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Haimoto H, Watanabe S, Maeda K, Murase T, Wakai K. Reducing Carbohydrate from Individual Sources Has Differential Effects on Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients on Moderate Low-Carbohydrate Diets. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:390-403. [PMID: 32794380 PMCID: PMC8164948 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated decreases in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) achieved by reducing carbohydrate from various sources in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. METHODS We followed up 138 male and 107 female outpatients on a moderate low-carbohydrate diet without diabetic medication for 6 months. Changes in carbohydrate sources (Δcarbohydrate) were assessed from 3-day dietary records at baseline and 6 months, and associations with changes in HbA1c (ΔHbA1c) were examined with Spearman's correlation coefficients (rs) and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS ΔHbA1c was -1.5%±1.6% in men and -0.9%±1.3% in women, while Δtotal carbohydrate was -115.3±103.7 g/day in men and -63.6±71.1 g/day in women. Positive associations with ΔHbA1c were found for Δtotal carbohydrate (rs=0.584), Δcarbohydrate from soft drinks (0.368), confectionery (0.361), rice (0.325), bread (0.221), Chinese soup noodles (0.199) in men, and Δtotal carbohydrate (0.547) and Δcarbohydrate from rice (0.376) and confectionery (0.195) in women. Reducing carbohydrate sources by 50 g achieved decreases in HbA1c of 0.43% for total carbohydrate, 1.33% for soft drinks, 0.88% for confectionery, 0.63% for bread, 0.82% for Chinese soup noodles and 0.34% for rice in men and 0.45% for total carbohydrate, 0.67% for confectionery and 0.34% for rice in women, although mean reductions in carbohydrate from these sources were much smaller than that from rice. CONCLUSION Decreases in HbA1c achieved by reducing carbohydrate from soft drinks, confectionery, bread and Chinese soup noodles were 2- to 4-fold greater than that for rice. Our results will enable patients to decrease HbA1c efficiently (UMIN000009866).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Haimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Shiho Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Keiko Maeda
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takashi Murase
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Libra Sasashima Medical Clinic, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Bech AS, Nexoe AB, Dubik M, Moeller JB, Soerensen GL, Holmskov U, Madsen GI, Husby S, Rathe M. Peptidoglycan Recognition Peptide 2 Aggravates Weight Loss in a Murine Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity. Front Oncol 2021; 11:635005. [PMID: 33833993 PMCID: PMC8021894 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.635005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity (CIGT) is a frequent, severe and dose-limiting side effect. Few treatments have proven effective for CIGT. CIGT is characterized by activation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway which, leads to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. The innate immune protein peptidoglycan recognition peptide 2 (PGLYRP2) binds to and hydrolyzes microbial peptidoglycan. Expression of PGLYRP2 is upregulated in the intestine of chemotherapy-treated piglets. In this experimental study, we investigated the role of Pglyrp2 in the development and severity of murine CIGT. Methods: Pglyrp2 wildtype and Pglyrp2 knockout mice received intraperitoneal injections of chemotherapy (Doxorubicin 20 mg/kg) to induce CIGT. Weight was monitored daily, and animals were euthanized after 2 or 7 days. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the jejunum was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase-chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Villus height, crypt depth, and histologic inflammation were evaluated on haematoxylin and eosin stained tissue specimens. Results: Chemotherapeutic treatment induced weight loss (p < 0.05), shortening of the small intestine (p < 0.05), elongation of villus height (p < 0.05), increased crypt depth (p < 0.05), and led to elevated mRNA levels of II1β (p < 0.05), II6 (p < 0.05), and Tnf (p < 0.001) at day 2. Protein levels of IL1β, IL6, and TNFα did not change after exposure to chemotherapy. Doxorubicin treated wildtype mice had a more pronounced weight loss compared to knockout mice from day 3 to day 7 (D3-D6: p < 0.05 and D7: p < 0.01). No other phenotypic differences were detected. Conclusion: Pglyrp2 aggravates chemotherapy-induced weight loss but does not induce a specific pattern of inflammation and morphological changes in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sophie Bech
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Bathum Nexoe
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Dubik
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study (D-IAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Soerensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Steffen Husby
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mathias Rathe
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Ahmad SY, Friel JK, Mackay DS. Effect of sucralose and aspartame on glucose metabolism and gut hormones. Nutr Rev 2021; 78:725-746. [PMID: 32065635 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are thought to be useful replacements for caloric sweeteners in sweet food and beverages, since the reduction in energy and carbohydrate intake may lead to health benefits stemming from weight management and glycemic control. However, the potential effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on glucose metabolism and gut hormones have not been determined definitively. Here, the available evidence of the effects of aspartame and sucralose consumption on glucose metabolism and gut hormones is reviewed. A majority of studies have found that consumption of aspartame or sucralose has no effect on concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, or gut hormones; however, 2 trials have shown that aspartame consumption affects glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, while only a few trials have shown that sucralose consumption affects glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations. One study found higher glucose concentrations after sucralose consumption, while 3 studies found lower concentrations and 33 studies found no change in glucose concentrations. Moreover, only 4 studies reported increased concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1. Three studies reported decreased insulin sensitivity following sucralose consumption, while 1 trial reported an increase in insulin sensitivity. In summary, the evidence from the clinical trials conducted to date is contradictory because of the different protocols used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Y Ahmad
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James K Friel
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dylan S Mackay
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Ayua EO, Nkhata SG, Namaumbo SJ, Kamau EH, Ngoma TN, Aduol KO. Polyphenolic inhibition of enterocytic starch digestion enzymes and glucose transporters for managing type 2 diabetes may be reduced in food systems. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06245. [PMID: 33659753 PMCID: PMC7895753 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the current global surge in diabetes cases, there is a growing interest in slowing and managing diabetes and its effects. While there are medications that can be used, they have adverse side effects such as hypoglycemia and weight gain. To overcome these problems, bioactive compounds commonly found in fruits, vegetables and cereal grains are used to slow starch digestion and transport of simple sugars across the intestinal epithelia thereby reducing plasma blood glucose spike. These effects are achieved through inhibition of amylases, glucosidases and glucose transporters present in the gastrointestinal tract and brush boarder membrane. The extent of inhibition by polyphenols is dependent on molecular structure, doses and food matrix. Glycemic lowering effect of polyphenols have been demonstrated both in in vivo and in vitro studies. However, when these compounds are incorporated in food systems, they can interact with other polymers in the food matrix leading to lesser inhibition of digestion and/or glucose transporters compared to isolated or pure compounds as often witnessed in most in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O. Ayua
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
- Corresponding author.
| | - Smith G. Nkhata
- Agrofood Processing Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P. O Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Food Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P. O Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Sydney J. Namaumbo
- Agrofood Processing Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P. O Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Food Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P. O Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Elijah Heka Kamau
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Theresa N. Ngoma
- Agrofood Processing Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P. O Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Food Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P. O Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Kevin Omondi Aduol
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
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Srinuanchai W, Nooin R, Pitchakarn P, Karinchai J, Suttisansanee U, Chansriniyom C, Jarussophon S, Temviriyanukul P, Nuchuchua O. Inhibitory effects of Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne leaf extracts and its triterpene saponin on carbohydrate digestion and intestinal glucose absorption. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113398. [PMID: 32971162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chiang-Da, Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. (GI), is an ethnomedicinal plant that has been used for diabetic treatment since ancient times. One of the anti-diabetic mechanisms is possibly related to the actions of triterpene glycoside, (3β, 16β)-16,28-dihydroxyolean-12-en-3-yl-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (GIA1) in decreasing carbohydrate digestive enzymes and intestinal glucose absorption in the gut system. AIMS OF THE STUDY To observe the amount of GIA1 in GI leaf extracts obtained from different ethanol concentrations and to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic mechanisms of the extracts and GIA1. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude extracts were prepared using 50%v/v to 95%v/v ethanol solutions and used for GIA1 isolation. The anti-hyperglycemic models included in our study examined the inhibitory activities of α-amylase/α-glucosidase and intestinal glucose absorption related to sodium glucose cotransporter type 1 (SGLT1) using Caco-2 cells. RESULTS GIA1 was found about 8%w/w to 18%w/w in the GI extract depending on ethanol concentrations. The GI extracts and GIA1 showed less inhibitory activities on α-amylase. The extracts from 75%v/v and 95%v/v ethanol and GIA1 significantly delayed the glycemic absorption by lowering α-glucosidase activity and glucose transportation of SGLT1. However, the 50%v/v ethanolic extract markedly decreased the α-glucosidase activity than the SGLT1 function. CONCLUSION Differences in the GIA1 contents and anti-glycemic properties of the GI leaf extract was dependent on ethanol concentrations. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of the 75%v/v and 95%v/v ethanolic extracts on α-glucosidase and SGLT1 were relevant to GIA1 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Srinuanchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Nooin
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jirarat Karinchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Chaisak Chansriniyom
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwatchai Jarussophon
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Onanong Nuchuchua
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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Lin X, Xu W, Liu L, Ou S, Peng X. In vitro fermentation of flaxseed polysaccharide by fecal bacteria inhibits energy intake and adipogenesis at physiological concentration. Food Res Int 2021; 139:109920. [PMID: 33509487 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic disorders have been a global pandemic. Recently, we found an anti-obesity effect of flaxseed polysaccharide (FP) that could be achieved by regulating intestinal microbiota. The anti-obesity effect of FP is mainly attributed to the metabolites produced by the interaction with FP, which remains to be elucidated. In this research, the in vitro effects of metabolites of FP fermented by fecal bacteria on energy metabolism and adipogenesis were investigated. The effect of energy metabolism was analyzed by mRNA and protein expression of the intestinal glucose transporters, including sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and glucose uptake in intestinal Caco-2 cells. The lipogenic effect were evaluated by Oil red O staining of intracellular lipid droplets and the mRNA and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) α and β in 3T3-L1 cells. The results showed the metabolites significantly inhibited glucose intake through downregulating the mRNA and protein expression of GLUT2 and SGLT1 in Caco-2 cells. Besides, they also led to the decrease of lipid accumulation through downregulating the mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ in differentiating adipocytes. The inhibitory effects on energy intake and adipogenesis were concentration dependent, and metabolites at physiological concentration showed the most significant effect. Metabolites of fecal bacteria fermenting FP inhibited energy intake and adipogenesis at physiological concentration, which might be one of the weight-loss mechanisms of FP-diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Lin
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiye Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xichun Peng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Vega-Rojas LJ, Luzardo-Ocampo I, Mosqueda J, Palmerín-Carreño DM, Escobedo-Reyes A, Blanco-Labra A, Escobar-García K, García-Gasca T. Bioaccessibility and In Vitro Intestinal Permeability of a Recombinant Lectin from Tepary Bean ( Phaseolus acutifolius) Using the Everted Intestine Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1049. [PMID: 33494324 PMCID: PMC7866216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) lectins exhibit differential in vitro and in vivo biological effects, but their gastrointestinal interactions and digestion have not yet been assessed. This work aimed to evaluate the changes of a recombinant Tepary bean lectin (rTBL-1) through an in vitro and ex vivo gastrointestinal process. A polyclonal antibody was developed to selectively detect rTBL-1 by Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemical analysis. Everted gut sac viability was confirmed until 60 min, where protein bioaccessibility, apparent permeability coefficient, and efflux ratio showed rTBL-1 partial digestion and absorption. Immunoblot assays suggested rTBL-1 internalization, since the lectin was detected in the digestible fraction. The immunohistochemical assay detected rTBL-1 presence at the apical side of the small intestine, potentially due to the interaction with the intestinal cell membrane. The in silico interactions between rTBL-1 and some saccharides or derivatives showed high binding affinity to sialic acid (-6.70 kcal/mol) and N-acetylglucosamine (-6.10 kcal/mol). The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electron spray ionization-quantitative time-of-flight coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS) analysis showed rTBL-1 presence in the gastric content and the non-digestible fraction after intestinal simulation conditions. The results indicated that rTBL-1 partially resisted the digestive conditions and interacted with the intestinal membrane, whereas its digestion allowed the absorption or internalization of the protein or the derivative peptides. Further purification of digestion samples should be conducted to identify intact rTBL-1 protein and digested peptides to assess their physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lineth Juliana Vega-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Querétaro, Mexico; (L.J.V.-R.); (D.M.P.-C.); (K.E.-G.)
| | - Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo
- Programa de Investigación y Posgrado en Ciencias de los Alimentos, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - Juan Mosqueda
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Vacunas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Campus Aeropuerto, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bolaños, Querétaro 76140, Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - Dulce María Palmerín-Carreño
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Querétaro, Mexico; (L.J.V.-R.); (D.M.P.-C.); (K.E.-G.)
| | - Antonio Escobedo-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Blanco-Labra
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Irapuato, Departamento de Biotecnología y, Bioquímica, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Konisgmar Escobar-García
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Querétaro, Mexico; (L.J.V.-R.); (D.M.P.-C.); (K.E.-G.)
| | - Teresa García-Gasca
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Querétaro, Mexico; (L.J.V.-R.); (D.M.P.-C.); (K.E.-G.)
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Mabate B, Daub CD, Malgas S, Edkins AL, Pletschke BI. Fucoidan Structure and Its Impact on Glucose Metabolism: Implications for Diabetes and Cancer Therapy. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010030. [PMID: 33440853 PMCID: PMC7826564 DOI: 10.3390/md19010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are complex polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds which consist of considerable proportions of L-fucose and other monosaccharides, and sulphated ester residues. The search for novel and natural bioproduct drugs (due to toxicity issues associated with chemotherapeutics) has led to the extensive study of fucoidan due to reports of it having several bioactive characteristics. Among other fucoidan bioactivities, antidiabetic and anticancer properties have received the most research attention in the past decade. However, the elucidation of the fucoidan structure and its biological activity is still vague. In addition, research has suggested that there is a link between diabetes and cancer; however, limited data exist where dual chemotherapeutic efforts are elucidated. This review provides an overview of glucose metabolism, which is the central process involved in the progression of both diseases. We also highlight potential therapeutic targets and show the relevance of fucoidan and its derivatives as a candidate for both cancer and diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing Mabate
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Chantal Désirée Daub
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Samkelo Malgas
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Adrienne Lesley Edkins
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa;
| | - Brett Ivan Pletschke
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (B.M.); (C.D.D.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-46-603-8081; Fax: +27-46-603-7576
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Haimoto H, Murase T, Watanabe S, Maeda K, Wakai K. Associations of Dietary Salt and Its Sources with Hemoglobin A1c in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Not Taking Anti-Diabetic Medications: Analysis Based on 6-Month Intervention with a Moderate Low-Carbohydrate Diet. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4569-4578. [PMID: 34824537 PMCID: PMC8610379 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s337032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on biological studies, the hyperglycemic effect mediated by sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 in the intestine is stronger for foods containing more sodium chloride. Observational studies have demonstrated that type 2 diabetes (T2DM) incidence increases as salt intake increases. We aimed to elucidate associations of total salt and its sources with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in patients with T2DM. METHODS We conducted an observational study using data from a 6-month moderate low-carbohydrate dietary intervention in 245 outpatients with T2DM (138 men) without antidiabetic medication. Intakes of total salt and its sources, carbohydrate and total energy were assessed at baseline and 6 months based on 3-day dietary records. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine associations of Δtotal salt or its sources with ΔHbA1c. RESULTS Salt intake significantly decreased in men (change: -0.92 ± 3.53 g/day) but not in women (0.11 ± 2.28). HbA1c (men: -1.5 ± 1.6%; women: -0.9 ± 1.3%), carbohydrate (men: -115 ± 104 g/day; women: -64 ± 71) and total energy (men: -439 ± 660 kcal/day; women: -192 ± 438) significantly decreased in both sexes. Multiple regression analysis revealed that reducing intakes of total salt and salt from salty snacks, meat processed foods, Chinese noodles with soup and table salt by 1.0 g was associated with decreases in HbA1c of 0.11% 1.18% 0.47% 0.38% and 0.26%, respectively, in men, while reducing salt from miso by 1.0 g was associated with a decrease in HbA1c of 0.30% in women. The associations were dependent on Δcarbohydrate or Δtotal energy in men, while the association of Δsalt from miso in women was independent of them. CONCLUSION Reducing total salt and its sources had differential associations with HbA1c. Individual associations depended on Δcarbohydrate or Δtotal energy in men, while that of salt from miso in women was independent of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Haimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai City, Aichi, Japan
- Correspondence: Hajime Haimoto Department of Internal Medicine, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai City, Aichi, JapanTel +81-568-85-8226Fax +81-568-85-8315 Email
| | - Takashi Murase
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Libra Sasashima Medical Clinic, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shiho Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiko Maeda
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Nagakute City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
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Influence of exogenous phytase supplementation on phytate degradation, plasma inositol, alkaline phosphatase, and glucose concentrations of broilers at 28 days of age. Poult Sci 2020; 100:224-234. [PMID: 33357685 PMCID: PMC7772694 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol is the final product of phytate degradation, which has the potential to serve as an indicator of phytase efficacy. An experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of supplementing broiler diets with phytase on phytate degradation and plasma inositol concentrations at 28 d of age. Twenty-four Ross × Ross 708 male chicks were placed in battery cages (4 birds per cage) from 1 to 21 d of age and individually from 22 to 28 d of age. At 27 d of age, a catheter was placed in the brachial vein of broilers to avoid repeated puncture of the vein during blood collection. At 28 d of age, broilers received 1 of 3 experimental diets formulated to contain 0, 400, or 1,200 phytase units (FTU)/kg, respectively, in diet 1, 2, and 3. Blood was collected 1 h before feeding experimental diets and from 20 to 240 min after feeding experimental diets at 20-min intervals with a final blood collection at 480 min to determine plasma inositol concentrations. Inositol phosphate (IP) ester degradation was determined in gizzard contents and ileal digesta. Broilers provided the 1,200 FTU/kg phytase diet had 60% less (P < 0.01) IP6 concentration in gizzard content (1,264 vs. 4,176 nmol/g) and ileal digesta (13,472 vs. 33,244 nmol/g) than birds fed the 400 FTU/kg diet. Adding phytase at 1,200 FTU/kg increased (P < 0.01) inositol concentrations in gizzard content and ileal digesta of broilers by 2.5 (2,703 vs. 1,071 nmol/g) and 3.5 (16,485 vs. 4,667 nmol/g) fold, respectively, compared with adding 400 FTU/kg. Plasma inositol concentration of broilers was not different (P = 0.94) among the dietary treatments at each collection time. Inositol liberation in the digesta of broilers fed diets with 1,200 FTU/kg phytase did not translate to increased plasma inositol concentrations, which warrants further investigation.
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Wang T, Wang J, Hu X, Huang XJ, Chen GX. Current understanding of glucose transporter 4 expression and functional mechanisms. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:76-98. [PMID: 33274014 PMCID: PMC7672939 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i3.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is used aerobically and anaerobically to generate energy for cells. Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are transmembrane proteins that transport glucose across the cell membrane. Insulin promotes glucose utilization in part through promoting glucose entry into the skeletal and adipose tissues. This has been thought to be achieved through insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation from intracellular compartments to the cell membrane, which increases the overall rate of glucose flux into a cell. The insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation has been investigated extensively. Recently, significant progress has been made in our understanding of GLUT4 expression and translocation. Here, we summarized the methods and reagents used to determine the expression levels of Slc2a4 mRNA and GLUT4 protein, and GLUT4 translocation in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, heart and brain. Overall, a variety of methods such real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, fusion proteins, stable cell line and transgenic animals have been used to answer particular questions related to GLUT4 system and insulin action. It seems that insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation can be observed in the heart and brain in addition to the skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Hormones other than insulin can induce GLUT4 translocation. Clearly, more studies of GLUT4 are warranted in the future to advance of our understanding of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Xian-Ju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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Fang G, Tang B. Advanced delivery strategies facilitating oral absorption of heparins. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:449-460. [PMID: 32952668 PMCID: PMC7486512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparins show great anticoagulant effect with few side effects, and are administered by subcutaneous or intravenous route in clinics. To improve patient compliance, oral administration is an alternative route. Nonetheless, oral administration of heparins still faces enormous challenges due to the multiple obstacles. This review briefly analyzes a series of barriers ranging from poorly physicochemical properties of heparins, to harsh biological barriers including gastrointestinal degradation and pre-systemic metabolism. Moreover, several approaches have been developed to overcome these obstacles, such as improving stability of heparins in the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing the intestinal epithelia permeability and facilitating lymphatic delivery of heparins. Overall, this review aims to provide insights concerning advanced delivery strategies facilitating oral absorption of heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bo Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
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Okada J, Yamada E, Okada K, Okada S, Yamada M. Comparing the efficacy of apple peels and a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (ipragliflozin) on interstitial glucose levels: A pilot case study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2020; 93:100597. [PMID: 32874375 PMCID: PMC7451712 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating unpeeled apples may be beneficial for plasma glucose management. Ipragliflozin is a superior option because the apple peel's function did not last as long as Ipragliflozin.
Background Apple peels contain phlorizin, which can reduce plasma glucose levels in a manner similar to that of inhibitors for sodium-glucose cotransporters. Objectives In this study, we examined the influence of a peeled apple, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (ipragliflozin) in combination with a peeled apple, and an unpeeled apple on interstitial glucose in a healthy individual across 3 experiments. Methods For Experiments 1, 2, and 3, the healthy volunteer consumed 327 g peeled Sun Fuji apple, took 50 mg ipragliflozin, and then consumed 327 g peeled Sun Fuji apple, or consumed 370 g unpeeled Sun Fuji apple (peel weight was 43 g), respectively. In each condition, the apple was eaten within a 15-minute period and interstitial glucose levels were measured every 15 minutes for 11.5 hours using FreeStyle Libre (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois). Results Results showed that neither consumption of the unpeeled apple nor ipragliflozin were able to suppress the rapid or transient increases in postprandial glucose; however, the 2 were found to comparably suppress interstitial glucose during the late phase. Conclusions On the whole, these findings demonstrate that eating unpeeled apples may be beneficial for plasma glucose management, but ipragliflozin is a superior option because the apple peel's function did not last as long as ipragliflozin. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020; 81:XXX–XXX)
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Okada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Eijiro Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Shuichi Okada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
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Andrade AC, Marinho JFU, de Souza AC, de Sousa Tavares T, Dias DR, Schwan RF, Nunes CA, Bastos SC. Prebiotic potential of pulp and kernel cake from Jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and Macaúba palm fruits (Acrocomia aculeata). Food Res Int 2020; 136:109595. [PMID: 32846620 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and the macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) are palm trees of the Arecaceae family, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of Latin America, which have a low production cost and high productivity throughout the year. Due to the high content of lipids, their fruits have been used for oil extraction, which generates byproducts such as the pulps and the kernel cakes, a nutritionally rich byproduct that can be added into human food and, may have prebiotic potential. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize and evaluate the prebiotic potential of jerivá pulp (JP), macaúba pulp (MP), jerivá kernel cake (JC) and macaúba kernel cake (MC). For this, the fruits characterization was carried out through proximate composition, phenolic compounds content, and antioxidant activity, besides evaluating the antimicrobial and fermentative capacity of Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus against Escherichia coli. Jerivá and macaúba pulps and kernel cakes presented high levels of dietary fiber (20.45% JP, 37.87% JC, 19.95% MP and 35.81% MC) and high antioxidant activity, especially JP, which also showed the high values found for ABTS and DPPH (2498.49 µMTrolox·g-1 fruit and 96.97 g fruit·g-1 DPPH, respectively), has a high total phenolic content (850.62 mg GAE·100 g-1). Also, JP promoted a better growth of probiotic strains and a more relevant pH reduction when compared to the commercial prebiotic FOS. However, MP, JC, and MC were also able to favor the growth of the strains. Probiotic microorganisms were able to use JP, MP, JC, and MC and produced short-chain fatty acids such as lactic, propionic, butyric, and acetic acid, capable of promoting health benefits. Therefore, the byproducts from jerivá and macaúba oil extraction have characteristics that indicate their prebiotic potential, and maybe interesting components to increase the nutritional value of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cristina Andrade
- Lavras Federal University, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Post Office Box 3037, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júlia Fernanda Urbano Marinho
- Lavras Federal University, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Post Office Box 3037, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angélica Cristina de Souza
- Lavras Federal University, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Post Office Box 3037, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Talita de Sousa Tavares
- Lavras Federal University, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Post Office Box 3037, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Disney Ribeiro Dias
- Lavras Federal University, Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Post Office Box 3037, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosane Freitas Schwan
- Lavras Federal University, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Post Office Box 3037, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cleiton Antônio Nunes
- Lavras Federal University, Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Post Office Box 3037, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Carvalho Bastos
- Lavras Federal University, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, Post Office Box 3037, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ren Y, Zhao Z, Zhao G, Liu Q, Wang Z, Liu R. Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery Improves Glucose Metabolism by Downregulating the Intestinal Expression of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-3. J INVEST SURG 2020; 35:14-22. [PMID: 32835540 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2020.1810370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has been proven effective in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that SGLT3 may play an important role in the mechanism of glucose control and weight loss after SG. MATERIALS AND METHODS Daily body weight and food intake were measured in SG and sham-operated mice. Glucose tolerance test, SGLT3 agonist (αMG), and SGLT1 inhibitor (phlorizin) perfusion experiments were used to detect changes in intestinal SGLT3 and SGLT1 activity following SG. Expression of SGLT3a and SGLT1 was assessed at 2 weeks, 1 month after surgery by quantitative PCR and fluorescence immunoassay. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect morphological changes in the villi. SGLT3 and SGLT1 expression was measured after stimulation of human intestinal epithelial cells (HIEC). RESULTS Both the body weight and daily food intake of the SG-treated mice decreased within 30 days after surgery. Oral glucose absorption was significantly reduced at 30 days. The intestinal stimulation proved that SG can improve glucose metabolism, which can be reversed by αMG and enhanced by phlorizin. Villus height and surface area of the intestine in SG mice decreased after surgery. mRNA expression of SGLT3a and SGLT1 decreased at 2 weeks and 1 month after SG, immunofluorescence also confirmed these changes. HIEC stimulation confirmed that αMG could increase the expression of SGLT3 and SGLT1, but the expression of SGLT1 was down regulated when phlorizin was added to the medium. CONCLUSION The results suggest that reducing SGLT3 expression might contribute to lowering blood glucose and controlling body weight after SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Ren
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology, The First Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology, The First Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology, The First Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Qu Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology, The First Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Zizheng Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology, The First Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology, The First Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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Rothbauer M, Eilenberger C, Spitz S, Bachmann B, Pajenda J, Schwaighofer A, Höll G, Helmke PS, Kohl Y, Lendl B, Ertl P. FTIR spectroscopy as a novel analytical approach for investigation of glucose transport and glucose transport inhibition studies in transwell in vitro barrier models. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 237:118388. [PMID: 32361318 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucose transport is key for cellular metabolism as well as physiological function and is maintained via passive facilitated and active sodium-glucose linked transport routes. Here, we present for the first time Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as a novel approach for quantification of apical-to-basolateral glucose transport of in vitro cell barrier models using liver, lung, intestinal and placental cancer cell lines. Results of our comparative study revealed that distinct differences could be observed upon subjection to transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Eilenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bachmann
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Pajenda
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schwaighofer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Höll
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Palle Steen Helmke
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
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Wang X, Guo K, Huang B, Lin Z, Cai Z. Role of Glucose Transporters in Drug Membrane Transport. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:947-958. [PMID: 32778021 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200810125924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose is the main energy component of cellular activities. However, as a polar molecule, glucose cannot freely pass through the phospholipid bilayer structure of the cell membrane. Thus, glucose must rely on specific transporters in the membrane. Drugs with a similar chemical structure to glucose may also be transported through this pathway. METHODS This review describes the structure, distribution, action mechanism and influencing factors of glucose transporters and introduces the natural drugs mediated by these transporters and drug design strategies on the basis of this pathway. RESULTS The glucose transporters involved in glucose transport are of two major types, namely, Na+-dependent and Na+-independent transporters. Glucose transporters can help some glycoside drugs cross the biological membrane. The transmembrane potential is influenced by the chemical structure of drugs. Glucose can be used to modify drugs and improve their ability to cross biological barriers. CONCLUSION The membrane transport mechanism of some glycoside drugs may be related to glucose transporters. Glucose modification may improve the oral bioavailability of drugs or achieve targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunkun Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baolin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zimin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Pettersson S, Ahnoff M, Edin F, Lingström P, Simark Mattsson C, Andersson-Hall U. A Hydrogel Drink With High Fructose Content Generates Higher Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation and Lower Dental Biofilm pH Compared to Two Other, Commercially Available, Carbohydrate Sports Drinks. Front Nutr 2020; 7:88. [PMID: 32596251 PMCID: PMC7303329 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the substrate oxidation of three commercially available, 14%-carbohydrate sports drinks with different compositions, osmolality, and pH for their impact on dental exposure to low pH. In a cross-over, randomized double-blinded design, 12 endurance athletes (age 31. 2 ± 7.7 years, V ˙ O2max 65.6 ± 5.0 mL·kg-1) completed 180 min of cycling at 55% Wmax. During the first 100 min of cycling, athletes consumed amylopectin starch (AP), maltodextrin+sucrose (MD+SUC), or maltodextrin+fructose hydrogel (MD+FRU) drinks providing 95 g carbohydrate·h-1, followed by water intake only at 120 and 160 min. Fuel use was determined using indirect calorimetry and stable-isotope techniques. Additionally, dental biofilm pH was measured using the microtouch method in a subsample of participants (n = 6) during resting conditions before, and at different time intervals up to 45 min following a single bolus of drink. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation (CHOEXO) during the 2nd hour of exercise was significantly (P < 0.05) different between all three drinks: MD+FRU (1.17 ± 0.17 g·min-1), MD+SUC (1.01 ± 0.13 g·min-1), and AP (0.84 ± 0.11 g·min-1). At the end of exercise, CHOEXO and blood glucose concentrations (3.54 ± 0.50, 4.07 ± 0.67, and 4.28 ± 0.47 mmol·L-1, respectively) were significantly lower post MD+FRU consumption than post MD+SUC and AP consumption (P < 0.05). Biofilm acidogenicity at rest demonstrated a less pronounced pH fall for MD+FRU compared to the acidulant-containing MD+SUC and AP (P < 0.05). In conclusion, while total intake of MD+FRU showed signs of completed uptake before end of monitoring, this was less so for MD+SUC, and not at all the case for AP. Thus, this study showed that despite carbohydrates being encapsulated in a hydrogel, a higher CHOEXO was observed following MD+FRU drink ingestion compared to AP and MD+SUC consumption upon exposure to the acidic environment of the stomach. This finding may be related to the higher fructose content of the MD+FRU drink compared with the MD+SUC and AP drinks. Furthermore, a carbohydrate solution without added acidulants, which are commonly included in commercial sport drinks, may have less deleterious effects on oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pettersson
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Ahnoff
- Maurten AB, Research and Development, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Lingström
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Simark Mattsson
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Andersson-Hall
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum modified gut microbiota, bile acid profile and glucose homoeostasis in weaning piglets. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:797-808. [PMID: 32436488 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) have emerged as signalling molecules regulating intestinal physiology. The importance of intestinal microbiota in production of secondary BA, for example, lithocholic acid (LCA) which impairs enterocyte proliferation and permeability, triggered us to determine the effects of oral probiotics on intestinal BA metabolism. Piglets were weaned at 28 d of age and allocated into control (CON, n 14) or probiotic (PRO, n 14) group fed 50 mg of Lactobacillus plantarum daily, and gut microbiota and BA profile were determined. To test the potential interaction of LCA with bacteria endotoxins in inducing damage of enterocytes, IPEC-J2 cells were treated with LCA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LCA + LPS and expressions of genes related to inflammation, antioxidant capacity and nutrient transport were determined. Compared with the CON group, the PRO group showed lower total LCA level in the ileum and higher relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in faeces. In contrast, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Parabacteroides and Ruminococcus_1, important bacteria genera in BA biotransformation, were all lower in the PRO than in the CON group. Moreover, PRO piglets had lower postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 level, while higher glucose level than CON piglets. Co-administration of LPS and LCA led to down-regulated expression of glucose and peptide transporter genes in IPEC-J2 cells. Altogether, oral L. plantarum altered BA profile probably by modulating relative abundances of gut microbial genera that play key roles in BA metabolism and might consequently impact glucose homoeostasis. The detrimental effect of LCA on nutrient transport in enterocytes might be aggravated under LPS challenge.
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Buccigrossi V, Lo Vecchio A, Bruzzese E, Russo C, Marano A, Terranova S, Cioffi V, Guarino A. Potency of Oral Rehydration Solution in Inducing Fluid Absorption is Related to Glucose Concentration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7803. [PMID: 32385331 PMCID: PMC7210290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) is the key treatment of acute diarrhea in children, as it restores the electrolyte balance by stimulating the intestinal sodium/glucose transporter SGLT1 to induce fluid absorption. The World Health Organization (WHO) and The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) proposed ORSs with different chemical compositions. The main agent of childhood acute gastroenteritis is rotavirus (RV). We evaluate the effects of ORS with different concentration of glucose and sodium on RV induced secretion. Ussing chambers technique was used for electophysiology experiments to evaluate ion fluid flux. ESPGHAN ORS (sodium 60 mmol/L and glucose 111 mmol/L) induced a more potent proabsorptive effect in Caco-2 cells than WHO ORS, and this effect depended on the sodium/glucose ratio. Titration experiments showed that RV-induced fluid secretion can be reverted to a proabsorptive direction when sodium and glucose concentration fall in specific ranges, specifically 45–60 mEq/L and 80–110 mM respectively. The results were confirmed by testing commercial ORSs. These findings indicated that ORS proabsorptive potency depends on sodium and glucose concentrations. Optimal ORS composition should be tailored to reduce RV-induced ion secretion by also considering palatability. These in vitro data should be confirmed by clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Buccigrossi
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenia Bruzzese
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Marano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Terranova
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Cioffi
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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71
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Tight Junctions as Targets and Effectors of Mucosal Immune Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:327-340. [PMID: 32304780 PMCID: PMC7326733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defective epithelial barrier function is present in maladies including epidermal burn injury, environmental lung damage, renal tubular disease, and a range of immune-mediated and infectious intestinal disorders. When the epithelial surface is intact, the paracellular pathway between cells is sealed by the tight junction. However, permeability of tight junctions varies widely across tissues and can be markedly impacted by disease. For example, tight junctions within the skin and urinary bladder are largely impermeant and their permeability is not regulated. In contrast, tight junctions of the proximal renal tubule and intestine are selectively permeable to water and solutes on the basis of their biophysical characteristics and, in the gut, can be regulated by the immune system with remarkable specificity. Conversely, modulation of tight junction barrier conductance, especially within the gastrointestinal tract, can impact immune homeostasis and diverse pathologies. Thus, tight junctions are both effectors and targets of immune regulation. Using the gastrointestinal tract as an example, this review explores current understanding of this complex interplay between tight junctions and immunity.
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72
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Cavin JB, Cuddihey H, MacNaughton WK, Sharkey KA. Acute regulation of intestinal ion transport and permeability in response to luminal nutrients: the role of the enteric nervous system. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G254-G264. [PMID: 31709828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00186.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine regulates barrier function to absorb nutrients while avoiding the entry of potentially harmful substances or bacteria. Barrier function is dynamically regulated in part by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The role of the ENS in regulating barrier function in response to luminal nutrients is not well understood. We hypothesize that the ENS regulates intestinal permeability and ion flux in the small intestine in response to luminal nutrients. Segments of jejunum and ileum from mice were mounted in Ussing chambers. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), short-circuit current (Isc), and permeability to 4-kDa FITC-dextran (FD4) were recorded after mucosal stimulation with either glucose, fructose, glutamine (10 mM), or 5% Intralipid. Mucosal lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/mL) was also studied. Enteric neurons were inhibited with tetrodotoxin (TTX; 0.5 μM) or activated with veratridine (10 μM). Enteric glia were inhibited with the connexin-43 blocker Gap26 (20 μM). Glucose, glutamine, Intralipid, and veratridine acutely modified Isc in the jejunum and ileum, but the effect of nutrients on Isc was insensitive to TTX. TTX, Gap26, and veratridine treatment did not affect baseline TER or permeability. Intralipid acutely decreased permeability to FD4, while LPS increased it. TTX pretreatment abolished the effect of Intralipid and exacerbated the LPS-induced increase in permeability. Luminal nutrients and enteric nerve activity both affect ion flux in the mouse small intestine acutely but independently of each other. Neither neuronal nor glial activity is required for the maintenance of baseline intestinal permeability; however, neuronal activity is essential for the acute regulation of intestinal permeability in response to luminal lipids and lipopolysaccharide.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Luminal nutrients and enteric nerve activity both affect ion transport in the mouse small intestine acutely, but independently of each other. Activation or inhibition of the enteric neurons does not affect intestinal permeability, but enteric neural activity is essential for the acute regulation of intestinal permeability in response to luminal lipids and lipopolysaccharide. The enteric nervous system regulates epithelial homeostasis in the small intestine in a time-dependent, region- and stimulus-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Cavin
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Inflammation Research Network, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hailey Cuddihey
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Inflammation Research Network, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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73
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The consumption of foods and beverages containing non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) has increased worldwide over the last three decades. Consumers' choice of NNS rather than sugar or other nutritive sweeteners may be attributable to their potential to reduce weight gain. RECENT FINDINGS It is not clear what the effects of NNS consumption are on glycaemic control and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. This review aims to examine this question in epidemiological, human intervention and animal studies. It is not clear that NNS consumption has an effect on the incidence of type 2 diabetes or on glycaemic control even though there is some evidence for the modification of the microbiome and for interaction with sweet taste receptors in the oral cavity and the intestines' modification of secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which may affect glycaemia following consumption of NNS. In conclusion, long-term studies of NNS consumption are required to draw a firm conclusion about the role of NNS consumption on glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer B Keogh
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter M Clifton
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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74
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Misselwitz B, Butter M, Verbeke K, Fox MR. Update on lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management. Gut 2019; 68:2080-2091. [PMID: 31427404 PMCID: PMC6839734 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactose is the main source of calories in milk, an essential nutriedigestion, patients with visceral hypersensitivity nt in infancy and a key part of the diet in populations that maintain the ability to digest this disaccharide in adulthood. Lactase deficiency (LD) is the failure to express the enzyme that hydrolyses lactose into galactose and glucose in the small intestine. The genetic mechanism of lactase persistence in adult Caucasians is mediated by a single C→T nucleotide polymorphism at the LCTbo -13'910 locus on chromosome-2. Lactose malabsorption (LM) refers to any cause of failure to digest and/or absorb lactose in the small intestine. This includes primary genetic and also secondary LD due to infection or other conditions that affect the mucosal integrity of the small bowel. Lactose intolerance (LI) is defined as the onset of abdominal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhoea after lactose ingestion by an individual with LM. The likelihood of LI depends on the lactose dose, lactase expression and the intestinal microbiome. Independent of lactose digestion, patients with visceral hypersensitivity associated with anxiety or the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are at increased risk of the condition. Diagnostic investigations available to diagnose LM and LI include genetic, endoscopic and physiological tests. The association between self-reported LI, objective findings and clinical outcome of dietary intervention is variable. Treatment of LI can include low-lactose diet, lactase supplementation and, potentially, colonic adaptation by prebiotics. The clinical outcome of these treatments is modest, because lactose is just one of a number of poorly absorbed carbohydrates which can cause symptoms by similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Butter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark R Fox
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland,Digestive Function: Basel, Laboratory and Clinic for motility disorders and functional GI diseases, Center for integrative Gastroenterology, Klinik Arlesheim, Arlesheim, Switzerland
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75
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Sadgrove NJ, Jones GL. From Petri Dish to Patient: Bioavailability Estimation and Mechanism of Action for Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Natural Products. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2470. [PMID: 31736910 PMCID: PMC6834656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The new era of multidrug resistance of pathogens against frontline antibiotics has compromised the immense therapeutic gains of the 'golden age,' stimulating a resurgence in antimicrobial research focused on antimicrobial and immunomodulatory components of botanical, fungal or microbial origin. While much valuable information has been amassed on the potency of crude extracts and, indeed, purified compounds there are too many reports that uncritically extrapolate observed in vitro activity to presumed ingestive and/or topical therapeutic value, particularly in the discipline of ethnopharmacology. Thus, natural product researchers would benefit from a basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic understanding. Furthermore, therapeutic success of complex mixtures or single components derived therefrom is not always proportionate to their MIC values, since immunomodulation can be the dominant mechanism of action. Researchers often fail to acknowledge this, particularly when 'null' activity is observed. In this review we introduce the most up to date theories of oral and topical bioavailability including the metabolic processes affecting xenobiotic biotransformation before and after drugs reach the site of their action in the body. We briefly examine the common methodologies employed in antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and pharmacokinetic research. Importantly, we emphasize the contribution of synergies and/or antagonisms in complex mixtures as they affect absorptive processes in the body and sometimes potentiate activity. Strictly in the context of natural product research, it is important to acknowledge the potential for chemotypic variation within important medicinal plants. Furthermore, polar head space and rotatable bonds give a priori indications of the likelihood of bioavailability of active metabolites. Considering this and other relatively simple chemical insights, we hope to provide the basis for a more rigorous scientific assessment, enabling researchers to predict the likelihood that observed in vitro anti-infective activity will translate to in vivo outcomes in a therapeutic context. We give worked examples of tentative pharmacokinetic assessment of some well-known medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas John Sadgrove
- Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (PAN) Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Jodrell Science Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Lloyd Jones
- Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (PAN) Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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76
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Delling C, Daugschies A, Bangoura B, Dengler F. Cryptosporidium parvum alters glucose transport mechanisms in infected enterocytes. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:3429-3441. [PMID: 31667591 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The parasite Cryptosporidium parvum Tyzzer 1912 destroys parts of the intestinal brush border membrane which is important for the uptake of nutrients like glucose. In this study, glucose transport mechanisms of the host cells (IPEC-J2 cells) infected by C. parvum were investigated. The mRNA expression levels of glucose transporters (GLUT) 1 and 2 and Na+-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) 1 were compared in infected and uninfected cells over an infection time of 24-96 h by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, the protein expression of SGLT 1 and GLUT 2 was quantified in western blot studies. While the protein expression of SGLT 1 was not altered in infected cells, mRNA expression of SGLT 1 and GLUT 1 was significantly increased 24 h p. i. and decreased 96 h p. i. The mRNA expression of GLUT 2 was significantly decreased 24 h, 72 h, and 96 h p. i. and also correlated significantly with the infection dose at 72 h p. i. In contrast to that, the protein expression of GLUT 2 was significantly increased 48 h p. i., associated with a significantly higher intracellular glucose level in infected cells compared with control cells at that time point of infection. This points to an adaptation of the host cells' glucose uptake taking place in the acute phase of the infection. A better understanding of these molecular mechanisms following a C. parvum infection may probably lead to an improvement of therapy strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Delling
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 7, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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77
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Spreghini N, Cianfarani S, Spreghini MR, Brufani C, Morino GS, Inzaghi E, Convertino A, Fintini D, Manco M. Oral glucose effectiveness and metabolic risk in obese children and adolescents. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:955-962. [PMID: 30868315 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether GE is affected in children/adolescents with obesity and abnormalities of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS Cross-sectional study of oral GE (oGE), insulin sensitivity and secretion (calculated on 5 time-points oral glucose tolerance test) and metabolic abnormalities in 1012 patients with overweight/obesity (aged 6.0-17.9 years old). A MetS risk score was calculated on the basis of distribution of fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was suspected based on thresholds of alanine aminotransferases. RESULTS Four-hundred and eighty patients (47.73%) had low-MetS risk score, 488 medium (48.22% with 1-2 risk factors) and 41 (4.05% with ≥ 3 factors) high risk. oGE was significantly lower in subjects with obesity [3.81 (1.46) mg/dl/min- 1] than in those with overweight [4.98 (1.66) mg/dl/min- 1; p value < 0.001]. oGE was negatively correlated with BMI (ρ = - 0.79; p < 0.001) and BMI z score (ρ = - 0.56; p < 0.001) and decreased significantly among MetS risk classes (p = 0.001). The median difference of oGE from low to medium risk was estimated to be as - 4.9%, from medium to high as - 13.38% and from low to high as - 17.62%. oGE was not statistically different between NAFLD+ and NAFLD- cases. CONCLUSIONS In children and adolescents with obesity oGE decreases. Noteworthy, it decreases as the Met score increases. Therefore, reduced oGE may contribute to the higher risk of these individuals to develop type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Spreghini
- Research Unit for Multifactorial Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cianfarani
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, BambinoGesù Children's Hospital, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Rita Spreghini
- Research Unit for Multifactorial Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Inzaghi
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, BambinoGesù Children's Hospital, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Convertino
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, BambinoGesù Children's Hospital, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Fintini
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, BambinoGesù Children's Hospital, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Manco
- Research Unit for Multifactorial Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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78
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Residual Gastric Dilatation Interferes with Metabolic Improvements Following Sleeve Gastrectomy by Upregulating the Expression of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-1. Obes Surg 2019; 29:3324-3333. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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79
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Kato E. Bioactive compounds in plant materials for the prevention of diabetesand obesity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:975-985. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1580560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plant materials have been widely studied for their preventive and therapeutic effects for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. The effect of a plant material arises from its constituents, and the study of these bioactive compounds is important to achieve a deeper understanding of its effect at the molecular level. In particular, the study of the effects of such bioactive compounds on various biological processes, from digestion to cellular responses, is required to fully understand the overall effects of plant materials in these health contexts. In this review, I summarize the bioactive compounds we have recently studied in our research group that target digestive enzymes, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, myocyte glucose uptake, and lipid accumulation in adipocytes.
Abbreviations: AC: adenylyl cyclase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; βAR: β-adrenergic receptor; CA: catecholamine; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GC: guanylyl cyclase; GH: growth hormone; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; GLUT: glucose transporter; HSL: hormone-sensitive lipase; IR: insulin receptor; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK: MAPK/ERK kinase; MG: maltase-glucoamylase; NP: natriuretic peptide; NPR: natriuretic peptide receptor; mTORC2: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-2; PC: proanthocyanidin; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKA: cAMP-dependent protein kinase; PKB (AKT): protein kinase B; PKG: cGMP-dependent protein kinase; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; SGLT1: sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1; SI: sucrase-isomaltase; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kato
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience and Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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80
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Matsumoto Y, Ishii M, Hasegawa S, Sekimizu K. Enterococcus faecalis YM0831 suppresses sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in a silkworm model and in humans. Commun Biol 2019; 2:157. [PMID: 31069266 PMCID: PMC6497652 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia caused by excessive intake of sucrose leads to lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes. Administration of a lactic acid bacterial strain to mice suppresses sucrose-induced hyperglycemia, but evidence for a similar effect in humans is lacking. Here we show that Enterococcus faecalis YM0831, identified using an in vivo screening system with silkworms, suppressed sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in humans. E. faecalis YM0831 also suppressed glucose-induced hyperglycemia in silkworms. E. faecalis YM0831 inhibited glucose uptake by the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2. A transposon insertion mutant of E. faecalis YM0831, which showed decreased inhibitory activity against glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells, also exhibited decreased inhibitory activity against both sucrose-induced and glucose-induced hyperglycemia in silkworms. In human clinical trials, oral ingestion of E. faecalis YM0831 suppressed the increase in blood glucose in a sucrose tolerance test. These findings suggest that E. faecalis YM0831 inhibits intestinal glucose transport and suppresses sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395 Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588 Japan
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co. Ltd., 3-4-5-2D Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Setsuo Hasegawa
- Pharmaspur Inc., Toyo building, 1-2-10 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027 Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395 Japan
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co. Ltd., 3-4-5-2D Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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81
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Yokoi Y, Nakamura K, Yoneda T, Kikuchi M, Sugimoto R, Shimizu Y, Ayabe T. Paneth cell granule dynamics on secretory responses to bacterial stimuli in enteroids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2710. [PMID: 30804449 PMCID: PMC6389922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells at the base of small intestinal crypts secrete granules containing α-defensins in response to bacteria and maintain the intestinal environment by clearing enteric pathogens and regulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota. However, Paneth cell secretory responses remain debatable and the mechanisms that regulate the secretion are not well understood. Although enteroids, three-dimensional cultures of small intestinal epithelial cells, have proven useful for analyzing intestinal epithelial cell functions including ion transport, their closed structures have imposed limitations to investigating interactions between Paneth cells and the intestinal microbiota. Here, we report that microinjection of bacteria or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the enteroid lumen provides an ex vivo system for studying Paneth cell secretion in real-time. The results show that Paneth cells released granules immediately when the apical surfaces of enteroid epithelial cells were exposed to LPS or live bacteria by microinjection. However, Paneth cells did not respond to LPS delivered in culture media to enteroid exterior basolateral surface, although they responded to basolateral carbamyl choline. In addition, Paneth cells replenished their granules after secretion, enabling responses to second stimulation. These findings provide new insight for apically-induced Paneth cell secretory responses in regulating the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yokoi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.,Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yoneda
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Mani Kikuchi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Rina Sugimoto
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yu Shimizu
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan. .,Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.
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82
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Haddad JA, Haddad AN. The past decade in type 2 diabetes and future challenges. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:451-459. [PMID: 30519831 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is today an exponential increase in prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in young people. This downward shift in age of onset of T2DM has been shown by abundant evidence to be due to an increase in obesity among the young, the latter mainly attributable to unhealthy dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle. It is therefore obvious that the prevention of diabetes rather its treatment is of is paramount importance. In the past decade, because concerns about the safety of antidiabetic agents took precedence over the issue of efficacy, almost all studies have been diabetes CVOTs and not traditional CVOTs. Until 2015, the evidence showed that antidiabetic agents are effective in terms of reduction of microvascular, as opposed to macrovascular, complications. However, following publication of the results of some new studies, it became clear that the new class of antidiabetic drugs, e.g., SGLT 2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists, are also effective in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the coming decade, numerous health challenges are expected to arise, the most important being the greater expansion of the therapeutic armamentarium for T2DM and the adoption of strategies for prevention of CVDs. In parallel, the new generation of antidiabetic agents will target the recently investigated pathophysiologic disorders of diabetes, while, ideally, treatments should include smart drugs without side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihad A Haddad
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Prince Hamzah Hospital, 3034, Amman, 11181, Jordan.
| | - Aiman N Haddad
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Princess Royal University Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 6B Durham Road, Bromley, London, BR2 0SG, UK.
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Caicedo-Lopez LH, Luzardo-Ocampo I, Cuellar-Nuñez ML, Campos-Vega R, Mendoza S, Loarca-Piña G. Effect of the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on free-phenolic compounds and mono/oligosaccharides from Moringa oleifera leaves: Bioaccessibility, intestinal permeability and antioxidant capacity. Food Res Int 2018; 120:631-642. [PMID: 31000281 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Moringa oleifera is a plant recognized for its compounds such as dietary fiber (oligosaccharides, amongst others) and polyphenols, with biological activities. These properties depend on bioactive compounds (BC) interactions with food matrix/digestion conditions, which have not been evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility, intestinal permeability and antioxidant capacity of BC (free-phenolic compounds (PC); and mono/oligosaccharides (MOS)) from Moringa oleifera leaves (ML) powder during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The gallic/caffeic acids, morin, kaempferol, mannose and stachyose showed the highest bioaccessibilities (~6-210%). The PC correlated with the antioxidant capacity (R2: 0.59-0.98, p < .05), whereas gallic/caffeic acids were the highest. The apparent permeability coefficients of bioactive compounds (0.62-36.65 × 10-4 cm/s) and water flux/glucose transport confirmed the model similarity to in vivo experiments. The results suggest that ML digestion dynamically modifies PC/MOS bioaccessibility/antioxidant capacity while most of them are not completely absorbed in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Caicedo-Lopez
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro 76010, Mexico
| | - I Luzardo-Ocampo
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro 76010, Mexico
| | - M L Cuellar-Nuñez
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro 76010, Mexico
| | - R Campos-Vega
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro 76010, Mexico
| | - S Mendoza
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro 76010, Mexico
| | - G Loarca-Piña
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro 76010, Mexico.
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84
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Rajendran VM, Sandle GI. Colonic Potassium Absorption and Secretion in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1513-1536. [PMID: 30215859 PMCID: PMC9769410 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The colon has large capacities for K+ absorption and K+ secretion, but its role in maintaining K+ homeostasis is often overlooked. For many years, passive diffusion and/or solvent drag were thought to be the primary mechanisms for K+ absorption in human and animal colon. However, it is now clear that apical H+ ,K+ -ATPase, in coordination with basolateral K+ -Cl- cotransport and/or K+ and Cl- channels operating in parallel, mediate electroneutral K+ absorption in animal colon. We now know that K+ absorption in rat colon reflects ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive apical H+ ,K+ -ATPase activities. Ouabain-insensitive and ouabain-sensitive H+ ,K+ -ATPases are localized in surface and crypt cells, respectively. Colonic H+ ,K+ -ATPase consists of α- (HKCα ) and β- (HKCβ ) subunits which, when coexpressed, exhibit ouabain-insensitive H+ ,K+ -ATPase activity in HEK293 cells, while HKCα coexpressed with the gastric β-subunit exhibits ouabain-sensitive H+ ,K+ -ATPase activity in Xenopus oocytes. Aldosterone enhances apical H+ ,K+ -ATPase activity, HKCα specific mRNA and protein expression, and K+ absorption. Active K+ secretion, on the other hand, is mediated by apical K+ channels operating in a coordinated way with the basolateral Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter. Both Ca2+ -activated intermediate conductance K+ (IK) and large conductance K+ (BK) channels are located in the apical membrane of colonic epithelia. IK channel-mediated K+ efflux provides the driving force for Cl- secretion, while BK channels mediate active (e.g., cAMP-activated) K+ secretion. BK channel expression and activity are increased in patients with end-stage renal disease and ulcerative colitis. This review summarizes the role of apical H+ ,K+ -ATPase in K+ absorption, and apical BK channel function in K+ secretion in health and disease. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1513-1536, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey I. Sandle
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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85
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Maniquis-Smigel L, Reeves KD, Rosen HJ, Lyftogt J, Graham-Coleman C, Cheng AL, Rabago D. Analgesic Effect and Potential Cumulative Benefit from Caudal Epidural D5W in Consecutive Participants with Chronic Low-Back and Buttock/Leg Pain. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:1189-1196. [PMID: 29883193 PMCID: PMC6308281 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Chronic low-back pain (CLBP) participants in a prior controlled study reported short-term pain relief after caudal epidural injection of 5% dextrose (D5W). This study assessed whether repeated caudal epidural injections of D5W results in serial short-term diminution of CLBP and progressive long-term decrease in pain and disability. Design: Prospective uncontrolled study. Settings/Location: Outpatient pain clinic. Subjects: Adults with CLBP with radiation to gluteal or leg areas. Interventions: Caudal epidural injection of 10 mL of D5W (without anesthetic) every 2 weeks for four treatments and then as needed for 1 year. Outcome measures: Numerical Rating Scale (NRS, pain, 0–10 points), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI, disability, %), and fraction of participants with ≥50% reduction in NRS score. Analysis by intention to treat. Results: Participants (n = 32, 55 ± 9.8 years old, nine female) had moderate-to-severe CLBP (6.5 ± 1.2 NRS points) for 11.1 ± 10.8 years. They received 5.5 ± 2.9 caudal D5W injections through 12 months of follow-up. The data capture rate for analysis was 94% at 12 months for NRS and ODI outcome measures, with 6% carried forward by intention to treat. A consistent pattern of analgesia was demonstrated after D5W injection. Compared with baseline status, NRS and ODI scores improved by 3.4 ± 2.3 (52%) and 18.2 ± 16.4% (42%) points, respectively. The fraction of participants with 50% reduction in NRS-based pain was 21/32 (66%). Conclusion: Epidural D5W injection, in the absence of anesthetic, resulted in consistent postinjection analgesia and clinically significant improvement in pain and disability through 12 months for most participants. The consistent pattern postinjection analgesia suggests a potential sensorineural effect of dextrose on neurogenic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Maniquis-Smigel
- Private Practice, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Pain Management, Hilo and Honolulu, HI
| | - Kenneth Dean Reeves
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS
| | | | - John Lyftogt
- Private Practice, Retired, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - An-Lin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - David Rabago
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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86
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Booth MJ, Restrepo Schild V, Downs FG, Bayley H. Functional aqueous droplet networks. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:1658-1691. [PMID: 28766622 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Droplet interface bilayers (DIBs), comprising individual lipid bilayers between pairs of aqueous droplets in an oil, are proving to be a useful tool for studying membrane proteins. Recently, attention has turned to the elaboration of networks of aqueous droplets, connected through functionalized interface bilayers, with collective properties unachievable in droplet pairs. Small 2D collections of droplets have been formed into soft biodevices, which can act as electronic components, light-sensors and batteries. A substantial breakthrough has been the development of a droplet printer, which can create patterned 3D droplet networks of hundreds to thousands of connected droplets. The 3D networks can change shape, or carry electrical signals through defined pathways, or express proteins in response to patterned illumination. We envisage using functional 3D droplet networks as autonomous synthetic tissues or coupling them with cells to repair or enhance the properties of living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Booth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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87
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Mojica L, Luna-Vital DA, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Black bean peptides inhibit glucose uptake in Caco-2 adenocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression and translocation pathway of glucose transporters. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:552-560. [PMID: 29854625 PMCID: PMC5977767 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Common bean protein fractions decreased glucose uptake in colorectal cancer cells. Protein fractions decreased SGLT1 and GLUT2 gene and protein expression and translocation. Black bean protein fractions could be used as anticancer drug adjuvants.
The objective was to evaluate the effect of black bean protein fraction (PFRA), and its derived peptides on glucose uptake, SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression and translocation on Caco-2 cells. The effect of treatments was evaluated on glucose uptake, protein expression and localization and gene expression on Caco-2 cells. PFRA (10 mg/mL) lowered glucose uptake from 27.4% after 30 min to 33.9% after 180 min of treatment compared to untreated control (p < 0.05). All treatments lowered GLUT2 expression after 30 min of treatment compared to untreated control (31.4 to 48.6%, p < 0.05). Similarly, after 24 h of treatment, GLUT2 was decreased in all treatments (23.5% to 48.9%) (p < 0.05). SGLT1 protein expression decreased 18.3% for LSVSVL (100 μM) to 45.1% for PFRA (10 mg/mL) after 24 h. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed a decrease in expression and membrane translocation of GLUT2 and SGLT1 for all treatments compared to untreated control (p < 0.05). Relative gene expression of SLC2A2 (GLUT2) and SLC5A1 (SGLT1) was downregulated significantly up to two-fold change compared to the untreated control after 24 h treatment. Black bean protein fractions are an inexpensive, functional ingredient with significant biological potential to reduce glucose uptake and could be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Key Words
- 2-NBDG PubChem CID: 6711157
- 2-NBDG, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose
- A, alanine
- AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- AU, arbitrary units
- BPI, bean protein isolate
- Black bean protein fraction
- Colorectal cancer
- E, glutamic acid
- F, phenylalanine
- GLUT2
- GLUT2, glucose transporter 2
- Glucose uptake
- Glucose: PubChem CID: 10954115
- I:K, lysine
- L, leucine
- N, asparagine
- P FRA, protein fractions
- P, proline
- PHL, phloretin
- PKC, protein kinase C II
- Phloretin: PubChem CID: 4788
- S, serine
- SD, standard deviation
- SGLT1
- SGLT1, sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1
- T, threonine
- V, valine
- WZB117, 3-fluoro-1,2-phenylene bis (3-hydroxybenzoate)
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mojica
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, United States.,Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., CIATEJ, 44270, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Diego A Luna-Vital
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, United States
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88
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Feyzmand S, Shahbazi B, Marami M, Bahrami G, Fattahi A, Shokoohinia Y. Mechanistic In vitro Evaluation of Prosopis farcta Roots Potential as an Antidiabetic Folk Medicinal Plant. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 13:S852-S859. [PMID: 29491644 PMCID: PMC5822511 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_162_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prosopis farcta has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for treating Diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to investigate the antidiabetic mechanisms of infusion (INF) extract of P. farcta and discovering the active extract for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six different extracts of P. farcta were prepared using five different solvents (ethanol, n-hexane, acetone, ethanol:water (1:1 v/v), and water). Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation assays were performed on mouse pancreatic β-cells (β-TC3) using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium method. The effects of P. farcta on glucose metabolism (in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line [HepG2]) and glucose diffusion across a dialysis membrane (as a model of cellular glucose absorption) were evaluated. The protective effect of various P. farcta extracts on cytotoxicity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced apoptosis in β-TC3 cells was investigated. RESULTS Cytotoxicity study indicated that extracts were safe on β-TC3 and HepG2 (≤0.5 mg/ml). INF protected β-TC3 cells from apoptosis induced by STZ and improved cell viability for 20% and significantly decrease depolarization of MMP (P < 0.005). The results showed that INF inhabited breaking/streaking the DNA. Proliferation study showed no significant increase in the number of cells either at single or multiple doses. In moderate hyperglycemia (11.1 mmol/l), a significant glucose-lowering effect was observed but glucose diffusion was not the probable mechanism of extracts antidiabetic effect. In conclusion, only INF, the traditionally used extract, has an antidiabetic potential by attenuating the death and apoptosis induced by STZ in β-TC3 cells and increase glucose consumption. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that only INF extract have an antidiabetic potential by attenuating the death and apoptosis induced by STZ in β-TC3 cells and increase glucose consumption. SUMMARY Six different extracts from P. farcta were prepared using five different solvents [ethanol, n-hexane, acetone, ethanol: water (1:1 v/v), and water]The protective effect of various P. farcta extracts on cytotoxicity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and Streptozotocin-induced apoptosis in β-TC3 cells were investigated.Infusion has an antidiabetic potential by attenuating the death and apoptosis induced by STZ in β-TC3 cells and increase glucose consumptionThe effect of infusion extract on glucose consumption in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line cells (a) and effect of infusion extract on glucose consumption in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line cells adjusted by optical density MTT (b). Significance was calculated by analysis of variance (*P ≤ 0.05). MTT: 3 (4,5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium. Abbreviations used: AC: Acetone extract; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; BSA: Bovine serum albumin; β-TC3: Mouse pancreatic β-cells; DMEM: Dulbecco modified Eagle medium; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; ETH: Ethyl acetate extract; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; HDETH: Hydroethanolic extract; HepG2: Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line; HEX: Hexane extract; INF: Infusion; KUMS: Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium; NaCl: Natrium chloride; OD: Optical density; spp: Species; STZ: Streptozotocin; Tag: T-antigen; USA: United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Feyzmand
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behzad Shahbazi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marzieh Marami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Fattahi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yalda Shokoohinia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
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89
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Torres-Villarreal D, Camacho A, Milagro FI, Ortiz-Lopez R, de la Garza AL. Quercetin-3-O-glucoside Improves Glucose Tolerance in Rats and Decreases Intestinal Sugar Uptake in Caco-2 Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701201112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid-rich foods intake has been associated with lower risk of non-communicable chronic diseases. Quercetin is the most abundant flavonoid in nature (fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains) as well as the most consumed flavonol. This study aims to investigate the potential effects of its conjugated form quercetin-3- O-glucoside (or isoquercetin) on glucose metabolism in rats and Caco-2 cells. To analyse the effect of quercetin-3- O-glucoside on postprandial hyperglycemia, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted in Wistar rats. Additionally, Caco-2 cells were used to determine the effect of quercetin-3- O-glucoside (30 to 60 μM) on mRNA expression of genes involved in glucose uptake by RT-PCR. Thereby, in vivo studies demonstrated that quercetin-3- O-glucoside decreased blood glucose levels evaluated by OGTT in rats. Furthermore, in the presence of Na+, quercetin-3- O-glucoside inhibited methylglucoside (MG) uptake in enterocytes and both sodium dependent glucose transporter-1 (SGLT1)- and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2)-mediated glucose uptake were downregulated in Caco-2 cells incubated with quercetin-3- O-glucoside. In summary, our results show that quercetin-3- O-glucoside improves postprandial glycemic control in rats and reduces sugar uptake in Caco-2 cells, possible by decreasing the expression of glucose transporters (SGLT1 and GLUT2) according to the results obtained through RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Torres-Villarreal
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alberto Camacho
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Medicina, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Unidad de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rocío Ortiz-Lopez
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ana Laura de la Garza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Unidad de Nutrición, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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90
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Arguin G, Bourzac JF, Placet M, Molle CM, Paquette M, Beaudoin JF, Rousseau JA, Lecomte R, Plourde M, Gendron FP. The loss of P2X7 receptor expression leads to increase intestinal glucose transit and hepatic steatosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12917. [PMID: 29018292 PMCID: PMC5635021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), it was reported that the activation of the P2X7 receptor leads to the internalization of the glucose transporter GLUT2, which is accompanied by a reduction of IEC capacity to transport glucose. In this study, we used P2rx7 -/- mice to decipher P2X7 functions in intestinal glucose transport and to evaluate the impacts on metabolism. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed the presence of GLUT2 at the apical domain of P2rx7 -/- jejunum enterocytes. Positron emission tomography and biodistribution studies demonstrated that glucose was more efficiently delivered to the circulation of knockout animals. These findings correlated with increase blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol levels. In fact, P2rx7 -/- mice had increased serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels and displayed glucose intolerance and resistance to insulin. Finally, P2rx7 -/- mice developed a hepatic steatosis characterized by a reduction of Acaca, Acacb, Fasn and Acox1 mRNA expression, as well as for ACC and FAS protein expression. Our study suggests that P2X7 could play a central role in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Arguin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bourzac
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Morgane Placet
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline M Molle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Paquette
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre of CRCHUS and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaudoin
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre of CRCHUS and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques A Rousseau
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre of CRCHUS and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre of CRCHUS and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Fernand-Pierre Gendron
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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91
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Lam SKH, Reeves KD, Cheng AL. Transition from Deep Regional Blocks toward Deep Nerve Hydrodissection in the Upper Body and Torso: Method Description and Results from a Retrospective Chart Review of the Analgesic Effect of 5% Dextrose Water as the Primary Hydrodissection Injectate to Enhance Safety. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7920438. [PMID: 29226148 PMCID: PMC5684526 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7920438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Deep nerve hydrodissection uses fluid injection under pressure to purposely separate nerves from areas of suspected fascial compression, which are increasingly viewed as potential perpetuating factors in recalcitrant neuropathic pain/complex regional pain. The usage of 5% dextrose water (D5W) as a primary injectate for hydrodissection, with or without low dose anesthetic, could limit anesthetic-related toxicity. An analgesic effect of 5% dextrose water (D5W) upon perineural injection in patients with chronic neuropathic pain has recently been described. Here we describe ultrasound-guided methods for hydrodissection of deep nerve structures in the upper torso, including the stellate ganglion, brachial plexus, cervical nerve roots, and paravertebral spaces. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 100 hydrodissection treatments in 26 consecutive cases with a neuropathic pain duration of 16 ± 12.2 months and the mean Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) 0-10 pain level of 8.3 ± 1.3. The mean percentage of analgesia during each treatment session involving D5W injection without anesthetic was 88.1% ± 9.8%. The pretreatment Numeric Pain Rating Scale score of 8.3 ± 1.3 improved to 1.9 ± 0.9 at 2 months after the last treatment. Patients received 3.8 ± 2.6 treatments over 9.7 ± 7.8 months from the first treatment to the 2-month posttreatment follow-up. Pain improvement exceeded 50% in all cases and 75% in half. Our results confirm the analgesic effect of D5W injection and suggest that hydrodissection using D5W provides cumulative pain reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley K. H. Lam
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- KH Lam Musculoskeletal Pain Management and Sports Injury Centre, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- The Hong Kong Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
| | | | - An-Lin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
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92
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Abstract
Hypoglycemia is a heterogeneous disorder with many different possible etiologies, including hyperinsulinism, glycogen storage disorders, fatty acid disorders, hormonal deficiencies, and metabolic defects, among others. This condition affects newborns to adolescents, with various approaches to diagnosis and management. This paper will review current literature on the history of hypoglycemia, current discussion on the definition of hypoglycemia, as well as etiologies, diagnosis, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Gandhi
- Section of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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93
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Miyazaki T, Okada K, Yamashita T, Miyazaki M. Two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based serum metabolic fingerprints of neonatal calves before and after first colostrum ingestion. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4354-4364. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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94
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Rosset R, Egli L, Lecoultre V. Glucose-fructose ingestion and exercise performance: The gastrointestinal tract and beyond. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:874-884. [PMID: 28441908 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1317035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate ingestion can improve endurance exercise performance. In the past two decades, research has repeatedly reported the performance benefits of formulations comprising both glucose and fructose (GLUFRU) over those based on glucose (GLU). This has been usually related to additive effects of these two monosaccharides on the gastrointestinal tract whereby intestinal carbohydrate absorption is enhanced and discomfort limited. This is only a partial explanation, since glucose and fructose are also metabolized through different pathways after being absorbed from the gut. In contrast to glucose that is readily used by every body cell type, fructose is specifically targeted to the liver where it is mainly converted into glucose and lactate. The ingestion of GLUFRU may thereby profoundly alter hepatic function ultimately raising both glucose and lactate fluxes. During exercise, this particular profile of circulating carbohydrate may induce a spectrum of effects on muscle metabolism possibly resulting in an improved performance. Compared to GLU alone, GLUFRU ingestion could also induce several non-metabolic effects which are so far largely unexplored. Through its metabolite lactate, fructose may act on central fatigue and/or alter metabolic regulation. Future research could further define the effects of GLUFRU over other exercise modalities and different athletic populations, using several of the hypotheses discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Rosset
- a Department of Physiology , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Léonie Egli
- b Nestle Research Center Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Virgile Lecoultre
- c Centre for Metabolic Disease , Broye Intercantonal Hospital , Estavayer-le-Lac , Switzerland
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95
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Delphinidin Reduces Glucose Uptake in Mice Jejunal Tissue and Human Intestinal Cells Lines through FFA1/GPR40. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040750. [PMID: 28379159 PMCID: PMC5412335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are pigments with antihyperglycemic properties, and they are potential candidates for developing functional foods for the therapy or prevention of Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). The mechanism of these beneficial effects of anthocyanins are, however, hard to explain, given their very low bioavailability due to poor intestinal absorption. We propose that free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1, also named GPR40), is involved in an inhibitory effect of the anthocyanidin delphinidin over intestinal glucose absorption. We show the direct effects of delphinidin on the intestine using jejunum samples from RF/J mice, and the human intestinal cell lines HT-29, Caco-2, and NCM460. By the use of specific pharmacological antagonists, we determined that delphinidin inhibits glucose absorption in both mouse jejunum and a human enterocytic cell line in a FFA1-dependent manner. Delphinidin also affects the function of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). Intracellular signaling after FFA1 activation involved cAMP increase and cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations originated from intracellular Ca2+ stores and were followed by store-operated Ca2+ entry. Taken together, our results suggest a new GPR-40 mediated local mechanism of action for delphinidin over intestinal cells that may in part explain its antidiabetic effect. These findings are promising for the search for new prevention and pharmacological treatment strategies for DM2 management.
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96
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Evaluation of the hypoglycemic potential of a black bean hydrolyzed protein isolate and its pure peptides using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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97
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Zhang S, Ma X, Zhang L, Sun H, Liu X. Capsaicin Reduces Blood Glucose by Increasing Insulin Levels and Glycogen Content Better than Capsiate in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2323-2330. [PMID: 28230360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chili peppers exhibit antiobesity, anticancer, antidiabetic, and pain- and itch-relieving effects on animals and humans; these effects are due to capsaicin, which is the main pungent and biologically active component of pepper. Capsiate, a nonpungent capsaicin analogue, is similar to capsaicin in terms of structure and biological activity. In this study, we investigated whether capsaicin and capsiate exhibit the same hypoglycemic effects on rats with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Experimental rats were categorized into four groups: control, model, capsaicin, and capsiate groups. The two treatment groups were treated orally with 6 mg/kg bw capsaicin and capsiate daily for 28 days. Treatment with capsaicin and capsiate increased body weight, increased glycogen content, and inhibited intestinal absorption of sugar in T1D rats. Particularly, insulin levels were increased from 14.9 ± 0.76 mIU/L (model group) to 22.4 ± 1.39 mIU/L (capsaicin group), but the capsiate group (16.7 ± 0.79 mIU/L) was increased by only 12.2%. Analysis of the related genes suggested that the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor was activated by capsaicin. Liver X receptor and pancreatic duodenum homeobox 1 controlled the glycometabolism balance by regulating the expression levels of glucose kinase, glucose transport protein 2 (GLUT2), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase, leading to reduced blood glucose levels in T1D rats. Meanwhile, the hypoglycemic effect was enhanced by the down-regulated expression of sodium glucose cotransporter 1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 in the intestine. The results showed that the spicy characteristics of capsaicin might be the root of its ability to decrease blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University , Tiansheng Road 2, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University , Tiansheng Road 2, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Food Science, Southwest University , Tiansheng Road 2, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University , Tiansheng Road 2, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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98
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Su H, Wang Y, Ma X, He X, Ying L, Tang J, Dong L, Bao Y, Zhou J, Jia W. Comparative Agreement Analysis of Differences in 1,5-Anhydroglucitol, Glycated Albumin, and Glycated Hemoglobin A1c Levels between Fasting and Postprandial States in Steamed Bread Meal Test. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:5917293. [PMID: 29104592 PMCID: PMC5632448 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5917293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study indicated that serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) levels slightly increased after a glucose load; therefore, this study was conducted to explore short-term changes in 1,5-AG levels after a steamed bread meal test (SBMT) and compare the agreement of 1,5-AG, glycated albumin (GA), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels between fasting and postprandial states after an SBMT. METHODS 104 participants were recruited and underwent a 100 g SBMT. Fasting, 30 min, and 120 min of 1,5-AG, GA, and HbA1c were measured. RESULTS Levels of 1,5-AG slightly increased from 30 to 120 min after an SBMT (P < 0.01), and HbA1c and GA levels showed stability at 30 and 120 min. The Passing-Bablok regression linear equation showed that postprandial 1,5-AG, GA, and HbA1c levels were well fitted (all P > 0.05), and Bland-Altman difference plot showed that 100% of data points for HbA1c30 and HbA1c120 fell within the limits of agreement; 94.2%, 96.2%, 95.2%, and 95.2% of data points for 1,5-AG30, 1,5-AG120, GA30, and GA120 fell within the limits of agreement, respectively. CONCLUSION Agreement analyses indicated good stability of 1,5-AG, GA, and HbA1c levels after the SBMT. HbA1c had an optimal stability, which was superior to that of GA or 1,5-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lingwen Ying
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Junling Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Murakami T. A Minireview: Usefulness of Transporter-Targeted Prodrugs in Enhancing Membrane Permeability. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2515-2526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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100
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TASK-1 Regulates Apoptosis and Proliferation in a Subset of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157453. [PMID: 27294516 PMCID: PMC4905626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide; survival times are poor despite therapy. The role of the two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channel TASK-1 (KCNK3) in lung cancer is at present unknown. We found that TASK-1 is expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines at variable levels. In a highly TASK-1 expressing NSCLC cell line, A549, a characteristic pH- and hypoxia-sensitive non-inactivating K+ current was measured, indicating the presence of functional TASK-1 channels. Inhibition of TASK-1 led to significant depolarization in these cells. Knockdown of TASK-1 by siRNA significantly enhanced apoptosis and reduced proliferation in A549 cells, but not in weakly TASK-1 expressing NCI-H358 cells. Na+-coupled nutrient transport across the cell membrane is functionally coupled to the efflux of K+ via K+ channels, thus TASK-1 may potentially influence Na+-coupled nutrient transport. In contrast to TASK-1, which was not differentially expressed in lung cancer vs. normal lung tissue, we found the Na+-coupled nutrient transporters, SLC5A3, SLC5A6, and SLC38A1, transporters for myo-inositol, biotin and glutamine, respectively, to be significantly overexpressed in lung adenocarcinomas. In summary, we show for the first time that the TASK-1 channel regulates apoptosis and proliferation in a subset of NSCLC.
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