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Roossinck MJ. The Ups and Downs of an Out-of-the-Box Scientist with a Curious Mind. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:19-38. [PMID: 35512631 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-013446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
My early life was challenging, and not conducive to the study of science, but my first introduction to viruses was an epiphany for me. I spent the whole of my career dedicated to understanding viruses, driven largely by curiosity. This led me down many different avenues of study, and to work with many wonderful colleagues, most of whom remain friends. Some highlights of my career include the discovery of a mutualistic three-way symbiosis involving a virus, a fungus, and a plant; genetic mapping of a pathogenicity gene in tomato; uncovering a virus in 1,000-year-old corncobs; exploring virus biodiversity in wild plants; and establishing a system to use a fungal virus to understand the epidemiology of its host. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Roossinck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA;
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Bellec L, Seimandi‐Corda G, Menacer K, Trabalon M, Ollivier J, Lunel C, Faure S, Cortesero A, Hervé M. Factors driving the within‐plant patterns of resource exploitation in a herbivore. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bellec
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
- Innolea, 6 Chemin de Panedautes, 31700 Mondonville France
| | - Gaëtan Seimandi‐Corda
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
- Biointeractions and Crop protections, Rothamsted Research Harpenden
| | - Kathleen Menacer
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
| | - Marie Trabalon
- EthoS‐UMR 6552, CNRS, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
| | - Jérôme Ollivier
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
- ISCR, CNRS, 35000 Rennes France
| | - Christophe Lunel
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
| | | | | | - Maxime Hervé
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
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53
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Crone MK, Biddinger DJ, Grozinger CM. Wild Bee Nutritional Ecology: Integrative Strategies to Assess Foraging Preferences and Nutritional Requirements. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.847003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bees depend on flowering plants for their nutrition, and reduced availability of floral resources is a major driver of declines in both managed and wild bee populations. Understanding the nutritional needs of different bee species, and how these needs are met by the varying nutritional resources provided by different flowering plant taxa, can greatly inform land management recommendations to support bee populations and their associated ecosystem services. However, most bee nutrition research has focused on the three most commonly managed and commercially reared bee taxa—honey bees, bumble bees, and mason bees—with fewer studies focused on wild bees and other managed species, such as leafcutting bees, stingless bees, and alkali bees. Thus, we have limited information about the nutritional requirements and foraging preferences of the vast majority of bee species. Here, we discuss the approaches traditionally used to understand bee nutritional ecology: identification of floral visitors of selected focal plant species, evaluation of the foraging preferences of adults in selected focal bee species, evaluation of the nutritional requirements of focal bee species (larvae or adults) in controlled settings, and examine how these methods may be adapted to study a wider range of bee species. We also highlight emerging technologies that have the potential to greatly facilitate studies of the nutritional ecology of wild bee species, as well as evaluate bee nutritional ecology at significantly larger spatio-temporal scales than were previously feasible. While the focus of this review is on bee species, many of these techniques can be applied to other pollinator taxa as well.
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Bennett MM, Welchert AC, Carroll M, Shafir S, Smith B, Corby-Harris V. Unbalanced fatty acid diets impair discrimination ability of honey bee workers to damaged and healthy brood odors. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274972. [PMID: 35332922 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition supports social insect colonies by regulating both individual performance and colony growth. In honey bee colonies, task-related behaviors such as nursing and foraging are partially mediated by nutrition. Young workers (nurses) consume almost all of the pollen in the hive, while foragers consume mostly nectar. Pollen provides vital proteins and lipids, consumed by nurse bees for approximately one week post eclosion. The role that lipids play in the physiology and behavior of adult bees is gaining significant attention. Recent research suggests that diets with balanced ratios of fatty acids increase olfactory learning in honey bees. Olfaction is crucial for young worker bees to perform brood care and cell cleaning behaviors, which is important for hive health and disease control. Thus, we targeted the early adult, pollen feeding stage to examine how fatty acids affect cognition to hive-relevant odors. We fed young workers (days 0-9) diets balanced or unbalanced in their ratio of essential fatty acids (ω-6:3) sourced from pollen or cooking oils. We then measured their ability to learn healthy and damaged brood odors, as well as their ability to discriminate between the two. Workers fed balanced diets could learn and discriminate between brood odors better than workers fed unbalanced diets. Consumption of both diet types decreased with age, but their cognitive effects remained. These results suggest that diet affects young worker cognitive development, which may affect task-related behaviors and colony hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Bennett
- USDA-ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona, 85719, USA
| | - Ashley C Welchert
- USDA-ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona, 85719, USA
| | - Mark Carroll
- USDA-ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona, 85719, USA
| | - Sharoni Shafir
- B. Triwaks Bee Research Center, Department of Entomology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Brian Smith
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Social Insect Research Group, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Vanessa Corby-Harris
- USDA-ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona, 85719, USA
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55
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Sentil A, Wood TJ, Lhomme P, Hamroud L, El Abdouni I, Ihsane O, Bencharki Y, Rasmont P, Christmann S, Michez D. Impact of the “Farming With Alternative Pollinators” Approach on Crop Pollinator Pollen Diet. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.824474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollinators are facing declines at a global level. One of the main factors driving this decline is insufficient access to floral resources due to habitat loss and degradation that can affect both diet generalist species as well as those with more restricted floral preferences. Here we evaluated the effect of a novel mitigation strategy in agricultural ecosystems, Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP) on the pollen diet of crop pollinators. The approach dedicates 25% of the cropped area to Marketable Habitat Enhancement Plants (MHEP) that attract pollinators, natural enemies of the crops, and provide farmers with income. We assessed the effect of the approach on pollen diet of faba bean (Vicia faba) and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) flower visitors in four different regions in Morocco during 2018 and 2019 by comparing control fields (monoculture) and FAP fields in 13 trials and 101 sites. Results from 25 wild bee species show that almost two-thirds of the species carrying or collecting pollen when visiting pumpkin flowers and half of the species carrying or collecting pollen when visiting faba bean flowers gathered this pollen from two or more host plants (i.e., MHEP, main crop, and/or wild plants) and displayed a wide dietary breadth. Pollen grains from the main crops were poorly represented on the female scopae, indicating that crops were mainly visited for nectar. Hence, crop flower visitors may require alternative pollen sources to meet their nutritional needs. The number of pollen genera collected by flower visitors and the dietary breadth of crop flower visitors did not show a significant increase in response to FAP management. Among the selected MHEP, sunflower (Helianthus annuus) was the pollen resource for pumpkin flower visitors. In faba bean, flower visitors collected pollen from coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and canola (Brassica napus). Our study sheds light on the importance of characterizing the pollen diet and the foraging behavior of crop pollinators to identify appropriate plant species that complement their food, maintain and conserve their populations.
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Barraud A, Barascou L, Lefebvre V, Sene D, Le Conte Y, Alaux C, Grillenzoni FV, Corvucci F, Serra G, Costa C, Vanderplanck M, Michez D. Variations in Nutritional Requirements Across Bee Species. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.824750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With 2,000 species currently recorded in Europe, bees are a highly diversified and efficient group of pollinating insects. They obtain their nutrients from nectar and pollen of flowers. However, the chemical composition of these resources, especially of pollen (e.g., protein, lipid, amino acids, fatty acids, or sterol content), is highly variable among plant species. While it is well-known that bees show interspecific variation in their floral choices, there is a lack of information on the nutritional requirements of different bee species. We therefore developed original experiments in laboratory conditions to evaluate the interspecific variations in bee nutritional requirements. We analyzed the chemical content of eight pollen blends, different in terms of protein, lipid, amino acids, and sterols total concentration and profiles. Each pollen blend was provided to four different bee model species: honey bees (Apis mellifera), bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), mason bees (Osmia bicornis and Osmia cornuta). For each species, specific protocols were used to monitor their development (e.g., weight, timing, survival) and resource collection. Overall, we found that the nutritional requirements across those species are different, and that a low-quality diet for one species is not necessarily low-quality for another one. While honey bees are negatively impacted by diets with a high protein content (~40%), bumblebees and mason bees develop normally on these diets but struggle on diets with a low total amino acid and sterol content, specifically with low concentrations of 24-methylenecholesterol and β-sitosterol. Overall, our study supports the need of conserving and/or introducing plant diversity into managed ecosystems to meet the natural nutritional preferences of bees at species and community level.
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57
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Parreño MA, Alaux C, Brunet JL, Buydens L, Filipiak M, Henry M, Keller A, Klein AM, Kuhlmann M, Leroy C, Meeus I, Palmer-Young E, Piot N, Requier F, Ruedenauer F, Smagghe G, Stevenson PC, Leonhardt SD. Critical links between biodiversity and health in wild bee conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 37:309-321. [PMID: 34955328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wild bee populations are declining due to human activities, such as land use change, which strongly affect the composition and diversity of available plants and food sources. The chemical composition of food (i.e., nutrition) in turn determines the health, resilience, and fitness of bees. For pollinators, however, the term 'health' is recent and is subject to debate, as is the interaction between nutrition and wild bee health. We define bee health as a multidimensional concept in a novel integrative framework linking bee biological traits (physiology, stoichiometry, and disease) and environmental factors (floral diversity and nutritional landscapes). Linking information on tolerated nutritional niches and health in different bee species will allow us to better predict their distribution and responses to environmental change, and thus support wild pollinator conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Parreño
- Plant-Insect Interactions, TUM School of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
| | - C Alaux
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - J-L Brunet
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - L Buydens
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Filipiak
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - M Henry
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - A Keller
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, and Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A-M Klein
- Chair of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum of Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Leroy
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - I Meeus
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Palmer-Young
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - N Piot
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Requier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Ruedenauer
- Plant-Insect Interactions, TUM School of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - G Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK; University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - S D Leonhardt
- Plant-Insect Interactions, TUM School of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
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58
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Rowe L, Gibson D, Landis DA, Isaacs R. Wild bees and natural enemies prefer similar flower species and respond to similar plant traits. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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59
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Casanelles‐Abella J, Müller S, Keller A, Aleixo C, Alós Orti M, Chiron F, Deguines N, Hallikma T, Laanisto L, Pinho P, Samson R, Tryjanowski P, Van Mensel A, Pellissier L, Moretti M. How wild bees find a way in European cities: Pollen metabarcoding unravels multiple feeding strategies and their effects on distribution patterns in four wild bee species. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Casanelles‐Abella
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Müller
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alexander Keller
- Organismic and Cellular Interactions Biocenter Faculty of Biology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Martinsried Germany
| | - Cristiana Aleixo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Marta Alós Orti
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia
| | - François Chiron
- Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechEcologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France
| | - Nicolas Deguines
- Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechEcologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose Université de PoitiersUMR CNRS Nouvelle‐Aquitaine France
| | - Tiit Hallikma
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia
| | - Pedro Pinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Department of Zoology Poznan University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
| | - Anskje Van Mensel
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Land Change Science Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Marco Moretti
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
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Abstract
Optimal nutrition is crucial for honey bee colony growth and robust immune systems. Honey bee nutrition is complex and depends on the floral composition of the landscape. Foraging behavior of honey bees depends on both colony environment and external environment. There are significant gaps in knowledge regarding honey bee nutrition, and hence no optimal diet is available for honey bees, as there is for other livestock. In this review, we discuss (1) foraging behavior of honey bees, (2) nutritional needs, (3) nutritional supplements used by beekeepers, (4) probiotics, and (5) supplemental forage and efforts integrating floral diversity into cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Tsuruda
- University of Tennessee - Knoxville, 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Chakrabarti
- Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 5307, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ramesh R Sagili
- Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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61
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Bumble Bee Foraged Pollen Analyses in Spring Time in Southern Estonia Shows Abundant Food Sources. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100922. [PMID: 34680691 PMCID: PMC8538635 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Pollinators make a strong contribution to ecosystem stability. However, nowadays, they also need protection and sustainable habitat to live and develop. Not all regions can provide suitable habitats due to agricultural intensification, urbanization, climate changes and corresponding impacts. Our study was conducted in the late spring in south Estonia where arable lands were surrounded by forest patches and rural areas. For better performance, we used both light microscopy and DNA metabarcoding methods for pollen identification. We found that bumble bees foraged on the diverse food sources showing preferences for several main plant families. Additionally, in our case, land-use types did not show important effects on bumble bee food choices and foraging decisions. Various landscape features can provide diverse food sources at the early development stages and support nest longevity. Here, we can say that a better understanding of pollinators’ food preferences can help in the application of more suitable measures for their conservation. Abstract Agricultural landscapes usually provide higher quantities of single-source food, which are noticeably lacking in diversity and might thus have low nutrient value for bumble bee colony development. Here, in this study, we analysed the pollen foraging preferences over a large territory of a heterogeneous agricultural landscape: southern Estonia. We aimed to assess the botanical diversity of bumble bee food plants in the spring time there. We looked for preferences for some food plants or signs of food shortage that could be associated with any particular landscape features. For this purpose, we took Bombus terrestris commercial hives to the landscape, performed microscopy analyses and improved the results with the innovative DNA metabarcoding technique to determine the botanical origin of bumble bee-collected pollen. We found high variability of forage plants with no strong relationship with any particular landscape features. Based on the low number of plant species in single flights, we deduce that the availability of main forage plants is sufficient indicating rich forage availabilities. Despite specific limitations, we saw strong correlations between microscopy and DNA metabarcoding data usable for quantification analyses. As a conclusion, we saw that the spring-time vegetation in southern Estonia can support bumble bee colony development regardless of the detailed landscape structure. The absence of clearly dominating food preference by the tested generalist bumble bee species B. terrestris makes us suggest that other bumble bee species, at least food generalists, should also find plenty of forage in their early development phase.
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Archer CR, Fähnle J, Pretzner M, Üstüner C, Weber N, Sutter A, Doublet V, Wilfert L. Complex relationship between amino acids, fitness and food intake in Bombus terrestris. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1545-1558. [PMID: 34590185 PMCID: PMC8519840 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of amino acids to carbohydrates (AA:C) that bumble bees consume has been reported to affect their survival. However, it is unknown how dietary AA:C ratio affects other bumble bee fitness traits (e.g., fecundity, condition) and possible trade-offs between them. Moreover, while individual AAs affect phenotype in many species, the effects of AA blend on bumble bee fitness and food intake are unclear. We test how the AA:C ratio that bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) consume affects their condition (abdomen lipid and dry mass), survival following food removal, and ovarian activation. We then compare ovarian activation and food intake in bees fed identical AA:C ratios, but where the blend of AAs in diets differ, i.e., diets contained the same 10 AAs in an equimolar ratio or in the same ratio as in bee collected pollen. We found that AA:C ratio did not significantly affect survival following food removal or ovarian activation; however, high AA intake increased body mass, which is positively correlated with multiple fitness traits in bumble bees. AA blend (i.e., equimolar versus pollen) did not significantly affect overall ovarian activation or consumption of each experimental diet. However, there was an interaction between AA mix and dietary AA:C ratio affecting survival during the feeding experiment, and signs that there may have been weak, interactive effects of AA mix and AA:C ratio on food consumption. These results suggest that the effect of total AA intake on bumble bee phenotype may depend on the blend of individual AAs in experimental diets. We suggest that research exploring how AA blend affects bumble bee performance and dietary intake is warranted, and highlight that comparing research on bee nutrition is complicated by even subtle variation in experimental diet composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruth Archer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Johannes Fähnle
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maximilian Pretzner
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cansu Üstüner
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Weber
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Sutter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Vincent Doublet
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,College of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn, TR10 8FL, UK
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63
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Dorchin A, Shafir A, Neumann FH, Langgut D, Vereecken NJ, Mayrose I. Bee flowers drive macroevolutionary diversification in long-horned bees. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210533. [PMID: 34547912 PMCID: PMC8515878 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of plant–pollinator interactions in the rapid radiation of the angiosperms have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Studies have brought evidence for pollinator-driven diversification of various plant lineages, particularly plants with specialized flowers and concealed rewards. By contrast, little is known about how this crucial interaction has shaped macroevolutionary patterns of floral visitors. In particular, there is currently no empirical evidence that floral host association has increased diversification in bees, the most prominent group of floral visitors that essentially rely on angiosperm pollen. In this study, we examine how floral host preference influenced diversification in eucerine bees (Apidae, Eucerini), which exhibit large variations in their floral associations. We combine quantitative pollen analyses with a recently proposed phylogenetic hypothesis, and use a state speciation and extinction probabilistic approach. Using this framework, we provide the first evidence that multiple evolutionary transitions from host plants with accessible pollen to restricted pollen from ‘bee-flowers’ have significantly increased the diversification of a bee clade. We suggest that exploiting host plants with restricted pollen has allowed the exploitation of a new ecological niche for eucerine bees and contributed both to their colonization of vast regions of the world and their rapid diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achik Dorchin
- The National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Anat Shafir
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Frank H Neumann
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dafna Langgut
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, and The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Itay Mayrose
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Ryder JT, Cherrill A, Thompson HM, Walters KFA. Lower pollen nutritional quality delays nest building and egg laying in Bombus terrestris audax micro-colonies leading to reduced biomass gain. APIDOLOGIE 2021; 52:1033-1047. [PMID: 35068597 PMCID: PMC8755691 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-021-00885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The performance of Bombus terrestris micro-colonies fed five diets differing in pollen species composition and level of nine essential amino acids (EAA; leucine, lysine, valine, arginine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, histidine, methionine) was assessed for 37 days by recording total biomass gain, nest building initiation, brood production (eggs, small and large larvae, pupae, drones), nectar, and pollen collection. Stronger colony performance was linked to higher amino acid levels but no consistent differences in biomass gain were recorded between mono- and poly-species diets. Poorest performance occurred in micro-colonies offered pure oilseed rape (OSR) pollen which contained the lowest EAA levels. Reduced micro-colony development (delayed nest initiation and lower brood production) was related to OSR proportion in the diet and lower EAA levels. Results are discussed in relation to selection of plant species in the design of habitats to promote bee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T. Ryder
- Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Cheshire Chester, CH1 4BJ UK
| | - Andrew Cherrill
- Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB UK
| | | | - Keith F. A. Walters
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire Ascot, SL5 7PY UK
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65
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Quinlan GM, Milbrath MO, Otto CRV, Isaacs R. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies benefit from grassland/ pasture while bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) colonies in the same landscapes benefit from non-corn/soybean cropland. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257701. [PMID: 34543363 PMCID: PMC8452077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculturally important commercially managed pollinators including honey bees (Apis mellifera L., 1758) and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson, 1863) rely on the surrounding landscape to fulfill their dietary needs. A previous study in Europe demonstrated that managed honey bee foragers and unmanaged native bumble bee foragers are associated with different land uses. However, it is unclear how response to land use compares between managed honey bees and a managed native bumble bee species in the United States, where honey bees are an imported species. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no such direct comparisons of bee responses to land use have been made at the colony level. To better understand how two different social bees respond to variation in land use, we monitored the weights of A. mellifera and B. impatiens colonies placed in 12 apiaries across a range of land use in Michigan, United States in 2017. Bombus impatiens colonies gained more weight and produced more drones when surrounded by diverse agricultural land (i.e., non-corn/soybean cropland such as tree fruits and grapes), while honey bee colonies gained more weight when surrounded by more grassland/pasture land. These findings add to our understanding of how different bee species respond to agricultural landscapes, highlighting the need for further species-specific land use studies to inform tailored land management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M. Quinlan
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Meghan O. Milbrath
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Clint R. V. Otto
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND, United States of America
| | - Rufus Isaacs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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66
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Sculfort O, Gérard M, Gekière A, Nonclercq D, Gerbaux P, Duez P, Vanderplanck M. Specialized Metabolites in Floral Resources: Effects and Detection in Buff-Tailed Bumblebees. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.669352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of appropriate food resources by bees is a critical aspect for the maintenance of their populations, especially in the current context of global change and pollinator decline. Wild bees have a sophisticated ability to forage selectively on specific resources, and can assess the quality of pollen using contact chemosensory perception (taste). While numerous studies have investigated the detection of pollen macronutrients in bees and their impact on bee health and reproductive success, only a few studies have described the gustatory responses of bees toward specialized metabolites. In addition, these studies mostly focused on the response to nectar and neglected pollen, which is the main food resource for both bee imagines and larvae. Whether bees have the ability to detect specialized toxic metabolites in pollen and then rapidly adapt their foraging behavior to avoid them is very little studied. In this study, we tested whether pollen specialized metabolites affect bumblebees at both the micro-colony and individual levels (i.e., bioassays using supplemented pollen), and whether foragers detect these specialized metabolites and potentially display an avoidance behavior (i.e., preference tests using supplemented syrup). Bumblebees were fed with either amygdalin-, scopolamine- or sinigrin-supplemented pollen diets in ratios that mimic 50%, 100%, and 200% of naturally occurring concentrations. We found no effect of these specialized metabolites on resource collection, reproductive success and stress response at the micro-colony level. At the individual level, bumblebees fed on 50%-amygdalin or 50%-scopolamine diets displayed the highest scores for damage to their digestive systems. Interestingly, during the preference tests, the solution with 50%-scopolamine displayed a phagostimulatory activity, whereas solution with 50%-amygdalin had a deterrent effect and could trigger an active avoidance behavior in bumblebees, with a faster proboscis retraction. Our results suggest that regulation of toxin intake is not as well-established and effective as the regulation of nutrient intake in bees. Bees are therefore not equally adapted to all specialized pollen metabolites that they can come into contact with.
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67
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Barascou L, Sene D, Barraud A, Michez D, Lefebvre V, Medrzycki P, Di Prisco G, Strobl V, Yañez O, Neumann P, Le Conte Y, Alaux C. Pollen nutrition fosters honeybee tolerance to pesticides. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210818. [PMID: 34540259 PMCID: PMC8437229 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in floral resource abundance and diversity is generally observed in agro-ecosystems, along with widespread exposure to pesticides. Therefore, a better understanding on how the availability and quality of pollen diets can modulate honeybee sensitivity to pesticides is required. For that purpose, we evaluated the toxicity of acute exposure and chronic exposures to field realistic and higher concentrations of azoxystrobin (fungicide) and sulfoxaflor (insecticide) in honeybees provided with pollen diets of differing qualities (named S and BQ pollens). We found that pollen intake reduced the toxicity of the acute doses of pesticides. Contrary to azoxystrobin, chronic exposures to sulfoxaflor increased by 1.5- to 12-fold bee mortality, which was reduced by pollen intake. Most importantly, the risk of death upon exposure to a high concentration of sulfoxaflor was significantly lower for the S pollen diet when compared with the BQ pollen diet. This reduced pesticide toxicity was associated with a higher gene expression of vitellogenin, a glycoprotein that promotes bee longevity, a faster sulfoxaflor metabolization and a lower concentration of the phytochemical p-coumaric acid, known to upregulate detoxification enzymes. Thus, our study revealed that pollen quality can influence the ability of bees to metabolize pesticides and withstand their detrimental effects, providing another strong argument for the restoration of suitable foraging habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Sene
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Alexandre Barraud
- Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Victor Lefebvre
- Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Piotr Medrzycki
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Agriculture and Environment Research Centre, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gennaro Di Prisco
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Agriculture and Environment Research Centre, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research-Council, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Verena Strobl
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Orlando Yañez
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Cedric Alaux
- INRAE, Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
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68
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van der Kooi CJ, Vallejo-Marín M, Leonhardt SD. Mutualisms and (A)symmetry in Plant-Pollinator Interactions. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R91-R99. [PMID: 33497641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The majority of flowering plants relies on animal pollinators for sexual reproduction and many animal pollinators rely on floral resources. However, interests of plants and pollinators are often not the same, resulting in an asymmetric relationship that ranges from mutualistic to parasitic interactions. Our understanding of the processes that underlie this asymmetry remains fragmentary. In this Review, we bring together evidence from evolutionary biology, plant chemistry, biomechanics, sensory ecology and behaviour to illustrate that the degree of symmetry often depends on the perspective taken. We also highlight variation in (a)symmetry within and between plant and pollinator species as well as between geographic locations. Through taking different perspectives from the plant and pollinator sides we provide new ground for studies on the maintenance and evolution of animal pollination and on the (a)symmetry in plant-pollinator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J van der Kooi
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Sara D Leonhardt
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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69
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Nicholls E, Rossi M, Niven JE. Larval nutrition impacts survival to adulthood, body size and the allometric scaling of metabolic rate in adult honeybees. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb242393. [PMID: 34263905 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a fundamental physiological measure linked to numerous aspects of organismal function, including lifespan. Although dietary restriction in insects during larval growth/development affects adult RMR, the impact of the nutritional composition of larval diets (i.e. diet quality) on adult RMR has not been studied. Using in vitro rearing to control larval diet quality, we determined the effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on honeybee survival to adulthood, time to eclosion, body mass/size and adult RMR. High carbohydrate larval diets increased survival to adulthood and time to eclosion compared with both low carbohydrate and high protein diets. Upon emergence, bees reared on the high protein diet were smaller and lighter than those reared on other diets, whilst those raised on the high carbohydrate diet varied more in body mass. Newly emerged adult bees reared on the high carbohydrate diet showed a significantly steeper increase in allometric scaling of RMR compared with those reared on other diets. This suggests that the nutritional composition of larval diets influences survival to adulthood, time to eclosion and the allometric scaling of RMR. Given that agricultural intensification and increasing urbanisation have led to a decrease in both forage availability and dietary diversity for bees, our results are critical to improving understanding of the impacts of poor developmental nutrition on bee growth/development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Rossi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jeremy E Niven
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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70
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Ruedenauer FA, Biewer NW, Nebauer CA, Scheiner M, Spaethe J, Leonhardt SD. Honey Bees Can Taste Amino and Fatty Acids in Pollen, but Not Sterols. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.684175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional composition of food is often complex as resources contain a plethora of different chemical compounds, some of them more, some less meaningful to consumers. Plant pollen, a major food source for bees, is of particular importance as it comprises nearly all macro- and micronutrients required by bees for successful development and reproduction. However, perceiving and evaluating all nutrients may be tedious and impair quick foraging decisions. It is therefore likely that nutrient perception is restricted to specific nutrients or nutrient groups. To better understand the role of taste in pollen quality assessment by bees we investigated nutrient perception in the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera. We tested if the bees were able to perceive concentration differences in amino acids, fatty acids, and sterols, three highly important nutrient groups in pollen, via antennal reception. By means of proboscis extension response (PER) experiments with chemotactile stimulation, we could show that honey bees can distinguish between pollen differing in amino and fatty acid concentration, but not in sterol concentration. Bees were also not able to perceive sterols when presented alone. Our finding suggests that assessment of pollen protein and lipid content is prioritized over sterol content.
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71
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Francis JS, Tatarko AR, Richman SK, Vaudo AD, Leonard AS. Microbes and pollinator behavior in the floral marketplace. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:16-22. [PMID: 33075580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollinator foraging decisions shape microbial dispersal, and microbes change floral phenotypes in ways perceivable by pollinators. Yet, the role microbes play in the cognitive ecology of pollination is relatively unexplored. Reviewing recent literature on floral microbial ecology and pollinator behavior, we advocate for further integration between these two fields. Insights into pollinator learning, memory, and decision-making can help explain their responses to microbially-altered floral phenotypes. Specifically, considering how pollinators forage for multiple nutrients, cope with uncertainty, structure foraging bouts, and move through their environment could inform predictions about microbial dispersal within plant communities. We highlight how behavior connects microbial changes in floral phenotype to downstream effects on both microbial dispersal and plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Francis
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Anna R Tatarko
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Sarah K Richman
- Department of Biology, MS-314, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Anthony D Vaudo
- Department of Biology, MS-314, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Anne S Leonard
- Department of Biology, MS-314, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States.
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72
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Keller A, McFrederick QS, Dharampal P, Steffan S, Danforth BN, Leonhardt SD. (More than) Hitchhikers through the network: the shared microbiome of bees and flowers. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:8-15. [PMID: 32992041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence reveals strong overlap between microbiomes of flowers and bees, suggesting that flowers are hubs of microbial transmission. Whether floral transmission is the main driver of bee microbiome assembly, and whether functional importance of florally sourced microbes shapes bee foraging decisions are intriguing questions that remain unanswered. We suggest that interaction network properties, such as nestedness, connectedness, and modularity, as well as specialization patterns can predict potential transmission routes of microbes between hosts. Yet microbial filtering by plant and bee hosts determines realized microbial niches. Functionally, shared floral microbes can provide benefits for bees by enhancing nutritional quality, detoxification, and disintegration of pollen. Flower microbes can also alter the attractiveness of floral resources. Together, these mechanisms may affect the structure of the flower-bee interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Keller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Quinn S McFrederick
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92501, USA
| | - Prarthana Dharampal
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shawn Steffan
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bryan N Danforth
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Sara D Leonhardt
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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73
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Stabler D, Al-Esawy M, Chennells JA, Perri G, Robinson A, Wright GA. Regulation of dietary intake of protein and lipid by nurse-age adult worker honeybees. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb230615. [PMID: 33443043 PMCID: PMC7888720 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Essential macronutrients are critical to the fitness and survival of animals. Many studies have shown that animals regulate the amount of protein and carbohydrate they eat for optimal performance. Regulation of dietary fat is important but less often studied. Honeybees collect and consume floral pollen to obtain protein and fat but how they achieve the optimal balance of these two macronutrients is presently unknown. Here, using chemically defined diets composed of essential amino acids and lipids (lecithin), we show that adult worker honeybees actively regulate their intake of lipids around optimal values relative to the amount of protein in their diet. We found that broodless, nurse-age worker honeybees consume foods to achieve a ratio between 1:2 and 1:3 for essential amino acids to lipid or ∼1.25:1 protein to fat. Bees fed diets relatively high in fat gained abdominal fat and had enlarged hypopharyngeal glands. In most cases, eating diets high in fat did not result in increased mortality. Importantly, we also discovered that the total quantity of food the bees ate increased when they were given a choice of two diets relatively high in fat, implying that dietary fat influences bee nutritional state in a way that, in turn, influences behaviour. We speculate that dietary fat plays a critical role in maintaining workers in the nurse-like behavioural state independently of the influence of queen pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stabler
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Mushtaq Al-Esawy
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, PO Box 21, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Giorgia Perri
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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74
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Eilers EJ, Kleine S, Eckert S, Waldherr S, Müller C. Flower Production, Headspace Volatiles, Pollen Nutrients, and Florivory in Tanacetum vulgare Chemotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:611877. [PMID: 33552105 PMCID: PMC7855176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.611877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Floral volatiles and reward traits are major drivers for the behavior of mutualistic as well as antagonistic flower visitors, i.e., pollinators and florivores. These floral traits differ tremendously between species, but intraspecific differences and their consequences on organism interactions remain largely unknown. Floral volatile compounds, such as terpenoids, function as cues to advertise rewards to pollinators, but should at the same time also repel florivores. The reward composition, e.g., protein and lipid contents in pollen, differs between individuals of distinct plant families. Whether the nutritional value of rewards within the same plant species is linked to their chemotypes, which differ in their pattern of specialized metabolites, has yet not been investigated. In the present study, we compared Tanacetum vulgare plants of five terpenoid chemotypes with regard to flower production, floral headspace volatiles, pollen macronutrient and terpenoid content, and floral attractiveness to florivorous beetles. Our analyses revealed remarkable differences between the chemotypes in the amount and diameter of flower heads, duration of bloom period, and pollen nutritional quality. The floral headspace composition of pollen-producing mature flowers, but not of premature flowers, was correlated to that of pollen and leaves in the same plant individual. For two chemotypes, florivorous beetles discriminated between the scent of mature and premature flower heads and preferred the latter. In semi-field experiments, the abundance of florivorous beetles and flower tissue miners differed between T. vulgare chemotypes. Moreover, the scent environment affected the choice and beetles were more abundant in homogenous plots composed of one single chemotype than in plots with different neighboring chemotypes. In conclusion, flower production, floral metabolic composition and pollen quality varied to a remarkable extend within the species T. vulgare, and the attractiveness of floral scent differed also intra-individually with floral ontogeny. We found evidence for a trade-off between pollen lipid content and pollen amount on a per-plant-level. Our study highlights that chemotypes which are more susceptible to florivory are less attacked when they grow in the neighborhood of other chemotypes and thus gain a benefit from high overall chemodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Kleine
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Silvia Eckert
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Simon Waldherr
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Filipiak M, Woyciechowski M, Czarnoleski M. Stoichiometric niche, nutrient partitioning and resource allocation in a solitary bee are sex-specific and phosphorous is allocated mainly to the cocoon. Sci Rep 2021; 11:652. [PMID: 33436811 PMCID: PMC7804283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Life histories of species may be shaped by nutritional limitations posed on populations. Yet, populations contain individuals that differ according to sex and life stage, each of which having different nutritional demands and experiencing specific limitations. We studied patterns of resource assimilation, allocation and excretion during the growth of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis (two sexes) under natural conditions. Adopting an ecological perspective, we assert that organisms ingest mutable organic molecules that are transformed during physiological processes and that the immutable atoms of the chemical elements composing these molecules may be allocated to specific functions, thereby influencing organismal fitness and life history. Therefore, using the framework of ecological stoichiometry, we investigated the multielemental (C, N, S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) compositions of six components of the bee elemental budget: food (pollen), eggs, pupae, adults, cocoons and excreta. The sexes differed fundamentally in the assimilation and allocation of acquired atoms, elemental phenotypes, and stoichiometric niches for all six components. Phosphorus, which supports larval growth, was allocated mainly (55-75%) to the cocoon after larval development was complete. Additionally, the majority (60-99%) of the Mn, Ca, Mg and Zn acquired during larval development was allocated to the cocoon, probably influencing bee fitness by conferring protection. We conclude that for holometabolous insects, considering only the chemical composition of the adult body within the context of nutritional ecology does not provide a complete picture. Low ratios of C to other nutrients, low N:P and high Na concentrations in excreta and cocoons may be important for local-scale nutrient cycling. Limited access to specific nutritional elements may hinder bee development in a sex-dependent manner, and N and P limitations, commonly considered elsewhere, may not play important roles in O. bicornis. Sexual dimorphism in nutritional limitations due to nutrient scarcity during the larval stage may influence bee population function and should be considered in bee conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Filipiak
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michal Woyciechowski
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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76
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Haan NL, Iuliano BG, Gratton C, Landis DA. Designing agricultural landscapes for arthropod-based ecosystem services in North America. ADV ECOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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77
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Filipiak ZM, Filipiak M. The Scarcity of Specific Nutrients in Wild Bee Larval Food Negatively Influences Certain Life History Traits. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E462. [PMID: 33322450 PMCID: PMC7764569 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bee nutrition studies have focused on food quantity rather than quality, and on details of bee biology rather than on the functioning of bees in ecosystems. Ecological stoichiometry has been proposed for studies on bee nutritional ecology as an ecosystem-oriented approach complementary to traditional approaches. It uses atomic ratios of chemical elements in foods and organisms as metrics to ask ecological questions. However, information is needed on the fitness effects of nutritional mismatches between bee demand and the supply of specific elements in food. We performed the first laboratory feeding experiment on the wild bee Osmia bicornis, investigating the impact of Na, K, and Zn scarcity in larval food on fitness-related life history traits (mortality, cocoon development, and imago body mass). We showed that bee fitness is shaped by chemical element availability in larval food; this effect may be sex-specific, where Na might influence female body mass, while Zn influences male mortality and body mass, and the trade-off between K allocation in cocoons and adults may influence cocoon and body development. These results elucidate the nutritional mechanisms underlying the nutritional ecology, behavioral ecology, and population functioning of bees within the context of nutrient cycling in the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna M. Filipiak
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Filipiak
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Contribution of Extensive Farming Practices to the Supply of Floral Resources for Pollinators. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110818. [PMID: 33233506 PMCID: PMC7699504 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the causes of pollinator decline is the decreased availability of flower resources, that constitute their nutritional requirements. In particular, the intensification of agricultural practices has led to a loss of flower resources. For many years, as part of the Common Agricultural Policy and the efforts to preserve biodiversity, several Agri-Environmental Schemes (AESs) and extensive farming practices have been promoted in Europe. To assess the relative contribution of extensive farming practices such as hedgerows, organic crops and extensive grasslands, we compared pairs of agricultural landscapes in Belgium. We recorded the densities of the insect-pollinated plant species per biotope and per month, the abundance and diversity of the main visiting insects. In April, hedgerows and forest edges constituted the main nectar resources. In May, most of the nectar resources were produced by grasslands and mass-flowering crops. In June, extensive grasslands and organic crops contributed to nectar resources, contrarily to intensive agricultural elements. Extensive and diverse agricultural practices should therefore be encouraged to provide less fluctuating nectar resources on a landscape scale. Abstract Intensification of agricultural practices leads to a loss of floral resources and drives pollinator decline. Extensive agricultural practices are encouraged in Europe and contribute to the preservation of biodiversity. We compared three agricultural landscapes without extensive farming practices with three adjacent landscapes containing organic crops and extensively managed grasslands in Belgium. Nectar resource availability and plant–pollinator interactions were monitored from April to June. Flower density per plant species and plant–pollinator interactions were recorded in different landscape elements. In April, the main nectar resources were provided by linear elements such as hedgerows and forest edges. Nectar production peaked in May, driven by intensive grasslands and mass-flowering crops. Occurrence of extensive grasslands and organic crops significantly alleviated the nectar resource gap observed in June. Our results underscore the importance of maintaining landscape heterogeneity for continuous flower resources and highlight the specific role of extensive grasslands and organic crops in June.
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79
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McAulay MK, Killingsworth SZ, Forrest JRK. Understanding pollen specialization in mason bees: a case study of six species. Oecologia 2020; 195:559-574. [PMID: 33106935 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many bee species are dietary specialists and restrict their pollen foraging to a subset of the available flowers. However, the reasons for specialization-and the reasons certain plant taxa support numerous specialists-are often unclear. Many bees specialize on the plant family Asteraceae, despite evidence its pollen is a poor food for non-specialists. Here, we studied six mason bee (Osmia) species, including three Asteraceae specialists, to test whether observed pollen-usage patterns reflect larval nutritional requirements, to investigate what aspects of Asteraceae pollen make it unsuitable for non-specialists, and to understand how Asteraceae specialists tolerate their seemingly low-quality diet. We reared larval bees on host and nonhost pollen and found that Asteraceae specialists could develop on nonhost provisions, but that other bees could not survive on Asteraceae provisions. These effects did not seem related to nutritional deficiencies, since Asteraceae provisions were not amino acid deficient, and we found no consistent differences in digestive efficiency among pollen types. However, Asteraceae specialists completed more foraging flights per larva, generally collected relatively larger provisions, and produced more frass (waste) than the other species, suggesting quantitative compensation for low food quality. Toxins, deficiencies in unmeasured nutrients, or aspects of pollen grain structure might explain poor survival of non-specialists on Asteraceae provisions. Our results suggest that floral host selection by specialist bees is not related to optimizing larval nutrition. We recommend further investigation of host-selection behaviour in adult bees and of pollen digestion in larvae to better understand the evolution of bee-flower associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K McAulay
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada. .,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA.
| | | | - Jessica R K Forrest
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
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80
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Ghisbain G, Michez D, Marshall L, Rasmont P, Dellicour S. Wildlife conservation strategies should incorporate both taxon identity and geographical context ‐ further evidence with bumblebees. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ghisbain
- Laboratory of Zoology Research Institute of Biosciences University of Mons Mons Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology Research Institute of Biosciences University of Mons Mons Belgium
| | - Leon Marshall
- Agroecology Lab Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Rasmont
- Laboratory of Zoology Research Institute of Biosciences University of Mons Mons Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab. (SpELL) Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology KU Leuven ‐ University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
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81
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Leonhardt SD, Lihoreau M, Spaethe J. Mechanisms of Nutritional Resource Exploitation by Insects. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090570. [PMID: 32854218 PMCID: PMC7564569 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects have evolved an extraordinary range of nutritional adaptations to exploit other animals, plants, bacteria, fungi and soils as resources in terrestrial and aquatic environments. This special issue provides some new insights into the mechanisms underlying these adaptations. Contributions comprise lab and field studies investigating the chemical, physiological, cognitive and behavioral mechanisms that enable resource exploitation and nutrient intake regulation in insects. The collection of papers highlights the need for more studies on the comparative sensory ecology, underlying nutritional quality assessment, cue perception and decision making to fully understand how insects adjust resource selection and exploitation in response to environmental heterogeneity and variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D. Leonhardt
- Plant-Insect-Interactions Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Mathieu Lihoreau
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI); CNRS, University Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Johannes Spaethe
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
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82
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Environmental Display Can Buffer the Effect of Pesticides on Solitary Bees. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11070417. [PMID: 32635667 PMCID: PMC7412123 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental quality (e.g., diversity of resource availability, nesting sites, environmental display) plays an important role in an animal’s life. While homogeneous environments can restrict organisms from developing activities such as food seeking (behavioral impairment), more complex environments allow animals to perform activities with learning and behavioral perfecting outcomes. Pesticides are known to affect the learning and foraging behaviors of bees; however, little is known about the counterbalance displayed by the environment. Herein, we conducted two experiments that simulated distinct environmental displays, in which the effects of a fungicide (IndarTM 5EW-febunconazole) on solitary bee foraging activities were tested. We found that the fungicide only impaired the activities of bees in one of the studied environments. The difference in visitation rates and flower exploitation of bees between the two different environmental displays led to changes in metrics of bee–flower networks across environments. Linkage density, a metric associated with pollination efficiency that is known to be impacted by different environments, differed across environments. Our results showed that ecological interaction network metrics can differ regarding the different environmental displays. This study indicates that environmental complexity helps balance the negative effects of pesticides on solitary bees and highlights the potential use of solitary bees as model organisms for experimental simulations of environmental change.
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83
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Vaudo AD, Biddinger DJ, Sickel W, Keller A, López-Uribe MM. Introduced bees ( Osmia cornifrons) collect pollen from both coevolved and novel host-plant species within their family-level phylogenetic preferences. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200225. [PMID: 32874623 PMCID: PMC7428236 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studying the pollen preferences of introduced bees allows us to investigate how species use host-plants when establishing in new environments. Osmia cornifrons is a solitary bee introduced into North America from East Asia for pollination of Rosaceae crops such as apples and cherries. We investigated whether O. cornifrons (i) more frequently collected pollen from host-plant species they coevolved with from their geographic origin, or (ii) prefer host-plant species of specific plant taxa independent of origin. To address this question, using pollen metabarcoding, we examined the identity and relative abundance of pollen in larval provisions from nests located in different landscapes with varying abundance of East-Asian and non-Asian plant species. Our results show that O. cornifrons collected more pollen from plant species from their native range. Plants in the family Rosaceae were their most preferred pollen hosts, but they differentially collected species native to East Asia, Europe, or North America depending on the landscape. Our results suggest that while O. cornifrons frequently collect pollen of East-Asian origin, the collection of pollen from novel species within their phylogenetic familial affinities is common and can facilitate pollinator establishment. This phylogenetic preference highlights the effectiveness of O. cornifrons as crop pollinators of a variety of Rosaceae crops from different geographic origins. Our results imply that globalization of non-native plant species may ease the naturalization of their coevolved pollinators outside of their native range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Vaudo
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - David J. Biddinger
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307, USA
| | - Wiebke Sickel
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Alexander Keller
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Margarita M. López-Uribe
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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84
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Vanderplanck M, Gilles H, Nonclercq D, Duez P, Gerbaux P. Asteraceae Paradox: Chemical and Mechanical Protection of Taraxacum Pollen. INSECTS 2020; 11:E304. [PMID: 32422920 PMCID: PMC7290674 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Excessive pollen harvesting by bees can compromise the reproductive success of plants. Plants have therefore evolved different morphological structures and floral cues to narrow the spectrum of pollen feeding visitors. Among "filtering" mechanisms, the chemical and mechanical protection of pollen might shape bee-flower interactions and restrict pollen exploitation to a specific suite of visitors such as observed in Asteraceae. Asteraceae pollen is indeed only occasionally exploited by generalist bee species but plentifully foraged by specialist ones (i.e., Asteraceae paradox). During our bioassays, we observed that micro-colonies of generalist bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) feeding on Taraxacum pollen (Asteraceae) reduced their pollen collection and offspring production. Bees also experienced physiological effects of possible defenses in the form of digestive damage. Overall, our results suggest the existence of an effective chemical defense in Asteraceae pollen, while the hypothesis of a mechanical defense appeared more unlikely. Pre- and post-ingestive effects of such chemical defenses (i.e., nutrient deficit or presence of toxic compounds), as well as their role in the shaping of bee-flower interactions, are discussed. Our results strongly suggest that pollen chemical traits may act as drivers of plant selection by bees and partly explain why Asteraceae pollen is rare in generalist bee diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Vanderplanck
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Hélène Gilles
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Denis Nonclercq
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Pierre Duez
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
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Treanore E, Amsalem E. The effect of intrinsic physiological traits on diapause survival and their underlying mechanisms in an annual bee species Bombus impatiens. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa103. [PMID: 33304588 PMCID: PMC7720083 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the face of insect declines, identifying phases of the life cycle when insects are particularly vulnerable to mortality is critical to conservation efforts. For numerous annual insect groups, diapause is both a key adaptation that allows survival of inhospitable conditions and a physiologically demanding life stage that can result in high rates of mortality. As bees continue to garner attention as a group experiencing high rates of decline, improving our understanding of how annual bees prepare for diapause and identifying factors that reduce survival is imperative. Here, we studied factors affecting diapause survival length and their underlying mechanisms using an economically and ecologically important annual bee species, Bombus impatiens. We examined how age and mass upon diapause onset correlate with diapause survival length, and the mechanistic role of nutrient acquisition and oxidative stress post pupal eclosion in mediating these effects. Our findings show that both age and mass were strong predictors of diapause survival length. Heavier queens or queens in the age range of ~6-17 days survived longer in diapause. Mass gain was attributed to increases in lipid, protein and glycerol amounts following pupal eclosion, and the ability to deal with oxidative stress was significantly compromised in older pre-diapause queens. Our results demonstrate that age-related shifts in bee physiology and timing of nutrient acquisition may both be critical factors driving diapause survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Treanore
- Department of Entomology, Center for Chemical Ecology, Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Etya Amsalem
- Department of Entomology, Center for Chemical Ecology, Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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