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Han H, Jiang C, Wang C, Lu Y, Wang Z, Chai Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Lu C, Chen H. Dissipation pattern and conversion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANOs) during tea manufacturing and brewing. Food Chem 2022; 390:133183. [PMID: 35597088 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANOs) are toxic secondary metabolites in plants, and one kind of main exogenous pollutants of tea. Herein, the dissipation pattern and conversion behavior of PAs/PANOs were investigated during tea manufacturing and brewing using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Compared with PAs (processing factor (PF) = 0.73-1.15), PANOs had higher degradation rates (PF = 0.21-0.56) during tea manufacturing, and drying played the most important role in PANOs degradation. Moreover, PANOs were firstly discovered to be converted to corresponding PAs especially in the time-consuming (spreading of green tea manufacturing and withering of black tea manufacturing) and high-temperature tea processing (drying). Moreover, higher transfer rates of PANOs (≥75.84%) than that of PAs (≤56.53%) were observed during tea brewing. Due to higher toxicity of PAs than PANOs, these results are conducive to risk assessment and pollution control of PAs/PANOs in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolei Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changling Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiangchun Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Kurzbach E, Strieker M, Wittstock U. Production of benzylglucosinolate in genetically engineered carrot suspension cultures. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:241-250. [PMID: 36349242 PMCID: PMC9592945 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, a group of sulfur-containing specialized metabolites of the Brassicales, have attracted a lot of interest in nutrition, medicine and agriculture due to their positive health effects and their involvement in plant defense. Their biological activities and the extensive knowledge of their biosynthesis have inspired research into development of crops with enhanced glucosinolate contents as well as their biotechnological production in homologous and heterologous systems. Here, we provide proof-of-concept for transgenic suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota, Apiacae) as a scalable production platform for plant specialized metabolites using benzylglucosinolate as a model. Two T-DNAs carrying in total six genes of the benzylglucosinolate biosynthesis pathway from Arabidopsis thaliana as well as NPTII and BAR as selectable markers were transferred to carrot cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Putative transformants selected based on their kanamycin and BASTA resistances were subjected to HPLC-MS analysis. Of 79 putative transformants, 17 produced benzylglucosinolate. T-DNA-integration was confirmed for the five best producers. Callus from these transformants was used to establish suspension cultures for quantitative analysis. When grown in 60-ml-cultures, the best transformants produced roughly 2.5 nmol (g fw)-1 benzylglucosinolate, together with up to 10 nmol (g fw)-1 desulfobenzylglucosinolate. Only one transformant produced more benzylglucosinolate than desulfobenzylglucosinolate. The concentration of sulfate in the medium was not a major limiting factor. High production seemed to be associated with poor growth and vice versa. Therefore, future research should try to optimize medium and cultivation process and to separate growth and production phase by using an inducible promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kurzbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Strieker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ute Wittstock
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Gavrilova A, Gavrilov G. Assessment of morphological pharmacognostic characteristics of the content and label information of dried herbs marketed as food supplements in Bulgaria. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e87549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the current food legislation in Bulgaria the dried herbs are classified under the large group of food supplements and their trade is allowed in pharmacies, drugstores and grocery stores. The aim of this study is to assess the morphological pharmacognostic characteristics of the content and the additional information on the labels of food supplements containing dried herbs in Bulgaria, in the light of key standard and regulatory documents related to the quality of herbal substances and food supplements. 91 herbal substances of 10 main groups were studied, which included 103 commercial products from 8 companies. The authenticity of the herbal substances was confirmed with macro-and microscopic tests. The macroscopic morphological indicators which were used as elements of trade-commodity analysis were changes in color, presence of other parts of the same or different plants, organic and mineral impurities, evidences of diseases and pest infestations. The phenological phase in which the herbal substances had been collected was determined also. We found that very small part of the studied products meet the standards for all of the selected criteria according to the considered documents which implies the need of strengthening control.
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:2828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Combined Hepatotoxicity and Toxicity Mechanism of Intermedine and Lycopsamine. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090633. [PMID: 36136571 PMCID: PMC9501075 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common constituents of plants and have serious hepatotoxicity. Intermedine (Im) and lycopsamine (La) are two monoesters of PAs that frequently coexist in the PA-containing plants (e.g., comfrey and tea). The present study aimed to explore the combined hepatotoxicity and toxicity mechanism of the Im and La mixture. In vitro, the combined cytotoxicity of the Im and La mixture on human hepatocytes (HepD) was examined by CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Annexin V/PI staining assays. The combination of Im and La inhibited the ability of HepD cells to proliferate, colonize, and migrate and induced hepatocytes apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition to significantly causing a burst of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the Im and La mixture can also cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+, triggering the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP apoptosis pathway. This study provided the first direct evidence that the combined PAs induced hepatotoxicity through ER-mediated apoptosis. These results supplemented the basic toxicity data for the combined PAs and provided a new perspective for the risk assessment of combined PA toxicity.
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Abdo W, Haziri I, Dmerdash M, Alnasser SM, Hakamy A, Ali E, Soliman SA, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Abd-Eldayem AM. Anatabine attenuates ovalbumin-induced asthma via oxidative stress and inflammation mitigation and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling upregulation in rats. Life Sci 2022; 308:120954. [PMID: 36103960 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Asthma affects a large number of people worldwide and is characterized by chronic allergic airway inflammation. Anatabine is a natural alkaloid that is structurally similar to nicotine and found in the Solanaceae family of plants, with anti-inflammatory properties. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of anatabine against asthma. MAIN METHODS Ovalbumin was used to induce asthma in rats. Two asthmatic groups were treated with low and high doses of anatabine. KEY FINDINGS Asthmatic animals experienced increased total leukocyte count and inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), bronchitis, and bronchopneumonia associated with mast cell infiltration. Additionally, inducible nitric oxide synthase immunostaining was observed, with decreased pulmonary antioxidant capacity and enzymes and decreased Nrf2 and HO-1 gene expression while increased NFκB-P65 expression. Interestingly, asthmatic animals treated with anatabine at both doses showed dose-dependently decreased inflammatory cells and cytokine levels within BALF reduced inflammation in the airways through decreased mast cell infiltration within lung tissues and increased antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2 and Ho-1 expression levels. SIGNIFICANCE Our results highlight the potential beneficial effect of anatabine against asthma through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Therefore, anatabine is a promising candidate for pulmonary asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walied Abdo
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Imer Haziri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina" Hasan Prishtin", 10000 Pristina, Kosovo.
| | - Mohamed Dmerdash
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Hakamy
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ehab Ali
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Soha A Soliman
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Egypt.
| | | | - Ahmed M Abd-Eldayem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt.
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Anti-Alzheimer's disease potential of traditional chinese medicinal herbs as inhibitors of BACE1 and AChE enzymes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113576. [PMID: 36007279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that often occurs in the elderly population. At present, most drugs for AD on the market are single-target drugs, which have achieved certain success in the treatment of AD. However, the efficacy and safety of single-target drugs have not achieved the expected results because AD is a multifactorial disease. Multi-targeted drugs act on multiple factors of the disease network to improve efficacy and reduce adverse reactions. Therefore, the search for effective dual-target or even multi-target drugs has become a new research trend. Many of results found that the dual-target inhibitors of the beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) found from traditional Chinese medicine have a good inhibitory effect on AD with fewer side effects. This article reviews sixty-six compounds extracted from Chinese medicinal herbs, which have inhibitory activity on BACE1 and AChE. This provides a theoretical basis for the further development of these compounds as dual-target inhibitors for the treatment of AD.
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Structure-Dependent Toxicokinetics of Selected Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169214. [PMID: 36012484 PMCID: PMC9408898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals like pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) can affect the health of humans and animals. PAs can occur for example in tea, honey or herbs. Some PAs are known to be cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic. Upon intake of high amounts, hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic effects were observed in humans. This study aims to elucidate different toxicokinetic parameters like the uptake of PAs and their metabolism with in vitro models. We examined the transport rates of differently structured PAs (monoester, open-chained diester, cyclic diester) over a model of the intestinal barrier. After passing the intestinal barrier, PAs reach the liver, where they are metabolized into partially instable electrophilic metabolites interacting with nucleophilic centers. We investigated this process by the usage of human liver, intestinal, and lung microsomal preparations for incubation with different PAs. These results are completed with the detection of apoptosis as indicator for bioactivation of the PAs. Our results show a structure-dependent passage of PAs over the intestinal barrier. PAs are structure-dependently metabolized by liver microsomes and, to a smaller extent, by lung microsomes. The detection of apoptosis of A549 cells treated with lasiocarpine and monocrotaline following bioactivation by human liver or lung microsomes underlines this result. Conclusively, our results help to shape the picture of PA toxicokinetics which could further improve the knowledge of molecular processes leading to observed effects of PAs in vivo.
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Huang Y, Jiang J, Wang W, Guo J, Yang N, Zhang J, Liu Q, Chen Y, Hu T, Rao C. Zanthoxylum armatum DC. extract induces liver injury via autophagy suppression and oxidative damage by activation of mTOR/ULK1 pathway. Toxicon 2022; 217:162-172. [PMID: 35977614 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (ZADC) has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antibacterial effects. The cytotoxicity of methanol extract of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (MZADC) has been reported for BRL 3 A cell lines. However, whether MZADC can induce liver damage in vivo remains unclear. Therefore, it is essential to explore whether ZADC causes liver injury and, if the results confirm hepatotoxicity, to further study the potential mechanisms for the in-vitro cytotoxicity of the BRL 3 A cell lines. In vivo, different doses (0.346, 0.519, and 1.038 g/kg/day) of MZADC treatment were given by intragastric administration among male Sprague Dawley rats for 28 days. Levels of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the high dose group increased. Steatosis and focal necrosis were found in liver cells in rats in the high dose group. In vitro, BRL 3 A cells were cultivated with MZADC at different concentrations (30, 50, and 70 μg/mL) for 24 h. The cell viability, the number of autophagosomes, and the expression levels of LC3 and Beclin-1 were on a decreasing trend. Besides, proportions of p-mTOR/mTOR and p-ULK1/ULK1 increased. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were on the rise while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of glutathione (GSH) was on the decline. This research suggests that MZADC may cause rats liver injury and inhibit autophagy in BRL 3 A cells by the mTOR/ULK1 pathway, and further induce intracellular oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Jialuo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Wenlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Jiafu Guo
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Nannan Yang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Qiuyan Liu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Chaolong Rao
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China; R&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
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Giglio ML, Boland W, Heras H. Egg toxic compounds in the animal kingdom. A comprehensive review. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1938-1969. [PMID: 35916025 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1951 to 2022Packed with nutrients and unable to escape, eggs are the most vulnerable stage of an animal's life cycle. Consequently, many species have evolved chemical defenses and teamed up their eggs with a vast array of toxic molecules for defense against predators, parasites, or pathogens. However, studies on egg toxins are rather scarce and the available information is scattered. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of animal egg toxins and to analyze the trends and patterns with respect to the chemistry and biosynthesis of these toxins. We analyzed their ecology, distribution, sources, occurrence, structure, function, relative toxicity, and mechanistic aspects and include a brief section on the aposematic coloration of toxic eggs. We propose criteria for a multiparametric classification that accounts for the complexity of analyzing the full set of toxins of animal eggs. Around 100 properly identified egg toxins are found in 188 species, distributed in 5 phyla: cnidarians (2) platyhelminths (2), mollusks (9), arthropods (125), and chordates (50). Their scattered pattern among animals suggests that species have evolved this strategy independently on numerous occasions. Alkaloids are the most abundant and widespread, among the 13 types of egg toxins recognized. Egg toxins are derived directly from the environment or are endogenously synthesized, and most of them are transferred by females inside the eggs. Their toxicity ranges from ρmol kg-1 to mmol kg-1, and for some species, experiments support their role in predation deterrence. There is still a huge gap in information to complete the whole picture of this field and the number of toxic eggs seems largely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías L Giglio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. .,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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Mizobuti DS, da Rocha GL, da Silva HNM, Covatti C, de Lourenço CC, Pereira ECL, Salvador MJ, Minatel E. Antioxidant effects of bis-indole alkaloid indigo and related signaling pathways in the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:417-429. [PMID: 35687225 PMCID: PMC9346048 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigo is a bis-indolic alkaloid that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects reported in literature and is a promissory compound for treating chronic inflammatory diseases. This fact prompted to investigate the effects of this alkaloid in the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of the indigo on oxidative stress and related signaling pathways in primary skeletal muscle cell cultures and in the diaphragm muscle from mdx mice. The MTT and Neutral Red assays showed no indigo dose-dependent toxicities in mdx muscle cells at concentrations analyzed (3.12, 6.25, 12.50, and 25.00 μg/mL). Antioxidant effect of indigo, in mdx muscle cells and diaphragm muscle, was demonstrated by reduction in 4-HNE content, H2O2 levels, DHE reaction, and lipofuscin granules. A significant decrease in the inflammatory process was identified by a reduction on TNF and NF-κB levels, on inflammatory area, and on macrophage infiltration in the dystrophic sample, after indigo treatment. Upregulation of PGC-1α and SIRT1 in dystrophic muscle cells treated with indigo was also observed. These results suggest the potential of indigo as a therapeutic agent for muscular dystrophy, through their action anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and modulator of SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sayuri Mizobuti
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Luiz da Rocha
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Heloina Nathalliê Mariano da Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Caroline Covatti
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Caroline Caramano de Lourenço
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cristina Leite Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, 72220-275, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Salvador
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Minatel
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.
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Casado N, Fernández-Pintor B, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I. Quick and Green Microextraction of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Infusions of Mallow, Calendula, and Hibiscus Flowers Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7826-7841. [PMID: 35714998 PMCID: PMC9930110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable microextraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from edible flower infusions using the innovative μSPEed technique is proposed. Different sorbents and extraction conditions were tested, achieving the highest extraction efficiency with an octadecylsilane sorbent (4 mg). The extraction procedure just took 1 min per sample, and only 300 μL of methanol and 300 μL of the sample were used per extraction. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used for analysis. The method was properly validated, providing suitable linearity, selectivity, sensitivity (quantification limits 0.3-1 μg/L), overall recoveries (79-97%), and precision (≤17% relative standard deviation). Its application to the analysis of different infusions of mallow, calendula, and hibiscus flowers revealed similar total PA values (23-41 μg/L) and contamination profile among the mallow and hibiscus samples, with predominance of senecionine-type and heliotrine-type PAs, respectively. Conversely, calendula samples showed more variations (23-113 μg/L), highlighting the occurrence of intermedine N-oxide and europine N-oxide on them.
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M Pauzi NA, Cheema MS, Ismail A, Ghazali AR, Abdullah R. Safety assessment of natural products in Malaysia: current practices, challenges, and new strategies. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:169-179. [PMID: 34582637 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The belief that natural products are inherently safe is a primary reason for consumers to choose traditional medicines and herbal supplements for health maintenance and disease prevention. Unfortunately, some natural products on the market have been found to contain toxic compounds, such as heavy metals and microbes, as well as banned ingredients such as aristolochic acids. It shows that the existing regulatory system is inadequate and highlights the importance of thorough safety evaluations. In Malaysia, the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency is responsible for the regulatory control of medicinal products and cosmetics, including natural products. For registration purpose, the safety of natural products is primarily determined through the review of documents, including monographs, research articles and scientific reports. One of the main factors hampering safety evaluations of natural products is the lack of toxicological data from animal studies. However, international regulatory agencies such as the European Food Safety Authority and the United States Food and Drug Administration are beginning to accept data obtained using alternative strategies such as non-animal predictive toxicological tools. Our paper discusses the use of state-of-the-art techniques, including chemometrics, in silico modelling and omics technologies and their applications to the safety assessments of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Azra M Pauzi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Ministry of Health, Kompleks E, Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Manraj S Cheema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Rohi Ghazali
- Biomedical Sciences Programmes, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozaini Abdullah
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mateen RM, Tariq A, Afzal MS, Ali M, Tipu I, Hussain M, Saleem M, Naveed M. TULP3 NLS inhibition: an in silico study to hamper cargo transport to nucleus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35510584 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2070283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
TULP3 is involved in cell regulation pathways including transcription and signal transduction. In some pathological states like in cancers, increased level of TULP3 has been observed so it can serve as a potential target to hamper the activation of those pathways. We propose a novel idea of inhibiting nuclear localization signal (NLS) to interrupt nuclear translocation of TULP3 so that the downstream activations of pathways are blocked. In current in silico study, 3D structure of TULP3 was modeled using 8 different tools including I-TASSER, CABS-FOLD, Phyre2, PSIPRED, RaptorX, Robetta, Rosetta and Prime by Schrödinger. Best structure was selected after quality evaluation by SAVES and implied for the investigation of NLS sequence. Mapped NLS sequence was further used to dock with natural ligand importin-α as control docking to validate the NLS sequence as binding site. After docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation validation, these residues were used as binding side for subsequent docking studies. 70 alkaloids were selected after intensive literature survey and were virtually docked with NLS sequence where natural ligand importin-α is supposed to be bound. This study demonstrates the virtual inhibition of NLS sequence so that it paves a way for future in-vivo studies to use NLS as a new drug target for cancer therapeutics.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Muhammad Mateen
- Department of Life sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Tariq
- School of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Life sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Tipu
- Department of Life sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mureed Hussain
- Department of Life sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahjabeen Saleem
- School of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Overview of Recent Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Natural Toxins Detection in Food Products. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050328. [PMID: 35622576 PMCID: PMC9143482 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural toxins include a wide range of toxic metabolites also occurring in food and products, thus representing a risk for consumer health. In the last few decades, several robust and sensitive analytical methods able to determine their occurrence in food have been developed. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry is the most powerful tool for the simultaneous detection of these toxins due to its advantages in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. A comprehensive review on the most relevant papers on methods based on liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the analysis of mycotoxins, alkaloids, marine toxins, glycoalkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides and furocoumarins in food is reported herein. Specifically, a literature search from 2011 to 2021 was carried out, selecting a total of 96 papers. Different approaches to sample preparation, chromatographic separation and detection mode are discussed. Particular attention is given to the analytical performance characteristics obtained in the validation process and the relevant application to real samples.
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Borlak J, Diener HC, Kleeberg-Hartmann J, Messlinger K, Silberstein S. Petasites for Migraine Prevention: New Data on Mode of Action, Pharmacology and Safety. A Narrative Review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:864689. [PMID: 35585841 PMCID: PMC9108977 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.864689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Petasins are the pharmacologically active ingredients of butterbur and of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of migraine and tension headaches. Here, we summarize the pharmacology, safety and clinical efficacy of butterbur in the prevention of migraine attacks and present new data on its mode of action. We review published literature and study reports on the safety and clinical efficacy of the butterbur root extract Petadolex® and report new findings on petasins in dampening nociception by desensitizing calcium-conducting TRP ion channels of primary sensory neurons. Importantly, butterbur diminishes the production of inflammatory mediators by inhibiting activities of cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and phospholipase A2 and desensitizes nociception by acting on TRPA1 and TRPPV1 ion channels. It inhibits the release of calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) of meningeal afferents during migraine attacks. We also evaluated the safety of a butterbur root extract in repeated dose studies for up to 6 months. A no-observable-adverse-effect-level at 15-fold of the maximal clinical dose (3 mg/kg/day MCD) was established for rats. At supratherapeutic doses, i.e., 45–90-fold MCD, we observed bile duct hyperplasia, and mechanistic studies revealed regulations of solute carriers to likely account for bile duct proliferations. Additionally, liver function tests were performed in cultures of primary human hepatocytes and did not evidence hepatotoxicity at therapeutic butterbur level and with migraine co-medications. Lastly, in randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled trials with Petadolex® migraine attack frequency was reduced significantly at 150 mg/day, and no relevant abnormal liver function was reported. Together, butterbur is effective in the prevention of migraine attacks by blocking CGRP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jürgen Borlak
| | - Hans-Christoph Diener
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen Silberstein
- Jefferson Headache Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Mahmoudzadeh E, Nazemiyeh H, Hamedeyazdan S. Anti-inflammatory Properties of the Genus Symphytum L.: A Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2022; 21:e123949. [PMID: 36060906 PMCID: PMC9420230 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr.123949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: The Symphytum genus has been mainly used in traditional medicine, containing its anti-inflammatory activity. Symphytum spp.’s active components, such as allantoin, polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, can act on several intentions in the signaling pathway, constrain pro-inflammatory enzymes, reducing the construction of inflammatory chemokine’s and cytokines, and decreasing oxidative stress, which afterward suppresses inflammation procedures. Preclinical and clinical trials have reported the prevailing anti-inflammatory effect of several Symphytum species. This review presents an overview of the anti-inflammatory activities of different products and bioactive constituents in this genus. The papers with the English language were gathered from 2000 to 2021. This review may provide a scientific base for establishing innovative and alternative techniques for isolating a single individual from this genus to attenuate inflammatory disorders. The Symphytum genus is waiting for researchers to develop safe and effective anti-inflammatory agents for additional investigation of other different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Mahmoudzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Nazemiyeh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Hamedeyazdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Zhang R, Yan X, Yin S, Wang W, Zhu W, Fu P. Discovery of New Bohemamines and Synthesis of
Methylene‐Bridged
Chimeric Derivatives through Natural Product Chimera Strategy. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Xiaotang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Shupeng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Peng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao 266237 China
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Edgar JA, Molyneux RJ, Colegate SM. 1,2-Dehydropyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Their Potential as a Dietary Cause of Sporadic Motor Neuron Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:340-354. [PMID: 35238548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), can be caused by spontaneous genetic mutations. However, many sporadic cases of ALS and other debilitating neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are believed to be caused by environmental factors, subject to considerable debate and requiring intensive research. A common pathology associated with MND development involves progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in motor neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to apoptosis. Consequent degeneration of skeletal and respiratory muscle cells can lead to death from respiratory failure. A significant number of MND cases present with cancers and liver and lung pathology. This Perspective explores the possibility that MNDs could be caused by intermittent, low-level dietary exposure to 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (1,2-dehydroPAs) that are increasingly recognized as contaminants of many foods consumed throughout the world. Nontoxic, per se, 1,2-dehydroPAs are metabolized, by particular cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms, to 6,7-dihydropyrrolizines that react with nucleophilic groups (-NH, -SH, -OH) on DNA, proteins, and other vital biochemicals, such as glutathione. Many factors, including aging, gender, smoking, and alcohol consumption, influence CYP450 isoform activity in a range of tissues, including glial cells and neurons of the CNS. Activation of 1,2-dehydroPAs in CNS cells can be expected to cause gene mutations and oxidative stress, potentially leading to the development of MNDs and other NDDs. While relatively high dietary exposure to 1,2-dehydroPAs causes hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, pulmonary venoocclusive disease, neurotoxicity, and diverse cancers, this Perspective suggests that, at current intermittent, low levels of dietary exposure, neurotoxicity could become the primary pathology that develops over time in susceptible individuals, along with a tendency for some of them to also display liver and lung pathology and diverse cancers co-occurring with some MND/NDD cases. Targeted research is recommended to investigate this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Edgar
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Russell J Molyneux
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Steven M Colegate
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, ARS/USDA, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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70
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Yan S, Wang K, Al Naggar Y, Vander Heyden Y, Zhao L, Wu L, Xue X. Natural plant toxins in honey: An ignored threat to human health. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127682. [PMID: 34839979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Consumers often believe that "natural food" is harmless, however naturally occurring toxins in food represent a health risk to humans. Honey as a natural, nutritious sweetener, is one of the most commonly consumed foods throughout the world. However, food safety concerns for honey arise when honeybees collect nectar from poisonous plants such as Rhododendron sp., Coriaria arborea, and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Such honey contains natural plant toxins. Humans may develop intoxication symptoms after consuming toxic honey; in some cases, it can be fatal. As a result, toxic honey poses an often-ignored threat to public health. Typical plant toxins such as grayanotoxins, triptolides, tutin and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, have been identified in toxic honey. Although different toxic honeys elicit similar symptoms, such as vomiting, nausea, and dizziness, the mechanism of toxicity may be different. Thus, it is necessary to determine the exact toxicity mechanism of different toxins to further develop effective antidotes and cures. Another important challenge is preventing toxic honey from entering the food chain. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has a wide range of applications in the detection of different toxins due to its accuracy and simplicity. More methods, however, are urgently needed to detect multiple plant-derived toxins in honey and its derivatives. Developing uniform international standards for toxin detection during quarantine using advanced techniques is critical for preventing human consumption of toxic honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yan
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Yahya Al Naggar
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle, Germany; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Innovation Research Team of Risk Assessment for Bee Products Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Zirintunda G, Biryomumaisho S, Kasozi KI, Batiha GES, Kateregga J, Vudriko P, Nalule S, Olila D, Kajoba M, Matama K, Kwizera MR, Ghoneim MM, Abdelhamid M, Zaghlool SS, Alshehri S, Abdelgawad MA, Acai-Okwee J. Emerging Anthelmintic Resistance in Poultry: Can Ethnopharmacological Approaches Offer a Solution? Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:774896. [PMID: 35237147 PMCID: PMC8883056 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.774896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited pharmacological studies have been conducted on plant species used against poultry helminths. The objective of this study was to provide a basis for plant based anthelmintics as possible alternatives against poultry anthelmintic resistance. The study justified the need for alternative anthelmintics. The study places emphasis on the increasing anthelmintic resistance, mechanism of resistance, and preparational protocols for plant anthelmintics and their associated mechanism of action. Pharmaceutical studies on plants as alternative therapies for the control of helminth parasites have not been fully explored especially in several developing countries. Plants from a broad range of species produce a wide variety of compounds that are potential anthelmintics candidates. Important phenolic acids have been found in Brassica rapa L. and Terminalia avicenniodes Guill. and Perri that affect the cell signaling pathways and gene expression. Benzo (c) phenanthridine and isoquinoline alkaloids are neurotoxic to helminths. Steroidal saponins (polyphyllin D and dioscin) interact with helminthic mitochondrial activity, alter cell membrane permeability, vacuolation and membrane damage. Benzyl isothiocyanate glucosinolates interfere with DNA replication and protein expression, while isoflavones from Acacia oxyphylla cause helminth flaccid paralysis, inhibit energy generation, and affect calcium utilization. Condensed tannins have been shown to cause the death of nematodes and paralysis leading to expulsion from the gastro-intestinal tract. Flavonoids from Chenopodium album L and Mangifera indica L act through the action of phosphodiesterase and Ca2+-ATPase, and flavonoids and tannins have been shown to act synergistically and are complementary to praziquantel. Artemisinins from Artemisia cina O. Berg are known to disrupt mitochondrial ATP production. Terpenoids from Cucurbita moschata L disrupt neurotransmission leading to paralysis as well as disruption of egg hatching. Yeast particle encapsulated terpenes are effective for the control of albendazole-resistant helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Zirintunda
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Savino Biryomumaisho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Keneth Iceland Kasozi
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Albeheira, Egypt
| | - John Kateregga
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Nalule
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Deogracious Olila
- Department of Animal Production and Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Mariam Kajoba
- School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Kevin Matama
- School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Mercy Rukundo Kwizera
- School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Abdelhamid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Sameh S. Zaghlool
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - James Acai-Okwee
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Lokhande KB, Pawar SV, Madkaiker S, Nawani N, Venkateswara SK, Ghosh P. High throughput virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation analysis of phytomolecules against BfmR of Acinetobacter baumannii: anti-virulent drug development campaign. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2698-2712. [PMID: 35156902 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2038271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a notorious multidrug resistant bacterium responsible for several hospital acquired infections assisted by its capacity to develop biofilms. A. baumannii BfmR (RstA), a response regulator from the BfmR/S two-component signal transduction system, is the major controller of A. baumannii biofilm development and formation. As a result, BfmR represents a novel target for anti-biofilm treatment against A. baumannii. The discovery of the high-resolution crystal structure of BfmR provides a good chance for computational screening of its probable inhibitors. Therefore, in this study we aim to search new, less toxic, and natural BfmR inhibitors from 8450 phytomolecules available in the Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutic (IMPPAT) database by analyzing molecular docking against BfmR (PDB ID: 6BR7). Out of these 8450 phytomolecules 6742 molecules were successfully docked with BfmR with the docking score range -6.305 kcal/mol to +5.120 kcal/mol. Structure based-molecular docking (SB-MD) and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, & toxicity) profile examination revealed that Norepinephrine, Australine, Calystegine B3, 7,7 A-Diepialexine, and Alpha-Methylnoradrenaline phytocompounds strongly binds to the active site residues of BfmR. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) studies for 100 ns and the binding free energy (MM/GBSA) analysis elucidated the binding mechanism of Calystegine B3, 7,7 A-Diepialexine, and Alpha-Methylnoradrenaline to BfmR. In summary, these phytocompounds seems to have the promising molecules against BfmR, and thus necessitates further verification by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. HighlightsBfmR plays a key role in biofilm development and exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis in A. baumannii.Computational approach to search for promising BfmR inhibitors from IMPAAT database.The lead phytomolecules such as Calystegine B3, 7,7 A-Diepialexine, and Alpha-Methylnoradrenaline displayed significant binding with BfmR active site.The outcome of BfmR binding phytomolecules has broadened the scope of hit molecules validation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
| | - Sarika Vishnu Pawar
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
| | - Smriti Madkaiker
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
| | - Neelu Nawani
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
| | - Swamy K Venkateswara
- Bioinformatics Research Group, MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences & Research, MIT-ADT University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Payel Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Han H, Jiang C, Wang C, Wang Z, Chai Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Lu C, Chen H. Development, optimization, validation and application of ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides in teas and weeds. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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74
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Schrenk D, Fahrer J, Allemang A, Fu P, Lin G, Mahony C, Mulder PPJ, Peijnenburg A, Pfuhler S, Rietjens IMCM, Sachse B, Steinhoff B, These A, Troutman J, Wiesner J. Novel Insights into Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity and Implications for Risk Assessment: Occurrence, Genotoxicity, Toxicokinetics, Risk Assessment-A Workshop Report. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:98-117. [PMID: 34715696 DOI: 10.1055/a-1646-3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the major contributions and results of the 2nd International Workshop of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids held in September 2020 in Kaiserslautern, Germany. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are among the most relevant plant toxins contaminating food, feed, and medicinal products of plant origin. Hundreds of PA congeners with widespread occurrence are known, and thousands of plants are assumed to contain PAs. Due to certain PAs' pronounced liver toxicity and carcinogenicity, their occurrence in food, feed, and phytomedicines has raised serious human health concerns. This is particularly true for herbal teas, certain food supplements, honey, and certain phytomedicinal drugs. Due to the limited availability of animal data, broader use of in vitro data appears warranted to improve the risk assessment of a large number of relevant, 1,2-unsaturated PAs. This is true, for example, for the derivation of both toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data. These efforts aim to understand better the modes of action, uptake, metabolism, elimination, toxicity, and genotoxicity of PAs to enable a detailed dose-response analysis and ultimately quantify differing toxic potencies between relevant PAs. Accordingly, risk-limiting measures comprising production, marketing, and regulation of food, feed, and medicinal products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Peter Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Procter & Gamble, Technical Centres Limited, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Benjamin Sachse
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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76
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Wiesner J. Regulatory Perspectives of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination in Herbal Medicinal Products. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:118-124. [PMID: 34169489 DOI: 10.1055/a-1494-1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of plants containing certain pyrrolizidine alkaloids has long been recognized in grazing animals and humans. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data from in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies were published over the last few decades for some of the 1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, leading to regulatory action on herbal medicinal products with pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants more than 30 years ago. In recent years, it has become evident that in addition to herbal medicinal products containing pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants, these products may also contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids without actually including pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants. This is explained by contamination by accessory herbs (weeds). The national competent authorities of the European member states and the European Medicines Agency, in this case, the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products, reacted to these findings by setting limits for all herbal medicinal products. This review article will briefly discuss the data leading to the establishment of thresholds and the regulatory developments and consequences, as well as the current discussions and research in this area.
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77
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Herb-Induced Liver Injury—A Challenging Diagnosis. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020278. [PMID: 35206892 PMCID: PMC8872293 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herb-induced liver injury (HILI) can be caused by supplements containing herbs, natural products, and products used in traditional medicine. Herbal products’ most common adverse reaction is hepatotoxicity. Almost every plant part can be used to make herbal products, and these products can come in many different forms, such as teas, powders, oils, creams, capsules, and injectables. HILI incidence and prevalence are hard to estimate and vary from study to study because of insufficient large-scale prospective studies. The diagnosis of HILI is a challenging process that requires not only insight but also a high degree of suspicion by the clinician. HILI presents with unspecific symptoms and is a diagnosis of exclusion. For diagnosis, it is necessary to make a causality assessment; the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences assessment is the preferred method worldwide. The most effective treatment is the suspension of the use of the suspected herbal product and close monitoring of liver function. The objective of this review is to highlight the necessary steps for the clinician to follow to reach a correct diagnosis of herb-induced liver injury. Further studies of HILI are needed to better understand its complexity and prevent increased morbidity and mortality.
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Abstract
Ants have outstanding capacity to mediate inter- and intraspecific interactions by producing structurally diverse metabolites from numerous secretory glands. Since Murray Blum's pioneering studies dating from the 1950s, there has been a growing interest in arthropod toxins as natural products. Over a dozen different alkaloid classes have been reported from approximately 40 ant genera in five subfamilies, with peak diversity within the Myrmicinae tribe Solenopsidini. Most ant alkaloids function as venom, but some derive from other glands with alternative functions. They are used in defense (e.g., alarm, repellants) or offense (e.g., toxins) but also serve as antimicrobials and pheromones. We provide an overview of ant alkaloid diversity and function with an evolutionary perspective. We conclude that more directed integrative research is needed. We suggest that comparative phylogenetics will illuminate compound diversification, while molecular approaches will elucidate genetic origins. Biological context, informed by natural history, remains critical not only for research about focal species, but also to guide applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gonçalves Paterson Fox
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil;
| | - Rachelle M M Adams
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
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79
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Senturk H, Eksin E, Zeybek U, Erdem A. Detection of Senecionine in Dietary Sources by Single-Use Electrochemical Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1585. [PMID: 34945435 PMCID: PMC8709324 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are produced by plants as secondary compounds that are the most widely distributed natural toxins. There have been many cases of human toxicity caused by consumption of toxic plant species, as herbal teas and grain or grain products contaminated with PA-containing seeds have been reported. Companies that produce dried spices and tea leaves should examine the PA level in their products. For the first time in the literature, a simple and inexpensive electrochemical assay based on a single-use sensor was introduced for quantitative determination of senecionine (SEN) in the most frequently contaminated food sources. SEN was immobilized on a pencil graphite electrode surface by the passive adsorption technique. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to evaluate the oxidation signal of SEN, which was observed to be around +0.95 V. The oxidation signal was specific to the SEN in the sample, and the current value was proportional to its concentration. The selectivity of our assay was also tested in the presence of other similar PAs such as intermedine, lycopsamine, and heliotrine. The detection limit is calculated by developed assay and found to be 5.45 µg/mL, which is an acceptable concentration value of SEN occurring at toxic levels for consumers. As an application of the developed sensor in food products, the electrochemical detection of SEN was successfully performed in flour and herbal tea products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Senturk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (H.S.); (E.E.)
| | - Ece Eksin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (H.S.); (E.E.)
- Biomedical Device Technology Programme, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir 35140, Turkey
| | - Ulvi Zeybek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey;
| | - Arzum Erdem
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (H.S.); (E.E.)
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80
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He F, Shen G, Yang X. Asymmetric Aminations and Kinetic Resolution of Acyclic
α‐Branched
Ynones. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faqian He
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Guosong Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
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81
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Li J, Zhou M, Lai X, Wang Y, Zou Y, Li K, Li W, Zheng J. Toxicokinetic and bioavailability studies on retrorsine in mice, and ketoconazole-induced alteration in toxicokinetic properties. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5270. [PMID: 34727371 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Retrorsine (RTS) is a toxic retronecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, which is widely distributed. The purpose of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for serum RTS determination in mice. Serum samples were deproteinated by acetonitrile, separated on a C18 -PFP column and delivered at 0.8 ml/min with an eluting system composed of water containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid as mobile phases. RTS and the internal standard S-hexylglutathione (H-GSH) were quantitatively monitored with precursor-to-product transitions of m/z 352.1 → 120.1 and m/z 392.2 → 246.3, respectively. The method showed excellent linearity over the concentration range 0.05-50 μg/ml, with correlation coefficient r2 = 0.9992. The extraction recovery was >86.34%, and the matrix effect was not significant. Inter- and intra-day precisions (RSD) were <4.99%. The validated LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to study the toxicokinetic profiles of serum RTS in mice after intravenous, oral administration and co-treated with ketoconazole, which showed that RTS displayed a long half-life (~11.05 h) and good bioavailability (81.80%). Co-administration of ketoconazole (KTZ) increased the peak serum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve and decreased the clearance and mean residence time. Summing up, a new standardized method was established for quantitative determination of RTS in sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Mengyue Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Lai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Kunna Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
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82
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Ma J, Li M, Li N, Chan WY, Lin G. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Induced Hepatotoxicity Associated with the Formation of Reactive Metabolite-Derived Pyrrole-Protein Adducts. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:723. [PMID: 34679016 PMCID: PMC8540779 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) with 1,2-unsaturated necine base are hepatotoxic phytotoxins. Acute PA intoxication is initiated by the formation of adducts between PA-derived reactive pyrrolic metabolites with cellular proteins. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between the formation of hepatic pyrrole-protein adducts and occurrence of PA-induced liver injury (PA-ILI), and to further explore the use of such adducts for rapidly screening the hepatotoxic potency of natural products which contain PAs. Aqueous extracts of Crotalaria sessiliflora (containing one PA: monocrotaline) and Gynura japonica (containing two PAs: senecionine and seneciphylline) were orally administered to rats at different doses for 24 h to investigate PA-ILI. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, hepatic glutathione (GSH) level, and liver histological changes of the treated rats were evaluated to assess the severity of PA-ILI. The levels of pyrrole-protein adducts formed in the rats' livers were determined by a well-established spectrophotometric method. The biological and histological results showed a dose-dependent hepatotoxicity with significantly different toxic severity among groups of rats treated with herbal extracts containing different PAs. Both serum ALT activity and the amount of hepatic pyrrole-protein adducts increased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the elevation of ALT activity correlated well with the formation of hepatic pyrrole-protein adducts, regardless of the structures of different PAs. The findings revealed that the formation of hepatic pyrrole-protein adducts-which directly correlated with the elevation of serum ALT activity-was a common insult leading to PA-ILI, suggesting a potential for using pyrrole-protein adducts to screen hepatotoxicity and rank PA-containing natural products, which generally contain multiple PAs with different structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 4054577, China; (J.M.); (M.L.); (N.L.); (W.Y.C.)
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Mi Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 4054577, China; (J.M.); (M.L.); (N.L.); (W.Y.C.)
| | - Na Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 4054577, China; (J.M.); (M.L.); (N.L.); (W.Y.C.)
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 4054577, China; (J.M.); (M.L.); (N.L.); (W.Y.C.)
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 4054577, China; (J.M.); (M.L.); (N.L.); (W.Y.C.)
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83
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids of European Senecio/Jacobaea species in forage and their carry-over to milk: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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84
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Metabolic Toxification of 1,2-Unsaturated Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Causes Human Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome: The Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910419. [PMID: 34638760 PMCID: PMC8508847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturated and unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are present in more than 6000 plant species growing in countries all over the world. They have a typical heterocyclic structure in common, but differ in their potential toxicity, depending on the presence or absence of a double bond between C1 and C2. Fortunately, most plants contain saturated PAs without this double bond and are therefore not toxic for consumption by humans or animals. In a minority of plants, however, PAs with this double bond between C1 and C2 exhibit strong hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, and tumorigenic potentials. If consumed in error and in large emouns, plants with 1,2-unsaturated PAs induce metabolic breaking-off of the double bonds of the unsaturated PAs, generating PA radicals that may trigger severe liver injury through a process involving microsomal P450 (CYP), with preference of its isoforms CYP 2A6, CYP 3A4, and CYP 3A5. This toxifying CYP-dependent conversion occurs primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes equivalent to the microsomal fraction. Toxified PAs injure the protein membranes of hepatocytes, and after passing their plasma membranes, more so the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), leading to life-threatening hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). This injury is easily diagnosed by blood pyrrolizidine protein adducts, which are perfect diagnostic biomarkers, supporting causality evaluation using the updated RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method). HSOS is clinically characterized by weight gain due to fluid accumulation (ascites, pleural effusion, and edema), and may lead to acute liver failure, liver transplantation, or death. In conclusion, plant-derived PAs with a double bond between C1 and C2 are potentially hepatotoxic after metabolic removal of the double bond, and may cause PA-HSOS with a potential lethal outcome, even if PA consumption is stopped.
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85
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Khan AQ, Rashid K, AlAmodi AA, Agha MV, Akhtar S, Hakeem I, Raza SS, Uddin S. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer pathogenesis and therapy: An update on the role of ROS in anticancer action of benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112142. [PMID: 34536761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species play crucial role in biological homeostasis and pathogenesis of human diseases including cancer. In this line, now it has become evident that ROS level/concentration is a major factor in the growth, progression and stemness of cancer cells. Moreover, cancer cells maintain a delicate balance between ROS and antioxidants to promote pathogenesis and clinical challenges via targeting a battery of signaling pathways converging to cancer hallmarks. Recent findings also entail the therapeutic importance of ROS for the better clinical outcomes in cancer patients as they induce apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, poor clinical outcomes associated with cancer therapies are the major challenge and use of natural products have been vital in attenuation of these challenges due to their multitargeting potential with less adverse effects. In fact, most available drugs are derived from natural resources, either directly or indirectly and available evidence show the clinical importance of natural products in the management of various diseases, including cancer. ROS play a critical role in the anticancer actions of natural products, particularly phytochemicals. Benzophenanthridine alkaloids of the benzyl isoquinoline family of alkaloids, such as sanguinarine, possess several pharmacological properties and are thus being studied for the treatment of different human diseases, including cancer. In this article, we review recent findings, on how benzophenanthridine alkaloid-induced ROS play a critical role in the attenuation of pathological changes and stemness features associated with human cancers. In addition, we highlight the role of ROS in benzophenanthridine alkaloid-mediated activation of the signaling pathway associated with cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Maha Victor Agha
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabah Akhtar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ishrat Hakeem
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
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86
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Seipp K, Geske L, Opatz T. Marine Pyrrole Alkaloids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:514. [PMID: 34564176 PMCID: PMC8471394 DOI: 10.3390/md19090514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles are essential parts of the chemical machinery of life and often reveal intriguing structures. They are not only widespread in terrestrial habitats but can also frequently be found as natural products in the marine environment. This review highlights the important class of marine pyrrole alkaloids, well-known for their diverse biological activities. A broad overview of the marine pyrrole alkaloids with a focus on their isolation, biological activities, chemical synthesis, and derivatization covering the decade from 2010 to 2020 is provided. With relevant structural subclasses categorized, this review shall provide a clear and timely synopsis of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Section, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (K.S.); (L.G.)
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87
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Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Food Chain: Is Horizontal Transfer of Natural Products of Relevance? Foods 2021; 10:foods10081827. [PMID: 34441604 PMCID: PMC8392022 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have raised the question whether there is a potential threat by a horizontal transfer of toxic plant constituents such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) between donor-PA-plants and acceptor non-PA-plants. This topic raised concerns about food and feed safety in the recent years. The purpose of the study described here was to investigate and evaluate horizontal transfer of PAs between donor and acceptor-plants by conducting a series of field trials using the PA-plant Lappula squarrosa as model and realistic agricultural conditions. Additionally, the effect of PA-plant residues recycling in the form of composts or press-cakes were investigated. The PA-transfer and the PA-content of soil, plants, and plant waste products was determined in form of a single sum parameter method using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). PA-transfer from PA-donor to acceptor-plants was frequently observed at low rates during the vegetative growing phase especially in cases of close spatial proximity. However, at the time of harvest no PAs were detected in the relevant field products (grains). For all investigated agricultural scenarios, horizontal transfer of PAs is of no concern with regard to food or feed safety.
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88
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89
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Chmit MS, Müller J, Wiedow D, Horn G, Beuerle T. Biodegradation and utilization of crop residues contaminated with poisonous pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112629. [PMID: 33901824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disposal of noxious plant residues is a challenge for farmers and land management dealing with contaminated biomasses. Recent studies confirm the potential threat of transferring toxic plant constituents like pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from plant residues to non-toxic succeeding agricultural crops via the soil. We studied the degree of biochemical degradation of PAs in the two most important processes, composting and biomethanization. We used lab composting and biogas batches to investigate the potential of PA-degradation of two common PA-containing plants, Lappula squarrosa and Senecio jacobaea. The experiments demonstrated a virtually complete loss of PAs in three months during the composting process and a rapid decomposition of PAs from 3112.6 μg/kg to less than 21.5 μg/kg in L. squarrosa and from 6350.2 μg/kg to less than 539.6 μg/kg in S. jacobaea during biomethanization. The information obtained is a first guide on how to re-utilize PA-contaminated plant matter in a circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Said Chmit
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Müller
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Denny Wiedow
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gert Horn
- Exsemine GmbH, Am Wehr 4, 06198, Salzatal, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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90
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Valese AC, Daguer H, Muller CMO, Molognoni L, da Luz CFP, de Barcellos Falkenberg D, Gonzaga LV, Brugnerotto P, Gorniak SL, Barreto F, Fett R, Costa ACO. Quantification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio brasiliensis, beehive pollen, and honey by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:685-694. [PMID: 34264805 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1943257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the determination of eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by LC-MS/MS in honeys, pollen, and Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) samples, all from Santa Catarina state, Brazil. In addition, the Box-Behnken design was used to perform an optimized sample preparation on pollens and S. brasiliensis parts. Senecionine and its N-oxide, besides retrorsine N-oxide, were determined in six of the seven honeys samples. Pollen from species of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Boraginaceae families were found with greater predominance in three of the seven honeys samples. In these three honeys samples were also found the highest PAs levels. In beehive pollen, flower, and leaf of S. brasiliensis, the total levels of PAs and their N-oxides reached 221, 14.1 × 104, and 14.8 × 104 mg kg-1, respectively. In honeys, these compounds are chemical contaminants and therefore undesirable when the sum exceeds 71 µg kg-1, according to EFSA. On the other hand, although PAs are naturally present in plant and pollen of some species (Senecio, Crotalaria, Bacharis, Ecchium, Mimosa scabrella, Vernonia), it is important to monitor their levels in plants but also in honeys, and other beehive products since these compounds are transferred to the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Camargo Valese
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Sao Jose, SC, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Sao Jose, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Molognoni
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Sao Jose, SC, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da Luz
- Center for Research in Palynology, Department of the Environment of São Paulo, Institute of Botany, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Valdemiro Gonzaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia Brugnerotto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Silvana Lima Gorniak
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Sao Jose, SC, Brazil
| | - Roseane Fett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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91
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Heliotropium indicum L.: From Farm to a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutic Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9965481. [PMID: 34158818 PMCID: PMC8187075 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9965481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to summarize the available data on the ethnomedicinal and phytopharmacological activities of Heliotropium indicum L. based on database reports. For this purpose, an up-to-date literature search was carried out in the Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer Link, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, PubMed, Chem Spider, Elsevier, BioMed Central, and patent offices (e.g., USPTO, CIPO, NPI, Google patents, and Espacenet) for the published materials. The findings suggest that the plant contains many important phytochemicals, including pyrrolizidine alkaloids, indicine, echinitine, supinine, heleurine, heliotrine, lasiocarpine, acetyl indicine, indicinine, indicine N-oxide, cynoglossine, europine N-oxide, heleurine N-oxide, heliotridine N-oxide, heliotrine N-oxide, heliotrine, volatile oils, triterpenes, amines, and sterols. Scientific reports revealed that the herb showed antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antituberculosis, antiplasmodial, anticataract, antifertility, wound healing, antiinflammatory, antinociceptive, antihyperglycemic, anthelmintic, diuretic, antitussive, antiglaucoma, antiallergic, and larvicidal activity. In conclusion, in vitro studies with animal models seem to show the potential beneficial effects of H. indicum against a wide variety of disorders and as a source of phytotherapeutic compounds. However, clinical studies are necessary to confirm the effects observed in animal models, determine the toxicity of the therapeutic dose and isolate the truly bioactive components.
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92
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Lin Y, Wang L, Xu K, Huang H, Ren H. Algae Biofilm Reduces Microbe-Derived Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Discharges: Performance and Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6227-6238. [PMID: 33891391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-derived dissolved organic nitrogen (mDON) can readily induce harmful phytoplankton blooms, and thus, restricting its discharges is necessary. Recently, algae biofilm (AB) has attracted increasing interest for its advantages in nutrient recovery. However, its features in mDON control remain unexplored. Herein, AB's mDON formation and utilization performance, molecular characteristics, and metabolic traits have been investigated, with activated sludge (AS) as the benchmark for comparisons. Comparatively, AB reduced mDON formation by 83% when fed with DON-free wastewater. When fed with AS's effluent, it consumed at least 72% of the exogenous mDON and notably reduced the amount of protein/amino sugar-like compounds. Irrespective of the influent, AB ultimately produced more various unsaturated hydrocarbon and lignin analogues. Redundancy and network analysis highlighted the algal-bacterial synergistic effects exemplified by cross-feeding in reducing mDON concentrations and shaping mDON pools. Moreover, metagenomics-based metabolic reconstruction revealed that cyanobacteria Limnothrix and Kamptonema spp. facilitated mDON uptake, ammonification, and recycling, which supplied the extensive nitrogen assimilatory demand for amino acids, vitamins, and cofactors biosynthesis, and therefore promoted mDON scavenging. Our findings demonstrate that regardless of the secondary or tertiary process, cyanobacteria-dominated AB is promising to minimize bioavailable mDON discharges, which has implications for future eutrophication control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Liye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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93
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Marescotti D, Lo Sasso G, Guerrera D, Renggli K, Ruiz Castro PA, Piault R, Jaquet V, Moine F, Luettich K, Frentzel S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Development of an Advanced Multicellular Intestinal Model for Assessing Immunomodulatory Properties of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:639716. [PMID: 33935729 PMCID: PMC8085553 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.639716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is the collective term for immune system-mediated diseases of unknown, multifactorial etiology, with often complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. To mechanistically investigate the effect of treatment with compounds possessing immunomodulating properties in the context of intestinal inflammation, we developed an immunocompetent in vitro triculture intestinal model consisting of a differentiated intestinal epithelial layer (Caco-2/HT29-MTX) and immunocompetent cells (differentiated THP-1). The triculture mimicked a healthy intestine with stable barrier integrity. Lipopolysaccharide treatment triggered a controlled and reversible inflammatory state, resulting in significant impairment of barrier integrity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are known hallmarks of intestinal inflammation. Treatment with known anti-inflammatory reference compounds (TPCA-1 and budenoside) prevented the induction of an inflammatory state; the decreasing triculture responses to this treatment measured by cytokine release, transepithelial electric resistance (TEER), and epithelial layer permeability proved the suitability of the intestinal model for anti-inflammatory drug screening. Finally, selected tobacco alkaloids (nicotine and anatabine (R/S and S forms)) were tested in the in vitro triculture for their potential anti-inflammatory properties. Indeed, naturally occurring alkaloids, such as tobacco-derived alkaloids, have shown substantial anti-inflammatory effects in several in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation, gaining increasing interest. Similar to the anti-inflammatory reference compounds, one of the tobacco alkaloids under investigation partially prevented the decrease in the TEER and increase in permeability and reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Taken together, these data confirm that our in vitro model is suitable for screening potential anti-inflammatory compounds in the context of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego Guerrera
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Kasper Renggli
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Romain Piault
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Moine
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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94
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Picron JF, Philippe F, Dubrulle N, Van Hoeck E, Giraud N, Goscinny S, Vanhee C. Targeted LC-MS/MS combined with multilocus DNA metabarcoding as a combinatory approach to determine the amount and the source of pyrrolizidine alkaloids contamination in popular cooking herbs, seeds, spices and leafy vegetables. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:962-977. [PMID: 33780325 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1889043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their corresponding N-oxides (PANOs) are natural protoxins biosynthesised by many plant species and are responsible for occasional fatal intoxication outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated food. However, only in rare cases has the origin of the contamination been determined. Although their presence has been studied in many matrices, occurrence data on popular widely used cooking herbs, seeds, spices and leafy vegetables is very scarce. Therefore, a systematic study on the occurrence of PA/PANOs contaminations in these popular herbal items, available on the Belgian market, was performed, by means of a validatedtargeted LC-MS/MS analysis, followed by multilocus DNA metabarcoding to track back the origin of the contamination for seven highly to moderately contaminated samples. Our results clearly indicate that 21% of the seed spices and 25% seed-based aromatic mixes contain an amount higher than 400 μg of the 30 summed targeted PAs and PANOs per kg, the value which is currently under discussion by the European member states to be set as a maximum threshold. For both the herbs and the herb-based mixes only 7% of analysed samples exceeded these levels. As a proof of concept, multilocus DNA metabarcoding was performed on six highly contaminated samples, belonging to each subtype matrix, containing high levels of heliotrine type of PA/PANOs. Each time the analysis demonstrated the presence of DNA from a plant species belonging to the plant genus Heliotropium. Moreover, a contaminated leafy vegetable sample, containing solely senecionine type PA/PANOs, contained DNA from Senecio vulgaris. Taken together, it can be stated that the proposed combinatory chemical and molecular techniques could be used to verify if a PA/PANO(s) contamination occurred in these popular cooking items and to pinpoint the origin the contamination, which is pivotal in the case of a detrimental intoxication or intoxication outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Els Van Hoeck
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Céline Vanhee
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
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95
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Dai Y, Luo J, Xiang E, Guo Q, He Z, Gong Z, Sun X, Kou H, Xu K, Fan C, Liu J, Qiu S, Wang Y, Wang H, Guo Y. Prenatal Exposure to Retrorsine Induces Developmental Toxicity and Hepatotoxicity of Fetal Rats in a Sex-Dependent Manner: The Role of Pregnane X Receptor Activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3219-3231. [PMID: 33685126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a type of natural phytotoxin that contaminate food and feed and become an environmental health risk to humans and livestock. PAs exert toxicity that requires metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, and case reports showed that fetuses are quite susceptible to PAs toxicity. The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of developmental toxicity and fetal hepatotoxicity induced by retrorsine (RTS, a typcial toxic PA) and the underlying mechanism. Pregnant Wistar rats were intragastrically administered with 20 mg/(kg·day) RTS from gestation day (GD) 9 to 20. Results showed that prenatal RTS exposure lowered fetal bodyweights, reduced hepatocyte numbers, and potentiated hepatic apoptosis in fetuses, particularly females. Simutaneously, RTS increased CYP3A expression and pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation in female fetal liver. We further confirmed that RTS was a PXR agonist in LO2 and HepG2 cell lines. Furthermore, agonism or antagonism of androgen receptor (AR) either induced or blocked RTS-mediated PXR activation, respectively. As a PXR agonist, RTS toxicity was exacerbated in female fetus due to the increased CYP3A induction and self-metabolism, while the inhibitory effect of AR on PXR activation reduced the susceptibility of male fetus to RTS. Our findings indicated that PXR may be a potential therapeutic target for PA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguo Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Jinyuan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei Province, China
| | - E Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Hao Kou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Kequan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Chengpeng Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuaikai Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei Province, China
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96
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Wang J, Zhang M, Chen L, Qiao Y, Ma S, Sun D, Si J, Liao Y. Determination of Toxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines by UPLC-MS/MS and Accompanying Risk Assessment for Human Health. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061648. [PMID: 33809536 PMCID: PMC8000276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a class of natural toxins with hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. They are endogenous and adulterated toxic components widely found in food and herbal products. In this study, a sensitive and efficient ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was used to detect the PAs in 386 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of 0.007 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day was adopted as the safety baseline. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to evaluate the chronic exposure risk for the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of PAs. Results showed that PAs was detected in 271 out of 386 samples with a content of 0.1–25,567.4 μg/kg, and there were 20 samples with EDI values above the baseline, 0.007 μg/kg bw/day. Beyond that, the MOE values for 10 out of 271 positive samples were below 10,000. Considering the actual situation, Haber’s rule was used to assume two weeks exposure every year during lifetime, and still the MOE values for four out of 271 positive samples were under 10,000, indicating these products may have potential health risk. The developed method was successfully applied to detect the PAs-containing Chinese herbal medicines. This study provides convincing data that can support risk management actions in China and a meaningful reference for the rational and safe use of Chinese herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Lihua Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Siqi Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Dian Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Jianyong Si
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-10-5783-3299 (J.S.); +86-10-5783-3268 (Y.L.)
| | - Yonghong Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.); (M.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-10-5783-3299 (J.S.); +86-10-5783-3268 (Y.L.)
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97
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Klychnikov MK, Pohl R, Císařová I, Jahn U. α,γ-Dioxygenated amides via tandem Brook rearrangement/radical oxygenation reactions and their application to syntheses of γ-lactams. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:688-704. [PMID: 33777244 PMCID: PMC7961876 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolidones are common heterocyclic fragments in various biologically active compounds. Here, a two-step radical-based approach to γ-lactams bearing three to four stereocenters starting from epoxides, N-allylic silylacetamides and TEMPO is reported. The sequence starts with a new tandem nucleophilic substitution/Brook rearrangement/single electron transfer-induced radical oxygenation furnishing orthogonally protected α,γ-dioxygenated N-allylamides with wide scope, mostly good yields, and partly good diastereo- and enantioselectivity for defined combinations of chiral epoxides and chiral amides. This represents a very rare example of an oxidative geminal C-C/C-O difunctionalization next to carbonyl groups. The resulting dioxygenated allylic amides are subsequently subjected to persistent radical effect-based 5-exo-trig radical cyclization reactions providing functionalized pyrrolidones in high yields as diastereomeric mixtures. They converge to 3,4-trans-γ-lactams by base-mediated equilibration, which can be easily further diversified. Stereochemical models for both reaction types were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail K Klychnikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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98
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A transition metal-catalyzed enyne metathesis for the preparation of pyrrolizidine alkaloid core: Application towards the total synthesis of stemaphylline. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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99
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Chen S, Dong L, Quan H, Zhou X, Ma J, Xia W, Zhou H, Fu X. A review of the ethnobotanical value, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control of Tussilago farfara L. (coltsfoot). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113478. [PMID: 33069788 PMCID: PMC7561605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tussilago farfara L. (commonly called coltsfoot), known as a vital folk medicine, have long been used to treat various respiratory disorders and consumed as a vegetable in many parts of the world since ancient times. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to provide a critical evaluation of the current knowledge on the ethnobotanical value, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control of coltsfoot, thus provide a basis for further investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed literature search was obtained using various online search engines (e.g. Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Baidu Scholar, PubMed and CNKI). Additional information was sourced from ethnobotanical literature focusing on Chinese and European flora. The plant synonyms were validated by the database 'The Plant List' (www.theplantlist.org). RESULTS Coltsfoot has diverse uses in local and traditional medicine, but similarities have been noticed, specifically for relieving inflammatory conditions, respiratory and infectious diseases in humans. Regarding its pharmacological activities, many traditional uses of coltsfoot are supported by modern in vitro or in vivo pharmacological studies such as anti-inflammatory activities, neuro-protective activity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant activity. Quantitative analysis (e.g. GC-MS, UHPLC-MRMHR) indicated the presence of a rich (>150) pool of chemicals, including sesquiterpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, chromones, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and others from its leaves and buds. In addition, adverse events have resulted from a collection of the wrong plant which contains PAs that became the subject of public concern attributed to their highly toxic. CONCLUSIONS So far, remarkable progress has been witnessed in phytochemistry and pharmacology of coltsfoot. Thus, some traditional uses have been well supported and clarified by modern pharmacological studies. Discovery of therapeutic natural products and novel structures in plants for future clinical and experimental studies are still a growing interest. Furthermore, well-designed studies in vitro particularly in vivo are required to establish links between the traditional uses and bioactivities, as well as ensure safety before clinical use. In addition, the good botanical identification of coltsfoot and content of morphologically close species is a precondition for quality supervision and control. Moreover, strict quality control measures are required in the studies investigating any aspect of the pharmacology and chemistry of coltsfoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Lin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Hongfeng Quan
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Xirong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Jiahua Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Wenxin Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Hao Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Xueyan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Hama JR, Strobel BW. Occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in ragwort plants, soils and surface waters at the field scale in grassland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142822. [PMID: 33348479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA)s are natural toxins produced by a variety of plants including ragwort. The PAs present a serious health risk to human and livestock. Although these compounds have been extensively studied in food and feed, little is known regarding their environmental fate. To fill this data gap, we investigated the occurrence of PAs in ragwort plants, soils and surface waters at three locations where ragwort was the dominant plant species to better understand their environmental distribution. The concentrations of PAs were quantified during the full growing season (April-November) and assessed in relation to rain events. PA concentrations ranged from 3.2-6.6 g/kg dry weight (dw) in plants, 0.8-4.0 mg/kg dw in soils, and 6.0-529 μg/L in surface waters. Maximum PA concentrations in the soil (4 mg/kg) and water (529 μg/L) were in mid-May just before flowering. The average distribution of PAs in water was approximately 5 g/10,000 L, compared to the average amounts present in ragwort (506 kg/ha), and soil (1.7 kg/ha). In general, concentrations of PAs increase in the soil and surface water following rain events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawameer R Hama
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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