51
|
Tang N, Zhang Y, Shen Z, Yao Y, Nair V. Application of CRISPR-Cas9 Editing for Virus Engineering and the Development of Recombinant Viral Vaccines. CRISPR J 2021; 4:477-490. [PMID: 34406035 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas technology, discovered originally as a bacterial defense system, has been extensively repurposed as a powerful tool for genome editing for multiple applications in biology. In the field of virology, CRISPR-Cas9 technology has been widely applied on genetic recombination and engineering of genomes of various viruses to ask some fundamental questions about virus-host interactions. Its high efficiency, specificity, versatility, and low cost have also provided great inspiration and hope in the field of vaccinology to solve a series of bottleneck problems in the development of recombinant viral vaccines. This review highlights the applications of CRISPR editing in the technological advances compared to the traditional approaches used for the construction of recombinant viral vaccines and vectors, the main factors affecting their application, and the challenges that need to be overcome for further streamlining their effective usage in the prevention and control of diseases. Factors affecting efficiency, target specificity, and fidelity of CRISPR-Cas editing in the context of viral genome editing and development of recombinant vaccines are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Tang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou, P.R. China; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou, P.R. China; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Adaptive Immune Response to Vaccinia Virus LIVP Infection of BALB/c Mice and Protection against Lethal Reinfection with Cowpox Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081631. [PMID: 34452494 PMCID: PMC8402668 DOI: 10.3390/v13081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass vaccination has played a critical role in the global eradication of smallpox. Various vaccinia virus (VACV) strains, whose origin has not been clearly documented in most cases, have been used as live vaccines in different countries. These VACV strains differed in pathogenicity towards various laboratory animals and in reactogenicity exhibited upon vaccination of humans. In this work, we studied the development of humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally (i.n.) or intradermally (i.d.) with the VACV LIVP strain at a dose of 105 PFU/mouse, which was used in Russia as the first generation smallpox vaccine. Active synthesis of VACV-specific IgM in the mice occurred on day 7 after inoculation, reached a maximum on day 14, and decreased by day 29. Synthesis of virus-specific IgG was detected only from day 14, and the level increased significantly by day 29 after infection of the mice. Immunization (i.n.) resulted in significantly higher production of VACV-specific antibodies compared to that upon i.d. inoculation of LIVP. There were no significant differences in the levels of the T cell response in mice after i.n. or i.d. VACV administration at any time point. The maximum level of VACV-specific T-cells was detected on day 14. By day 29 of the experiment, the level of VACV-specific T-lymphocytes in the spleen of mice significantly decreased for both immunization procedures. On day 30 after immunization with LIVP, mice were infected with the cowpox virus at a dose of 46 LD50. The i.n. immunized mice were resistant to this infection, while 33% of i.d. immunized mice died. Our findings indicate that the level of the humoral immune response to vaccination may play a decisive role in protection of animals from orthopoxvirus reinfection.
Collapse
|
53
|
Kappler-Gratias S, Bucher L, Top S, Quentin-Froignant C, Desbois N, Bertagnoli S, Louison M, Monge E, Bousquet-Melou A, Lacroix M, Gros CP, Gallardo F. Antipoxvirus Activity Evaluation of Optimized Corroles Based on Development of Autofluorescent ANCHOR Myxoma Virus. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2370-2382. [PMID: 34048219 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 43 antiviral corrole-based molecules have been tested on myxoma virus (Lausanne-like T1MYXV strain). An autofluorescent MYXV, with an ANCHOR cassette, has been used for the studies. A2B-fluorocorroles display various toxicities, from 40 being very toxic (CC50 = 1.7 μM) to nontoxic 38 (CC50 > 50 μM), whereas A3-fluorocorroles, with one to three fluorine atoms, are not toxic (with the exception of corroles 9, 10, and 22). In vitro, these compounds show a good selectivity index when used alone. Corrole 35 seems to be the most promising compound, which displays a high selectivity index with the lowest IC50. Interestingly, this "Hit" corrole is easy to synthesize in a two-step reaction. Upscaling production up to 25 g has been carried out for in vivo tests. In vivo studies on New Zealand white rabbits infected with myxoma virus show that symptoms are delayed and animal weight is increased upon treatment, while no acute toxicity of the corrole molecule was detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Léo Bucher
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Sokunthea Top
- NeoVirTech, SAS, 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole, 31106 Toulouse, France
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Charlotte Quentin-Froignant
- NeoVirTech, SAS, 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole, 31106 Toulouse, France
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Desbois
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | | | - Matthieu Louison
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Emma Monge
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Marlène Lacroix
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Claude P. Gros
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Franck Gallardo
- NeoVirTech, SAS, 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole, 31106 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Cid R, Bolívar J. Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1072. [PMID: 34439738 PMCID: PMC8394948 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cid
- ADL Bionatur Solutions S.A., Av. del Desarrollo Tecnológico 11, 11591 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Jorge Bolívar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Lyon RF. The COVID-19 Response Has Uncovered and Increased Our Vulnerability to Biological Warfare. Mil Med 2021; 186:193-196. [PMID: 33585895 PMCID: PMC7928741 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Regan F Lyon
- Department of Defense Analysis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Saleh A, Qamar S, Tekin A, Singh R, Kashyap R. Vaccine Development Throughout History. Cureus 2021; 13:e16635. [PMID: 34462676 PMCID: PMC8386248 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made us appreciate how important it is to quickly develop treatments and save lives. The race to develop a vaccine for this novel coronavirus began as soon as the pandemic emerged. Time was the only limiting factor. From the first vaccine developed in 1796 against smallpox to the latest COVID-19 vaccine, there have been several vaccines that have reduced the burden of disease, with the associated mortality and morbidity. Over the years we have seen many new advancements in organism isolation, cell culture, whole-genome sequencing, and recombinant nuclear techniques. These techniques have greatly facilitated the development of vaccines. Each vaccine has its own development story and there is much wisdom to be gained from learning about breakthroughs in vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGY
| | - Shahraz Qamar
- Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Reuling IJ, Mendes AM, de Jong GM, Fabra-García A, Nunes-Cabaço H, van Gemert GJ, Graumans W, Coffeng LE, de Vlas SJ, Yang ASP, Lee C, Wu Y, Birkett AJ, Ockenhouse CF, Koelewijn R, van Hellemond JJ, van Genderen PJJ, Sauerwein RW, Prudêncio M. An open-label phase 1/2a trial of a genetically modified rodent malaria parasite for immunization against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/544/eaay2578. [PMID: 32434846 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For some diseases, successful vaccines have been developed using a nonpathogenic counterpart of the causative microorganism of choice. The nonpathogenicity of the rodent Plasmodium berghei (Pb) parasite in humans prompted us to evaluate its potential as a platform for vaccination against human infection by Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), a causative agent of malaria. We hypothesized that the genetic insertion of a leading protein target for clinical development of a malaria vaccine, Pf circumsporozoite protein (CSP), in its natural pre-erythrocytic environment, would enhance Pb's capacity to induce protective immunity against Pf infection. Hence, we recently generated a transgenic Pb sporozoite immunization platform expressing PfCSP (PbVac), and we now report the clinical evaluation of its biological activity against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). This first-in-human trial shows that PbVac is safe and well tolerated, when administered by a total of ~300 PbVac-infected mosquitoes per volunteer. Although protective efficacy evaluated by CHMI showed no sterile protection at the tested dose, significant delays in patency (2.2 days, P = 0.03) and decreased parasite density were observed after immunization, corresponding to an estimated 95% reduction in Pf liver parasite burden (confidence interval, 56 to 99%; P = 0.010). PbVac elicits dose-dependent cross-species cellular immune responses and functional PfCSP-dependent antibody responses that efficiently block Pf sporozoite invasion of liver cells in vitro. This study demonstrates that PbVac immunization elicits a marked biological effect, inhibiting a subsequent infection by the human Pf parasite, and establishes the clinical validation of a new paradigm in malaria vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaie J Reuling
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - António M Mendes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gerdie M de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amanda Fabra-García
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Helena Nunes-Cabaço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Geert-Jan van Gemert
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Graumans
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luc E Coffeng
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sake J de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annie S P Yang
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Lee
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Yimin Wu
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | | | | | - Rob Koelewijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap J van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Perry J J van Genderen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands. .,Corporate Travel Clinic Erasmus MC, 3015 CP Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Serological Evidence of Multiple Zoonotic Viral Infections among Wild Rodents in Barbados. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060663. [PMID: 34071689 PMCID: PMC8229225 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rodents are reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens that can cause human infectious diseases, including orthohantaviruses, mammarenaviruses and orthopoxviruses. Evidence exists for these viruses circulating among rodents and causing human infections in the Americas, but much less evidence exists for their presence in wild rodents in the Caribbean. Methods: Here, we conducted serological and molecular investigations of wild rodents in Barbados to determine the prevalence of orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus and orthopoxvirus infections, and the possible role of these rodent species as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Using immunofluorescent assays (IFA), rodent sera were screened for the presence of antibodies to orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus—LCMV) and orthopoxvirus (Cowpox virus—CPXV) infections. RT-PCR was then conducted on orthohantavirus and mammarenavirus-seropositive rodent sera and tissues, to detect the presence of viral RNA. Results: We identified antibodies against orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus, and orthopoxvirus among wild mice and rats (3.8%, 2.5% and 7.5% seropositivity rates respectively) in Barbados. No orthohantavirus or mammarenavirus viral RNA was detected from seropositive rodent sera or tissues using RT–PCR. Conclusions: Key findings of this study are the first serological evidence of orthohantavirus infections in Mus musculus and the first serological evidence of mammarenavirus and orthopoxvirus infections in Rattus norvegicus and M. musculus in the English-speaking Caribbean. Rodents may present a potential zoonotic and biosecurity risk for transmission of three human pathogens, namely orthohantaviruses, mammarenaviruses and orthopoxviruses in Barbados.
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
Poxviruses comprise many members that infect both vertebrate and invertebrate animals, including humans. Despite the eradication of the historically notorious smallpox, poxviruses remain significant public health concerns and serious endemic diseases. This short review briefly summarizes the present, historical, and future threats posed by poxviruses to public health, wildlife and domestic animals, the role poxviruses have played in shaping modern medicine and biomedical sciences, the insight poxviruses have provided into complex life processes, and the utility of poxviruses in biotechniques and in fighting other infectious diseases and cancers. It is anticipated that readers will appreciate the great merit and need for continued strong support of poxvirus research; research which benefits not only the expansion of fundamental biological knowledge but also the battle against diverse diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Mark Gray
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lake Winter
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Butkovich N, Li E, Ramirez A, Burkhardt AM, Wang SW. Advancements in protein nanoparticle vaccine platforms to combat infectious disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1681. [PMID: 33164326 PMCID: PMC8052270 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major threat to global human health, yet prophylactic treatment options can be limited, as safe and efficacious vaccines exist only for a fraction of all diseases. Notably, devastating diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) currently do not have vaccine therapies. Conventional vaccine platforms, such as live attenuated vaccines and whole inactivated vaccines, can be difficult to manufacture, may cause severe side effects, and can potentially induce severe infection. Subunit vaccines carry far fewer safety concerns due to their inability to cause vaccine-based infections. The applicability of protein nanoparticles (NPs) as vaccine scaffolds is promising to prevent infectious diseases, and they have been explored for a number of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases. Many types of protein NPs exist, including self-assembling NPs, bacteriophage-derived NPs, plant virus-derived NPs, and human virus-based vectors, and these particular categories will be covered in this review. These vaccines can elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses against specific pathogens, as well as provide protection against infection in a number of animal models. Furthermore, published clinical trials demonstrate the promise of applying these NP vaccine platforms, which include bacteriophage-derived NPs, in addition to multiple viral vectors that are currently used in the clinic. The continued investigations of protein NP vaccine platforms are critical to generate safer alternatives to current vaccines, advance vaccines for diseases that currently lack effective prophylactic therapies, and prepare for the rapid development of new vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Butkovich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Enya Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Aaron Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Amanda M. Burkhardt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Shchelkunov SN, Shchelkunova GA. [We should be prepared to smallpox re-emergence.]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 64:206-214. [PMID: 32167685 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-5-206-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The review contains a brief analysis of the results of investigations conducted during 40 years after smallpox eradication and directed to study genomic organization and evolution of variola virus (VARV) and development of modern diagnostics, vaccines and chemotherapies of smallpox and other zoonotic orthopoxviral infections of humans. Taking into account that smallpox vaccination in several cases had adverse side effects, WHO recommended ceasing this vaccination after 1980 in all countries of the world. The result of this decision is that the mankind lost the collective immunity not only to smallpox, but also to other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. The ever more frequently recorded human cases of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections force to renew consideration of the problem of possible smallpox reemergence resulting from natural evolution of these viruses. Analysis of the available archive data on smallpox epidemics, the history of ancient civilizations, and the newest data on the evolutionary relationship of orthopoxviruses has allowed us to hypothesize that VARV could have repeatedly reemerged via evolutionary changes in a zoonotic ancestor virus and then disappeared because of insufficient population size of isolated ancient civilizations. Only the historically last smallpox pandemic continued for a long time and was contained and stopped in the 20th century thanks to the joint efforts of medics and scientists from many countries under the aegis of WHO. Thus, there is no fundamental prohibition on potential reemergence of smallpox or a similar human disease in future in the course of natural evolution of the currently existing zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Correspondingly, it is of the utmost importance to develop and widely adopt state-of-the-art methods for efficient and rapid species-specific diagnosis of all orthopoxvirus species pathogenic for humans, VARV included. It is also most important to develop new safe methods for prevention and therapy of human orthopoxvirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - G A Shchelkunova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
José da Silva Domingos I, Silva de Oliveira J, Lorene Soares Rocha K, Bretas de Oliveira D, Geessien Kroon E, Barbosa Costa G, de Souza Trindade G. Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going? Pathogens 2021; 10:406. [PMID: 33807254 PMCID: PMC8065508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first vaccine in history) and also thanks to a massive vaccination program in the 20th century all over the world. Although the first vaccine was created using the Cowpox virus (CPXV), it turned out later that the Vaccinia virus was the one used during the vaccination program. VACV is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that has emerged in Brazil and South America in the last 20 years. BV has a great impact on local dairy economies and is also a burden to public health. In this review, we described the main events related to VACV and BV emergence in Brazil and South America, the increase of related scientific studies, and the issues that science, human and animal medicine are going to face if we do not be on guard to this virus and its disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iago José da Silva Domingos
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças Não-Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF 70719-040, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Analysis of human total antibody repertoires in TIF1γ autoantibody positive dermatomyositis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:419. [PMID: 33772100 PMCID: PMC7997983 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the accumulated microbial and autoantigen antibody repertoire in adult-onset dermatomyositis patients sero-positive for TIF1γ (TRIM33) autoantibodies. We use an untargeted high-throughput approach which combines immunoglobulin disease-specific epitope-enrichment and identification of microbial and human antigens. We observe antibodies recognizing a wider repertoire of microbial antigens in dermatomyositis. Antibodies recognizing viruses and Poxviridae family species are significantly enriched. The identified autoantibodies recognise a large portion of the human proteome, including interferon regulated proteins; these proteins cluster in specific biological processes. In addition to TRIM33, we identify autoantibodies against eleven further TRIM proteins, including TRIM21. Some of these TRIM proteins share epitope homology with specific viral species including poxviruses. Our data suggest antibody accumulation in dermatomyositis against an expanded diversity of microbial and human proteins and evidence of non-random targeting of specific signalling pathways. Our findings indicate that molecular mimicry and epitope spreading events may play a role in dermatomyositis pathogenesis. Megremis, Walker at al. identify immunogenic epitopes in dermatomyositis patients. They identify antibodies recognizing a wider diversity of microbial antigens including poxviruses, and autoantibodies recognizing a large portion of the human proteome. Shared epitope homology between viral and human proteins suggests that molecular mimicry and epitope spreading events may play a role in dermatomyositis pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
64
|
Enhancing the Protective Immune Response to Administration of a LIVP-GFP Live Attenuated Vaccinia Virus to Mice. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030377. [PMID: 33801026 PMCID: PMC8004012 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the WHO announcement of smallpox eradication, discontinuation of smallpox vaccination with vaccinia virus (VACV) was recommended. However, interest in VACV was soon renewed due to the opportunity of genetic engineering of the viral genome by directed insertion of foreign genes or introduction of mutations or deletions into selected viral genes. This genomic technology enabled production of stable attenuated VACV strains producing antigens of various infectious agents. Due to an increasing threat of human orthopoxvirus re-emergence, the development of safe highly immunogenic live orthopoxvirus vaccines using genetic engineering methods has been the challenge in recent years. In this study, we investigated an attenuated VACV LIVP-GFP (TK-) strain having an insertion of the green fluorescent protein gene into the viral thymidine kinase gene, which was generated on the basis of the LIVP (Lister-Institute for Viral Preparations) strain used in Russia as the first generation smallpox vaccine. We studied the effect of A34R gene modification and A35R gene deletion on the immunogenic and protective properties of the LIVP-GFP strain. The obtained data demonstrate that intradermal inoculation of the studied viruses induces higher production of VACV-specific antibodies compared to their levels after intranasal administration. Introduction of two point mutations into the A34R gene, which increase the yield of extracellular enveloped virions, and deletion of the A35R gene, the protein product of which inhibits presentation of antigens by MHC II, enhances protective potency of the created LIVP-TK--A34R*-dA35R virus against secondary lethal orthopoxvirus infection of BALB/c mice even at an intradermal dose as low as 103 plaque forming units (PFU)/mouse. This virus may be considered not only as a candidate attenuated live vaccine against smallpox and other human orthopoxvirus infections but also as a vector platform for development of safe multivalent live vaccines against other infectious diseases using genetic engineering methods.
Collapse
|
65
|
Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV)-3, but Not PRV-2, Cross-Protects against PRV-1 and Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030230. [PMID: 33800725 PMCID: PMC8001985 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), caused by infection with Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1), is a common disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Both an inactivated whole virus vaccine and a DNA vaccine have previously been tested experimentally against HSMI and demonstrated to give partial but not full protection. To understand the mechanisms involved in protection against HSMI and evaluate the potential of live attenuated vaccine strategies, we set up a cross-protection experiment using PRV genotypes not associated with disease development in Atlantic salmon. The three known genotypes of PRV differ in their preference of salmonid host species. The main target species for PRV-1 is Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is the target species for PRV-2, where the infection may induce erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS). PRV-3 is associated with heart pathology and anemia in rainbow trout, but brown trout (S. trutta) is the likely natural main host species. Here, we tested if primary infection with PRV-2 or PRV-3 in Atlantic salmon could induce protection against secondary PRV-1 infection, in comparison with an adjuvanted, inactivated PRV-1 vaccine. Viral kinetics, production of cross-reactive antibodies, and protection against HSMI were studied. PRV-3, and to a low extent PRV-2, induced antibodies cross-reacting with the PRV-1 σ1 protein, whereas no specific antibodies were detected after vaccination with inactivated PRV-1. Ten weeks after immunization, the fish were challenged through cohabitation with PRV-1-infected shedder fish. A primary PRV-3 infection completely blocked PRV-1 infection, while PRV-2 only reduced PRV-1 infection levels and the severity of HSMI pathology in a few individuals. This study indicates that infection with non-pathogenic, replicating PRV could be a future strategy to protect farmed salmon from HSMI.
Collapse
|
66
|
Liu Z, Nailwal H, Rector J, Rahman MM, Sam R, McFadden G, Chan FKM. A class of viral inducer of degradation of the necroptosis adaptor RIPK3 regulates virus-induced inflammation. Immunity 2021; 54:247-258.e7. [PMID: 33444549 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vaccine strain against smallpox, vaccinia virus (VACV), is highly immunogenic yet causes relatively benign disease. These attributes are believed to be caused by gene loss in VACV. Using a targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen, we identified a viral inhibitor found in cowpox virus (CPXV) and other orthopoxviruses that bound to the host SKP1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) machinery and the essential necroptosis kinase receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3). This "viral inducer of RIPK3 degradation" (vIRD) triggered ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of RIPK3 and inhibited necroptosis. In contrast to orthopoxviruses, the distantly related leporipoxvirus myxoma virus (MYXV), which infects RIPK3-deficient hosts, lacks a functional vIRD. Introduction of vIRD into VACV, which encodes a truncated and defective vIRD, enhanced viral replication in mice. Deletion of vIRD reduced CPXV-induced inflammation, viral replication, and mortality, which were reversed in RIPK3- and MLKL-deficient mice. Hence, vIRD-RIPK3 drives pathogen-host evolution and regulates virus-induced inflammation and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Liu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Himani Nailwal
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jonah Rector
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Richard Sam
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Recent developments in vaccines strategies against human viral pathogens. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021. [PMCID: PMC7564847 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821406-0.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several viruses have emerged or reemerged from obscurity to become serious global health threats, raising alarm regarding their sustained epidemic transmission. One of the main public health concerns of these emerging viruses is their sustained circulation among populations of immunologically naïve, susceptible hosts. With every new viral emergence or reemergence, comes the call for rapid vaccine development and the induction of protective immunity through vaccination can be a powerful tool to prevent this concern by conferring protection to the population at risk. Vaccines are considered a critical component of disease prevention against emerging viral infections because, in many cases, other medical options are limited or nonexistent. While the classic approaches to vaccine development are still amenable to emerging viruses, the advent of latest technologies in molecular techniques has profoundly influenced our understanding of virus biology, and immune responses and vaccination methods based on replicating, attenuated, and nonreplicating virus vector approaches have become useful vaccine platforms. Together with a growing understanding in the biology of newly emerging virus diseases, a range of new vaccine strategies, vaccines against new and reemerging viruses may become a possibility.
Collapse
|
68
|
Orlova OV, Glazkova DV, Tsyganova GM, Antoshkina IV, Mintaev RR, Tikhonov AS, Bogoslovskaya EV, Shipulin GA. Application of real-time PCR to significantly reduce the time to obtain recombinant MVA virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 289:114056. [PMID: 33359615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining a pure recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus is a multistage, time-consuming procedure. We describe a novel single-tube real-time PCR which enables determination of the amount of wild type and recombinant viruses and their ratio in plaques. Use of the real-time PCR significantly reduce the time and efforts needed to obtain purified recombinant MVA. The new approach has been applied to generate recombinant MVAs encoding different SARS-COV-2 antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O V Orlova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency", 119121, Moscow, Russia.
| | - D V Glazkova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency", 119121, Moscow, Russia
| | - G M Tsyganova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency", 119121, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Antoshkina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency", 119121, Moscow, Russia
| | - R R Mintaev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency", 119121, Moscow, Russia; I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Tikhonov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency", 119121, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Bogoslovskaya
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency", 119121, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Shipulin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency", 119121, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Matía A, Lorenzo MM, Blasco R. Tools for the targeted genetic modification of poxvirus genomes. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:183-190. [PMID: 33242829 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The potential of viruses as biotechnology platforms is becoming more appealing due to technological advances in synthetic biology techniques and to the increasing accessibility of means to manipulate virus genomes. Among viral systems, poxviruses, and their prototype member Vaccinia Virus, are one of the outstanding choices for different biotechnological and medical applications based on heterologous gene expression, recombinant vaccines or oncolytic viruses. The refinement of genetic engineering methods on Vaccinia Virus over the last decades have contributed to facilitate the manipulation of the genomes of poxviruses, and may aid in the improvement of virus variants designed for different goals through reverse genetic approaches. Targeted genetic changes are usually performed by homologous recombination with the viral genome. In addition to the classic approach, recent methodological advances that may assist new strategies for the mutation or edition of poxvirus genomes are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Matía
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (I.N.I.A.), Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María M Lorenzo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (I.N.I.A.), Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Blasco
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (I.N.I.A.), Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Vrba SM, Kirk NM, Brisse ME, Liang Y, Ly H. Development and Applications of Viral Vectored Vaccines to Combat Zoonotic and Emerging Public Health Threats. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E680. [PMID: 33202961 PMCID: PMC7712223 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is arguably the most cost-effective preventative measure against infectious diseases. While vaccines have been successfully developed against certain viruses (e.g., yellow fever virus, polio virus, and human papilloma virus HPV), those against a number of other important public health threats, such as HIV-1, hepatitis C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have so far had very limited success. The global pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, highlights the urgency of vaccine development against this and other constant threats of zoonotic infection. While some traditional methods of producing vaccines have proven to be successful, new concepts have emerged in recent years to produce more cost-effective and less time-consuming vaccines that rely on viral vectors to deliver the desired immunogens. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different viral vaccine vectors and their general strategies and applications in both human and veterinary medicines. A careful review of these issues is necessary as they can provide important insights into how some of these viral vaccine vectors can induce robust and long-lasting immune responses in order to provide protective efficacy against a variety of infectious disease threats to humans and animals, including those with zoonotic potential to cause global pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M. Vrba
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.M.V.); (Y.L.)
| | - Natalie M. Kirk
- Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Morgan E. Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.M.V.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.M.V.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
A highly efficient recombinant canarypox virus-based vaccine against canine distemper virus constructed using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108920. [PMID: 33197867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the causative agent of canine distemper (CD), which is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting wild and domestic carnivores. Vaccination represents an effective approach to prevent CDV infection among domestic carnivores. Canarypox-vectored recombinant CD vaccines (such as Recombitek CDV, PureVax Ferret Distemper, and Merial) with the CDV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) genes can induce a potent immune response in dogs and ferrets. However, the vaccine's effectiveness varies with the species. In the current study, we developed a highly efficient recombinant canarypox virus termed as "ALVAC-CDV-M-F-H/C5-" that contained CDV virus-like particles (VLPs) by using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, which enabled concurrent expression of the matrix (M), H, and F genes. The recombinant strain provided faster seroconversion than the parent strain among minks as well as provided higher rates of antibody positivity than the parent strain among foxes and minks even before the administration of a second booster vaccination. We demonstrated, for the first time, that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be applied for the rapid and efficient modification of the ALVAC-CDV-F-H genome and also that a high-dose new recombinant strain that produces CDV VLPs may present good outcomes in the prevention of CD among foxes and minks.
Collapse
|
72
|
Rühl J, Leung CS, Münz C. Vaccination against the Epstein-Barr virus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4315-4324. [PMID: 32367191 PMCID: PMC7223886 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus being discovered and remains to date the only human pathogen that can transform cells in vitro. 55 years of EBV research have now brought us to the brink of an EBV vaccine. For this purpose, recombinant viral vectors and their heterologous prime-boost vaccinations, EBV-derived virus-like particles and viral envelope glycoprotein formulations are explored and are discussed in this review. Even so, cell-mediated immune control by cytotoxic lymphocytes protects healthy virus carriers from EBV-associated malignancies, antibodies might be able to prevent symptomatic primary infection, the most likely EBV-associated pathology against which EBV vaccines will be initially tested. Thus, the variety of EBV vaccines reflects the sophisticated life cycle of this human tumor virus and only vaccination in humans will finally be able to reveal the efficacy of these candidates. Nevertheless, the recently renewed efforts to develop an EBV vaccine and the long history of safe adoptive T cell transfer to treat EBV-associated malignancies suggest that this oncogenic γ-herpesvirus can be targeted by immunotherapies. Such vaccination should ideally implement the very same immune control that protects healthy EBV carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rühl
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carol S Leung
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Shchelkunov SN, Yakubitskiy SN, Bauer TV, Sergeev AA, Kabanov AS, Bulichev LE, Yurganova IA, Odnoshevskiy DA, Kolosova IV, Pyankov SA, Taranov OS. The Influence of an Elevated Production of Extracellular Enveloped Virions of the Vaccinia Virus on Its Properties in Infected Mice. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:120-132. [PMID: 33456984 PMCID: PMC7800600 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern approach to developing attenuated smallpox vaccines usually consists in targeted inactivation of vaccinia virus (VACV) virulence genes. In this work, we studied how an elevated production of extracellular enveloped virions (EEVs) and the route of mouse infection can influence the virulence and immunogenicity of VACV. The research subject was the LIVP strain, which is used in Russia for smallpox vaccination. Two point mutations causing an elevated production of EEVs compared with the parental LIVP strain were inserted into the sequence of the VACV A34R gene. The created mutant LIVP-A34R strain showed lower neurovirulence in an intracerebral injection test and elevated antibody production in the intradermal injection method. This VACV variant can be a promising platform for developing an attenuated, highly immunogenic vaccine against smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections. It can also be used as a vector for designing live-attenuated recombinant polyvalent vaccines against various infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. N. Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - S. N. Yakubitskiy
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - T. V. Bauer
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - A. A. Sergeev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - A. S. Kabanov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - L. E. Bulichev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - I. A. Yurganova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - D. A. Odnoshevskiy
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - I. V. Kolosova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - S. A. Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - O. S. Taranov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospoterbnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
El-Jesr M, Teir M, Maluquer de Motes C. Vaccinia Virus Activation and Antagonism of Cytosolic DNA Sensing. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568412. [PMID: 33117352 PMCID: PMC7559579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells express multiple molecules aimed at detecting incoming virus and infection. Recognition of virus infection leads to the production of cytokines, chemokines and restriction factors that limit virus replication and activate an adaptive immune response offering long-term protection. Recognition of cytosolic DNA has become a central immune sensing mechanism involved in infection, autoinflammation, and cancer immunotherapy. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the prototypic member of the family Poxviridae and the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox. VACV harbors enormous potential as a vaccine vector and several attenuated strains are currently being developed against infectious diseases. In addition, VACV has emerged as a popular oncolytic agent due to its cytotoxic capacity even in hypoxic environments. As a poxvirus, VACV is an unusual virus that replicates its large DNA genome exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Despite producing large amounts of cytosolic DNA, VACV efficiently suppresses the subsequent innate immune response by deploying an arsenal of proteins with capacity to disable host antiviral signaling, some of which specifically target cytosolic DNA sensing pathways. Some of these strategies are conserved amongst orthopoxviruses, whereas others are seemingly unique to VACV. In this review we provide an overview of the VACV replicative cycle and discuss the recent advances on our understanding of how VACV induces and antagonizes innate immune activation via cytosolic DNA sensing pathways. The implications of these findings in the rational design of vaccines and oncolytics based on VACV are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misbah El-Jesr
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Muad Teir
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic, prompting unprecedented efforts to contain the virus. Many developed countries have implemented widespread testing and have rapidly mobilized research programmes to develop vaccines and therapeutics. However, these approaches may be impractical in Africa, where the infrastructure for testing is poorly developed and owing to the limited manufacturing capacity to produce pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, a large burden of HIV-1 and tuberculosis in Africa could exacerbate the severity of infection and may affect vaccine immunogenicity. This Review discusses global efforts to develop diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, with these considerations in mind. We also highlight vaccine and diagnostic production platforms that are being developed in Africa and that could be translated into clinical development through appropriate partnerships for manufacture. The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted unparalleled progress in the development of vaccines and therapeutics in many countries, but it has also highlighted the vulnerability of resource-limited countries in Africa. Margolin and colleagues review global efforts to develop SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, with a focus on the opportunities and challenges in Africa.
Collapse
|
76
|
Khalafalla AI, Al Hosani MA, Ishag HZA, Al Muhairi SS. More cell culture passaged Camelpox virus sequences found resembling those of vaccinia virus. Open Vet J 2020; 10:144-156. [PMID: 32821659 PMCID: PMC7419068 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camelpox is the most infectious and economically important disease of camelids that causes significant morbidity and mortality rates. Several live attenuated vaccines against Camelpox virus (CMLV) are produced worldwide by passaging field isolates in cell culture. Sequence of a high passage Saudi isolate of CMLV was previously found closely resembled Vaccinia virus (VACV). AIM To determine whether other high cell culture passage CMLV isolates are genetically resemble VACV and further to explore the possible mechanism of the resemblance. METHODS We performed polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequence analysis of A-type inclusion body protein (ATIP), L1R, and open reading frame (ORF) 185 genes on different cell culture passage levels of a field isolate, two high passage vaccines, wild-type, and reference strains of CMLV. RESULTS We demonstrate that additional two high passage attenuated vaccine candidate from Sudan and UAE likewise contain sequences resembling VACV more than CMLV. Furthermore, sequence analysis of the ATIP gene of selected virus passages in cell culture revealed that the shift to VACV-like occurred between passage 11 and 20 and up to the 10th passage the genome still resembles wild-type virus. This observation was further confirmed by recombination analysis which indicated recombination events at ATIP and ORF185 genes occurred at higher passages. CONCLUSION We confirmed that the cell culture passage CMLV turns to resemble VACV after cell culture passage and concluded that the resemblance may not be a result of contamination or misidentification as previously thought but could be due to recombination events that occurred during the passage process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik I. Khalafalla
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Khartoum North Sudan
- Corresponding Author: Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla. Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Mohamed A. Al Hosani
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Salama S. Al Muhairi
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Health Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Shchelkunov SN, Yakubitskiy SN, Sergeev AA, Kabanov AS, Bauer TV, Bulychev LE, Pyankov SA. Effect of the Route of Administration of the Vaccinia Virus Strain LIVP to Mice on Its Virulence and Immunogenicity. Viruses 2020; 12:E795. [PMID: 32722032 PMCID: PMC7472337 DOI: 10.3390/v12080795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass smallpox vaccination campaign has played a crucial role in smallpox eradication. Various strains of the vaccinia virus (VACV) were used as a live smallpox vaccine in different countries, their origin being unknown in most cases. The VACV strains differ in terms of pathogenicity exhibited upon inoculation of laboratory animals and reactogenicity exhibited upon vaccination of humans. Therefore, each generated strain or clonal variant of VACV needs to be thoroughly studied in in vivo systems. The clonal variant 14 of LIVP strain (LIVP-14) was the study object in this work. A comparative analysis of the virulence and immunogenicity of LIVP-14 inoculated intranasally (i.n.), intradermally (i.d.), or subcutaneously (s.c.) to BALB/c mice at doses of 108, 107, and 106 pfu was carried out. Adult mice exhibited the highest sensitivity to the i.n. administered LIVP-14 strain, although the infection was not lethal. The i.n. inoculated LIVP-14 replicated efficiently in the lungs. Furthermore, this virus was accumulated in the brain at relatively high concentrations. Significantly lower levels of LIVP-14 were detected in the liver, kidneys, and spleen of experimental animals. No clinical manifestations of the disease were observed after i.d. or s.c. injection of LIVP-14 to mice. After s.c. inoculation, the virus was detected only at the injection site, while it could disseminate to the liver and lungs when delivered via i.d. administration. A comparative analysis of the production of virus-specific antibodies by ELISA and PRNT revealed that the highest level of antibodies was induced in i.n. inoculated mice; a lower level of antibodies was observed after i.d. administration of the virus and the lowest level after s.c. injection. Even at the lowest studied dose (106 pfu), i.n. or i.d. administered LIVP-14 completely protected mice against infection with the cowpox virus at the lethal dose. Our findings imply that, according to the ratio between such characteristics as pathogenicity/immunogenicity/protectivity, i.d. injection is the optimal method of inoculation with the VACV LIVP-14 strain to ensure the safe formation of immune defense after vaccination against orthopoxviral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei N. Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (S.N.Y.); (A.A.S.); (A.S.K.); (T.V.B.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.P.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Duggan AT, Klunk J, Porter AF, Dhody AN, Hicks R, Smith GL, Humphreys M, McCollum AM, Davidson WB, Wilkins K, Li Y, Burke A, Polasky H, Flanders L, Poinar D, Raphenya AR, Lau TTY, Alcock B, McArthur AG, Golding GB, Holmes EC, Poinar HN. The origins and genomic diversity of American Civil War Era smallpox vaccine strains. Genome Biol 2020; 21:175. [PMID: 32684155 PMCID: PMC7370420 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has transformed public health, most notably including the eradication of smallpox. Despite its profound historical importance, little is known of the origins and diversity of the viruses used in smallpox vaccination. Prior to the twentieth century, the method, source and origin of smallpox vaccinations remained unstandardised and opaque. We reconstruct and analyse viral vaccine genomes associated with smallpox vaccination from historical artefacts. Significantly, we recover viral molecules through non-destructive sampling of historical materials lacking signs of biological residues. We use the authenticated ancient genomes to reveal the evolutionary relationships of smallpox vaccination viruses within the poxviruses as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana T Duggan
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Klunk
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada.,Present address: Arbor Biosciences, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA
| | - Ashleigh F Porter
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anna N Dhody
- Mütter Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.,Mütter Museum of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Robert Hicks
- Mütter Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.,Mütter Museum of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | | | - Andrea M McCollum
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Whitni B Davidson
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Yu Li
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Amanda Burke
- Mütter Museum of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Hanna Polasky
- Mütter Museum of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Lowell Flanders
- Mütter Museum of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Debi Poinar
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada
| | | | - Tammy T Y Lau
- Present address: BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, V5Z 1G1, Canada.,M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Brian Alcock
- Present address: BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, V5Z 1G1, Canada
| | - Andrew G McArthur
- Present address: BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, V5Z 1G1, Canada
| | - G Brian Golding
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Hendrik N Poinar
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada.,Present address: BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, V5Z 1G1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Esparza J, Lederman S, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Early smallpox vaccine manufacturing in the United States: Introduction of the "animal vaccine" in 1870, establishment of "vaccine farms", and the beginnings of the vaccine industry. Vaccine 2020; 38:4773-4779. [PMID: 32473878 PMCID: PMC7294234 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For the first 80-90 years after Jenner's discovery of vaccination in 1796, the main strategy used to disseminate and maintain the smallpox vaccine was arm-to-arm vaccination, also known as Jennerian or humanized vaccination. A major advance occurred after 1860 with the development of what was known as "animal vaccine", which referred to growing vaccine material from serial propagation in calves before use in humans. The use of "animal vaccine" had several advantages over arm-to-arm vaccination: it would not transmit syphilis or other human diseases, it ensured a supply of vaccine even in the absence of the spontaneous occurrence of cases of cowpox or horsepox, and it allowed the production of large amounts of vaccine. The "animal vaccine" concept was introduced in the United States in 1870 by Henry Austin Martin. Very rapidly a number of "vaccine farms" were established in the U.S. and produced large quantities of "animal vaccine". These "vaccine farms" were mostly established by medical doctors who saw an opportunity to respond to an increasing demand of smallpox vaccine from individuals and from health authorities, and to make a profit. The "vaccine farms" evolved from producing only smallpox "animal vaccine" to manufacturing several other biologics, including diphtheria- and other antitoxins. Two major incidents of tetanus contamination happened in 1901, which led to the promulgation of the Biologics Control Act of 1902. The US Secretary of the Treasury issued licenses to produce and sell biologicals, mainly vaccines and antitoxins. Through several mergers and acquisitions, the initial biologics licensees eventually evolved into some of the current major American industrial vaccine companies. An important aspect that was never clarified was the source of the vaccine stocks used to manufacture the smallpox "animal vaccines". Most likely, different smallpox vaccine stocks were repeatedly introduced from Europe, resulting in polyclonal vaccines that are now recognized as "variants" more appropriately than "strains". Further, clonal analysis of modern "animal vaccines" indicate that they are probably derived from complex recombinational events between different strains of vaccinia and horsepox. Modern sequencing technologies are now been used by us to study old smallpox vaccine specimens in an effort to better understand the origin and evolution of the vaccines that were used to eradicate the smallpox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Esparza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 - Highly Pathogenic Viruses & German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses & WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clarissa R Damaso
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Myxoma Virus-Encoded Host Range Protein M029: A Multifunctional Antagonist Targeting Multiple Host Antiviral and Innate Immune Pathways. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020244. [PMID: 32456120 PMCID: PMC7349962 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) is the prototypic member of the Leporipoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family of viruses. In nature, MYXV is highly restricted to leporids and causes a lethal disease called myxomatosis only in European rabbits (Oryctologous cuniculus). However, MYXV has been shown to also productively infect various types of nonrabbit transformed and cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas their normal somatic cell counterparts undergo abortive infections. This selective tropism of MYXV for cancer cells outside the rabbit host has facilitated its development as an oncolytic virus for the treatment of different types of cancers. Like other poxviruses, MYXV possesses a large dsDNA genome which encodes an array of dozens of immunomodulatory proteins that are important for host and cellular tropism and modulation of host antiviral innate immune responses, some of which are rabbit-specific and others can function in nonrabbit cells as well. This review summarizes the functions of one such MYXV host range protein, M029, an ortholog of the larger superfamily of poxvirus encoded E3-like dsRNA binding proteins. M029 has been identified as a multifunctional protein involved in MYXV cellular and host tropism, antiviral responses, and pathogenicity in rabbits.
Collapse
|
81
|
Serwer P. Optimizing Anti-Viral Vaccine Responses: Input from a Non-Specialist. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050255. [PMID: 32429032 PMCID: PMC7277631 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the research community has had a real-world look at reasons for improving vaccine responses to emerging RNA viruses. Here, a vaccine non-specialist suggests how this might be done. I propose two alternative options and compare the primary alternative option with current practice. The basis of comparison is feasibility in achieving what we need: a safe, mass-produced, emerging virus-targeted vaccine on 2–4 week notice. The primary option is the following. (1) Start with a platform based on live viruses that infect bacteria, but not humans (bacteriophages, or phages). (2) Isolate phages (to be called pathogen homologs) that resemble and provide antigenic context for membrane-covered, pathogenic RNA viruses; coronavirus-phage homologs will probably be found if the search is correctly done. (3) Upon isolating a viral pathogen, evolve its phage homolog to bind antibodies neutralizing for the viral pathogen. Vaccinate with the evolved phage homolog by generating a local, non-hazardous infection with the phage host and then curing the infection by propagating the phage in the artificially infecting bacterial host. I discuss how this alternative option has the potential to provide what is needed after appropriate platforms are built.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Serwer
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Weitz L, Bellach L, Faltum A, Berger A, Maurer W. Vaccine hesitancy. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 132:243-252. [PMID: 32322962 PMCID: PMC7223449 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIn summer 2019 an extracurricular activity was started at the Medical University of Vienna (MUW) with the title: “Esoterism in Medicine”, where different chapters were evaluated by students. Here we present the subheading “Vaccine Hesitancy”. Three students formulated arguments from sceptic, hesitant or anti-vaccine groups and discussed the scientific literature to rebut it. Frequent objections were partly taken from the homepage of the German Robert-Koch-Institute, the home of the “Ständige Impfkommission”. Other objections were taken from blogs and social media. The students’ rebuttal was based on current scientific literature (preferentially pubmed), but also from other scientific sources like authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Weitz
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Angelika Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Tao J, Li B, Shi Y, Chen J, Zhu G, Shen X, Liu H. Attenuated porcine-derived type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus as vector stably expressing viral gene. J Virol Methods 2020; 279:113842. [PMID: 32135175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) cDNA clones have been used for the expression of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genes for immune prevention and control. However, can it be used for the expression of an allogenetic fragment? To answer this question, a BVDV chimeric virus expressing the spike (S) antigen fragment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was constructed. Antigen S499-602 was inserted into pig-derived BVDV-2 infectious cDNA clone pASH28 in tandem by overlapping PCR, located between the seventh and eighth amino acids at the N-terminus of the capsid (C) protein of BVDV. Indirect immunofluorescence assay confirmed that the chimeric virus vASH-dS312 containing double S499-602 sequences was successfully assembled, which could react with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) against BVDV E2 and PEDV S proteins. Further western blot analysis confirmed that the exogenous S499-602 double protein could be stably expressed. Next, the chimeric virus vASH-dS312 was administered to BALB/C mice either orally or by intramuscular injection. The immunized mice were healthy and showed no signs of toxicity. IgG against BVDV and PEDV antibodies could be detected in the mice administered vASH-dS312 by intramuscular injection, which had neutralization activity against BVDV and PEDV. Thus, this study reported a new insertion site in the BVDV infectious cDNA clone that could successfully express an allogenetic antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Shen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Afrough B, Dowall S, Hewson R. Emerging viruses and current strategies for vaccine intervention. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 196:157-166. [PMID: 30993690 PMCID: PMC6468171 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade several notable viruses have suddenly emerged from obscurity or anonymity to become serious global health threats, provoking concern regarding their sustained epidemic transmission in immunologically naive human populations. With each new threat comes the call for rapid vaccine development. Indeed, vaccines are considered a critical component of disease prevention for emerging viral infections because, in many cases, other medical options are limited or non‐existent, or that infections result in such a rapid clinical deterioration that the effectiveness of therapeutics is limited. While classic approaches to vaccine development are still amenable to emerging viruses, the application of molecular techniques in virology has profoundly influenced our understanding of virus biology, and vaccination methods based on replicating, attenuated and non‐replicating virus vector approaches have become useful vaccine platforms. Together with a growing understanding of viral disease emergence, a range of vaccine strategies and international commitment to underpin development, vaccine intervention for new and emerging viruses may become a possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Afrough
- Virology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - S Dowall
- Virology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - R Hewson
- Virology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Andreani J, Arnault JP, Bou Khalil JY, Abrahão J, Tomei E, Vial E, Le Bideau M, Raoult D, La Scola B. Atypical Cowpox Virus Infection in Smallpox-Vaccinated Patient, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:212-219. [PMID: 30666929 PMCID: PMC6346447 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.171433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of atypical cowpox virus infection in France in 2016. The patient sought care for thoracic lesions after injury from the sharp end of a metallic guardrail previously stored in the ground. We isolated a cowpox virus from the lesions and sequenced its whole genome. The patient reported that he had been previously vaccinated against smallpox. We describe an alternative route of cowpox virus infection and raise questions about the immunological status of smallpox-vaccinated patients for circulating orthopoxviruses.
Collapse
|
86
|
Optimized Mucosal Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Prime/Soluble gp120 Boost HIV Vaccination Regimen Induces Antibody Responses Similar to Those of an Intramuscular Regimen. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00475-19. [PMID: 31068425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00475-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of mucosal vaccines over injected vaccines are difficult to ascertain, since mucosally administered vaccines often induce serum antibody responses of lower magnitude than those induced by injected vaccines. This study aimed to determine if mucosal vaccination using a modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 (MVAgp120) prime and a HIV-1 gp120 protein boost could be optimized to induce serum antibody responses similar to those induced by an intramuscularly (i.m.) administered MVAgp120 prime/gp120 boost to allow comparison of an i.m. immunization regimen to a mucosal vaccination regimen for the ability to protect against a low-dose rectal simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. A 3-fold higher antigen dose was required for intranasal (i.n.) immunization with gp120 to induce serum anti-gp120 IgG responses not significantly different than those induced by i.m. immunization. gp120 fused to the adenovirus type 2 fiber binding domain (gp120-Ad2F), a mucosal targeting ligand, exhibited enhanced i.n. immunogenicity compared to gp120. MVAgp120 was more immunogenic after i.n. delivery than after gastric or rectal delivery. Using these optimized vaccines, an i.n. MVAgp120 prime/combined i.m. (gp120) and i.n. (gp120-Ad2F) boost regimen (i.n./i.m.-plus-i.n.) induced serum anti-gp120 antibody titers similar to those induced by the intramuscular prime/boost regimen (i.m./i.m.) in rabbits and nonhuman primates. Despite the induction of similar systemic anti-HIV-1 antibody responses, neither the i.m./i.m. nor the i.n./i.m.-plus-i.n. regimen protected against a repeated low-dose rectal SHIV challenge. These results demonstrate that immunization regimens utilizing the i.n. route are able to induce serum antigen-specific antibody responses similar to those induced by systemic immunization.IMPORTANCE Mucosal vaccination is proposed as a method of immunization able to induce protection against mucosal pathogens that is superior to protection provided by parenteral immunization. However, mucosal vaccination often induces serum antigen-specific immune responses of lower magnitude than those induced by parenteral immunization, making the comparison of mucosal and parenteral immunization difficult. We identified vaccine parameters that allowed an immunization regimen consisting of an i.n. prime followed by boosters administered by both i.n. and i.m. routes to induce serum antibody responses similar to those induced by i.m. prime/boost vaccination. Additional studies are needed to determine the potential benefit of mucosal immunization for HIV-1 and other mucosally transmitted pathogens.
Collapse
|
87
|
Chea LS, Wyatt LS, Gangadhara S, Moss B, Amara RR. Novel Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector Expressing Anti-apoptotic Gene B13R Delays Apoptosis and Enhances Humoral Responses. J Virol 2019; 93:e01648-18. [PMID: 30541829 PMCID: PMC6384055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01648-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), an attenuated poxvirus, has been developed as a potential vaccine vector for use against cancer and multiple infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). MVA is highly immunogenic and elicits strong cellular and humoral responses in preclinical models and humans. However, there is potential to further enhance the immunogenicity of MVA, as MVA-infected cells undergo rapid apoptosis, leading to faster clearance of recombinant antigens and potentially blunting a greater response. Here, we generated MVA-B13R by replacing the fragmented 181R/182R genes of MVA with a functional anti-apoptotic gene, B13R, and confirmed its anti-apoptotic function against chemically induced apoptosis in vitro In addition, MVA-B13R showed a significant delay in induction of apoptosis in muscle cells derived from mice and humans, as well as in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and CD141+ DCs from rhesus macaques, compared to the induction of apoptosis in MVA-infected cells. MVA-B13R expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag and Pol and HIV envelope (SHIV) (MVA-B13R/SHIV) produced higher levels of envelope in the supernatants than MVA/SHIV-infected DF-1 cells in vitro Immunization of BALB/c mice showed induction of higher levels of envelope-specific antibody-secreting cells and memory B cells, higher IgG antibody titers, and better persistence of antibody titers with MVA-B13R/SHIV than with MVA/SHIV. Gene set enrichment analysis of draining lymph node cells from day 1 after immunization showed negative enrichment for interferon responses in MVA-B13R/SHIV-immunized mice compared to the responses in MVA/SHIV-immunized mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that restoring B13R functionality in MVA significantly delays MVA-induced apoptosis in muscle and antigen-presenting cells in vitro and augments vaccine-induced humoral immunity in mice.IMPORTANCE MVA is an attractive viral vector for vaccine development due to its safety and immunogenicity in multiple species and humans even under conditions of immunodeficiency. Here, to further improve the immunogenicity of MVA, we developed a novel vector, MVA-B13R, by replacing the fragmented anti-apoptotic genes 181R/182R with a functional version derived from vaccinia virus, B13R Our results show that MVA-B13R significantly delays apoptosis in antigen-presenting cells and muscle cells in vitro and augments vaccine-induced humoral immunity in mice, leading to the development of a novel vector for vaccine development against infectious diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynette S Chea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Linda S Wyatt
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Genomic Characterization of Orf Virus Strain D1701-V ( Parapoxvirus) and Development of Novel Sites for Multiple Transgene Expression. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020127. [PMID: 30704093 PMCID: PMC6409557 DOI: 10.3390/v11020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Orf virus (ORFV; Parapoxvirus) strain D1701 with an attenuated phenotype and excellent immunogenic capacity is successfully used for the generation of recombinant vaccines against different viral infections. Adaption for growth in Vero cells was accompanied by additional major genomic changes resulting in ORFV strain variant D1701-V. In this study, restriction enzyme mapping, blot hybridization and DNA sequencing of the deleted region s (A, AT and D) in comparison to the predecessor strain D1701-B revealed the loss of 7 open reading frames (ORF008, ORF101, ORF102, ORF114, ORF115, ORF116, ORF117). The suitability of deletion site D for expression of foreign genes is demonstrated using novel synthetic early promoter eP1 and eP2. Comparison of promoter strength showed that the original vegf-e promoter Pv as well as promoter eP2 display an up to 11-fold stronger expression than promoter eP1, irrespective of the insertion site. Successful integration and expression of the fluorescent marker genes is demonstrated by gene- and insertion-site specific PCR assays, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. For the first time ORFV recombinants are generated simultaneously expressing transgenes in two different insertion loci. That allows production of polyvalent vaccines containing several antigens against one or different pathogens in a single vectored ORFV vaccine.
Collapse
|
89
|
Conrad SJ, Liu J. Poxviruses as Gene Therapy Vectors: Generating Poxviral Vectors Expressing Therapeutic Transgenes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1937:189-209. [PMID: 30706397 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9065-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatments with poxvirus vectors can have long-lasting immunological impact in the host, and thus they have been extensively studied to treat diseases and for vaccine development. More importantly, the oncolytic properties of poxviruses have led to their development as cancer therapeutics. Two poxviruses, vaccinia virus (VACV) and myxoma virus (MYXV), have been extensively studied as virotherapeutics with promising results. Vaccinia virus vectors have advanced to the clinic and have been tested as oncolytic therapeutics for several cancer types with successes in phase I/II clinical trials. In addition to oncolytic applications, MYXV has been explored for additional applications including immunotherapeutics, purging of cancer progenitor cells, and treatments for graft-versus-host diseases. These novel therapeutic applications have encouraged its advancement into clinical trials. To meet the demands of different treatment needs, VACV and MYXV can be genetically engineered to express therapeutic transgenes. The engineering process used in poxvirus vectors can be very different from that of other DNA virus vectors (e.g., the herpesviruses). This chapter is intended to serve as a guide to those wishing to engineer poxvirus vectors for therapeutic transgene expression and to produce viral preparations for preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA. .,The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Kieser Q, Paszkowski P, Lin J, Evans D, Noyce R. Visualizing Poxvirus Replication and Recombination Using Live-Cell Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2023:221-235. [PMID: 31240681 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9593-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A modernized version of an old saying goes that "If a picture is worth a thousand words, then a video is worth a million." Although made with reference to "YouTube", the quotation also has relevance for microbiologists when one considers how modern microscopes can be used to track biological fluorophores for hours without bleaching or phototoxicity. Confocal fluorescence microscopy provides a powerful tool for capturing dynamic processes within a cellular context that are better understood when viewed using time-lapse videos. In our laboratory we have long been interested in the links between poxvirus DNA replication and recombination and, since these are cytoplasmic viruses, such DNA-dependent processes are easily imaged throughout the virus life cycle without interference from signals coming from nuclear DNA. In this chapter we outline methods that can be used to follow the movement and replication of vaccinia virus DNA, and to also detect the products of poxvirus-catalyzed recombination reactions. We describe how to use the bacteriophage lambda DNA-binding protein, cro, as a way of labeling DNA within a cell when it is conjugated to fluorescent proteins. When used in conjunction with other fluorescent reagents, new labeling technologies, and tagged reporter constructs, these approaches can generate visually appealing and highly informative insights into diverse aspects of vaccinia virus biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quinten Kieser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, 6020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Patrick Paszkowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, 6020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James Lin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, 6020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, 6020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ryan Noyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, 6020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Xu S, Wusiman A, Liu Z, Gu P, Ni H, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Wang D. pH-responsive Astragalus polysaccharides-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles and their in vitro immunogenicity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:865-875. [PMID: 30576729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) have long been well known as immune boosters, but have not been fully exploited in clinical settings. Here, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was used to form a nanocarrier for APS to enhance its bioavailability. The aim was to improve the immunoadjuvanticity of conventional APS-loaded PLGA-based nanoparticles (NPs), referred to as APSPs, and to optimize the synthesis parameters to maximize the encapsulation efficiency (EE). As slow drug release can cause insufficient immune responses, ammonium bicarbonate was used to produce pH-responsive APSPs. The optimum parameters for maximizing EE (mean maximum experimental EE: 65.23 ± 0.51%) were an oil phase (O)/internal aqueous phase (W1) ratio of 7:1, an external aqueous phase (W2)/preliminary emulsion (PE) ratio of 5:1, and a Pluronic F-68 concentration of 1.1%. Moreover, the pH-responsive APSPs had low cytotoxicity and significantly enhanced mice splenic lymphocyte proliferation. The increased T-cell CD4+/CD8+ ratio after pH-responsive APSP treatment of mice splenic lymphocytes compared with free APS, blank PLGA NP, and conventional APSP treatment demonstrated its excellent immunoadjuvanticity. This study provides abundant evidence that these novel PLGA-based pH-responsive NPs enhanced the immunoadjuvanticity of APS. Furthermore, pH-responsive APSPs synthesized using the optimum parameters exhibited long-term stability in normal storage conditions, suggesting suitability for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Adelijiang Wusiman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenguang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Pengfei Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Haiyu Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuanliang Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Pérez P, Q Marín M, Lázaro-Frías A, Jiménez de Oya N, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, S Sorzano CÓ, Ortego J, Saiz JC, Esteban M, Martín-Acebes MA, García-Arriaza J. A Vaccine Based on a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector Expressing Zika Virus Structural Proteins Controls Zika Virus Replication in Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17385. [PMID: 30478418 PMCID: PMC6255889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that affects humans and can cause severe neurological complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Since 2007 there have been three large outbreaks; the last and larger spread in the Americas in 2015. Actually, ZIKV is circulating in the Americas, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands, and represents a potential pandemic threat. Given the rapid ZIKV dissemination and the severe neurological and teratogenic sequelae associated with ZIKV infection, the development of a safe and efficacious vaccine is critical. In this study, we have developed and characterized the immunogenicity and efficacy of a novel ZIKV vaccine based on the highly attenuated poxvirus vector modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the ZIKV prM and E structural genes (termed MVA-ZIKV). MVA-ZIKV expressed efficiently the ZIKV structural proteins, assembled in virus-like particles (VLPs) and was genetically stable upon nine passages in cell culture. Immunization of mice with MVA-ZIKV elicited antibodies that were able to neutralize ZIKV and induced potent and polyfunctional ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cell responses that were mainly of an effector memory phenotype. Moreover, a single dose of MVA-ZIKV reduced significantly the viremia in susceptible immunocompromised mice challenged with live ZIKV. These findings support the use of MVA-ZIKV as a potential vaccine against ZIKV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Q Marín
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Lázaro-Frías
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Langenmayer MC, Lülf-Averhoff AT, Adam-Neumair S, Fux R, Sutter G, Volz A. Distribution and absence of generalized lesions in mice following single dose intramuscular inoculation of the vaccine candidate MVA-MERS-S. Biologicals 2018; 54:58-62. [PMID: 29759890 PMCID: PMC7128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated and replication-deficient virus serving as vaccine against infectious diseases. Here, we assessed the in vivo distribution of a recombinant MVA candidate vaccine against the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MVA-MERS-S) in mice. Intramuscularly inoculated mice were necropsied at different time points and examined by histology, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. We detected inflammation and myonecrosis at the parenteral site and hyperplasia of the draining lymph nodes. MVA-MERS-S did not result in detectable lesions in tissues peripheral to the parenteral site and draining lymph nodes. Real-time PCR analysis of >240 tissue samples detected MVA-DNA predominantly at the injection site and in the draining lymph nodes, and suggested continuous clearance of the candidate vaccine during the observation period. Levels of parenteral site inflammation and hyperplasia of draining lymph nodes were considered in line with immunological responses to vaccine inoculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
| | - Anna-Theresa Lülf-Averhoff
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
| | | | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany.
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Tappe KA, Budida R, Stankov MV, Frenz T, R Shah H, Volz A, Sutter G, Kalinke U, Behrens GMN. Immunogenic cell death of dendritic cells following modified vaccinia virus Ankara infection enhances CD8 + T cell proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:2042-2054. [PMID: 30259962 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
"Immunogenic cell death" (ICD) is associated with the emission of so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which trigger the immune response against dead-cell associated antigens. The secretion of the DAMP, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been shown to be autophagy-dependent. Here, we demonstrate that Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus, induces both cell death and autophagy in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), which in turn confer the (cross-)priming of OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells (OT-I cells). Additionally, we show that MVA infection leads to increased extracellular ATP (eATP) as well as intracellular ATP (iATP) levels, with the latter being influenced by the autophagy. Furthermore, we show that the increased eATP supports the proliferation of OT-I cells and inhibition of the P2RX7 receptors results in an abrogation of the proliferation. These data reveal novel mechanisms on how MVA enhances adaptive immunity in vaccine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Tappe
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ramachandramouli Budida
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Theresa Frenz
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Harshit R Shah
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Brunswick, Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Prow NA, Jimenez Martinez R, Hayball JD, Howley PM, Suhrbier A. Poxvirus-based vector systems and the potential for multi-valent and multi-pathogen vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:925-934. [PMID: 30300041 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1522255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the increasing number of vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases, the pressure to generate multi-valent and multi-pathogen vaccines grows. Combining individual established vaccines to generate single-shot formulations represents an established path, with significant ensuing public health and cost benefits. Poxvirus-based vector systems have the capacity for large recombinant payloads and have been widely used as platforms for the development of recombinant vaccines encoding multiple antigens, with considerable clinical trials activity and a number of registered and licensed products. AREAS COVERED Herein we discuss design strategies, production processes, safety issues, regulatory hurdles and clinical trial activities, as well as pertinent new technologies such as systems vaccinology and needle-free delivery. Literature searches used PubMed, Google Scholar and clinical trials registries, with a focus on the recombinant vaccinia-based systems, Modified Vaccinia Ankara and the recently developed Sementis Copenhagen Vector. EXPERT COMMENTARY Vaccinia-based platforms show considerable promise for the development of multi-valent and multi-pathogen vaccines, especially with recent developments in vector technologies and manufacturing processes. New methodologies for defining immune correlates and human challenge models may also facilitate bringing such vaccines to market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Prow
- a Inflammation Biology , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia.,b Inflammation Biology , Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Rocio Jimenez Martinez
- a Inflammation Biology , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- c Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences , University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Paul M Howley
- d Inflammation Biology , Sementis Ltd , Berwick , Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- a Inflammation Biology , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia.,b Inflammation Biology , Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre , Brisbane , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Diamond DJ, LaRosa C, Chiuppesi F, Contreras H, Dadwal S, Wussow F, Bautista S, Nakamura R, Zaia JA. A fifty-year odyssey: prospects for a cytomegalovirus vaccine in transplant and congenital infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:889-911. [PMID: 30246580 PMCID: PMC6343505 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1526085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been almost fifty years since the Towne strain was used by Plotkin and collaborators as the first vaccine candidate for cytomegalovirus (CMV). While that approach showed partial efficacy, there have been a multitude of challenges to improve on the promise of a CMV vaccine. Efforts have been dichotomized into a therapeutic vaccine for patients with CMV-infected allografts, either stem cells or solid organ, and a prophylactic vaccine for congenital infection. AREAS COVERED This review will evaluate research prospects for a therapeutic vaccine for transplant recipients that recognizes CMV utilizing primarily T cell responses. Similarly, we will provide an extensive discussion on attempts to develop a vaccine to prevent the manifestations of congenital infection, based on eliciting a humoral anti-CMV protective response. The review will also describe newer developments that have upended the efforts toward such a vaccine through the discovery of a second pathway of CMV infection that utilizes an alternative receptor for entry using a series of antigens that have been determined to be important for prevention of infection. EXPERT COMMENTARY There is a concerted effort to unify separate therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine strategies into a single delivery agent that would be effective for both transplant-related and congenital infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don J. Diamond
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Corinna LaRosa
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Sanjeet Dadwal
- Department of Medical Specialties, City of Hope National
Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Supriya Bautista
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoetic Cell
Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - John A. Zaia
- Center for Gene Therapy, Hematological Malignancy and Stem
Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Removal of the C6 Vaccinia Virus Interferon-β Inhibitor in the Hepatitis C Vaccine Candidate MVA-HCV Elicited in Mice High Immunogenicity in Spite of Reduced Host Gene Expression. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080414. [PMID: 30096846 PMCID: PMC6116028 DOI: 10.3390/v10080414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a major global health problem for which a vaccine is not available. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-HCV is a unique HCV vaccine candidate based in the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing the nearly full-length genome of HCV genotype 1a that elicits CD8⁺ T-cell responses in mice. With the aim to improve the immune response of MVA-HCV and because of the importance of interferon (IFN) in HCV infection, we deleted in MVA-HCV the vaccinia virus (VACV) C6L gene, encoding an inhibitor of IFN-β that prevents activation of the interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 (IRF3 and IRF7). The resulting vaccine candidate (MVA-HCV ΔC6L) expresses all HCV antigens and deletion of C6L had no effect on viral growth in permissive chicken cells. In human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, infection with MVA-HCV ΔC6L triggered severe down-regulation of IFN-β, IFN-β-induced genes, and cytokines in a manner similar to MVA-HCV, as defined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray analysis. In infected mice, both vectors had a similar profile of recruited immune cells and induced comparable levels of adaptive and memory HCV-specific CD8⁺ T-cells, mainly against p7 + NS2 and NS3 HCV proteins, with a T cell effector memory (TEM) phenotype. Furthermore, antibodies against E2 were also induced. Overall, our findings showed that while these vectors had a profound inhibitory effect on gene expression of the host, they strongly elicited CD8⁺ T cell and humoral responses against HCV antigens and to the virus vector. These observations add support to the consideration of these vectors as potential vaccine candidates against HCV.
Collapse
|
98
|
Vaccinia Virus Shuffling: deVV5, a Novel Chimeric Poxvirus with Improved Oncolytic Potency. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070231. [PMID: 29996551 PMCID: PMC6070928 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment with the potential to be less toxic and more efficient than classic cancer therapies. Various types of OVs in clinical development, including Vaccinia virus (VACV)-derived OVs, have shown good safety profiles, but limited therapeutic efficacy as monotherapy in some cancer models. Many different methods have been employed to improve the oncolytic potency of OVs. In this study, we used a directed evolution process, pooling different strains of VACV, including Copenhagen, Western Reserve and Wyeth strains and the attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), to generate a new recombinant poxvirus with increased oncolytic properties. Through selective pressure, a chimeric VACV, deVV5, with increased cancer cell killing capacity and tumor selectivity in vitro was derived. The chimeric viral genome contains sequences of all parental strains. To further improve the tumor selectivity and anti-tumor activity of deVV5, we generated a thymidine kinase (TK)-deleted chimeric virus armed with the suicide gene FCU1. This TK-deleted virus, deVV5-fcu1 replicated efficiently in human tumor cells, and was notably attenuated in normal primary cells. These studies demonstrate the potential of directed evolution as an efficient way to generate recombinant poxviruses with increased oncolytic potency, and with high therapeutic index to improve cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
99
|
Nagata LP, Irwin CR, Hu WG, Evans DH. Vaccinia-based vaccines to biothreat and emerging viruses. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2018; 34:107-121. [PMID: 29779454 PMCID: PMC9491131 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2018.1471643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past few years have seen a rash of emerging viral diseases, including the Ebola crisis in West Africa, the pandemic spread of chikungunya, and the recent explosion of Zika in South America. Vaccination is the most reliable and cost-effective method of control of infectious diseases, however, there is often a long delay in production and approval in getting new vaccines to market. Vaccinia was the first vaccine developed for the successful eradication of smallpox and has properties that make it attractive as a universal vaccine vector. Vaccinia can cause severe complications, particularly in immune suppressed recipients that would limit its utility, but nonreplicating and attenuated strains have been developed. Modified vaccinia Ankara is nonreplicating in human cells and can be safely given to immune suppressed individuals. Vaccinia has recently been modified for use as an oncolytic treatment for cancer therapy. These new vaccinia vectors are replicating; but have been attenuated and could prove useful as a universal vaccine carrier as many of these are in clinical trials for cancer therapy. This article reviews the development of a universal vaccinia vaccine platform for emerging diseases or biothreat agents, based on nonreplicating or live attenuated vaccinia viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Les P Nagata
- a Biothreat Defence Section, Defence R&D Canada , Suffield Research Centre , Ralston , Canada.,b Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Chad R Irwin
- b Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Wei-Gang Hu
- a Biothreat Defence Section, Defence R&D Canada , Suffield Research Centre , Ralston , Canada
| | - David H Evans
- b Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Distinct Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Poxvirus-Based Vaccine Candidates against Ebola Virus Expressing GP and VP40 Proteins. J Virol 2018. [PMID: 29514907 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00363-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zaire and Sudan ebolavirus species cause a severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) characterized by a high mortality rate. There are no licensed therapies or vaccines against Ebola virus disease (EVD), and the recent 2013 to 2016 outbreak in West Africa highlighted the need for EVD-specific medical countermeasures. Here, we generated and characterized head-to-head the immunogenicity and efficacy of five vaccine candidates against Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) based on the highly attenuated poxvirus vector modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing either the virus glycoprotein (GP) or GP together with the virus protein 40 (VP40) forming virus-like particles (VLPs). In a human monocytic cell line, the different MVA vectors (termed MVA-EBOVs and MVA-SUDVs) triggered robust innate immune responses, with production of beta interferon (IFN-β), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Additionally, several innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, were differentially recruited in the peritoneal cavity of mice inoculated with MVA-EBOVs. After immunization of mice with a homologous prime/boost protocol (MVA/MVA), total IgG antibodies against GP or VP40 from Zaire and Sudan ebolavirus were differentially induced by these vectors, which were mainly of the IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes. Remarkably, an MVA-EBOV construct coexpressing GP and VP40 protected chimeric mice challenged with EBOV to a greater extent than a vector expressing GP alone. These results support the consideration of MVA-EBOVs and MVA-SUDVs expressing GP and VP40 and producing VLPs as best-in-class potential vaccine candidates against EBOV and SUDV.IMPORTANCE EBOV and SUDV cause a severe hemorrhagic fever affecting humans and NHPs. Since their discovery in 1976, they have caused several sporadic epidemics, with the recent outbreak in West Africa from 2013 to 2016 being the largest and most severe, with more than 11,000 deaths being reported. Although some vaccines are in advanced clinical phases, less expensive, safer, and more effective licensed vaccines are desirable. We generated and characterized head-to-head the immunogenicity and efficacy of five novel vaccines against EBOV and SUDV based on the poxvirus MVA expressing GP or GP and VP40. The expression of GP and VP40 leads to the formation of VLPs. These MVA-EBOV and MVA-SUDV recombinants triggered robust innate and humoral immune responses in mice. Furthermore, MVA-EBOV recombinants expressing GP and VP40 induced high protection against EBOV in a mouse challenge model. Thus, MVA expressing GP and VP40 and producing VLPs is a promising vaccine candidate against EBOV and SUDV.
Collapse
|