurite Outgrowth. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030649. [PMID: 32155989 PMCID: PMC7140427 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the complicated pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the development of multitargeted agents to simultaneously interfere with multiple pathological processes of AD is a potential choice. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) plays a vital role in the AD pathological process. In this study, we discovered a novel 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivative B10 as a GSK-3β inhibitor that features with a quinolin-8-ol moiety to target the metal dyshomeostasis of AD. B10 potently inhibited GSK-3β with an IC50 of 66 ± 2.5 nM. At the concentration of 20 μM, B10 increased β-catenin abundance (β-catenin/GAPDH: 0.83 ± 0.086 vs. 0.30 ± 0.016), phosphorylated GSK-3β at Ser9 (p-GSK-3β/GAPDH: 0.53 ± 0.045 vs. 0.35 ± 0.012), and decreased the phosphorylated tau level (p-tau/GAPDH: 0.33 ± 0.065 vs. 0.83 ± 0.061) in SH-SY5Y cells. Unlike other GSK-3β inhibitors, B10 had a direct effect on Aβ by inhibiting Aβ1-42 aggregation and promoting the Aβ1-42 aggregate disassociation. It selectively chelated with Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, and Al3+, and targeted AD metal dyshomeostasis. Moreover, B10 effectively increased the mRNA expression of the recognized neurogenesis markers, GAP43, N-myc, and MAP-2, and promoted the differentiated neuronal neurite outgrowth, possibly through the GSK-3β and β-catenin signal pathways. Therefore, B10 is a potent and unique GSK-3β inhibitor that has a direct on Aβ and serves as a multifunctional anti-AD agent for further investigations.
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Gorantla NV, Balaraman E, Chinnathambi S. Cobalt-based metal complexes prevent Repeat Tau aggregation and nontoxic to neuronal cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:171-179. [PMID: 32105696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with an alarming increase in the death rate every year. AD is characterised by an aberrant accumulation of proteins in the form of aggregates. The axonal microtubule-associated protein Tau and amyloid-β undergo structural transition to β-sheet rich structure and form aggregates in neuronal soma as well as in the extracellular region. The loss of Tau from microtubules leads to the disintegration of axon and causing neuronal degeneration. This led to the development of effective drugs against AD, to prevent Tau aggregation. Here, we synthesized and screen metal-based complexes to prevent Tau protein aggregation. ThS fluorescence and TEM suggested the role of synthetic cobalt complexes in inhibiting Tau aggregation. CD spectroscopy showed that these complexes prevented conformational changes in Tau to β-sheet. CBMCs were not toxic at lower concentrations and formed non-toxic Tau species. L1 and L2 prevented membrane leakage; whereas, higher concentrations of L3 caused membrane leakage as observed by LDH release assay. The overall results indicate the synthetic cobalt complexes to be a promising molecule against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini V Gorantla
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India.
| | - Ekambaram Balaraman
- Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India.
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Dean B, Tsatsanis A, Lam LQ, Scarr E, Duce JA. Changes in cortical protein markers of iron transport with gender, major depressive disorder and suicide. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:119-126. [PMID: 30513246 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1555377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine whether a breakdown in proteins regulating cortical iron homeostasis could be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.Methods: Levels of select proteins responsible for cortical iron transport were quantitated by Western blotting of Brodmann's (BA) areas 6 and 10 from patients with major depressive disorder (n = 13), bipolar disorder (n = 12) and age/sex matched controls (n = 13).Results: We found the inactive form of ceruloplasmin was lower in BA 6 from males compared to females. Levels of copper containing ceruloplasmin was lower in BA 6 from suicide completers whilst levels of amyloid precursor protein, TAU and transferrin were higher in BA 10 from those individuals. The level of prion protein was lower in BA 6 from subjects with major depressive disorder.Conclusions: Our data suggests that perturbation in cortical iron transport proteins is not prevalent in mood disorders. By contrast, our data suggests changes in iron transport proteins in BA 6 and BA 10 are present after suicide completion. If these changes were present before death, they could have had a role in the genesis of the contemplation and completion of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,The Centre for Mental Health, the Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University, Hawthorne, Australia
| | - Andrew Tsatsanis
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Linh Q Lam
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,The ALBORADO Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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78
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Bakulski KM, Seo YA, Hickman RC, Brandt D, Vadari HS, Hu H, KyunPark S. Heavy Metals Exposure and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:1215-1242. [PMID: 32651318 PMCID: PMC7454042 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias lack effective treatment or cures and are major public health challenges. Risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is partially attributable to environmental factors. The heavy metals lead, cadmium, and manganese are widespread and persistent in our environments. Once persons are exposed to these metals, they are adept at entering cells and reaching the brain. Lead and cadmium are associated with numerous health outcomes even at low levels of exposure. Although manganese is an essential metal, deficiency or environmental exposure or high levels of the metal can be toxic. In cell and animal model systems, lead, cadmium, and manganese are well documented neurotoxicants that contribute to canonical Alzheimer's disease pathologies. Adult human epidemiologic studies have consistently shown lead, cadmium, and manganese are associated with impaired cognitive function and cognitive decline. No longitudinal human epidemiology study has assessed lead or manganese exposure on Alzheimer's disease specifically though two studies have reported a link between cadmium and Alzheimer's disease mortality. More longitudinal epidemiologic studies with high-quality time course exposure data and incident cases of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias are warranted to confirm and estimate the proportion of risk attributable to these exposures. Given the widespread and global exposure to lead, cadmium, and manganese, even small increases in the risks of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias would have a major population impact on the burden on disease. This article reviews the experimental and epidemiologic literature of the associations between lead, cadmium, and manganese on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and makes recommendations of critical areas of future investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Young Ah Seo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ruby C. Hickman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Harita S. Vadari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard Hu
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sung KyunPark
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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79
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Kaur A, Shuaib S, Goyal D, Goyal B. Interactions of a multifunctional di-triazole derivative with Alzheimer's Aβ42monomer and Aβ42protofibril: a systematic molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1543-1556. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular dynamics simulations results highlighted that the multi-target-directed ligand6nstabilizes the native α-helix conformation of the Aβ42monomer and induces a sizable destabilization in the Aβ42protofibril structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupamjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences
- Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University
- Fatehgarh Sahib-140406
- India
| | - Suniba Shuaib
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences
- Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University
- Fatehgarh Sahib-140406
- India
| | - Deepti Goyal
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences
- Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University
- Fatehgarh Sahib-140406
- India
| | - Bhupesh Goyal
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Patiala-147004
- India
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80
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Singh S, Singh TG. Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) Signalling in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Mechanistic Approach. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:918-935. [PMID: 32031074 PMCID: PMC7709146 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200207120949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptional regulatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) protein is a modulator of cellular biological activity via binding to a promoter region in the nucleus and transcribing various protein genes. The recent research implicated the intensive role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in diseases like autoimmune disorder, inflammatory, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) protein offers a new opportunity as a therapeutic approach. Activation of IκB kinase/NF-κB signaling pathway leads to the development of various pathological conditions in human beings, such as neurodegenerative, inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Therefore, the transcriptional activity of IκB kinase/NF- κB is strongly regulated at various cascade pathways. The nuclear factor NF-kB pathway plays a major role in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. In response to the diverse stimuli, the cytosolic sequestered NF-κB in an inactivated form by binding with an inhibitor molecule protein (IkB) gets phosphorylated and translocated into the nucleus further transcribing various genes necessary for modifying various cellular functions. The various researches confirmed the role of different family member proteins of NF-κB implicated in expressing various genes products and mediating various cellular cascades. MicroRNAs, as regulators of NF- κB microRNAs play important roles in the regulation of the inflammatory process. Therefore, the inhibitor of NF-κB and its family members plays a novel therapeutic target in preventing various diseases. Regulation of NF- κB signaling pathway may be a safe and effective treatment strategy for various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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81
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Ashraf A, Michaelides C, Walker TA, Ekonomou A, Suessmilch M, Sriskanthanathan A, Abraha S, Parkes A, Parkes HG, Geraki K, So PW. Regional Distributions of Iron, Copper and Zinc and Their Relationships With Glia in a Normal Aging Mouse Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:351. [PMID: 31920630 PMCID: PMC6930884 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes can quench metal toxicity to maintain tissue homeostasis, but with age, increasing glial dystrophy alongside metal dyshomeostasis may predispose the aged brain to acquire neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate age-related changes in brain metal deposition along with glial distribution in normal C57Bl/6J mice aged 2-, 6-, 19- and 27-months (n = 4/age). Using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping, we demonstrated age-related increases in iron, copper, and zinc in the basal ganglia (p < 0.05). Qualitative assessments revealed age-associated increases in iron, particularly in the basal ganglia and zinc in the white matter tracts, while copper showed overt enrichment in the choroid plexus/ventricles. Immunohistochemical staining showed augmented numbers of microglia and astrocytes, as a function of aging, in the basal ganglia (p < 0.05). Moreover, qualitative analysis of the glial immunostaining at the level of the fimbria and ventral commissure, revealed increments in the number of microglia but decrements in astroglia, in older aged mice. Upon morphological evaluation, aged microglia and astroglia displayed enlarged soma and thickened processes, reminiscent of dystrophy. Since glial cells have major roles in metal metabolism, we performed linear regression analysis and found a positive association between iron (R2 = 0.57, p = 0.0008), copper (R2 = 0.43, p = 0.0057), and zinc (R2 = 0.37, p = 0.0132) with microglia in the basal ganglia. Also, higher levels of iron (R2 = 0.49, p = 0.0025) and zinc (R2 = 0.27, p = 0.040) were correlated to higher astroglia numbers. Aging was accompanied by a dissociation between metal and glial levels, as we found through the formulation of metal to glia ratios, with regions of basal ganglia being differentially affected. For example, iron to astroglia ratio showed age-related increases in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus, while the ratio was decreased in the striatum. Meanwhile, copper and zinc to astroglia ratios showed a similar regional decline. Our findings suggest that inflammation at the choroid plexus, part of the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier, prompts accumulation of, particularly, copper and iron in the ventricles, implying a compromised barrier system. Moreover, age-related glial dystrophy/senescence appears to disrupt metal homeostasis, likely due to induced oxidative stress, and hence increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhaar Ashraf
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Michaelides
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Walker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antigoni Ekonomou
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Suessmilch
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Achvini Sriskanthanathan
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Semhar Abraha
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Parkes
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harold G Parkes
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kalotina Geraki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Po-Wah So
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Propargylamine-derived multi-target directed ligands for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126880. [PMID: 31864798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current options for the treatment of Alzheimeŕs disease have been restricted to prescription of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine. Propargylamine-derived multi-target directed ligands, such as ladostigil, M30, ASS234 and contilisant, involve different pathways. Apart from acting as inhibitors of both cholinesterases and monoamine oxidases, they show improvement of cognitive impairment, antioxidant activities, enhancement of iron-chelating activities, protect against tau hyperphosphorylation, block metal-associated oxidative stress, regulate APP and Aβ expression processing by the non-amyloidogenic α-secretase pathway, suppress mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and coordinate protein kinase C signaling and Bcl-2 family proteins. Other hybrid propargylamine derivatives are also reported.
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Shen Y, Dai L, Tian H, Xu R, Li F, Li Z, Zhou J, Wang L, Dong J, Sun L. Treatment Of Magnesium-L-Threonate Elevates The Magnesium Level In The Cerebrospinal Fluid And Attenuates Motor Deficits And Dopamine Neuron Loss In A Mouse Model Of Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:3143-3153. [PMID: 31806980 PMCID: PMC6857673 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s230688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiology research has demonstrated that magnesium (Mg) deficiency is associated with a high incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is known that the systemic administration of MgSO4 is not able to elevate the Mg concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study aims to verify the protective effect of magnesium-L-threonate (MgT) in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were orally administered MgT or MgSO4 for 4 weeks, and received MPTP in the third week. After analysis of open-field and rotarod tests on the last day, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunopositive cells and protein levels were quantified in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level was evaluated. Mg concentration in serum and CSF was measured after oral administration of MgSO4 or MgT in normal mice. Mg concentration in the CSF was increased in the mice treated with MgT but not MgSO4. RESULTS The total distance and mean speed in open-field tests, and the time spent on rotarod in the MgT group were increased, compared with MPTP group. The MgT treatment but not MgSO4 dose-dependently attenuated the loss of TH-positive neurons, and the reduction of the TH expression in the SNpc. The MgT treatment also inhibited the expression of iNOS as measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blots. Double-immunofluorescence staining of TH and iNOS showed iNOS-positive cells were collocalized for TH-positive cells. CONCLUSION The treatment with MgT is associated with an increase of Mg in the CSF. MgT, rather than MgSO4, can significantly attenuate MPTP-induced motor deficits and dopamine (DA) neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Shen
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian361000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Dai
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibo Tian
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Fuling Central Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing408099, People’s Republic of China
| | - Runnan Xu
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuying Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Zhuohang Li
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jeremy Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
| | - Jianghui Dong
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
| | - Liyuan Sun
- Department of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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84
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Zhou TY, Xiang XW, Du M, Zhang LF, Cheng NX, Liu XL, Zheng B, Wen ZS. Protective effect of polysaccharides of sea cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury in RAW264.7 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:1133-1140. [PMID: 31419551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the protective effects of polysaccharides of sea cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta (ALP) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative injury in RAW264.7 cells. Analysis of monosaccharide composition and structure of one fraction from ALP (ALPN) were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectoscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that ALPN contain sulfate groups, which is sulfated polysaccharides. The results from MTT assay indicated that ALPN could markedly increase viability of cells compared with RAW264.7 cells exposed to H2O2. Moreover, ALPN significantly increased the levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in RAW264.7 cells. The data from RT-PCR showed that ALPN (300 μg/mL) could increase the gene expression levels of SOD1 and GPX1. ALPN could also observably increase the protein expression level of Nrf2 and decrease the protein expression level of Keap1 with western blot. Collectively, this study suggested that polysaccharides of sea cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta (ALP) could effectively protect RAW264.7 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative injury. This protection mechanism may be related to activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wei Xiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Fang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Xue Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Lin Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Shun Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, People's Republic of China.
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Vafadarnejad F, Karimpour-Razkenari E, Sameem B, Saeedi M, Firuzi O, Edraki N, Mahdavi M, Akbarzadeh T. Novel N-benzylpyridinium moiety linked to arylisoxazole derivatives as selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking study. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103192. [PMID: 31446239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of N-benzylpyridinium moiety linked to arylisoxazole ring were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. Synthesized compounds were classified into two series of 5a-i and 5j-q considering the position of positively charged nitrogen of pyridinium moiety (3- or 4- position, respectively) connected to isoxazole carboxamide group. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 5n from the second series of compounds possessing 2,4-dichloroaryl group connected to isoxazole ring was found to be the most potent AChE inhibitor (IC50 = 5.96 µM) and compound 5j also from the same series of compounds containing phenyl group connected to isoxazole ring demonstrated the most promising inhibitory activity against BChE (IC50 = 0.32 µM). Also, kinetic study demonstrated competitive inhibition mode for both AChE and BChE inhibitory activity. Docking study was also performed for those compounds and desired interactions with those active site amino acid residues were confirmed through hydrogen bonding as well as π-π and π-anion interactions. In addition, the most potent compounds were tested against BACE1 and their neuroprotectivity on Aβ-treated neurotoxicity in PC12 cells which depicted negligible activity. It should be noted that most of the synthesized compounds from both categories 5a-i and 5j-q showed a significant selectivity toward BChE. However, series 5j-q were more active toward AChE than series 5a-i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Vafadarnejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bilqees Sameem
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Shi XL, Wu JD, Liu P, Liu ZP. Synthesis and evaluation of novel GSK-3β inhibitors as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:211-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Chen P, Totten M, Zhang Z, Bucinca H, Erikson K, Santamaría A, Bowma AB, Aschner M. Iron and manganese-related CNS toxicity: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:243-260. [PMID: 30759034 PMCID: PMC6422746 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1581608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are essential nutrients for humans. They act as cofactors for a variety of enzymes. In the central nervous system (CNS), these two metals are involved in diverse neurological activities. Dyshomeostasis may interfere with the critical enzymatic activities, hence altering the neurophysiological status and resulting in neurological diseases. Areas covered: In this review, the authors cover the molecular mechanisms of Fe/Mn-induced toxicity and neurological diseases, as well as the diagnosis and potential treatment. Given that both Fe and Mn are abundant in the earth crust, nutritional deficiency is rare. In this review the authors focus on the neurological disorders associated with Mn and Fe overload. Expert commentary: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are the primary molecular mechanism that mediates Fe/Mn-induced neurotoxicity. Although increased Fe or Mn concentrations have been found in brain of patients, it remains controversial whether the elevated metal amounts are the primary cause or secondary consequence of neurological diseases. Currently, treatments are far from satisfactory, although chelation therapy can significantly decrease brain Fe and Mn levels. Studies to determine the primary cause and establish the molecular mechanism of toxicity may help to adapt more comprehensive and satisfactory treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Totten
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hana Bucinca
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Keith Erikson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratory of Excitatory Amino Acids, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aaron B. Bowma
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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88
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Impairment of neuro-renal cells on exposure to cosmopolitan polluted river water followed by differential protection of Launea taraxacifolia in male rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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89
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Wang R, Chen P, Shen Z, Lin G, Xiao G, Dai Z, Zhang B, Chen Y, Lai L, Zong X, Li Y, Tang Y, Wu R. Brain Amide Proton Transfer Imaging of Rat With Alzheimer's Disease Using Saturation With Frequency Alternating RF Irradiation Method. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:217. [PMID: 31507405 PMCID: PMC6713910 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and some proteins play essential roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging, as an imaging modality to detect tissue protein, has shown promising features for the diagnosis of AD disease. In this study, we chose 10 AD model rats as the experimental group and 10 sham-operated rats as the control group. All the rats underwent a Y-maze test before APT image acquisition, using saturation with frequency alternating RF irradiation (APTSAFARI) method on a 7.0 T animal MRI scanner. Compared with the control group, APT (3.5 ppm) values of brain were significantly reduced in AD models (p < 0.002). The APTSAFARI imaging is more significant than APT imaging (p < 0.0001). AD model mice showed spatial learning and memory loss in the Y-maze experiment. In addition, there was significant neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 region and cortex compared with sham-operated rats. In conclusion, we demonstrated that APT imaging could potentially provide molecular biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of AD. APTSAFARI MRI could be used as an effective tool to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of AD compared with conventional APT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runrun Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Peidong Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Philips Healthcare, Shantou, China
| | - Guisen Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Zhuozhi Dai
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bingna Zhang
- Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuanfeng Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lihua Lai
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaodan Zong
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Renhua Wu,
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90
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Klocke C, Sherina V, Graham UM, Gunderson J, Allen JL, Sobolewski M, Blum JL, Zelikoff JT, Cory-Slechta DA. Enhanced cerebellar myelination with concomitant iron elevation and ultrastructural irregularities following prenatal exposure to ambient particulate matter in the mouse. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:381-396. [PMID: 30572762 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1533053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates the developing central nervous system (CNS) is a target of air pollution toxicity. Epidemiological reports increasingly demonstrate that exposure to the particulate matter (PM) fraction of air pollution during neurodevelopment is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These observations are supported by animal studies demonstrating prenatal exposure to concentrated ambient PM induces neuropathologies characteristic of ASD, including ventriculomegaly and aberrant corpus callosum (CC) myelination. Given the role of the CC and cerebellum in ASD etiology, this study tested whether prenatal exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) produced pathological features in offspring CC and cerebella consistent with ASD. Analysis of cerebellar myelin density revealed male-specific hypermyelination in CAPs-exposed offspring at postnatal days (PNDs) 11-15 without alteration of cerebellar area. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) revealed elevated iron (Fe) in the cerebellum of CAPs-exposed female offspring at PNDs 11-15, which connects with previously observed elevated Fe in the female CC. The presence of Fe inclusions, along with aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) inclusions, were confirmed at nanoscale resolution in the CC along with ultrastructural myelin sheath damage. Furthermore, RNAseq and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses revealed cerebellar gene expression was significantly affected by sex and prenatal CAPs exposure with significant enrichment in inflammation and transmembrane transport processes that could underlie observed myelin and metal pathologies. Overall, this study highlights the ability of PM exposure to disrupt myelinogenesis and elucidates novel molecular targets of PM-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Klocke
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Valeriia Sherina
- b Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Uschi M Graham
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Jakob Gunderson
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Joshua L Allen
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Jason L Blum
- d Department of Environmental Medicine , New York University School of Medicine , Tuxedo , NY , USA
| | - Judith T Zelikoff
- d Department of Environmental Medicine , New York University School of Medicine , Tuxedo , NY , USA
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
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91
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Sharma A, Pachauri V, Flora SJS. Advances in Multi-Functional Ligands and the Need for Metal-Related Pharmacology for the Management of Alzheimer Disease. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1247. [PMID: 30498443 PMCID: PMC6249274 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the age linked neurodegenerative disorder with no disease modifying therapy currently available. The available therapy only offers short term symptomatic relief. Several hypotheses have been suggested for the pathogenesis of the disease while the molecules developed as possible therapeutic agent in the last decade, largely failed in the clinical trials. Several factors like tau protein hyperphosphorylation, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation, decline in acetyl cholinesterase and oxidative stress might be contributing toward the pathogenesis of AD. Additionally, biometals dyshomeostasis (Iron, Copper, and Zinc) in the brain are also reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, targeting these metal ions may be an effective strategy for the development of a drug to treat AD. Chelation therapy is currently employed for the metal intoxication but we lack a safe and effective chelating agents with additional biological properties for their possible use as multi target directed ligands for a complex disease like AD. Chelating agents possess the ability to disaggregate Aβ aggregation, dissolve amyloid plaques, and delay the cognitive impairment. Thus there is an urgent need to develop disease modifying therapeutic molecules with multiple beneficial features like targeting more than one factor responsible of the disease. These molecules, as disease modifying therapeutic agents for AD, should possess the potential to inhibit Aβ-metal interactions, the formation of toxic Aβ aggregates; and the capacity to reinstate metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Vidhu Pachauri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - S J S Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
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92
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Ali HM. Mitigative role of garlic and vitamin E against cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic effects of lead acetate and mercury chloride on WI-38 cells. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:804-811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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93
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Gao J, Liu S, Xu F, Liu Y, Lv C, Deng Y, Shi J, Gong Q. Trilobatin Protects Against Oxidative Injury in Neuronal PC12 Cells Through Regulating Mitochondrial ROS Homeostasis Mediated by AMPK/Nrf2/Sirt3 Signaling Pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:267. [PMID: 30104959 PMCID: PMC6077207 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell damage is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of mitochondria-associated neurological diseases. Therefore, elimination of overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) may be a potential strategy for prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. In the present study, the neuroprotective effects of trilobatin (TLB), a novel small molecule monomer derived from Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd, and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in vitro using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress model in a neuron-like PC12 cell. The findings revealed that pre-treatment with TLB dramatically concentration-dependently suppressed H2O2-induced PC12 cells damage by enhancing cell viability, repressed reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and decreased mtROS overgeneration, thereby deferring cell apoptosis. Further study demonstrated that TLB not only increased the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2),superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and deacetylation of SOD2, but also activated silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (Sirt3) within the mitochondria and thereby upregulating forkheadboxO3a (FoxO3a), which regulated mitochondrial DNA genes, then led to improving complex I activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. What’s more, TLB up-regulated p-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) level, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), and ERRα. Intriguingly, TLB failed to mitigate H2O2-induced PC12 injury in the presence of the AMPK inhibitor (Compound C), indicating that the beneficial effects of TLB on the regulation of mtROS homeostasis were reliance on AMPK -Sirt3 signaling pathway. Moreover, TLB also facilitated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and promoted antioxidant gene expression in turn, and knockdown of Nrf2 by siRNA dramatically reduced the neuroprotective effects of TLB. Notably, AMPK inhibitor abolished the activation of Nrf2 and Sirt3, whereas, knockdown of Nrf2 blocked the upregulation of Sirt3, but it did not affect p-AMPK level. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that TLB protects against oxidative injury in neuronal PC12 cells through regulating mtROS homeostasis in the first time, which is, at least partly, mediated through the AMPK/Nrf2/Sirt3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuangui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chun Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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94
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Tyler CRS, Smoake JJW, Solomon ER, Villicana E, Caldwell KK, Allan AM. Sex-Dependent Effects of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Sodium Valproate, on Reversal Learning After Developmental Arsenic Exposure. Front Genet 2018; 9:200. [PMID: 29963072 PMCID: PMC6013562 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that exposure to arsenic in drinking water adversely affects brain development and cognitive function in adulthood. While the mechanism by which arsenic induces adverse neurological outcomes remains elusive, studies suggest a link between reduced levels of histone acetylation and impaired performance on a variety of behavioral tasks following arsenic exposure. Using our developmental arsenic exposure (DAE) paradigm, we have previously reported reduced histone acetylation and associated histone acetyltransferase enzyme expression in the frontal cortex of C57BL/6J adult male mice, with no changes observed in the female frontal cortex. In the present study, we sought to determine if DAE produced sex-dependent deficits in frontal cortical executive function using the Y-maze acquisition and reversal learning tasks, which are specific for assessing cognitive flexibility. Further, we tested whether the administration of valproic acid, a class I-IIa histone deacetylase inhibitor, was able to mitigate behavioral and biochemical changes resulting from DAE. As anticipated, DAE inhibited acquisition and reversal learning performance in adult male, but not female, mice. Valproate treatment for 2 weeks restored reversal performance in the male arsenic-exposed offspring, while not affecting female performance. Protein levels of HDACs 1, 2, and 5 were elevated following behavioral assessment but only in DAE male mice; restoration of appropriate HDAC levels occurred after valproate treatment and was concurrent with improved behavioral performance, particularly during reversal learning. Female frontal cortical levels of HDAC enzymes were not impacted by DAE or valproate treatment. Finally, mRNA expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Bdnf, which has been implicated in the control of frontal cortical flexibility and is regulated by HDAC5, were elevated in DAE male mice and restored to normal levels following HDACi treatment. Levels of mRNA encoding glutamate receptor ionotropic NMDA type subunits, which have been linked to cognitive flexibility, were not related to the reversal learning deficit in the DAE mice and were not altered by HDACi treatments. These findings demonstrate that DAE alters frontal cortical HDAC levels and Bdnf expression in males, but not females, and that these molecular changes are associated with sex-dependent differences in cognitive flexibility in a reversal-learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane J W Smoake
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Solomon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Estrella Villicana
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kevin K Caldwell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Andrea M Allan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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95
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Alexandrov PN, Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ. Synergism in aluminum and mercury neurotoxicity. INTEGRATIVE FOOD, NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2018; 5:10.15761/IFNM.1000214. [PMID: 29938114 PMCID: PMC6013271 DOI: 10.15761/ifnm.1000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum and mercury are common neurotoxic contaminants in our environment - from the air we breathe to the water that we drink to the foods that we eat. It is remarkable that to date neither of these two well-established environmental neurotoxins (i.e. those having a general toxicity towards brain cells) and genotoxins (those agents which exhibit directed toxicity toward the genetic apparatus) have been critically studied, nor have their neurotoxicities been evaluated in human neurobiology or in cells of the human central nervous system (CNS). In this paper we report the effects of added aluminum [sulfate; Al₂(SO₄)₃] and/or mercury [sulfate; HgSO4] to human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells in primary co-culture using the evolution of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB (p50/p65) complex as a critical indicator for the onset of inflammatory neurodegeneration and pathogenic inflammatory signaling. As indexed by significant induction of the NF-kB (p50/p65) complex the results indicate: (i) a notable increase in pro-inflammatory signaling imparted by each of these two environmental neurotoxins toward HNG cells in the ambient 20-200 nM range; and (ii) a significant synergism in the neurotoxicity when aluminum (sulfate) and mercury (sulfate) were added together. This is the first report on the neurotoxic effects of aluminum sulfate and/or mercury sulfate on the initiation of inflammatory signaling in human brain cells in primary culture. The effects aluminum+mercury together on other neurologically important signaling molecules or the effects of other combinations of common environmental metallic neurotoxins to human neurobiology currently remain not well understood but certainly warrant additional investigation and further study in laboratory animals, in human primary tissue cultures of CNS cells, and in other neurobiologically realistic experimental test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter J Lukiw
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 113152, Russia
- Alchem Biotek Research, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans LA 70112, USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans LA 70112, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans LA 70112, USA
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96
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Pogue AI, Jaber V, Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Systemic Inflammation in C57BL/6J Mice Receiving Dietary Aluminum Sulfate; Up-Regulation of the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-6 and TNFα, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and miRNA-146a in Blood Serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7. [PMID: 29354323 PMCID: PMC5771428 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A number of experimental investigations utilizing different murine species have previously reported: (i) that standard mouse-diets supplemented with physiologically realistic amounts of neurotoxic metal salts substantially induce pro-inflammatory signaling in a number of murine tissues; (ii) that these diet-stimulated changes may contribute to a systemic inflammation (SI), a potential precursor to neurodegenerative events in both the central and the peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS); and (iii) that these events may ultimately contribute to a chronic and progressive inflammatory neurodegeneration, such as that which is observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. In these experiments we assayed for markers of SI in the blood serum of C57BL/6J mice after 0, 1, 3 and 5 months of exposure to a standard mouse diet that included aluminum-sulfate in the food and drinking water, compared to age-matched controls receiving magnesium-sulfate or no additions. The data indicate that the SI markers that include the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), the acute phase reactive protein C-reactive protein (CRP) production and a triad of pro-inflammatory microRNAs (miRNA-9, miRNA-125b and miRNA-146a) all increase in the serum after aluminum-sulfate exposure. For the first time these results suggest that ad libitum exposure to aluminum-sulfate at physiologically realistic concentrations, as would be found in the human diet over the long term, may predispose to SI and the potential development of chronic, progressive, inflammatory neurodegeneration with downstream pathogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans LA, USA
| | - Y Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans LA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans LA, USA
| | - W J Lukiw
- Alchem Biotech, Toronto ON, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans LA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans LA, USA
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