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Begum J, Mir NA, Dev K, Buyamayum B, Wani MY, Raza M. Challenges and prospects of COVID-19 vaccine development based on the progress made in SARS and MERS vaccine development. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1111-1124. [PMID: 32815655 PMCID: PMC7461374 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) as a pandemic has shaken the global health system and economy by their roots. This epidemic is still spreading and showing no signs of decreasing trend. Vaccination could be the only effective and economical means to control this pandemic. A number of research institutions and pharmaceutical companies have plunged into the race of vaccine development against COVID‐19 which are in various stages of development. An intriguing fact of coronavirus infections is that in every decade of the 21st century there is a new major coronavirus epidemic, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and now COVID‐19; and such epidemics are expected in future too. Since most of the biological characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) are still obscure, the scientists are relying on the information available on SARS‐CoV and to some extent on MERS‐CoV for designing and developing COVID‐19 vaccines. But there is a need of vigorous testing for immunogenicity, safety, efficacy, and level of protection conferred in the hosts. This review focuses on the challenges and prospects of vaccine development against COVID‐19. It highlights seriousness, bottlenecks in vaccine development, possible vaccine candidates, different vaccine strategies, safety evaluation issues, and vaccine production processes pertaining to COVID‐19 based on the knowledge acquired on SARS and MERS vaccine development in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubeda Begum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, India
| | | | - Kapil Dev
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bidyarani Buyamayum
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Science, Porompat, India
| | - Mohd Yaqoob Wani
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Meesam Raza
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Zhang N, Shang J, Li C, Zhou K, Du L. An overview of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines in preclinical studies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:817-829. [PMID: 32842811 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1813574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes high mortality in humans. No vaccines are approved for use in humans; therefore, a consistent effort to develop safe and effective MERS vaccines is needed. AREAS COVERED This review describes the structure of MERS-CoV and the function of its proteins, summarizes MERS vaccine candidates under preclinical study (based on spike and non-spike structural proteins, inactivated virus, and live-attenuated virus), and highlights potential problems that could prevent these vaccines entering clinical trials. It provides guidance for the development of safe and effective MERS-CoV vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Although many MERS-CoV vaccines have been developed, most remain at the preclinical stage. Some vaccines demonstrate immunogenicity and efficacy in animal models, while others have potential adverse effects or low efficacy against high-dose or divergent virus strains. Novel strategies are needed to design safe and effective MERS vaccines to induce broad-spectrum immune responses and improve protective efficacy against multiple strains of MERS-CoV and MERS-like coronaviruses with pandemic potential. More funds should be invested to move vaccine candidates into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naru Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Shang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College , Hangzhou, China
| | - Kehui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College , Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center , New York, NY, USA
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Azad T, Singaravelu R, Crupi MJ, Jamieson T, Dave J, Brown EE, Rezaei R, Taha Z, Boulton S, Martin NT, Surendran A, Poutou J, Ghahremani M, Nouri K, Whelan JT, Duong J, Tucker S, Diallo JS, Bell JC, Ilkow CS. Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Design: Fusion of Spike Glycoprotein Transmembrane Domain to Receptor-Binding Domain Induces Trimerization. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10090215. [PMID: 32872641 PMCID: PMC7557813 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic presents an urgent need for an effective vaccine. Molecular characterization of SARS-CoV-2 is critical to the development of effective vaccine and therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we show that the fusion of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain to its transmembrane domain is sufficient to mediate trimerization. Our findings may have implications for vaccine development and therapeutic drug design strategies targeting spike trimerization. As global efforts for developing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are rapidly underway, we believe this observation is an important consideration for identifying crucial epitopes of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mathieu J.F. Crupi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taylor Jamieson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jaahnavi Dave
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Emily E.F. Brown
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zaid Taha
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nikolas T. Martin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Abera Surendran
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Kazem Nouri
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada;
| | - Jack T. Whelan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jessie Duong
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sarah Tucker
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C. Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S. Ilkow
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (T.A.); (R.S.); (M.J.F.C.); (T.J.); (J.D.); (E.E.F.B.); (R.R.); (Z.T.); (S.B.); (N.T.M.); (A.S.); (J.P.); (J.T.W.); (J.D.); (S.T.); (J.-S.D.); (J.C.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-737-8899 (ext. 75208)
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Nalawansha DA, Samarasinghe KTG. Double-Barreled CRISPR Technology as a Novel Treatment Strategy For COVID-19. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:790-800. [PMID: 33062949 PMCID: PMC7469881 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Coronavirus
is one of the causative agents for multiple human respiratory
illnesses. A novel coronavirus, similar to the one that caused severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, was identified as the cause
of the current pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was
first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Since then,
this novel coronavirus has spread across the globe, with most identified
COVID-19 cases and fatalities occurring in the United States. In this
Perspective, we discuss coronavirus pathogenicity, conventional antiviral
therapies, prophylactic strategies, and novel treatment strategies
for COVID-19. We highlight the application of CRISPR technology as
an emerging pan-antiviral therapy. We also discuss the challenges
of in vivo delivery of CRISPR components and propose
novel approaches to achieve selective delivery exclusively into SARS-CoV-2-infected
cells with high efficiency by hijacking the surface proteins of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanusha A Nalawansha
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Kusal T G Samarasinghe
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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An adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine confers protection from SARS-COV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4207. [PMID: 32826924 PMCID: PMC7442803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 greatly threatens global public health but no prophylactic vaccine is available. Here, we report the generation of a replication-incompetent recombinant serotype 5 adenovirus, Ad5-S-nb2, carrying a codon-optimized gene encoding Spike protein (S). In mice and rhesus macaques, intramuscular injection with Ad5-S-nb2 elicits systemic S-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses. Intranasal inoculation elicits both systemic and pulmonary antibody responses but weaker CMI response. At 30 days after a single vaccination with Ad5-S-nb2 either intramuscularly or intranasally, macaques are protected against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. A subsequent challenge reveals that macaques vaccinated with a 10-fold lower vaccine dosage (1 × 1010 viral particles) are also protected, demonstrating the effectiveness of Ad5-S-nb2 and the possibility of offering more vaccine dosages within a shorter timeframe. Thus, Ad5-S-nb2 is a promising candidate vaccine and warrants further clinical evaluation.
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Tong PBV, Lin LY, Tran TH. Coronaviruses pandemics: Can neutralizing antibodies help? Life Sci 2020; 255:117836. [PMID: 32450171 PMCID: PMC7243778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the first time in Homo sapiens history, possibly, most of human activities is stopped by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nearly eight billion people of this world are facing a great challenge, maybe not "to be or not to be" yet, but unpredictable. What happens to other major pandemics in the past, and how human beings went through these hurdles? The human body is equipped with the immune system that can recognize, respond and fight against pathogens such as viruses. Following the innate response, immune system processes the adaptive response by which each pathogen is encoded and recorded in memory system. The humoral reaction containing cytokines and antibodies is expected to activate when the pathogens come back. Exploiting this nature of body protection, neutralizing antibodies have been investigated. Learning from past, in parallel to SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV who caused previous pandemics, are recalled in this review. We here propose insights of origin and characteristics and perspective for the future of antibodies development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuoc-Bao-Viet Tong
- INSERM U1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Li-Yun Lin
- INSERM U1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No.167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Viet Nam.
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Dai L, Zheng T, Xu K, Han Y, Xu L, Huang E, An Y, Cheng Y, Li S, Liu M, Yang M, Li Y, Cheng H, Yuan Y, Zhang W, Ke C, Wong G, Qi J, Qin C, Yan J, Gao GF. A Universal Design of Betacoronavirus Vaccines against COVID-19, MERS, and SARS. Cell 2020; 182:722-733.e11. [PMID: 32645327 PMCID: PMC7321023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to control the ongoing pandemic COVID-19 and previously emerging MERS/SARS caused by coronavirus (CoV) infections. The CoV spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) is an attractive vaccine target but is undermined by limited immunogenicity. We describe a dimeric form of MERS-CoV RBD that overcomes this limitation. The RBD-dimer significantly increased neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers compared to conventional monomeric form and protected mice against MERS-CoV infection. Crystal structure showed RBD-dimer fully exposed dual receptor-binding motifs, the major target for NAbs. Structure-guided design further yielded a stable version of RBD-dimer as a tandem repeat single-chain (RBD-sc-dimer) which retained the vaccine potency. We generalized this strategy to design vaccines against COVID-19 and SARS, achieving 10- to 100-fold enhancement of NAb titers. RBD-sc-dimers in pilot scale production yielded high yields, supporting their scalability for further clinical development. The framework of immunogen design can be universally applied to other beta-CoV vaccines to counter emerging threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpan Dai
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, China.
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China
| | - Enqi Huang
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Yaling An
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingjie Cheng
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huijun Cheng
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China.
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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Rathore JS, Ghosh C. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:ftaa042. [PMID: 32840560 PMCID: PMC7499575 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pneumonia, responsible for the recent pandemic, and originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The causative agent of the outbreak was identified as coronavirus and designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2). Few years back, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS- CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were reported to be highly pathogenic and caused severe infections in humans. In the current situation SARS-CoV-2 has become the third highly pathogenic coronavirus that is responsible for the present outbreak in human population. At the time of this review, there were more than 14 007 791 confirmed COVID-19 patients which associated with over 597 105 deaths in more then 216 countries across the globe (as reported by World Health Organization). In this review we have discussed about SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARC-CoV-2, their reservoirs, role of spike proteins and immunogenicity. We have also covered the diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccine status of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Singh Rathore
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Yamuna Expressway, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 210312, India
| | - Chaitali Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110049 India
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Chauhan G, Madou MJ, Kalra S, Chopra V, Ghosh D, Martinez-Chapa SO. Nanotechnology for COVID-19: Therapeutics and Vaccine Research. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7760-7782. [PMID: 32571007 PMCID: PMC7325519 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The current global health threat by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires an urgent deployment of advanced therapeutic options available. The role of nanotechnology is highly relevant to counter this "virus" nano enemy. Nano intervention is discussed in terms of designing effective nanocarriers to counter the conventional limitations of antiviral and biological therapeutics. This strategy directs the safe and effective delivery of available therapeutic options using engineered nanocarriers, blocking the initial interactions of viral spike glycoprotein with host cell surface receptors, and disruption of virion construction. Controlling and eliminating the spread and reoccurrence of this pandemic demands a safe and effective vaccine strategy. Nanocarriers have potential to design risk-free and effective immunization strategies for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine candidates such as protein constructs and nucleic acids. We discuss recent as well as ongoing nanotechnology-based therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to fight against this pandemic, outlining the key areas for nanoscientists to step in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences,
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio
Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León,
Mexico
| | - Marc J. Madou
- School of Engineering and Sciences,
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio
Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León,
Mexico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, University of California
Irvine, Engineering Gateway 4200, Irvine,
California 92697, United States
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
(Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar,
Punjab 160062, India
| | - Vianni Chopra
- Institute of Nano Science
and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10 Mohali,
160062 Punjab, India
| | - Deepa Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science
and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10 Mohali,
160062 Punjab, India
| | - Sergio O. Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences,
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio
Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León,
Mexico
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60
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Knight TE. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Clinical Overview and Primer. Biopreserv Biobank 2020; 18:492-502. [PMID: 32726140 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following its emergence in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused what rapidly became a global pandemic. The precise origin and subsequent path of transmission have not yet been established-but like the other novel coronaviruses that it closely resembles, it appears to have evolved naturally in a bat host. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, designated as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ranges from asymptomatic, to mild self-limited illness, to progressive pneumonia, respiratory compromise, multiorgan failure, and death. In addition, a hyperinflammatory disease state occurs in a subset of patients, and may be seen either during acute infection or following recovery. The search for effective pharmacological management of COVID-19 continues, but several promising candidates have been identified, including the viral nucleoside analog remdesivir. However, despite the existence of literally thousands of clinical trials, the management of COVID-19 remains challenging, and the development of an optimal, evidence-based therapeutic approach is ongoing. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 on the biobanking world is evolving and profound-in particular, it is likely that many of mysteries surrounding COVID-19 will be solved via the availability of high-quality, large-scale collection, storage, and analysis of patient specimens. The purpose of this review article is therefore to provide a rapid, comprehensive, and relevant overview and primer on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, with attention to the epidemiology, virology, transmission, clinical features, and major therapeutic options currently existent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan E Knight
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Nalbant A, Kaya T, Varim C, Yaylaci S, Tamer A, Cinemre H. Can the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) have a role in the diagnosis of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19)? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:746-751. [PMID: 32696861 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.6.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the role of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an inflammation marker, complete blood count, and biochemical parameters in the diagnosis of COVID-19. METHODS A total of 80 patients who had been hospitalized in the internal medicine clinic were enrolled in the study. The cases were allocated into two groups, i.e., COVID (+) and (-), based on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory [NLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), complete blood count, biochemistry, and serology] data of the patients were retrospectively obtained from the hospital data management system. RESULTS NLR and fever levels were found to be higher in COVID-19 (+) cases (P=0.021, P=0.001, respectively). There was no difference between males and females with regard to COVID-19 positivity (P=0.527). Total bilirubin levels were found to be lower in COVID-19 (+) cases (P=0.040). When the ROC analysis was carried out for NLR in COVID-19 (+) cases, the AUC value was found to be 0.660 (P=0.021), sensitivity as 69.01 %, specificity as 65.40 %, LR+: 1.98 and LR- : 0.48, PPV: 80.43, and NPV: 50.00, when the NLR was ≥2.4. The risk of COVID-19 was found to be 20.3-fold greater when NLR was ≥ 2.4 in the logistic regression (P=0.007). CONCLUSION NLR is an independent predictor for the diagnosis of COVID-19. We also found that fever and total bilirubin measurements could be useful for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Nalbant
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Turkey
| | - Tezcan Kaya
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Turkey
| | - Ceyhun Varim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Yaylaci
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Turkey
| | - Ali Tamer
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Turkey
| | - Hakan Cinemre
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Turkey
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Ma C, Su S, Wang J, Wei L, Du L, Jiang S. From SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: safety and broad-spectrum are important for coronavirus vaccine development. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:245-253. [PMID: 32437926 PMCID: PMC7211703 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 (also known as 2019-nCoV and HCoV-19) has posed serious threats to public health and economic stability worldwide, thus calling for development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging and reemerging coronaviruses. Since SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV have high similarity of their genomic sequences and share the same cellular receptor (ACE2), it is essential to learn the lessons and experiences from the development of SARS-CoV vaccines for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of the SARS-CoV vaccine candidates and prospected the strategies for the development of safe, effective and broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccines for prevention of infection by currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging and reemerging coronaviruses that may cause future epidemics or pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, 050017, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shan Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiachao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, 050017, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, 050017, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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63
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Ribosome Display Technology: Applications in Disease Diagnosis and Control. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9030028. [PMID: 32605027 PMCID: PMC7551589 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody ribosome display remains one of the most successful in vitro selection technologies for antibodies fifteen years after it was developed. The unique possibility of direct generation of whole proteins, particularly single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs), has facilitated the establishment of this technology as one of the foremost antibody production methods. Ribosome display has become a vital tool for efficient and low-cost production of antibodies for diagnostics due to its advantageous ability to screen large libraries and generate binders of high affinity. The remarkable flexibility of this method enables its applicability to various platforms. This review focuses on the applications of ribosome display technology in biomedical and agricultural fields in the generation of recombinant scFvs for disease diagnostics and control.
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Konwarh R. Nanobodies: Prospects of Expanding the Gamut of Neutralizing Antibodies Against the Novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1531. [PMID: 32655584 PMCID: PMC7324746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rocktotpal Konwarh
- Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre of Excellence-Nanotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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65
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Wu Y, Wang F, Shen C, Peng W, Li D, Zhao C, Li Z, Li S, Bi Y, Yang Y, Gong Y, Xiao H, Fan Z, Tan S, Wu G, Tan W, Lu X, Fan C, Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhang C, Qi J, Gao GF, Gao F, Liu L. A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2. Science 2020; 368:1274-1278. [PMID: 32404477 PMCID: PMC7223722 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 807] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies could potentially be used as antivirals against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we report isolation of four human-origin monoclonal antibodies from a convalescent patient, all of which display neutralization abilities. The antibodies B38 and H4 block binding between the spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain (RBD) of the virus and the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). A competition assay indicated different epitopes on the RBD for these two antibodies, making them a potentially promising virus-targeting monoclonal antibody pair for avoiding immune escape in future clinical applications. Moreover, a therapeutic study in a mouse model validated that these antibodies can reduce virus titers in infected lungs. The RBD-B38 complex structure revealed that most residues on the epitope overlap with the RBD-ACE2 binding interface, explaining the blocking effect and neutralizing capacity. Our results highlight the promise of antibody-based therapeutics and provide a structural basis for rational vaccine design.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Pathogen Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feiran Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenguang Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiyu Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Delin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhuan Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuancheng Lu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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Wang X, Xia S, Wang Q, Xu W, Li W, Lu L, Jiang S. Broad-Spectrum Coronavirus Fusion Inhibitors to Combat COVID-19 and Other Emerging Coronavirus Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3843. [PMID: 32481690 PMCID: PMC7311999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 17 years, three novel coronaviruses have caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As emerging infectious diseases, they were characterized by their novel pathogens and transmissibility without available clinical drugs or vaccines. This is especially true for the newly identified COVID-19 caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for which, to date, no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines have been approved. Similar to SARS and MERS, the lag time in the development of therapeutics is likely to take months to years. These facts call for the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs targeting a conserved target site. This review will systematically describe potential broad-spectrum coronavirus fusion inhibitors, including antibodies, protease inhibitors, and peptide fusion inhibitors, along with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.W.); (S.X.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.W.); (S.X.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.W.); (S.X.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.W.); (S.X.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Weihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission, (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.W.); (S.X.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.W.); (S.X.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission, (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
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67
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George PJ, Tai W, Du L, Lustigman S. The Potency of an Anti-MERS Coronavirus Subunit Vaccine Depends on a Unique Combinatorial Adjuvant Formulation. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020251. [PMID: 32471056 PMCID: PMC7350031 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most successful strategies to prevent human infectious diseases. Combinatorial adjuvants have gained increasing interest as they can stimulate multiple immune pathways and enhance the vaccine efficacy of subunit vaccines. We investigated the adjuvanticity of Aluminum (alum) in combination with rASP-1, a protein adjuvant, using the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS-CoV receptor-binding-domain (RBD) vaccine antigen. A highly enhanced anti-MERS-CoV neutralizing antibody response was induced when mice were immunized with rASP-1 and the alum-adjuvanted RBD vaccine in two separate injection sites as compared to mice immunized with RBD + rASP-1 + alum formulated into a single inoculum. The antibodies produced also significantly inhibited the binding of RBD to its cell-associated receptor. Moreover, immunization with rASP-1 co-administered with the alum-adjuvanted RBD vaccine in separate sites resulted in an enhanced frequency of TfH and GC B cells within the draining lymph nodes, both of which were positively associated with the titers of the neutralizing antibody response related to anti-MERS-CoV protective immunity. Our findings not only indicate that this unique combinatorial adjuvanted RBD vaccine regimen improved the immunogenicity of RBD, but also point to the importance of utilizing combinatorial adjuvants for the induction of synergistic protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parakkal Jovvian George
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (W.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Lanying Du
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (W.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Correspondence:
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68
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Choi JH, Woo HM, Lee TY, Lee SY, Shim SM, Park WJ, Yang JS, Kim JA, Yun MR, Kim DW, Kim SS, Zhang Y, Shi W, Wang L, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Wang N, McLellan JS, Lee JY, Lee H. Characterization of a human monoclonal antibody generated from a B-cell specific for a prefusion-stabilized spike protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232757. [PMID: 32384116 PMCID: PMC7209324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe respiratory infection and continues to infect humans, thereby contributing to a high mortality rate (34.3% in 2019). In the absence of an available licensed vaccine and antiviral agent, therapeutic human antibodies have been suggested as candidates for treatment. In this study, human monoclonal antibodies were isolated by sorting B cells from patient's PBMC cells with prefusion stabilized spike (S) probes and a direct immunoglobulin cloning strategy. We identified six receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific and five S1 (non-RBD)-specific antibodies, among which, only the RBD-specific antibodies showed high neutralizing potency (IC50 0.006-1.787 μg/ml) as well as high affinity to RBD. Notably, passive immunization using a highly potent antibody (KNIH90-F1) at a relatively low dose (2 mg/kg) completely protected transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 against MERS-CoV lethal challenge. These results suggested that human monoclonal antibodies isolated by using the rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV S probe could be considered potential candidates for the development of therapeutic and/or prophylactic antiviral agents for MERS-CoV human infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/genetics
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology
- Republic of Korea
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hoon Choi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Woo
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-young Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - So-young Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mu Shim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jung Park
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Ae Kim
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Yun
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nanshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansaem Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Jiang S, Hillyer C, Du L. Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:355-359. [PMID: 32249063 PMCID: PMC7129017 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 (also known as 2019-nCoV) is threatening global public health, social stability, and economic development. To meet this challenge, this article discusses advances in the research and development of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) for the prevention and treatment of infection by SARS-CoV-2 and other human CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christopher Hillyer
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.
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70
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Memish ZA, Perlman S, Van Kerkhove MD, Zumla A. Middle East respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2020; 395:1063-1077. [PMID: 32145185 PMCID: PMC7155742 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)33221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen that was first identified in humans in Saudi Arabia and Jordan in 2012. Intermittent sporadic cases, community clusters, and nosocomial outbreaks of MERS-CoV continue to occur. Between April 2012 and December 2019, 2499 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including 858 deaths (34·3% mortality) were reported from 27 countries to WHO, the majority of which were reported by Saudi Arabia (2106 cases, 780 deaths). Large outbreaks of human-to-human transmission have occurred, the largest in Riyadh and Jeddah in 2014 and in South Korea in 2015. MERS-CoV remains a high-threat pathogen identified by WHO as a priority pathogen because it causes severe disease that has a high mortality rate, epidemic potential, and no medical countermeasures. This Seminar provides an update on the current knowledge and perspectives on MERS epidemiology, virology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, management, infection control, development of new therapeutics and vaccines, and highlights unanswered questions and priorities for research, improved management, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Memish
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Center, King Saud Medical City Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Maria D Van Kerkhove
- Infectious Hazards Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
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Yu F, Du L, Ojcius DM, Pan C, Jiang S. Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:74-79. [PMID: 32017984 PMCID: PMC7102556 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
On 10 January 2020, a new coronavirus causing a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan City in central China was denoted as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO). As of 24 January 2020, there were 887 confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV infection, including 26 deaths, reported in China and other countries. Therefore, combating this new virus and stopping the epidemic is a matter of urgency. Here, we focus on advances in research and development of fast diagnosis methods, as well as potential prophylactics and therapeutics to prevent or treat 2019-nCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- The College of Life and Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao Ding, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, USA
| | - Chungen Pan
- Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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72
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Wang N, Shang J, Jiang S, Du L. Subunit Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:298. [PMID: 32265848 PMCID: PMC7105881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven coronaviruses (CoVs) have been isolated from humans so far. Among them, three emerging pathogenic CoVs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and a newly identified CoV (2019-nCoV), once caused or continue to cause severe infections in humans, posing significant threats to global public health. SARS-CoV infection in humans (with about 10% case fatality rate) was first reported from China in 2002, while MERS-CoV infection in humans (with about 34.4% case fatality rate) was first reported from Saudi Arabia in June 2012. 2019-nCoV was first reported from China in December 2019, and is currently infecting more than 70000 people (with about 2.7% case fatality rate). Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonotic viruses, using bats as their natural reservoirs, and then transmitting through intermediate hosts, leading to human infections. Nevertheless, the intermediate host for 2019-nCoV is still under investigation and the vaccines against this new CoV have not been available. Although a variety of vaccines have been developed against infections of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, none of them has been approved for use in humans. In this review, we have described the structure and function of key proteins of emerging human CoVs, overviewed the current vaccine types to be developed against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and summarized recent advances in subunit vaccines against these two pathogenic human CoVs. These subunit vaccines are introduced on the basis of full-length spike (S) protein, receptor-binding domain (RBD), non-RBD S protein fragments, and non-S structural proteins, and the potential factors affecting these subunit vaccines are also illustrated. Overall, this review will be helpful for rapid design and development of vaccines against the new 2019-nCoV and any future CoVs with pandemic potential. This review was written for the topic of Antivirals for Emerging Viruses: Vaccines and Therapeutics in the Virology section of Frontiers in Microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jian Shang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
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Jiang S, Du L, Shi Z. An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:275-277. [PMID: 32005086 PMCID: PMC7033706 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1723441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengli Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Wang W, Wang T, Deng Y, Niu P, A R, Zhao J, Peiris M, Tang S, Tan W. A novel luciferase immunosorbent assay performs better than a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect MERS-CoV specific IgG in humans and animals. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2019; 1:134-143. [PMID: 32501446 PMCID: PMC7148641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal zoonosis caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and specific serologic test for detecting anti-MERS-CoV antibodies in both humans and animals is urgently needed for the successful management of this illness. Here, we evaluated various novel luciferase immunosorbent assays (LISA) based on nucleocapsid protein (NP) as well as fragments derived from spike protein (S) including subunit 1 (S1), N terminal domain (NTD), receptor-binding domain (RBD) and subunit 2 (S2) of S for the detection of MERS-CoV-specific IgG. Fusion proteins, including nanoluciferase (NLuc) and various fragments derived from the NP or S protein of MERS-CoV, were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 T cells. LISAs that detected anti-MERS-CoV IgG were further developed using cell lysates expressing various fusion proteins. Panels of human or animal samples infected with MERS-CoV were used to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of various LISAs in reference to a MERS-CoV RT-PCR, commercial S1-based ELISA, and pseudovirus particle neutralization test (ppNT). Our results showed that the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were more sensitive than the NTD- and S2-LISAs for the detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG. Furthermore, the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were more sensitive (by at least 16-fold) than the commercially available S1-ELISA. Moreover, the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISA specifically recognized anti-MERS-CoV IgG and did not cross-react with samples derived from other human CoV (OC43, 229E, HKU1, NL63)-infected patients. More importantly, these LISAs proved their applicability and reliability for detecting anti-MERS-CoV IgG in samples from camels, monkeys, and mice, among which the RBD-LISA exhibited excellent performance. The results of this study suggest that the novel MERS-CoV RBD- and S1- LISAs are highly effective platforms for the rapid and sensitive detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG in human and animal samples. These assays have the potential to be used as serologic tests for the management and control of MERS-CoV infection. Scientific question This study evaluated novel luciferase immunosorbent assays (LISAs) based on nucleocapsid protein (NP) as well as fragments derived from spike protein (S) for detection of MERS-CoV-specific IgG in humans and animals. Evidence before this study Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microneutralization (MN), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and pseudovirus particle neutralization test (ppNT) have been performed to detect serum antibodies against MERS-CoV. There remains a need to develop novel serological assays independent of protein purification, special secondary antibody, virus cultivation and Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory. New findings In this study, novel LISAs based on the MERS-CoV S fragments and NP were developed. Human and animal samples infected with MERS-CoV were measured by the newly developed LISAs as well as reference methods including commercial S1-ELISA and ppNT. The results showed that the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were able to specifically distinguish MERS-CoV-infected samples from samples infected by other HCoV as consistent as the reference methods. Comparing with the commercially available S1-ELISA, the S1- and RBD-LISAs were 64-folds more sensitive. Moreover, the applicability and reliability of the LISAs were verified by detecting anti-MERS-CoV IgG in samples from camels, monkeys, and mice. The RBD-LISA exhibited superior sensitivity and specificity. Significance of the study The novel MERS-CoV RBD- and S1-LISAs were developed independent of protein purification and special secondary antibody, and showed super specificity and efficiency for the detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG in human and animal samples. These assays are recommended for serological diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection in the investigation of epidemic characteristic, origin tracing and vaccine study of MERS-CoV, they would contribute to the scientific control and prevention of MERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Wang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yao Deng
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruhan A
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Willman M, Kobasa D, Kindrachuk J. A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing Two Outbreaks of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121119. [PMID: 31817037 PMCID: PMC6950189 DOI: 10.3390/v11121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2012, an emerging viral infection was identified in Saudi Arabia that subsequently spread to 27 additional countries globally, though cases may have occurred elsewhere. The virus was ultimately named Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and has been endemic in Saudi Arabia since 2012. As of September 2019, 2468 laboratory-confirmed cases with 851 associated deaths have occurred with a case fatality rate of 34.4%, according to the World Health Organization. An imported case of MERS occurred in South Korea in 2015, stimulating a multi-month outbreak. Several distinguishing factors emerge upon epidemiological and sociological analysis of the two outbreaks including public awareness of the MERS outbreak, and transmission and synchronization of governing healthcare bodies. South Korea implemented a stringent healthcare model that protected patients and healthcare workers alike through prevention and high levels of public information. In addition, many details about MERS-CoV virology, transmission, pathological progression, and even the reservoir, remain unknown. This paper aims to delineate the key differences between the two regional outbreaks from both a healthcare and personal perspective including differing hospital practices, information and public knowledge, cultural practices, and reservoirs, among others. Further details about differing emergency outbreak responses, public information, and guidelines put in place to protect hospitals and citizens could improve the outcome of future MERS outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Willman
- High Containment Respiratory Viruses, Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.W.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- High Containment Respiratory Viruses, Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.W.); (D.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-789-3807
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Tahir Ul Qamar M, Saleem S, Ashfaq UA, Bari A, Anwar F, Alqahtani S. Epitope-based peptide vaccine design and target site depiction against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: an immune-informatics study. J Transl Med 2019; 17:362. [PMID: 31703698 PMCID: PMC6839065 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-COV) is the main cause of lung and kidney infections in developing countries such as Saudi Arabia and South Korea. This infectious single-stranded, positive (+) sense RNA virus enters the host by binding to dipeptidyl-peptide receptors. Since no vaccine is yet available for MERS-COV, rapid case identification, isolation, and infection prevention strategies must be used to combat the spreading of MERS-COV infection. Additionally, there is a desperate need for vaccines and antiviral strategies. Methods The present study used immuno-informatics and computational approaches to identify conserved B- and T cell epitopes for the MERS-COV spike (S) protein that may perform a significant role in eliciting the resistance response to MERS-COV infection. Results Many conserved cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes and discontinuous and linear B-cell epitopes were predicted for the MERS-COV S protein, and their antigenicity and interactions with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B7 allele were estimated. Among B-cell epitopes, QLQMGFGITVQYGT displayed the highest antigenicity-score, and was immensely immunogenic. Among T-cell epitopes, MHC class-I peptide YKLQPLTFL and MHC class-II peptide YCILEPRSG were identified as highly antigenic. Furthermore, docking analyses revealed that the predicted peptides engaged in strong bonding with the HLA-B7 allele. Conclusion The present study identified several MERS-COV S protein epitopes that are conserved among various isolates from different countries. The putative antigenic epitopes may prove effective as novel vaccines for eradication and combating of MERS-COV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir Ul Qamar
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Saman Saleem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Bari
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Safar Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
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MERS Coronavirus: An Emerging Zoonotic Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070663. [PMID: 31331035 PMCID: PMC6669680 DOI: 10.3390/v11070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Banerjee A, Baid K, Mossman K. Molecular Pathogenesis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:139-147. [PMID: 32226718 PMCID: PMC7100557 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 and is listed in the World Health Organization's blueprint of priority diseases that need immediate research. Camels are reservoirs of this virus, and the virus spills over into humans through direct contact with camels. Human-to-human transmission and travel-associated cases have been identified as well. Limited studies have characterized the molecular pathogenesis of MERS-CoV. Most studies have used ectopic expression of viral proteins to characterize MERS-CoV and its ability to modulate antiviral responses in human cells. Studies with live virus are limited, largely due to the requirement of high containment laboratories. In this review, we have summarized current studies on MERS-CoV molecular pathogenesis and have mentioned some recent strategies that are being developed to control MERS-CoV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple antiviral molecules with the potential to inhibit MERS-CoV infection by disrupting virus-receptor interactions are being developed and tested. Although human vaccine candidates are still being developed, a candidate camel vaccine is being tested for efficacy. Combination of supportive treatment with interferon and antivirals is also being explored. SUMMARY New antiviral molecules that inhibit MERS-CoV and host cell receptor interaction may become available in the future. Additional studies are required to identify and characterize the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV EMC/2012 and other circulating strains. An effective MERS-CoV vaccine, for humans and/or camels, along with an efficient combination antiviral therapy may help us prevent future MERS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Kaushal Baid
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
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Lee H, Ren J, Pesavento RP, Ojeda I, Rice AJ, Lv H, Kwon Y, Johnson ME. Identification and design of novel small molecule inhibitors against MERS-CoV papain-like protease via high-throughput screening and molecular modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1981-1989. [PMID: 30940566 PMCID: PMC6638567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of new therapeutic agents against the coronavirus causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a continuing imperative. The initial MERS-CoV epidemic was contained entirely through public health measures, but episodic cases continue, as there are currently no therapeutic agents effective in the treatment of MERS-CoV, although multiple strategies have been proposed. In this study, we screened 30,000 compounds from three different compound libraries against one of the essential proteases, the papain-like protease (PLpro), using a fluorescence-based enzymatic assay followed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) direct binding analysis for hit confirmation. Mode of inhibition assays and competition SPR studies revealed two compounds to be competitive inhibitors. To improve upon the inhibitory activity of the best hit compounds, a small fragment library consisting of 352 fragments was screened in the presence of each hit compound, resulting in one fragment that enhanced the IC50 value of the best hit compound by 3-fold. Molecular docking and MM/PBSA binding energy calculations were used to predict potential binding sites, providing insight for design and synthesis of next-generation compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Jinhong Ren
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland, IL 60607, USA
| | - Russell P Pesavento
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland, IL 60607, USA
| | - Isabel Ojeda
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland, IL 60607, USA
| | - Amy J Rice
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland, IL 60607, USA
| | - Haining Lv
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland, IL 60607, USA
| | - Youngjin Kwon
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland, IL 60607, USA
| | - Michael E Johnson
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland, IL 60607, USA.
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