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Micallef SA, Han S, Martinez L. Tomato Cultivar Nyagous Fruit Surface Metabolite Changes during Ripening Affect Salmonella Newport. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1604-1613. [PMID: 36048925 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Tomatoes are a valuable crop consumed year-round. Ripe fruit is picked for local sale, whereas tomatoes intended for transit may be harvested at late mature green or breaker stages when fruit firmness preserves quality. In this study, we evaluated Solanum lycopersicum cv. BHN602 association with three Salmonella serotypes and S. lycopersicum cv. Nyagous with Salmonella Newport using fruit at two ripeness stages. Counts of Salmonella Javiana and Typhimurium were higher from red ripe fruit surfaces of BHN602, and counts of Salmonella Newport were higher from ripe Nyagous fruit than from mature green fruit (P < 0.05). Aqueous fruit washes containing fruit surface compounds collected from ripe Nyagous fruit supported more Salmonella Newport growth than green fruit washes (P < 0.05). Growth curve analysis showed that between 2 and 6 h, Salmonella Newport grew at a rate of 0.25 log CFU/h in red fruit wash compared with 0.17 log CFU/h in green fruit wash (P < 0.05). The parallel trend in Salmonella interaction between fruit and wash suggested that surface metabolite differences between unripe and ripe fruit affect Salmonella dynamics. Untargeted phytochemical profiling of tomato fruit surface washes with gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed that ripe fruit had threefold-lower amino acid and fourfold-higher sugar (fructose, glucose, and xylose) levels than green fruit. Green fruit had higher levels of lauric, palmitic, margaric, and arachidic acids, whereas red fruit had more capric acid. The phenolics ferulic, chlorogenic, and vanillic acid, as well as tyrosol, also decreased with ripening. Although limitations of this study preclude conclusions on how specific compounds affect Salmonella, our study highlights the complexity of the plant niche for foodborne pathogens and the importance of understanding the metabolite landscape Salmonella encounters on fresh produce. Fruit surface phytochemical profiling generated testable hypotheses for future studies exploring the differential Salmonella interactions with tomato varieties and fruit at various ripeness stages. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Sanghyun Han
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Louisa Martinez
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Kopczewski T, Kuźniak E, Ciereszko I, Kornaś A. Alterations in Primary Carbon Metabolism in Cucumber Infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans: Local and Systemic Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012418. [PMID: 36293272 PMCID: PMC9603868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconfiguration of the primary metabolism is essential in plant–pathogen interactions. We compared the local metabolic responses of cucumber leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans (Psl) with those in non-inoculated systemic leaves, by examining the changes in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides pools, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and activities/gene expression of carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes, the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle-linked metabolite contents and enzyme activities. In the infected leaves, Psl induced a metabolic signature with an altered [NAD(P)H]/[NAD(P)+] ratio; decreased glucose and sucrose contents, along with a changed invertase gene expression; and increased glucose turnover and accumulation of raffinose, trehalose, and myo-inositol. The accumulation of oxaloacetic and malic acids, enhanced activities, and gene expression of fumarase and l-malate dehydrogenase, as well as the increased respiration rate in the infected leaves, indicated that Psl induced the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The changes in gene expression of ribulose-l,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large unit, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were compatible with a net photosynthesis decline described earlier. Psl triggered metabolic changes common to the infected and non-infected leaves, the dynamics of which differed quantitatively (e.g., malic acid content and metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate accumulation, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity) and those specifically related to the local or systemic response (e.g., changes in the sugar content and turnover). Therefore, metabolic changes in the systemic leaves may be part of the global effects of local infection on the whole-plant metabolism and also represent a specific acclimation response contributing to balancing growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kopczewski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
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Dauphin BG, Ranocha P, Dunand C, Burlat V. Cell-wall microdomain remodeling controls crucial developmental processes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1033-1048. [PMID: 35710764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls display cellular and subcellular specificities. At the subcellular level, wall regional territories with specific compositions are necessary for macroscopic developmental processes. These regional specificities were named differently throughout the years, and are unified here under the term 'cell-wall microdomains' that define the local composition and organization of wall polymers underlying territories of wall loosening and/or softening or stiffening. We review the occurrence and developmental role of wall microdomains in different cell types. We primarily focus on the contribution of two categories of wall-remodeling molecular actors: fine-tuning of homogalacturonan (HG; pectin) demethylesterification patterns and two classes of oxidoreductases [class III peroxidases (CIII PRXs) and laccases (LACs)], but we also highlight two different molecular scaffolds recently identified for positioning specific CIII PRXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien G Dauphin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Li M, Wang J, Wu T. The PoLACS4 Gene May Participate in Drought Stress Resistance in Tree Peony (Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan Bai’). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091591. [PMID: 36140759 PMCID: PMC9498442 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tree peony (Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan Bai’) has excellent drought tolerance. Although it has already been reported that the cuticle is an essential barrier against drought stress, the critical genes for cuticle resistance to drought remain unclear. However, the long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACS) family of genes may be significant for the synthesis of cuticle wax. To test whether the LACS gene family is involved in cuticle response to drought stress in tree peony, we measure the thickness of cuticle stems and leaves alongside LACS enzyme activity. It is found that the cuticle thickens and the LACS enzyme increases with the maturation of stems and leaves, and there is a positive correlation between them. The LACS enzyme increases within 12 h under drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The transcriptome sequencing result (BioProject accession number PRJNA317164) is searched for, and a LACS gene with high expression is cloned. This gene has high homology and similarity with LACS4 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The gene is named PoLACS4. It is show to be highly expressed in mature leaves and peaks within 1 h under drought and salt stresses. All these results suggest that the LACS family of genes may be involved in cuticle response to drought stress and that PoLACS4 is a crucial gene which responds rapidly to drought in the tree peony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Ecological Development, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Tian Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence:
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55
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Zhang L, Wu R, Mur LAJ, Guo C, Zhao X, Meng H, Yan D, Zhang X, Guan H, Han G, Guo B, Yue F, Wei Y, Zhao P, He W. Assembly of high-quality genomes of the locoweed Oxytropis ochrocephala and its endophyte Alternaria oxytropis provides new evidence for their symbiotic relationship and swainsonine biosynthesis. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 23:253-272. [PMID: 35932461 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Locoweeds are perennial forbs poisonous to livestock and cause extreme losses to animal husbandry. Locoweed toxicity is attributed to the symbiotic endophytes in Alternaria sect. Undifilum, which produce a mycotoxin swainsonine (SW). We performed a de novo whole genome sequencing of the most common locoweed in China, Oxytropis ochrocephala (2n = 16), and assembled a high-quality, chromosome-level reference genome. Its genome size is 958.83 Mb with 930.94 Mb (97.09 %) anchored and oriented onto 8 chromosomes, and 31,700 protein-coding genes were annotated. Phylogenetic and collinearity analysis showed it is closely related to Medicago truncatula with a pair of large interchromosomal rearrangements, and both species underwent a whole-genome duplication event. We also derived the genome of A. oxytropis at 74.48 Mb with a contig N50 of 8.87 Mb and 10,657 protein-coding genes, and refined the genes of SW biosynthesis. Multiple Alternaria species containing the swnK gene were grouped into a single clade, but in other genera, swnK's homologues are diverse. Resequencing of 41 A. oxytropis strains revealed one SNP in the SWN cluster causing changes in SW concentration. Comparing the transcriptomes of symbiotic and non-symbiotic interactions identified differentially expressed genes (DEG) linked to defense and secondary metabolism in the host. Within the endophyte DEGs were linked to cell wall degradation, fatty acids and nitrogen metabolism. Symbiosis induced the up-regulation of most of the SW biosynthetic genes. These two genomes and relevant sequencing data should provide valuable genetic resources for the study of the evolution, interaction, and SW biosynthesis in the symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruolin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biology, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Chenchen Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huizhen Meng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Yan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhang
- Bureau of Natural Resources, Haiyuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Huirui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guodong Han
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangzheng Yue
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Centre, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yahui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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56
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Luthfikasari R, Patil TV, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Espinal MM, Lim KT. Plant-Actuated Micro-Nanorobotics Platforms: Structural Designs, Functional Prospects, and Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201417. [PMID: 35801427 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are anatomically and physiologically different from humans and animals; however, there are several possibilities to utilize the unique structures and physiological systems of plants and adapt them to new emerging technologies through a strategic biomimetic approach. Moreover, plants provide safe and sustainable results that can potentially solve the problem of mass-producing practical materials with hazardous and toxic side effects, particularly in the biomedical field, which requires high biocompatibility. In this review, it is investigated how micro-nanostructures available in plants (e.g., nanoparticles, nanofibers and their composites, nanoporous materials, and natural micromotors) are adapted and utilized in the design of suitable materials for a micro-nanorobot platform. How plants' work on micro- and nanoscale systems (e.g., surface roughness, osmotically induced movements such as nastic and tropic, and energy conversion and harvesting) that are unique to plants, can provide functionality on the platform and become further prospective resources are examined. Furthermore, implementation across organisms and fields, which is promising for future practical applications of the plant-actuated micro-nanorobot platform, especially on biomedical applications, is discussed. Finally, the challenges following its implementation in the micro-nanorobot platform are also presented to provide advanced adaptation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachmi Luthfikasari
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisiplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Mercedes Espinal
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisiplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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57
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Zhang S, Li C, Si J, Han Z, Chen D. Action Mechanisms of Effectors in Plant-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6758. [PMID: 35743201 PMCID: PMC9224169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops. Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion weapons to successfully invade and propagate in host plants. Here, we review recent advances made in the field of plant-pathogen interaction models and the action mechanisms of phytopathogenic effectors. The review illustrates how effectors from different species use similar and distinct strategies to infect host plants. We classify the main action mechanisms of effectors in plant-pathogen interactions according to the infestation process: targeting physical barriers for disruption, creating conditions conducive to infestation, protecting or masking themselves, interfering with host cell physiological activity, and manipulating plant downstream immune responses. The investigation of the functioning of plant pathogen effectors contributes to improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. This understanding has important theoretical value and is of practical significance in plant pathology and disease resistance genetics and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhigang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Donghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
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58
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Leads to Differential Regulation of Genes and miRNAs Associated with the Cell Wall in Tomato Leaves. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060854. [PMID: 35741375 PMCID: PMC9219611 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is an association that provides nutritional benefits to plants. Importantly, it induces a physiological state allowing plants to respond to a subsequent pathogen attack in a more rapid and intense manner. Consequently, mycorrhiza-colonized plants become less susceptible to root and shoot pathogens. This study aimed to identify some of the molecular players and potential mechanisms related to the onset of defense priming by mycorrhiza colonization, as well as miRNAs that may act as regulators of priming genes. The upregulation of cellulose synthases, pectinesterase inhibitors, and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, as well as the downregulation of a pectinesterase, suggest that the modification and reinforcement of the cell wall may prime the leaves of mycorrhizal plants to react faster and stronger to subsequent pathogen attack. This was confirmed by the findings of miR164a-3p, miR164a-5p, miR171e-5p, and miR397, which target genes and are also related to the biosynthesis or modification of cell wall components. Our findings support the hypothesis that the reinforcement or remodeling of the cell wall and cuticle could participate in the priming mechanism triggered by mycorrhiza colonization, by strengthening the first physical barriers upstream of the pathogen encounter.
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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum SsCut1 Modulates Virulence and Cutinase Activity. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050526. [PMID: 35628781 PMCID: PMC9143608 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cuticle is one of the protective layers of the external surface of plant tissues. Plants use the cuticle layer to reduce water loss and resist pathogen infection. Fungi release cell wall-degrading enzymes to destroy the epidermis of plants to achieve the purpose of infection. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum secretes a large amount of cutinase to disrupt the cuticle layer of plants during the infection process. In order to further understand the role of cutinase in the pathogenic process of S. sclerotiorum, the S. sclerotiorum cutinsae 1 (SsCut1) gene was cloned and analyzed. The protein SsCut1 contains the conserved cutinase domain and a fungal cellulose-binding domain. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of SsCut1 was significantly upregulated during infection. Split-Marker recombination was utilized for the deletion of the SsCut1 gene, ΔSsCut1 mutants showed reduced cutinase activity and virulence, but the deletion of the SsCut1 gene had no effect on the growth rate, colony morphology, oxalic acid production, infection cushion formation and sclerotial development. Complementation with the wild-type SsCut1 allele restored the cutinase activity and virulence to the wild-type level. Interestingly, expression of SsCut1 in plants can trigger defense responses, but it also enhanced plant susceptibility to SsCut1 gene knock-out mutants. Taken together, our finding demonstrated that the SsCut1 gene promotes the virulence of S. sclerotiorum by enhancing its cutinase activity.
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60
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Huang H, Ayaz A, Zheng M, Yang X, Zaman W, Zhao H, Lü S. ArabidopsisKCS5 and KCS6 Play Redundant Roles in Wax Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084450. [PMID: 35457268 PMCID: PMC9027390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases (KCSs), as components of a fatty acid elongase (FAE) complex, play key roles in determining the chain length of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). KCS6, taking a predominate role during the elongation from C26 to C28, is well known to play an important role in wax synthesis. KCS5 is one paralog of KCS6 and its role in wax synthesis remains unknown. Wax phenotype analysis showed that in kcs5 mutants, the total amounts of wax components derived from carbon 32 (C32) and C34 were apparently decreased in leaves, and those of C26 to C32 derivatives were obviously decreased in flowers. Heterologous yeast expression analysis showed that KCS5 alone displayed specificity towards C24 to C28 acids, and its coordination with CER2 and CER26 catalyzed the elongation of acids exceeding C28, especially displaying higher activity towards C28 acids than KCS6. BiLC experiments identified that KCS5 physically interacts with CER2 and CER26. Wax phenotype analysis of different organs in kcs5 and kcs6 single or double mutants showed that KCS6 mutation causes greater effects on the wax synthesis than KCS5 mutation in the tested organs, and simultaneous repression of both protein activities caused additive effects, suggesting that during the wax biosynthesis process, KCS5 and KCS6 play redundant roles, among which KCS6 plays a major role. In addition, simultaneous mutations of two genes nearly block drought-induced wax production, indicating that the reactions catalyzed by KCS5 and KCS6 play a critical role in the wax biosynthesis in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.H.); (A.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Asma Ayaz
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.H.); (A.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Minglü Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.H.); (A.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.H.); (A.A.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-27-88663882 (S.L.)
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.H.); (A.A.); (M.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-27-88663882 (S.L.)
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RNA-Seq of Cyst Nematode Infestation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081008. [PMID: 35448735 PMCID: PMC9025382 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food crop worldwide, and potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) are among the most serious pests. The identification of disease resistance genes and molecular markers for PCN infestation can aid in crop improvement research programs against PCN infestation. In the present study, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing to investigate the comprehensive resistance mechanisms induced by PCN infestation in the resistant cultivar Kufri Swarna and the susceptible cultivar Kufri Jyoti. PCN infestation induced 791 differentially expressed genes in resistant cultivar Kufri Swarna, comprising 438 upregulated and 353 downregulated genes. In susceptible cultivar Kufri Jyoti, 2225 differentially expressed genes were induced, comprising 1247 upregulated and 978 downregulated genes. We identified several disease resistance genes (KIN) and transcription factors (WRKY, HMG, and MYB) that were upregulated in resistant Kufri Swarna. The differentially expressed genes from several enriched KEGG pathways, including MAPK signaling, contributed to the disease resistance in Kufri Swarna. Functional network analysis showed that several cell wall biogenesis genes were induced in Kufri Swarna in response to infestation. This is the first study to identify underlying resistance mechanisms against PCN and host interaction in Indian potato varieties.
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Xu X, Chen Y, Li B, Zhang Z, Qin G, Chen T, Tian S. Molecular mechanisms underlying multi-level defense responses of horticultural crops to fungal pathogens. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac066. [PMID: 35591926 PMCID: PMC9113409 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The horticultural industry helps to enrich and improve the human diet while contributing to growth of the agricultural economy. However, fungal diseases of horticultural crops frequently occur during pre- and postharvest periods, reducing yields and crop quality and causing huge economic losses and wasted food. Outcomes of fungal diseases depend on both horticultural plant defense responses and fungal pathogenicity. Plant defense responses are highly sophisticated and are generally divided into preformed and induced defense responses. Preformed defense responses include both physical barriers and phytochemicals, which are the first line of protection. Induced defense responses, which include innate immunity (pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity), local defense responses, and systemic defense signaling, are triggered to counterstrike fungal pathogens. Therefore, to develop regulatory strategies for horticultural plant resistance, a comprehensive understanding of defense responses and their underlying mechanisms is critical. Recently, integrated multi-omics analyses, CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing, high-throughput sequencing, and data mining have greatly contributed to identification and functional determination of novel phytochemicals, regulatory factors, and signaling molecules and their signaling pathways in plant resistance. In this review, research progress on defense responses of horticultural crops to fungal pathogens and novel regulatory strategies to regulate induction of plant resistance are summarized, and then the problems, challenges, and future research directions are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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63
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Berhin A, Nawrath C, Hachez C. Subtle interplay between trichome development and cuticle formation in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2036-2046. [PMID: 34704619 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes and cuticles are key protective epidermal specializations. This review highlights the genetic interplay existing between trichome and cuticle formation in a variety of species. Controlling trichome development, the biosynthesis of trichome-derived specialized metabolites as well as cuticle biosynthesis and deposition can be viewed as different aspects of a common defensive strategy adopted by plants to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Existence of such interplay is based on the mining of published transcriptomic data as well as on phenotypic observations in trichome or cuticle mutants where the morphology of both structures often appear to be concomitantly altered. Given the existence of several trichome developmental pathways depending on the plant species and the types of trichomes, genetic interactions between cuticle formation and trichome development are complex to decipher and not easy to generalize. Based on our review of the literature, a schematic overview of the gene network mediating this transcriptional interplay is presented for two model plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. In addition to fundamental new insights on the regulation of these processes, identifying key transcriptional switches controlling both processes could also facilitate more applied investigations aiming at improving much desired agronomical traits in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Berhin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Lausanne, Unil-Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Hachez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Elagamey E, Abellatef MA, Arafat MY. Proteomic insights of chitosan mediated inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. J Proteomics 2022; 260:104560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Arya GC, Cohen H. The Multifaceted Roles of Fungal Cutinases during Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:199. [PMID: 35205953 PMCID: PMC8879710 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticles cover the aerial epidermis cells of terrestrial plants and thus represent the first line of defence against invading pathogens, which must overcome this hydrophobic barrier to colonise the inner cells of the host plant. The cuticle is largely built from the cutin polymer, which consists of C16 and C18 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone that are further modified with terminal and mid-chain hydroxyl, epoxy, and carboxy groups, all cross-linked by ester bonds. To breach the cuticle barrier, pathogenic fungal species employ cutinases-extracellular secreted enzymes with the capacity to hydrolyse the ester linkages between cutin monomers. Herein, we explore the multifaceted roles that fungal cutinases play during the major four stages of infection: (i) spore landing and adhesion to the host plant cuticle; (ii) spore germination on the host plant cuticle; (iii) spore germ tube elongation and the formation of penetrating structures; and (iv) penetration of the host plant cuticle and inner tissue colonisation. Using previous evidence from the literature and a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic tree of cutinases, we discuss the notion whether the lifestyle of a given fungal species can predict the activity nature of its cutinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
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66
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Bai Y, Liu H, Lyu H, Su L, Xiong J, Cheng ZM(M. Development of a single-cell atlas for woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) leaves during early Botrytis cinerea infection using single cell RNA-seq. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab055. [PMID: 35043166 PMCID: PMC8969069 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen invasion leads to fast, local-to-systemic signal transduction that initiates plant defense responses. Despite tremendous progress in past decades, aspects of this process remain unknown, such as which cell types respond first and how signals are transferred among cell types. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq of more than 50 000 single cells to document the gene expression landscape in leaves of woodland strawberry during infection by Botrytis cinerea and identify major cell types. We constructed a single-cell atlas and characterized the distinct gene expression patterns of hydathode, epidermal, and mesophyll cells during the incubation period of B. cinerea infection. Pseudotime trajectory analysis revealed signals of the transition from normal functioning to defense response in epidermal and mesophyll cells upon B. cinerea infection. Genes related to disease resistance showed different expression patterns among cell types: disease resistance-related genes and gene encoding transcription factors were highly expressed in individual cell types and interacted to trigger plant systemic immunity to B. cinerea. This is the first report to document the of single-cell transcriptional landscape of the plant pathogenic invasion process, it provides new insights into the wholistic dynamics of host-pathogen interactions and can guide the identification of genes and the formulation of strategies for resistant cultivar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Bai
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haimeng Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liyao Su
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinsong Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Pu C, Ge Y, Yang G, Zheng H, Guan W, Chao Z, Shen Y, Liu S, Chen M, Huang L. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance disease resistance of Salvia miltiorrhiza to Fusarium wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975558. [PMID: 36531366 PMCID: PMC9753693 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen in Chinese) is vulnerable to Fusarium wilt, which severely affects the quality of the crude drug. Mycorrhizal colonization enhances resistance to fungal pathogens in many plant species. In this study, pre-inoculation of S. miltiorrhiza with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus versiforme significantly alleviated Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Mycorrhizal colonization protected S. miltiorrhiza from pathogen infection, thereby preventing a loss of biomass and photosynthesis. There were greater defense responses induced by pathogen infection in AMF pre-inoculated plants than those in non-treated plants. AMF pre-inoculation resulted in systemic responses upon pathogen inoculation, including significant increases in the protein content and activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase in S. miltiorrhiza roots. In addition, mycorrhizal pre-inoculation caused upregulation of defense-related genes, and jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway genes after pathogen infection. The above findings indicate that mycorrhizal colonization enhances S. miltiorrhiza resistance against F. oxysporum infection by enhancing photosynthesis, root structure, and inducing the expression of defense enzymes and defense-related genes on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjuan Pu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insert Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Chao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Meilan Chen, ; Luqi Huang,
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Meilan Chen, ; Luqi Huang,
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Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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69
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Liu S, Tong M, Zhao L, Li X, Kunst L. The ARRE RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Negatively Regulates Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana by Controlling ECERIFERUM1 and ECERIFERUM3 Protein Levels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:752309. [PMID: 34764971 PMCID: PMC8576476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.752309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The outer epidermal cell walls of plant shoots are covered with a cuticle, a continuous lipid structure that provides protection from desiccation, UV light, pathogens, and insects. The cuticle is mostly composed of cutin and cuticular wax. Cuticular wax synthesis is synchronized with surface area expansion during plant development and is associated with plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Cuticular wax deposition is tightly regulated by well-established transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, as well as post-translationally via the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system (UPS). The UPS is highly conserved in eukaryotes and involves the covalent attachment of polyubiquitin chains to the target protein by an E3 ligase, followed by the degradation of the modified protein by the 26S proteasome. A large number of E3 ligases are encoded in the Arabidopsis genome, but only a few have been implicated in the regulation of cuticular wax deposition. In this study, we have conducted an E3 ligase reverse genetic screen and identified a novel RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, AtARRE, which negatively regulates wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtARRE exhibit glossy stems and siliques, reduced fertility and fusion between aerial organs. Wax load and wax compositional analyses of AtARRE overexpressors showed that the alkane-forming branch of the wax biosynthetic pathway is affected. Co-expression of AtARRE and candidate target proteins involved in alkane formation in both Nicotiana benthamiana and stable Arabidopsis transgenic lines demonstrated that AtARRE controls the levels of wax biosynthetic enzymes ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) and ECERIFERUM3 (CER3). CER1 has also been confirmed to be a ubiquitination substrate of the AtARRE E3 ligase by an in vivo ubiquitination assay using a reconstituted Escherichia coli system. The AtARRE gene is expressed throughout the plant, with the highest expression detected in fully expanded rosette leaves and oldest stem internodes. AtARRE gene expression can also be induced by exposure to pathogens. These findings reveal that wax biosynthesis in mature plant tissues and in response to pathogen infection is controlled post-translationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Meixuezi Tong
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lifang Zhao
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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70
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Pimentel D, Amaro R, Erban A, Mauri N, Soares F, Rego C, Martínez-Zapater JM, Mithöfer A, Kopka J, Fortes AM. Transcriptional, hormonal, and metabolic changes in susceptible grape berries under powdery mildew infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6544-6569. [PMID: 34106234 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) berries are extremely sensitive to infection by the biotrophic pathogen Erysiphe necator, causing powdery mildew disease with deleterious effects on grape and wine quality. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome associated with this common fungal infection has not been previously carried out in any fruit. In order to identify the molecular, hormonal, and metabolic mechanisms associated with infection, healthy and naturally infected V. vinifera cv. Carignan berries were collected at two developmental stages: late green (EL33) and early véraison (EL35). RNA sequencing combined with GC-electron impact ionization time-of-flight MS, GC-electron impact ionization/quadrupole MS, and LC-tandem MS analyses revealed that powdery mildew-susceptible grape berries were able to activate defensive mechanisms with the involvement of salicylic acid and jasmonates and to accumulate defense-associated metabolites (e.g. phenylpropanoids, fatty acids). The defensive strategies also indicated organ-specific responses, namely the activation of fatty acid biosynthesis. However, defense responses were not enough to restrict fungal growth. The fungal metabolic program during infection involves secretion of effectors related to effector-triggered susceptibility, carbohydrate-active enzymes and activation of sugar, fatty acid, and nitrogen uptake, and could be under epigenetic regulation. This study also identified potential metabolic biomarkers such as gallic, eicosanoic, and docosanoic acids and resveratrol, which can be used to monitor early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pimentel
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rute Amaro
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nuria Mauri
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, CSIC-UR-Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Flávio Soares
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecília Rego
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M Martínez-Zapater
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, CSIC-UR-Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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71
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Martínez-Andújar C, Martínez-Pérez A, Albacete A, Martínez-Melgarejo PA, Dodd IC, Thompson AJ, Mohareb F, Estelles-Lopez L, Kevei Z, Ferrández-Ayela A, Pérez-Pérez JM, Gifford ML, Pérez-Alfocea F. Overproduction of ABA in rootstocks alleviates salinity stress in tomato shoots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2966-2986. [PMID: 34053093 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether root-supplied ABA alleviates saline stress, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Sugar Drop) was grafted onto two independent lines (NCED OE) overexpressing the SlNCED1 gene (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) and wild type rootstocks. After 200 days of saline irrigation (EC = 3.5 dS m-1 ), plants with NCED OE rootstocks had 30% higher fruit yield, but decreased root biomass and lateral root development. Although NCED OE rootstocks upregulated ABA-signalling (AREB, ATHB12), ethylene-related (ACCs, ERFs), aquaporin (PIPs) and stress-related (TAS14, KIN, LEA) genes, downregulation of PYL ABA receptors and signalling components (WRKYs), ethylene synthesis (ACOs) and auxin-responsive factors occurred. Elevated SlNCED1 expression enhanced ABA levels in reproductive tissue while ABA catabolites accumulated in leaf and xylem sap suggesting homeostatic mechanisms. NCED OE also reduced xylem cytokinin transport to the shoot and stimulated foliar 2-isopentenyl adenine (iP) accumulation and phloem transport. Moreover, increased xylem GA3 levels in growing fruit trusses were associated with enhanced reproductive growth. Improved photosynthesis without changes in stomatal conductance was consistent with reduced stress sensitivity and hormone-mediated alteration of leaf growth and mesophyll structure. Combined with increases in leaf nutrients and flavonoids, systemic changes in hormone balance could explain enhanced vigour, reproductive growth and yield under saline stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian C Dodd
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Fady Mohareb
- Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | | | - Zoltan Kevei
- Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | | | | | - Miriam L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences and Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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72
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Tanaka K, Heil M. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Plant Innate Immunity: Applying the Danger Model and Evolutionary Perspectives. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:53-75. [PMID: 33900789 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we apply Matzinger's danger model to plant innate immunity to discuss the adaptive advantages of DAMPs and their integration into preexisting signaling pathways. Constitutive DAMPs (cDAMPs), e.g., extracellular ATP, histones, and self-DNA, fulfill primary, conserved functions and adopt a signaling role only when cellular damage causes their fragmentation or localization to aberrant compartments. By contrast, immunomodulatory peptides (also known as phytocytokines) exclusively function as signals and, upon damage, are activated as inducible DAMPs (iDAMPs). Dynamic coevolutionary processes between the signals and their emerging receptors and shared co-receptors have likely linked danger recognition to preexisting, conserved downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA;
| | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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73
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Stec K, Kordan B, Gabryś B. Effect of Soy Leaf Flavonoids on Pea Aphid Probing Behavior. INSECTS 2021; 12:756. [PMID: 34442322 PMCID: PMC8396875 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids detected in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) cause various alterations in the metabolism, behavior, and development of insect herbivores. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) poses potential threat to soybeans, but the effect of individual flavonoids on its feeding-associated behavior is relatively unknown. We monitored probing behavior (stylet penetration activities) of A. pisum on its preferred host plant, Pisum sativum L. untreated (control) and treated with 0.1% ethanolic solutions of flavonoids apigenin, daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol. We applied the electrical penetration graph (electropenetrography, EPG) technique, which visualizes the movements of aphid stylets within plant tissues. None of the applied flavonoids affected the propensity to probe the plants by A. pisum. However, apigenin enhanced the duration of probes in non-phloem tissues, which caused an increase in the frequency and duration of stylet mechanics derailment and xylem sap ingestion but limited the ingestion of phloem sap. Daidzein caused a delay in reaching phloem vessels and limited sap ingestion. Kaempferol caused a reduction in the frequency and duration of the phloem phase. Genistein did not affect aphid probing behavior. Our findings provide information for selective breeding programs of resistant plant cultivars to A. pisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stec
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Bożena Kordan
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Beata Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
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Sharif R, Raza A, Chen P, Li Y, El-Ballat EM, Rauf A, Hano C, El-Esawi MA. HD-ZIP Gene Family: Potential Roles in Improving Plant Growth and Regulating Stress-Responsive Mechanisms in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081256. [PMID: 34440430 PMCID: PMC8394574 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the molecular foundation of the gene-regulatory systems underlying agronomic parameters or/and plant responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses is crucial for crop improvement. Thus, transcription factors, which alone or in combination directly regulated the targeted gene expression levels, are appropriate players for enlightening agronomic parameters through genetic engineering. In this regard, homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) genes family concerned with enlightening plant growth and tolerance to environmental stresses are considered key players for crop improvement. This gene family containing HD and LZ domain belongs to the homeobox superfamily. It is further classified into four subfamilies, namely HD-ZIP I, HD-ZIP II, HD-ZIP III, and HD-ZIP IV. The first HD domain-containing gene was discovered in maize cells almost three decades ago. Since then, with advanced technologies, these genes were functionally characterized for their distinct roles in overall plant growth and development under adverse environmental conditions. This review summarized the different functions of HD-ZIP genes in plant growth and physiological-related activities from germination to fruit development. Additionally, the HD-ZIP genes also respond to various abiotic and biotic environmental stimuli by regulating defense response of plants. This review, therefore, highlighted the various significant aspects of this important gene family based on the recent findings. The practical application of HD-ZIP biomolecules in developing bioengineered plants will not only mitigate the negative effects of environmental stresses but also increase the overall production of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ali Raza
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Yuhong Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.A.E.-E.)
| | - Enas M. El-Ballat
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23430, Pakistan;
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France;
| | - Mohamed A. El-Esawi
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.A.E.-E.)
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Assessing the Potential of the Terrestrial Cyanobacterium Anabaena minutissima for Controlling Botrytis cinerea on Tomato Fruits. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7080210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are oxygenic phototrophs that have an essential role in soil N2 fixation, fertility, and water retention. Cyanobacteria are also natural sources of bioactive metabolites beneficial to improve plant vigor and potentially active against fungal plant pathogens. Therefore, we studied the antifungal activity of water extract (WE) and phycobiliproteins (PBPs) from Anabaena minutissima strain BEA 0300B against the fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea on tomato fruits and in vitro. The water extract and PBPs were characterized by using FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopies. Both water extract (5 mg/mL) and PBPs (ranged from 0.3 to 4.8 mg/mL) reduced disease incidence and disease severity on tomato fruits and mycelium growth and colony forming units in vitro. For mycelium growth, a linear PBP dose-response was found. Tomato fruits were also characterized by FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopies in order to evaluate structural modifications induced by pathogen and PBP treatment. PBPs preserved cutin and pectin structures by pathogen challenge. In conclusion, A. minutissima can be considered a potential tool for future large-scale experiments for plant disease control.
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Shesham V, Kelly AL, Burke W, Crouch A, Drake CA, Varaljay VA, Crookes-Goodson WJ, Barlow DE, Masthay MB, Biffinger JC. Comparison of two diphenyl polyenes as acid-sensitive additives during the biodegradation of a thermoset polyester polyurethane coating. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:351-364. [PMID: 34297452 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Biochemical hydrolysis and chemical catalysis are involved in the successful biodegradation of polymers. In order to evaluate the potential separation between biochemical and chemical catalysis during the biodegradation process, we report the use of two diphenylpolyenes (DPPs), all trans-1,4-diphenylbutadiene (DPB) and all trans-1,6-diphenylhexatriene (DPH), as potential acid-sensitive indicators in polymers. METHODS AND RESULTS 1,4-Diphenylbutadiene and DPH (0.1% w/w) were melt-cast successfully with poly(ethylene succinate) hexamethylene (PES-HM) polyurethane (thermoset polyester polyurethane) coatings above 80℃. When these two DPP/PES-HM coatings were exposed to a concentrated supernatant with significant esterase activity resulting from the growth of a recently isolated and identified strain of Tremellomycetes yeast (Naganishia albida 5307AI), the DPB coatings exhibited a measurable and reproducible localized decrease in the blue fluorescence emission in regions below where hydrolytic biodegradation was initiated in contrast with DPH blended coatings. The fluorescence changes observed in the biodegraded DPB coating were similar to exposing them to concentrated acids and not bases. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments resulted in (1) a method to blend DPP additives into thermoset coatings, (2) the first report of the biodegradation of polyester polyurethane coating by N. albida, and (3) demonstration that hydrolytic supernatants from this strain generate acidic region within degrading polyester coatings using DPB as the indicator. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our experiments confirm that N. albida is an active polyester degrader and that DPB is a promising acid sensitive polymer coating additive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail L Kelly
- Chemistry Department, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - William Burke
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA.,UES, Inc, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Audra Crouch
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA.,UES, Inc, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Carrie A Drake
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA.,UES, Inc, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Vanessa A Varaljay
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - Wendy J Crookes-Goodson
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel E Barlow
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mark B Masthay
- Chemistry Department, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Dal'Sasso TCDS, Rody HVS, Grijalba PE, Oliveira LOD. Genome sequences and in silico effector mining of Corynespora cassiicola CC_29 and Corynespora olivacea CBS 114450. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5257-5265. [PMID: 34213598 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The placement of Corynespora olivacea within the large genus Corynespora (Pleosporales) is controversial, because the species is distantly related to other congeners, including the type species C. cassiicola. Corynespora cassiicola is a polyphagous, cosmopolitan plant pathogen. Successful colonization of plant tissues requires the pathogen's effector repertoire to modulate host cell physiology and facilitate the infection process. We sequenced and performed functional annotations on the genomes of C. cassiicola CC_29 (genome size about 44.8 Mb; isolated from soybean leaves) and C. olivacea CBS 114450 (32.3 Mb). Our phylogenomic approach showed that C. cassiicola is distantly related to C. olivacea, which clustered among the Massarinaceae family members, supporting a hypothesis that C. olivacea was originally misclassified. The predicted sizes for the proteome and secretome of C. cassiicola (18,487 and 1327, respectively) were larger than those of C. olivacea (13,501 and 920; respectively). Corynespora cassiicola had a richer repertoire of effector proteins (CAZymes, proteases, lipases, and effectors) and genes associated with secondary metabolism than did C. olivacea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Vianna Silva Rody
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo/Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Orlando de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
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Arya GC, Sarkar S, Manasherova E, Aharoni A, Cohen H. The Plant Cuticle: An Ancient Guardian Barrier Set Against Long-Standing Rivals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663165. [PMID: 34249035 PMCID: PMC8267416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial surfaces of plants are covered by a protective barrier formed by the cutin polyester and waxes, collectively referred to as the cuticle. Plant cuticles prevent the loss of water, regulate transpiration, and facilitate the transport of gases and solutes. As the cuticle covers the outermost epidermal cell layer, it also acts as the first line of defense against environmental cues and biotic stresses triggered by a large array of pathogens and pests, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects. Numerous studies highlight the cuticle interface as the site of complex molecular interactions between plants and pathogens. Here, we outline the multidimensional roles of cuticle-derived components, namely, epicuticular waxes and cutin monomers, during plant interactions with pathogenic fungi. We describe how certain wax components affect various pre-penetration and infection processes of fungi with different lifestyles, and then shift our focus to the roles played by the cutin monomers that are released from the cuticle owing to the activity of fungal cutinases during the early stages of infection. We discuss how cutin monomers can activate fungal cutinases and initiate the formation of infection organs, the significant impacts of cuticle defects on the nature of plant-fungal interactions, along with the possible mechanisms raised thus far in the debate on how host plants perceive cutin monomers and/or cuticle defects to elicit defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sutanni Sarkar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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MacMillan P, Teixeira G, Lopes CM, Monteiro A. The role of grapevine leaf morphoanatomical traits in determining capacity for coping with abiotic stresses: a review. CIÊNCIA E TÉCNICA VITIVINÍCOLA 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/ctv/ctv2021360175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, there are thousands of Vitis vinifera grape cultivars used for wine production, creating a large morphological, anatomical, physiological and molecular diversity that needs to be further characterised and explored, with a focus on their capacity to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses. This knowledge can then be used to select better adapted genotypes in order to help face the challenges of the expected climate changes in the near future. It will also assist grape growers in choosing the most suitable cultivar(s) for each terroir; with adaptation to drought and heat stresses being a fundamental characteristic. The leaf blade of grapevines is the most exposed organ to abiotic stresses, therefore its study regarding the tolerance to water and heat stress is becoming particularly important, mainly in Mediterranean viticulture. This review focuses on grapevine leaf morphoanatomy - leaf blade form, leaf epidermis characteristics (cuticle, indumentum, pavement cells and stomata) and anatomy of mesophyll - and their adaptation to abiotic stresses. V. vinifera xylem architecture and its adaptation capacity when the grapevine is subjected to water stress is also highlighted since grapevines have been observed to exhibit a large variability in responses to water availability. The hydraulic properties of the petiole, shoot and trunk are also reviewed. Summarising, this paper reviews recent advances related to the adaptation of grapevine leaf morphoanatomical features and hydraulic architecture to abiotic stresses, mainly water and heat stress, induced primarily by an ever-changing global climate.
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80
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Mahatma MK, Thawait LK, Jadon KS, Thirumalaisamy PP, Bishi SK, Rathod KJ, Verma A, Kumar N, Golakiya BA. Metabolic profiling for dissection of late leaf spot disease resistance mechanism in groundnut. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1027-1041. [PMID: 34108825 PMCID: PMC8140181 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Late leaf spot (LLS) caused by fungi Passalora personata is generally more destructive and difficult to control than early leaf spot. The aim of this study was to decipher biochemical defense mechanism in groundnut genotypes against P. personata by identifying resistance specific biomarkers and metabolic pathways induced during host-pathogen interaction. Metabolomics of non-infected and infected leaves of moderately resistant (GPBD4 and ICGV86590), resistant (KDG128 and RHRG06083) and susceptible (GG20, JL24 and TMV2) genotypes was carried out at 5 days after infection (65 days after sowing). Non-targeted metabolite analysis using GC-MS revealed total 77 metabolites including carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, amino acids, fatty acids, polyamines, phenolics, terpenes and sterols. Variable importance in projection (VIP) measure of partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that resistant and moderately resistant genotypes possessed higher intensities of ribonic acid, cinnamic acid, malic acid, squalene, xylulose, galactose, fructose, glucose, β-amyrin and hydroquinone while susceptible genotypes had higher amount of gluconic acid 2-methoxime, ribo-hexose-3-ulose and gluconic acid. Heat map analysis showed that resistant genotypes had higher intensities of β-amyrin, hydroquinone in non-infected and malic acid, squalene, putrescine and 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyric acid in infected leaves. Dendrogram analysis further separated resistant genotypes in the same cluster along with infected moderately resistant genotypes. The most significant pathways identified are: linoleic acid metabolism, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, stilbenoid biosynthesis and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. Targeted metabolite analysis further confirmed that resistant genotypes possessed higher content of primary metabolites sucrose, glucose, fructose, malic acid and citric acid. Moreover, resistant genotypes possessed higher content of salicylic, coumaric, ferulic, cinnamic, gallic acid (phenolic acids) and kaempferol, quercetin and catechin (flavonols). Thus metabolites having higher accumulation in resistant genotypes can be used as biomarkers for screening of LSS resistant germplasm. These results unravel that higher amount of primary metabolites leads to stimulate the accumulation of more amounts of secondary metabolites such as phenolic acid, flavanols, stilbenes and terpenoids (squalene and β-amyrin) biosynthesis which are ultimately involved in defense mechanism against LLS pathogen. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00985-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Mahatma
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No.5, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Thawait
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No.5, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat India
| | - K. S. Jadon
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No.5, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat India
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
| | - P. P. Thirumalaisamy
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No.5, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat India
| | - S. K. Bishi
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No.5, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, India
| | - Khyati J. Rathod
- Food Testing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, 362 001 India
| | - Aman Verma
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No.5, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No.5, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat India
| | - B. A. Golakiya
- Food Testing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, 362 001 India
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Cavaco AR, Matos AR, Figueiredo A. Speaking the language of lipids: the cross-talk between plants and pathogens in defence and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4399-4415. [PMID: 33638652 PMCID: PMC11073031 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipids and fatty acids play crucial roles in plant immunity, which have been highlighted over the past few decades. An increasing number of studies have shown that these molecules are pivotal in the interactions between plants and their diverse pathogens. The roles played by plant lipids fit in a wide spectrum ranging from the first physical barrier encountered by the pathogens, the cuticle, to the signalling pathways that trigger different immune responses and expression of defence-related genes, mediated by several lipid molecules. Moreover, lipids have been arising as candidate biomarkers of resistance or susceptibility to different pathogens. Studies on the apoplast and extracellular vesicles have been highlighting the possible role of lipids in the intercellular communication and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance during plant-pathogen interactions. From the pathogen perspective, lipid metabolism and specific lipid molecules play pivotal roles in the pathogen's life cycle completion, being crucial during recognition by the plant and evasion from the host immune system, therefore potentiating infection. Studies conducted in the last years have contributed to a better understanding of the language of lipids during the cross-talk between plants and pathogens. However, it is essential to continue exploring the knowledge brought up to light by transcriptomics and proteomics studies towards the elucidation of lipid signalling processes during defence and disease. In this review, we present an updated overview on lipids associated to plant-pathogen interactions, exploiting their roles from the two sides of this battle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Cavaco
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Zhao C, He L, Xia H, Zhou X, Geng Y, Hou L, Li P, Li G, Zhao S, Ma C, Tang R, Pandey MK, Varshney RK, Wang X. De novo full length transcriptome analysis of Arachis glabrata provides insights into gene expression dynamics in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genomics 2021; 113:1579-1588. [PMID: 33819563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The perennial ornamental peanut Arachis glabrata represents one of the most adaptable wild Arachis species. This study used PacBio combined with BGISEQ-500 RNA-seq technology to study the transcriptome and gene expression dynamics of A. glabrata. Of the total 109,747 unique transcripts obtained, >90,566 transcripts showed significant homology to known proteins and contained the complete coding sequence (CDS). RNA-seq revealed that 1229, 1039, 1671, 3923, 1521 and 1799 transcripts expressed specifically in the root, stem, leaf, flower, peg and pod, respectively. We also identified thousands of differentially expressed transcripts in response to drought, salt, cold and leaf spot disease. Furthermore, we identified 30 polyphenol oxidase encoding genes associated with the quality of forage, making A. glabrata suitable as a forage crop. Our findings presented the first transcriptome study of A. glabrata which will facilitate genetic and genomics studies and lays the groundwork for a deeper understanding of the A. glabrata genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhi Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangqiong He
- Cash Crop Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 530007 Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximeng Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Geng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hou
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Changle Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Tang
- Cash Crop Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 530007 Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
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Wilson LA, Deligey F, Wang T, Cosgrove DJ. Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:66. [PMID: 33722273 PMCID: PMC7962260 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. Typically they are multi-ply structures encrusted with waxes and cutin which protect the plant from dehydration and pathogen attack. These characteristics may also reduce chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels. We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. This wall is a particularly useful model for cell wall imaging and mechanics. RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight were low (53%). Removal of waxes with chloroform increased the sugar yields to 73% and enzymatic digestion did not improve these yields. Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza A Wilson
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 133 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 133 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Hamann E, Denney D, Day S, Lombardi E, Jameel MI, MacTavish R, Anderson JT. Review: Plant eco-evolutionary responses to climate change: Emerging directions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110737. [PMID: 33568289 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is exposing plant populations to novel combinations of temperatures, drought stress, [CO2] and other abiotic and biotic conditions. These changes are rapidly disrupting the evolutionary dynamics of plants. Despite the multifactorial nature of climate change, most studies typically manipulate only one climatic factor. In this opinion piece, we explore how climate change factors interact with each other and with biotic pressures to alter evolutionary processes. We evaluate the ramifications of climate change across life history stages,and examine how mating system variation influences population persistence under rapid environmental change. Furthermore, we discuss how spatial and temporal mismatches between plants and their mutualists and antagonists could affect adaptive responses to climate change. For example, plant-virus interactions vary from highly pathogenic to mildly facilitative, and are partly mediated by temperature, moisture availability and [CO2]. Will host plants exposed to novel, stressful abiotic conditions be more susceptible to viral pathogens? Finally, we propose novel experimental approaches that could illuminate how plants will cope with unprecedented global change, such as resurrection studies combined with experimental evolution, genomics or epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Derek Denney
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samantha Day
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lombardi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - M Inam Jameel
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rachel MacTavish
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Li L, Chai L, Xu H, Zhai H, Wang T, Zhang M, You M, Peng H, Yao Y, Hu Z, Xin M, Guo W, Sun Q, Chen X, Ni Z. Phenotypic characterization of the glossy1 mutant and fine mapping of GLOSSY1 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:835-847. [PMID: 33404673 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel wax locus GLOSSY1 was finely mapped to an approximately 308.1-kbp genomic interval on chromosome 2DS of wheat. The epicuticular wax, the outermost layer of aerial organs, gives plants their bluish-white (glaucous) appearance. Epicuticular wax is ubiquitous and provides an essential protective function against environmental stresses. In this study, we identified the glossy1 mutant on the basis of its glossy glume from an EMS population in the elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Jimai22. The mutant had a dramatically different profile in total wax load and composition of individual wax constituents relative to the wild type, resulting in the increased cuticle permeability of glumes. The glossy glume phenotype was controlled by a single, semidominant locus mapping to the short arm of chromosome 2D, within a 308.1-kbp genomic interval that contained ten annotated protein-coding genes. These results pave the way for an in-depth analysis of the underlying genetic basis of wax formation patterns and enrich our understanding of mechanisms regulating wax metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingling Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huanwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huijie Zhai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Dryland Agricultural Research Centre, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Mingshan You
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiyong Chen
- Hebei Crop Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China.
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Iino T, Hashimoto K, Asai T, Kuchitsu K, Ozeki Y. Multicolour chemical imaging of plant tissues with hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:1234-1238. [PMID: 33355541 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows for label-free biological imaging with chemical specificity based on molecular-vibrational signatures. In particular, hyperspectral SRS imaging can acquire a molecular-vibrational spectrum at each pixel, allowing us not only to investigate the spectral difference of various biological molecules but also to discriminate different constituents based on their spectral difference. However, the number of constituents discriminated in previous label-free SRS imaging was limited to four because of the subtleness of spectral difference. Here, we report hyperspectral SRS imaging of plant tissues including leaves of Camellia japonica, roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, and thalli of a liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. We show that SRS can discriminate as many as six components in Marchantia polymorpha L. without labeling. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of hyperspectral SRS imaging as a tool for label-free multicolour imaging analysis of various biomolecules in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iino
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan. and Imaging Frontier Center, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takuya Asai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan. and Imaging Frontier Center, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020399. [PMID: 33669710 PMCID: PMC7921929 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.
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Lee K, Lee JG, Min K, Choi JH, Lim S, Lee EJ. Transcriptome Analysis of the Fruit of Two Strawberry Cultivars "Sunnyberry" and "Kingsberry" That Show Different Susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea after Harvest. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041518. [PMID: 33546320 PMCID: PMC7913547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is a fungal plant pathogen causing postharvest decay in strawberry fruit. Here, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis to identify differences in gene expression between the immature-green (IG) and mature-red (MR) stages of the “Sunnyberry” (gray mold-resistant) and “Kingsberry” (gray mold susceptible) strawberry cultivars. Most of the genes involved in lignin and alkane-type wax biosynthesis were relatively upregulated in “Sunnyberry”. However, pathogenesis-related proteins encoding R- and antioxidant-related genes were comparatively upregulated in “Kingsberry”. Analysis of gene expression and physiological traits in the presence and absence of B. cinerea inoculation revealed that the defense response patterns significantly differed between IG and MR rather than the cultivars. “Kingsberry” showed higher antioxidant induction at IG and upregulated hemicellulose-strengthening and R genes at MR. Hence, “Sunnyberry” and “Kingsberry” differed mainly in terms of the expression levels of the genes forming cuticle, wax, and lignin and controlling the defense responses. These discrepancies might explain the relative difference between these strawberry cultivars in terms of their postharvest responses to B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuweon Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.L.); (J.G.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Jeong Gu Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.L.); (J.G.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Kyeonglim Min
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.L.); (J.G.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Jeong Hee Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea;
| | - Sooyeon Lim
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
| | - Eun Jin Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.L.); (J.G.L.); (K.M.)
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Nawaz M, Li L, Azeem F, Shabbir S, Zohaib A, Ashraf U, Yang H, Wang Z. Insight of transcriptional regulators reveals the tolerance mechanism of carpet-grass (Axonopus compressus) against drought. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:71. [PMID: 33530948 PMCID: PMC7851936 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carpet grass [Axonopus compressus (L.)] is an important warm-season perennial grass around the world and is known for its adaptability to varied environmental conditions. However, Carpet grass lacks enough data in public data banks, which confined our comprehension of the mechanisms of environmental adaptations, gene discovery, and development of molecular markers. In current study, the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in Axonopus compressus under drought stress (DS) were identified and compared with CK (control) by RNA-Seq. RESULTS A total of 263,835 unigenes were identified in Axonopus compressus, and 201,303 (also added to the numbers of the remaining 2 databases) a sequence of unigenes significantly matched in at least one of the seven databases. A total of 153,697 (58.25%) unigenes classified to 144 KEGG pathways, and 7444 unigenes were expressed differentially between DS and CK, of which 4249 were up-regulated and 3195 were down-regulated unigenes. Of the 50 significantly enriched GO terms, 18, 6, and 14 items were related to BP, CC, and MF respectively. Analysis of KEGG enrichment revealed 2569 DEGs involved in 143 different pathways, under drought stress. 2747 DEGs were up-regulated and 2502 DEGs were down-regulated. Moreover, we identified 352 transcription factors (TFs) in Axonopus compressus, of which 270 were differentially expressed between CK and DS. The qRT-PCR validation experiment also supports the transcriptional response of Axonopus compressus against drought. Accuracy of transcriptome unigenes of Axonopus compressus was assessed with BLAST, which showed 3300 sequences of Axonopus compressus in the NCBI. CONCLUSION The 7444 unigenes were found to be between DS and CK treatments, which indicate the existence of a strong mechanism of drought tolerance in Axonopus compressus. The current findings provide the first framework for further investigations for the particular roles of these unigenes in Axonopus compressus in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Nawaz
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry and College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Liao Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry and College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Samina Shabbir
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ali Zohaib
- Adaptive Research Farm, Gujranwala, 52250, Pakistan
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Faisalabad-Campus, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hubiao Yang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry and College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China.
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Fernández V, Gil-Pelegrín E, Eichert T. Foliar water and solute absorption: an update. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:870-883. [PMID: 33219553 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of water and solutes by plant leaves has been recognised since more than two centuries. Given the polar nature of water and solutes, the mechanisms of foliar uptake have been proposed to be similar for water and electrolytes, including nutrient solutions. Research efforts since the 19th century focussed on characterising the properties of cuticles and applying foliar sprays to crop plants as a tool for improving crop nutrition. This was accompanied by the development of hundreds of studies aimed at characterising the chemical and structural nature of plant cuticles from different species and the mechanisms of cuticular and, to a lower extent, stomatal penetration of water and solutes. The processes involved are complex and will be affected by multiple environmental, physico-chemical and physiological factors which are only partially clear to date. During the last decades, the body of evidence that water transport across leaf surfaces of native species may contribute to water balances (absorption and loss) at an ecosystem level has grown. Given the potential importance of foliar water absorption for many plant species and ecosystems as shown in recent studies, the aim of this review is to first integrate current knowledge on plant surface composition, structure, wettability and physico-chemical interactions with surface-deposited matter. The different mechanisms of foliar absorption of water and electrolytes and experimental procedures for tracing the uptake process are discussed before posing several outstanding questions which should be tackled in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Thomas Eichert
- University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Erfurt, 99051, Germany
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91
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Rachidi F, Benhima R, Kasmi Y, Sbabou L, Arroussi HE. Evaluation of microalgae polysaccharides as biostimulants of tomato plant defense using metabolomics and biochemical approaches. Sci Rep 2021; 11:930. [PMID: 33441599 PMCID: PMC7806925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgal polysaccharides (PSs) may be an effective elicitor agent that can efficiently protect plants against biotic stresses. In this study, wee investigates, the effect of PS obtained from microalgae and cyanobacteria (D. salina MS002, P. tricorontum MS023, Porphyridium sp. MS081, Desmodesmus sp., D. salina MS067 and A. platensis MS001) on the biochemical and metabolomics markers linked to defense pathways in tomato plants. The phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chitinase, 1,3-beta-glucanase and peroxidase (POX) activities have been improved in tomato plants leaves treated by polysaccharides extracted from P. triocnutum (238.26%); Desmodesmus sp. (19.95%); P. triocnutum (137.50%) and Porphyridium sp. (47.28%) respectively. For proteins, polyphenols and H2O2, the maximum effect was induced by D. salina 067 (55.01%), Porphyridium sp. (3.97%) and A. platensis (35.08%) respectively. On the other hand, Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics analysis showed that PSs induced the modification of metabolite profile involved in the wax construction of tomato leaves, such as fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes and phytosterol. PS treatments improved the accumulation of fatty acids C16:3, C18:2 and C18:3 released from the membrane lipids as precursors of oxylipin biosynthesis which are signaling molecules of plant defense. In addition, PS treatment induced the accumulation of C18:0 and Azelaic acid which is a regulator of salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance. However, molecular and metabolic studies can determine more precisely the mode of action of microalgal polysaccharides as biostimulants/elicitors plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Rachidi
- Green Biotechnology Center, MASCIR (Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation & Research), Rue Mohamed Al Jazouli Madinat Al Irfane, 10 100, Rabat, Morocco
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Redouane Benhima
- Green Biotechnology Center, MASCIR (Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation & Research), Rue Mohamed Al Jazouli Madinat Al Irfane, 10 100, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yassine Kasmi
- Green Biotechnology Center, MASCIR (Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation & Research), Rue Mohamed Al Jazouli Madinat Al Irfane, 10 100, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Laila Sbabou
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham El Arroussi
- Green Biotechnology Center, MASCIR (Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation & Research), Rue Mohamed Al Jazouli Madinat Al Irfane, 10 100, Rabat, Morocco.
- Agrobiosciences Program, University Mohamed 6 polytechnic (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco.
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Aragón W, Formey D, Aviles-Baltazar NY, Torres M, Serrano M. Arabidopsis thaliana Cuticle Composition Contributes to Differential Defense Response to Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:738949. [PMID: 34804086 PMCID: PMC8603936 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of a plant cuticle can change in response to various abiotic or biotic stresses and plays essential functions in disease resistance responses. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants altered in cutin content are resistant to Botrytis cinerea, presumably because of increased cuticular water and solute permeability, allowing for faster induction of defense responses. Within this context, our knowledge of wax mutants is limited against this pathogen. We tested the contribution of cuticular components to immunity to B. cinerea using mutants altered in either cutin or wax alone, or in both cutin and wax contents. We found that even all the tested mutants showed increased permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in comparison with wild-type plants and that only cutin mutants showed resistance. To elucidate the early molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle-related immunity, we performed a transcriptomic analysis. A set of upregulated genes involved in cell wall integrity and accumulation of ROS were shared by the cutin mutants bdg, lacs2-3, and eca2, but not by the wax mutants cer1-4 and cer3-6. Interestingly, these genes have recently been shown to be required in B. cinerea resistance. In contrast, we found the induction of genes involved in abiotic stress shared by the two wax mutants. Our study reveals new insight that the faster recognition of a pathogen by changes in cuticular permeability is not enough to induce resistance to B. cinerea, as has previously been hypothesized. In addition, our data suggest that mutants with resistant phenotype can activate other defense pathways, different from those canonical immune ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Aragón
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Wendy Aragón, ; Mario Serrano,
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Martha Torres
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Wendy Aragón, ; Mario Serrano,
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Lorrai R, Francocci F, Gully K, Martens HJ, De Lorenzo G, Nawrath C, Ferrari S. Impaired Cuticle Functionality and Robust Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Altered Homogalacturonan Integrity Are Dependent on the Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696955. [PMID: 34484262 PMCID: PMC8415794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major cell wall component that plays important roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fungal polygalacturonase (PG plants) that degrades homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectin component, as well as loss-of-function mutants for QUASIMODO2 (QUA2), encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase important for HG biosynthesis, show accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced growth and almost complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Both PG and qua2 plants show increased expression of the class III peroxidase AtPRX71 that contributes to their elevated ROS levels and reduced growth. In this work, we show that leaves of PG and qua2 plants display greatly increased cuticle permeability. Both increased cuticle permeability and resistance to B. cinerea in qua2 are suppressed by loss of AtPRX71. Increased cuticle permeability in qua2, rather than on defects in cuticle ultrastructure or cutin composition, appears to be dependent on reduced epidermal cell adhesion, which is exacerbated by AtPRX71, and is suppressed by the esmeralda1 mutation, which also reverts the adhesion defect and the resistant phenotype. Increased cuticle permeability, accumulation of ROS, and resistance to B. cinerea are also observed in mutants lacking a functional FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase thought to monitor pectin integrity. In contrast, mutants with defects in other structural components of primary cell wall do not have a defective cuticle and are normally susceptible to the fungus. Our results suggest that disrupted cuticle integrity, mediated by peroxidase-dependent ROS accumulation, plays a major role in the robust resistance to B. cinerea of plants with altered HG integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lorrai
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fedra Francocci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helle J. Martens
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Ferrari,
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94
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Favaro MA, Molina MC, Roeschlin RA, Gadea J, Gariglio N, Marano MR. Different Responses in Mandarin Cultivars Uncover a Role of Cuticular Waxes in the Resistance to Citrus Canker. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1791-1801. [PMID: 32573348 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-20-0053-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
'Okitsu' is a mandarin cultivar showing substantial resistance to X. citri subsp. citri (X. citri). We have previously shown that this cultivar has significantly lower canker incidence and severity than 'Clemenules', particularly during early stages of leaf development in the field. This differential response is only seen when the leaves are inoculated by spraying, suggesting that leaf surface contributes to resistance. In this work, we have studied structural and chemical properties of leaf surface barriers of both cultivars. Ultrastructural analysis showed a thicker cuticle covering epidermal surface and guard cells in young 'Okitsu' leaves than in 'Clemenules'. This thicker cuticle was associated with a smaller stomatal aperture and reduced cuticle permeability. These findings correlated with an accumulation of cuticular wax components, including primary alcohols, alkanes, and fatty acids. None of these differences were observed in mature leaves, where both cultivars are equally resistant to the bacterium. Remarkably, mechanical alteration of cuticular thickness of young 'Okitsu' leaves allows canker development. Furthermore, cuticular waxes extracted from young 'Okitsu' leaves have higher antibacterial activity against X. citri than 'Clemenules'. Taken together, these data suggest that a faster development of epicuticular waxes in 'Okitsu' leaves play a central role in its resistance to X. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Favaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2000FHN Rosario, Argentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 590, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Kreder 2805, 3080 HOF Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María C Molina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2000FHN Rosario, Argentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 590, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Roxana A Roeschlin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2000FHN Rosario, Argentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 590, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - José Gadea
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, S/N, 46022 Valencia, España
| | - Norberto Gariglio
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Kreder 2805, 3080 HOF Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María R Marano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, S2000FHN Rosario, Argentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 590, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
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95
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Macioszek VK, Gapińska M, Zmienko A, Sobczak M, Skoczowski A, Oliwa J, Kononowicz AK. Complexity of Brassica oleracea- Alternaria brassicicola Susceptible Interaction Reveals Downregulation of Photosynthesis at Ultrastructural, Transcriptional, and Physiological Levels. Cells 2020; 9:E2329. [PMID: 33092216 PMCID: PMC7593931 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Black spot disease, caused by Alternaria brassicicola in Brassica species, is one of the most devastating diseases all over the world, especially since there is no known fully resistant Brassica cultivar. In this study, the visualization of black spot disease development on Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba (white cabbage) leaves and subsequent ultrastructural, molecular and physiological investigations were conducted. Inter- and intracellular hyphae growth within leaf tissues led to the loss of host cell integrity and various levels of organelle disintegration. Severe symptoms of chloroplast damage included the degeneration of chloroplast envelope and grana, and the loss of electron denseness by stroma at the advanced stage of infection. Transcriptional profiling of infected leaves revealed that photosynthesis was the most negatively regulated biological process. However, in infected leaves, chlorophyll and carotenoid content did not decrease until 48 hpi, and several chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, such as photosystem II quantum yield (Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), or plant vitality parameter (Rdf) decreased significantly at 24 and 48 hpi compared to control leaves. Our results indicate that the initial stages of interaction between B. oleracea and A. brassicicola are not uniform within an inoculation site and show a complexity of host responses and fungal attempts to overcome host cell defense mechanisms. The downregulation of photosynthesis at the early stage of this susceptible interaction suggests that it may be a part of a host defense strategy, or, alternatively, that chloroplasts are targets for the unknown virulence factor(s) of A. brassicicola. However, the observed decrease of photosynthetic efficiency at the later stages of infection is a result of the fungus-induced necrotic lesion expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Katarzyna Macioszek
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gapińska
- Laboratory of Microscopy Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Zmienko
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Skoczowski
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University in Krakow, 30-084 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jakub Oliwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Kiejstut Kononowicz
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
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96
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An integrative Study Showing the Adaptation to Sub-Optimal Growth Conditions of Natural Populations of Arabidopsis thaliana: A Focus on Cell Wall Changes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102249. [PMID: 33036444 PMCID: PMC7601860 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the global warming context, plant adaptation occurs, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly described. Studying natural variation of the model plant Arabidopsisthaliana adapted to various environments along an altitudinal gradient should contribute to the identification of new traits related to adaptation to contrasted growth conditions. The study was focused on the cell wall (CW) which plays major roles in the response to environmental changes. Rosettes and floral stems of four newly-described populations collected at different altitudinal levels in the Pyrenees Mountains were studied in laboratory conditions at two growth temperatures (22 vs. 15 °C) and compared to the well-described Col ecotype. Multi-omic analyses combining phenomics, metabolomics, CW proteomics, and transcriptomics were carried out to perform an integrative study to understand the mechanisms of plant adaptation to contrasted growth temperature. Different developmental responses of rosettes and floral stems were observed, especially at the CW level. In addition, specific population responses are shown in relation with their environment and their genetics. Candidate genes or proteins playing roles in the CW dynamics were identified and will deserve functional validation. Using a powerful framework of data integration has led to conclusions that could not have been reached using standard statistical approaches.
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97
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Oliveira Lino L, Quilot-Turion B, Dufour C, Corre MN, Lessire R, Génard M, Poëssel JL. Cuticular waxes of nectarines during fruit development in relation to surface conductance and susceptibility to Monilinia laxa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5521-5537. [PMID: 32556164 PMCID: PMC7501825 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is composed of cutin and cuticular waxes, and it is the first protective barrier to abiotic and biotic stresses in fruit. In this study, we analysed the composition of and changes in cuticular waxes during fruit development in nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cultivars, in parallel with their conductance and their susceptibility to Monilinia laxa. The nectarine waxes were composed of triterpenoids, mostly ursolic and oleanolic acids, phytosterols, and very-long-chain aliphatics. In addition, we detected phenolic compounds that were esterified with sugars or with triterpenoids, which are newly described in cuticular waxes. We quantified 42 compounds and found that they changed markedly during fruit development, with an intense accumulation of triterpenoids during initial fruit growth followed by their decrease at the end of endocarp lignification and a final increase in very-long-chain alkanes and hydroxylated triterpenoids until maturity. The surface conductance and susceptibility to Monilinia decreased sharply at the beginning of endocarp lignification, suggesting that triterpenoid deposition could play a major role in regulating fruit permeability and susceptibility to brown rot. Our results provide new insights into the composition of cuticular waxes of nectarines and their changes during fruit development, opening new avenues of research to explore brown rot resistance factors in stone fruit.
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98
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An SQ, Potnis N, Dow M, Vorhölter FJ, He YQ, Becker A, Teper D, Li Y, Wang N, Bleris L, Tang JL. Mechanistic insights into host adaptation, virulence and epidemiology of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:1-32. [PMID: 31578554 PMCID: PMC8042644 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas is a well-studied genus of bacterial plant pathogens whose members cause a variety of diseases in economically important crops worldwide. Genomic and functional studies of these phytopathogens have provided significant understanding of microbial-host interactions, bacterial virulence and host adaptation mechanisms including microbial ecology and epidemiology. In addition, several strains of Xanthomonas are important as producers of the extracellular polysaccharide, xanthan, used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This polymer has also been implicated in several phases of the bacterial disease cycle. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the infection strategies and regulatory networks controlling virulence and adaptation mechanisms from Xanthomonas species and discuss the novel opportunities that this body of work has provided for disease control and plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi An
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn University, Auburn AL36849, USA
| | - Max Dow
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | | | - Yong-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Anke Becker
- Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Doron Teper
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Leonidas Bleris
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX75080, USA
| | - Ji-Liang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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99
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Kumar V, Hatan E, Bar E, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Doron-Faigenboim A, Spitzer-Rimon B, Elad Y, Alkan N, Lewinsohn E, Oren-Shamir M. Phenylalanine increases chrysanthemum flower immunity against Botrytis cinerea attack. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:226-240. [PMID: 32645754 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are the most vulnerable plant organ to infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Here we show that pre-treatment of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) flowers with phenylalanine (Phe) significantly reduces their susceptibility to B. cinerea. To comprehend how Phe treatment induces resistance, we monitored the dynamics of metabolites (by GC/LC-MS) and transcriptomes (by RNAseq) in flowers after Phe treatment and B. cinerea infection. Phe treatment resulted in accumulation of 3-phenyllactate and benzaldehyde, and in particular induced the expression of genes related to Ca2+ signaling and receptor kinases, implicating an induction of the defense response. Interestingly, the main effects of Phe treatment were observed in flowers exposed to B. cinerea infection, stabilizing the global fluctuations in the levels of metabolites and transcripts while reducing susceptibility to the fungus. We suggest that Phe-induced resistance is associated to cell priming, enabling rapid and targeted reprogramming of cellular defense responses to resist disease development. After Phe pre-treatment, the levels of the anti-fungal volatiles phenylacetaldehyde and eugenol were maintained and the level of coniferin, a plausible monolignol precursor in cell wall lignification, was strongly increased. In addition, Phe pre-treatment reduced ROS generation, prevented ethylene emission, and caused changes in the expression of a minor number of genes related to cell wall biogenesis, encoding the RLK THESEUS1, or involved in Ca2+ and hormonal signaling processes. Our findings point to Phe pre-treatment as a potential orchestrator of a broad-spectrum defense response which may not only provide an ecologically friendly pest control strategy but also offers a promising way of priming plants to induce defense responses against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Erel Hatan
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Einat Bar
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Michal Oren-Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
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100
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Deciphering the Novel Role of AtMIN7 in Cuticle Formation and Defense against the Bacterial Pathogen Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155547. [PMID: 32756392 PMCID: PMC7432873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle is the outermost layer of plant aerial tissue that interacts with the environment and protects plants against water loss and various biotic and abiotic stresses. ADP ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide exchange factor proteins (ARF-GEFs) are key components of the vesicle trafficking system. Our study discovers that AtMIN7, an Arabidopsis ARF-GEF, is critical for cuticle formation and related leaf surface defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (Pto). Our transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies indicate that the atmin7 mutant leaves have a thinner cuticular layer, defective stomata structure, and impaired cuticle ledge of stomata compared to the leaves of wild type plants. GC–MS analysis further revealed that the amount of cutin monomers was significantly reduced in atmin7 mutant plants. Furthermore, the exogenous application of either of three plant hormones—salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or abscisic acid—enhanced the cuticle formation in atmin7 mutant leaves and the related defense responses to the bacterial Pto infection. Thus, transport of cutin-related components by AtMIN7 may contribute to its impact on cuticle formation and related defense function.
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