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de Hart NM, Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, Kelley JJ, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, Bridge MJ, Baird LM, Bastian ED, Ward LS, Howard MT, Drummond MJ. Acute Effects of Cheddar Cheese Consumption on Circulating Amino Acids and Human Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2021; 13:614. [PMID: 33668674 PMCID: PMC7917914 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheddar cheese is a protein-dense whole food and high in leucine content. However, no information is known about the acute blood amino acid kinetics and protein anabolic effects in skeletal muscle in healthy adults. Therefore, we conducted a crossover study in which men and women (n = 24; ~27 years, ~23 kg/m2) consumed cheese (20 g protein) or an isonitrogenous amount of milk. Blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken before and during the post absorptive period following ingestion. We evaluated circulating essential and non-essential amino acids, insulin, and free fatty acids and examined skeletal muscle anabolism by mTORC1 cellular localization, intracellular signaling, and ribosomal profiling. We found that cheese ingestion had a slower yet more sustained branched-chain amino acid circulation appearance over the postprandial period peaking at ~120 min. Cheese also modestly stimulated mTORC1 signaling and increased membrane localization. Using ribosomal profiling we found that, though both milk and cheese stimulated a muscle anabolic program associated with mTORC1 signaling that was more evident with milk, mTORC1 signaling persisted with cheese while also inducing a lower insulinogenic response. We conclude that Cheddar cheese induced a sustained blood amino acid and moderate muscle mTORC1 response yet had a lower glycemic profile compared to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M.M.P. de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Ziad S. Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Paul T. Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, 420 S Oak St., Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
| | - Joshua J. Kelley
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Geoge E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, 500 Foothill Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA;
| | - Jonathan J. Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Michael J. Bridge
- Cell Imaging Facility, University of Utah, 30 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Lisa M. Baird
- Department of Human Genetics, 15 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.M.B.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Eric D. Bastian
- Dairy West Innovation Partnerships, 195 River Vista Place #306, Twin Falls, ID 83301, USA;
| | - Loren S. Ward
- Glanbia Nutritionals Research, 450 Falls Avenue #255, Twin Falls, ID 83301, USA;
| | - Michael T. Howard
- Department of Human Genetics, 15 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.M.B.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
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Mikkola TM, Salonen MK, Kajantie E, Kautiainen H, Eriksson JG. Associations of Fat and Lean Body Mass with Circulating Amino Acids in Older Men and Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:885-891. [PMID: 31095700 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating amino acids are potential markers of body composition. Previous studies are mainly limited to middle age and focus on either fat or lean mass, thereby ignoring overall body composition. We investigated the associations of fat and lean body mass with circulating amino acids in older men and women. We studied 594 women and 476 men from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (age 62-74 years). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to indicate two main body compartments by fat (fat mass/height2) and lean mass indices (lean mass/height2), dichotomized based on sex-specific medians. Eight serum amino acids were quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. General linear models were adjusted for age, smoking, and fasting glucose. Higher lean mass index (LMI) was associated with higher concentrations of branched-chain amino acids in both sexes (p ≤ .001). In men, LMI was also positively associated with tyrosine (p = .006) and inversely with glycine (p < .001). Higher fat mass index was associated with higher concentrations of all branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), and alanine in both sexes (p ≤ .008). Associations between body composition and amino acids are largely similar in older men and women. The associations are largely similar to those previously observed in younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minna K Salonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Public Health Promotion Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Public Health Promotion Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Public Health Promotion Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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53
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Gwin JA, Church DD, Hatch-McChesney A, Allen JT, Wilson MA, Varanoske AN, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Margolis LM, Carbone JW, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA, Pasiakos SM. Essential amino acid-enriched whey enhances post-exercise whole-body protein balance during energy deficit more than iso-nitrogenous whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal: a randomized, crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:4. [PMID: 33413462 PMCID: PMC7791816 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of ingesting varying essential amino acid (EAA)/protein-containing food formats on protein kinetics during energy deficit are undetermined. Therefore, recommendations for EAA/protein food formats necessary to optimize both whole-body protein balance and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) during energy deficit are unknown. We measured protein kinetics after consuming iso-nitrogenous amounts of free-form essential amino acid-enriched whey (EAA + W; 34.7 g protein, 24 g EAA sourced from whey and free-form EAA), whey (WHEY; 34.7 g protein, 18.7 g EAA), or a mixed-macronutrient meal (MEAL; 34.7 g protein, 11.4 g EAA) after exercise during short-term energy deficit. Methods Ten adults (mean ± SD; 21 ± 4 y; 25.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2) completed a randomized, double-blind crossover study consisting of three, 5 d energy-deficit periods (− 30 ± 3% of total energy requirements), separated by 14 d. Whole-body protein synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB), and net balance (NET) were determined at rest and in response to combination exercise consisting of load carriage treadmill walking, deadlifts, and box step-ups at the end of each energy deficit using L-[2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[2H2]-tyrosine infusions. Treatments were ingested immediately post-exercise. Mixed-muscle protein synthesis (mixed-MPS) was measured during exercise through recovery. Results Change (Δ postabsorptive + exercise to postprandial + recovery [mean treatment difference (95%CI)]) in whole-body (g/180 min) PS was 15.8 (9.8, 21.9; P = 0.001) and 19.4 (14.8, 24.0; P = 0.001) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, with no difference between WHEY and MEAL. ΔPB was − 6.3 (− 11.5, − 1.18; P = 0.02) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and − 7.7 (− 11.9, − 3.6; P = 0.002) greater for MEAL than WHEY, with no difference between EAA + W and MEAL. ΔNET was 22.1 (20.5, 23.8; P = 0.001) and 18.0 (16.5, 19.5; P = 0.00) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, while ΔNET was 4.2 (2.7, 5.6; P = 0.001) greater for MEAL than WHEY. Mixed-MPS did not differ between treatments. Conclusions While mixed-MPS was similar across treatments, combining free-form EAA with whey promotes greater whole-body net protein balance during energy deficit compared to iso-nitrogenous amounts of whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier no. NCT04004715. Retrospectively registered 28 June 2019, first enrollment 6 June 2019
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Jillian T Allen
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Marques A Wilson
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - John W Carbone
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
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54
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Storck LJ, Ruehlin M, Gaeumann S, Gisi D, Schmocker M, Meffert PJ, Imoberdorf R, Pless M, Ballmer PE. Effect of a leucine-rich supplement in combination with nutrition and physical exercise in advanced cancer patients: A randomized controlled intervention trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3637-3644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Jameson TSO, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Dirks ML, Wall BT. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Fortification Does Not Restore Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates following Ingestion of Lower- Compared with Higher-Dose Mycoprotein. J Nutr 2020; 150:2931-2941. [PMID: 32886108 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that ingesting a large bolus (70 g) of the fungal-derived, whole food mycoprotein robustly stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if a lower dose (35 g) of mycoprotein enriched with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) stimulates MPS to the same extent as 70 g of mycoprotein in resistance-trained young men. METHODS Nineteen men [aged 22 ± 1 y, BMI (kg/m2): 25 ± 1] took part in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Participants received primed, continuous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and ingested either 70 g mycoprotein (31.5 g protein; MYCO; n = 10) or 35 g BCAA-enriched mycoprotein (18.7 g protein: matched on BCAA content; ENR; n = 9) following a bout of unilateral resistance exercise. Blood and bilateral quadriceps muscle samples were obtained before exercise and protein ingestion and during a 4-h postprandial period to assess MPS in rested and exercised muscle. Two- and 3-factor ANOVAs were used to detect differences in plasma amino acid kinetics and mixed muscle fractional synthetic rates, respectively. RESULTS Postprandial plasma BCAA concentrations increased more rapidly and to a larger degree in ENR compared with MYCO. MPS increased with protein ingestion (P ≤ 0.05) but to a greater extent following MYCO (from 0.025% ± 0.006% to 0.057% ± 0.004% · h-1 in rested muscle, and from 0.024% ± 0.007% to 0.072% ± 0.005% · h-1 in exercised muscle; P < 0.0001) compared with ENR (from 0.031% ± 0.003% to 0.043% ± 0.005% · h-1 in rested muscle, and 0.027% ± 0.005% to 0.052% ± 0.005% · h-1 in exercised muscle; P < 0.01) ingestion. Postprandial MPS rates were greater in MYCO compared with ENR (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of lower-dose BCAA-enriched mycoprotein stimulates resting and postexercise MPS rates, but to a lesser extent compared with the ingestion of a BCAA-matched 70-g mycoprotein bolus in healthy young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as 660065600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S O Jameson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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56
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Edwards SJ, Smeuninx B, Mckendry J, Nishimura Y, Luo D, Marshall RN, Perkins M, Ramsay J, Joanisse S, Philp A, Breen L. High-dose leucine supplementation does not prevent muscle atrophy or strength loss over 7 days of immobilization in healthy young males. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1368-1381. [PMID: 32910813 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unavoidable periods of disuse lead to muscle atrophy and functional decline. Preventing such declines can reduce the risk of re-injury and improve recovery of normal physiological functioning. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the effectiveness of high-dose leucine supplementation on muscle morphology and strength during 7 d of unilateral lower-limb immobilization, and the role of myofibrillar (MyoPS) and mitochondrial (MitoPS) protein synthesis in disuse atrophy. METHODS Sixteen healthy males (mean ± SEM age: 23 ± 1 y) underwent 7 d of unilateral lower-limb immobilization, with thrice-daily leucine (LEU; n = 8) or placebo (PLA; n = 8) supplementation (15 g/d). Before and after immobilization, muscle strength and compartmental tissue composition were assessed. A primed continuous infusion of l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine with serial muscle biopsies was used to determine postabsorptive and postprandial (20 g milk protein) MyoPS and MitoPS, fiber morphology, markers of protein turnover, and mitochondrial function between the control leg (CTL) and the immobilized leg (IMB). RESULTS Leg fat-free mass was reduced in IMB (mean ± SEM: -3.6% ± 0.5%; P = 0.030) but not CTL with no difference between supplementation groups. Isometric knee extensor strength declined to a greater extent in IMB (-27.9% ± 4.4%) than in CTL (-14.3% ± 4.4%; P = 0.043) with no difference between groups. In response to 20 g milk protein, postprandial MyoPS rates were significantly lower in IMB than in CTL (-22% ± 4%; P < 0.01) in both LEU and PLA. Postabsorptive MyoPS rates did not differ between legs or groups. Postabsorptive MitoPS rates were significantly lower in IMB than in CTL (-14% ± 5%; P < 0.01) and postprandial MitoPS rates significantly declined in response to 20 g milk protein ingestion (CTL: -10% ± 8%; IMB: -15% ± 10%; P = 0.039), with no differences between legs or groups. There were no significant differences in measures of mitochondrial respiration between legs, but peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α and oxidative phosphorylation complex II and III were significantly lower in IMB than in CTL (P < 0.05), with no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS High-dose leucine supplementation (15 g/d) does not appear to attenuate any functional declines associated with 7 d of limb immobilization in young, healthy males.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03762278.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Edwards
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Mckendry
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan N Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Perkins
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Ramsay
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Philp
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincents Medical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
With the increased consumer demand for nutritional foods, it is important to develop value-added products, which will not only catch the attention of a wider consumer group but also provide greater benefits in terms of enhanced nutrition and functionality. Milk whey proteins are one of the most valued constituents due to their nutritional and techno-functional attributes. Whey proteins are rich in bioactive peptides, possessing bioactive properties such as being antioxidant and antihypertensive as well as having antimicrobial activities, which, when ingested, confers several health benefits. These peptides have the potential to be used as an active food ingredient in the production of functional foods. In addition to their bioactivities, whey proteins are known to possess enhanced functional attributes that allow them to be utilized in broad applications, such as an encapsulating agent or carrier materials to entrap bioactive compounds, emulsification, and in edible and active packaging. Hence, over the recent years, several whey protein-based ingredients have been developed and utilized in making formulations for a wide range of foods to harness their beneficial properties. This review highlights the bioactive properties, functional characteristics, associated processing limitations, and applications of different whey protein fractions and derivatives in the field of food formulations, encapsulation, and packaging.
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58
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Mirzoev TM. Skeletal Muscle Recovery from Disuse Atrophy: Protein Turnover Signaling and Strategies for Accelerating Muscle Regrowth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217940. [PMID: 33114683 PMCID: PMC7663166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers have a unique capacity to adjust their metabolism and phenotype in response to alternations in mechanical loading. Indeed, chronic mechanical loading leads to an increase in skeletal muscle mass, while prolonged mechanical unloading results in a significant decrease in muscle mass (muscle atrophy). The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is dependent on the balance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. While molecular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis during mechanical unloading have been relatively well studied, signaling events implicated in protein turnover during skeletal muscle recovery from unloading are poorly defined. A better understanding of the molecular events that underpin muscle mass recovery following disuse-induced atrophy is of significant importance for both clinical and space medicine. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in the activation of protein synthesis and subsequent restoration of muscle mass after a period of mechanical unloading. In addition, the efficiency of strategies proposed to improve muscle protein gain during recovery is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow 123007, Russia
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59
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Nutrient-dense protein as a primary dietary strategy in healthy ageing: please sir, may we have more? Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:264-277. [PMID: 33050965 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A progressive decrement in muscle mass and muscle function, sarcopoenia, accompanies ageing. The loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is the main feature of sarcopoenia. Preventing the loss of muscle mass is relevant since sarcopoenia can have a significant impact on mobility and the quality of life of older people. Dietary protein and physical activity have an essential role in slowing muscle mass loss and helping to maintain muscle function. However, the current recommendations for daily protein ingestion for older persons appear to be too low and are in need of adjustment. In this review, we discuss the skeletal muscle response to protein ingestion, and review the data examining current dietary protein recommendations in the older subjects. Furthermore, we review the concept of protein quality and the important role that nutrient-dense protein (NDP) sources play in meeting overall nutrient requirements and improving dietary quality. Overall, the current evidence endorses an increase in the daily ingestion of protein with emphasis on the ingestion of NDP choices by older adults.
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60
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Vieillevoye S, Poortmans J, Carpentier A. Effects of essential amino acids supplementation on muscle damage following a heavy-load eccentric training session. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Tang S, Du Y, Oh C, No J. Effects of Soy Foods in Postmenopausal Women: A Focus on Osteosarcopenia and Obesity. J Obes Metab Syndr 2020; 29:180-187. [PMID: 32843586 PMCID: PMC7539339 DOI: 10.7570/jomes20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases in postmenopausal women are caused by rapid changes in hormones and are accompanied by rapid changes in body composition (muscle, bone, and fat). In an aging society, the health of postmenopausal women is a social issue, and people’s interest in ingesting high-quality protein is increasing in order to maintain a healthy body composition. This review aims to summarize the efficacy of soy foods and their impact on body composition. The soy protein and isoflavones contained in soy foods can improve muscle and bone density quality and reduce body weight. It is considered a breakthrough in preventing osteosarcopenia and obesity that may occur after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Tang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
| | - Chorong Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jaekyung No
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
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62
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Nieman DC, Zwetsloot KA, Simonson AJ, Hoyle AT, Wang X, Nelson HK, Lefranc-Millot C, Guérin-Deremaux L. Effects of Whey and Pea Protein Supplementation on Post-Eccentric Exercise Muscle Damage: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082382. [PMID: 32784847 PMCID: PMC7468723 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This randomized trial compared pea protein, whey protein, and water-only supplementation on muscle damage, inflammation, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), and physical fitness test performance during a 5-day period after a 90-min eccentric exercise bout in non-athletic non-obese males (n = 92, ages 18–55 years). The two protein sources (0.9 g protein/kg divided into three doses/day) were administered under double blind procedures. The eccentric exercise protocol induced significant muscle damage and soreness, and reduced bench press and 30-s Wingate performance. Whey protein supplementation significantly attenuated post-exercise blood levels for biomarkers of muscle damage compared to water-only, with large effect sizes for creatine kinase and myoglobin during the fourth and fifth days of recovery (Cohen’s d > 0.80); pea protein versus water supplementation had an intermediate non-significant effect (Cohen’s d < 0.50); and no significant differences between whey and pea protein were found. Whey and pea protein compared to water supplementation had no significant effects on post-exercise DOMS and the fitness tests. In conclusion, high intake of whey protein for 5 days after intensive eccentric exercise mitigated the efflux of muscle damage biomarkers, with the intake of pea protein having an intermediate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28608, USA; (A.J.S.); (A.T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(828)-773-0056
| | - Kevin A. Zwetsloot
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA;
| | - Andrew J. Simonson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28608, USA; (A.J.S.); (A.T.H.)
| | - Andrew T. Hoyle
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28608, USA; (A.J.S.); (A.T.H.)
| | - Xintang Wang
- China Academy of Sport and Health Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Heather K. Nelson
- Nutrition and Health Research & Development, Roquette, Geneva, IL 60134, USA;
| | - Catherine Lefranc-Millot
- Nutrition and Health Research & Development, Roquette, 62136 Lestrem, France; (C.L.-M.); (L.G.-D.)
| | - Laetitia Guérin-Deremaux
- Nutrition and Health Research & Development, Roquette, 62136 Lestrem, France; (C.L.-M.); (L.G.-D.)
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Nakamura K, Nakano H, Naraba H, Mochizuki M, Takahashi Y, Sonoo T, Hashimoto H, Morimura N. High protein versus medium protein delivery under equal total energy delivery in critical care: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:796-803. [PMID: 32800385 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate protein delivery amounts during the acute phase of critical care are unknown. Along with nutrition, early mobilization and the combination are important. We conducted a randomized controlled trial during critical care to assess high-protein and medium-protein delivery under equal total energy delivery with and without active early rehabilitation. METHODS ICU patients of August 2018-September 2019 were allocated to a high-protein group (target energy 20 kcal/kg/day, protein 1.8 g/kg/day) or a medium-protein group (target energy 20 kcal/kg/day, protein 0.9 g/kg/day) with the same nutrition protocol by day 10. By dividing the study period, standard rehabilitation was administered during the initial period. Rehabilitation with belt-type electrical muscle stimulation was given from day 2 in the latter as a historical comparison. Femoral muscle volume was evaluated on day 1 and day 10 using computed tomography. RESULTS This study analyzed 117 eligible patients with similar characteristics assigned to a high-protein or medium-protein group. Total energy delivery was around 20 kcal/kg/day in both groups, but protein delivery was 1.5 g/kg/day and 0.8 g/kg/day. As a primary outcome, femoral muscle volume loss was 12.9 ± 8.5% in the high-protein group and 16.9 ± 7.0% in the medium-protein group, with significant difference (p = 0.0059). Persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome were significantly less frequent in the high-protein group. Muscle volume loss was significantly less in the high-protein group only during the electrical muscle stimulation period. CONCLUSIONS For critical care, high protein delivery provided better muscle volume maintenance, but only with active early rehabilitation. REGISTRATION University Hospital Medical Information Network, UMIN000033783 Registered on 16 Aug 2018. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000038538.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Nakamura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1, Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan.
| | - Hidehiko Nakano
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1, Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan.
| | - Hiromu Naraba
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1, Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan; TXP Medical Co. Ltd., 3-13 Nihonbashiyokoyamacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0003, Japan.
| | - Masaki Mochizuki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1, Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan.
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1, Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Sonoo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1, Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan; TXP Medical Co. Ltd., 3-13 Nihonbashiyokoyamacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0003, Japan.
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1, Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan.
| | - Naoto Morimura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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Huecker M, Sarav M, Pearlman M, Laster J. Protein Supplementation in Sport: Source, Timing, and Intended Benefits. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 8:382-396. [PMID: 31713177 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide background on the present literature regarding the utility and effectiveness of protein supplements, including protein source and nutrient timing. RECENT FINDINGS In the setting of adequate dietary protein consumption, research suggests some benefit particularly in sport or exercise activities. Protein supplements command a multi-billion-dollar market with prevalent use in sports. Many individuals, including athletes, do not consume optimal dietary protein on a daily basis. High-protein diets are remarkably safe in healthy subjects, especially in the short term. Some objective outcomes are physiologic and may not translate to clinically relevant outcomes. Athletes should, however, consider long-term implications when consuming high quantities of protein in dietary or supplement form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Huecker
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 530 S Jackson St C1H17, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Menaka Sarav
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, NorthShore University HealthSystem-University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Pearlman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Miami Health Systems, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Jameson TSO, Jackman SR, Blackwell JR, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Dirks ML, Wall BT. Mycoprotein ingestion stimulates protein synthesis rates to a greater extent than milk protein in rested and exercised skeletal muscle of healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:318-333. [PMID: 32438401 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoprotein is a fungal-derived sustainable protein-rich food source, and its ingestion results in systemic amino acid and leucine concentrations similar to that following milk protein ingestion. OBJECTIVE We assessed the mixed skeletal muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein compared with a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in rested and exercised muscle of resistance-trained young men. METHODS Twenty resistance-trained healthy young males (age: 22 ± 1 y, body mass: 82 ± 2 kg, BMI: 25 ± 1 kg·m-2) took part in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Participants received primed, continuous infusions of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and ingested either 31 g (26.2 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) milk protein (MILK) or 70 g (31.5 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) mycoprotein (MYCO) following a bout of unilateral resistance-type exercise (contralateral leg acting as resting control). Blood and m. vastus lateralis muscle samples were collected before exercise and protein ingestion, and following a 4-h postprandial period to assess mixed muscle fractional protein synthetic rates (FSRs) and myocellular signaling in response to the protein beverages in resting and exercised muscle. RESULTS Mixed muscle FSRs increased following MILK ingestion (from 0.036 ± 0.008 to 0.052 ± 0.006%·h-1 in rested, and 0.035 ± 0.008 to 0.056 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.01) but to a greater extent following MYCO ingestion (from 0.025 ± 0.006 to 0.057 ± 0.004%·h-1 in rested, and 0.024 ± 0.007 to 0.072 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.0001) (treatment × time interaction effect; P <0.05). Postprandial FSRs trended to be greater in MYCO compared with MILK (0.065 ± 0.004 compared with 0.054 ± 0.004%·h-1, respectively; P = 0.093) and the postprandial rise in FSRs was greater in MYCO compared with MILK (Delta 0.040 ± 0.006 compared with Delta 0.018 ± 0.005%·h-1, respectively; P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein stimulates resting and postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates, and to a greater extent than a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in resistance-trained young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as 660065600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S O Jameson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah R Jackman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Impact of Protein Intake in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Obesity: A Gut Microbiota Perspective. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082285. [PMID: 32751533 PMCID: PMC7468805 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous population increase of older adults with metabolic diseases may contribute to increased prevalence of sarcopenia and obesity and requires advocacy of optimal nutrition treatments to combat their deleterious outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity, characterized by age-induced skeletal-muscle atrophy and increased adiposity, may accelerate functional decline and increase the risk of disability and mortality. In this review, we explore the influence of dietary protein on the gut microbiome and its impact on sarcopenia and obesity. Given the associations between red meat proteins and altered gut microbiota, a combination of plant and animal-based proteins are deemed favorable for gut microbiota eubiosis and muscle-protein synthesis. Additionally, high-protein diets with elevated essential amino-acid concentrations, alongside increased dietary fiber intake, may promote gut microbiota eubiosis, given the metabolic effects derived from short-chain fatty-acid and branched-chain fatty-acid production. In conclusion, a greater abundance of specific gut bacteria associated with increased satiation, protein synthesis, and overall metabolic health may be driven by protein and fiber consumption. This could counteract the development of sarcopenia and obesity and, therefore, represent a novel approach for dietary recommendations based on the gut microbiota profile. However, more human trials utilizing advanced metabolomic techniques to investigate the microbiome and its relationship with macronutrient intake, especially protein, are warranted.
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67
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McKendry J, Thomas ACQ, Phillips SM. Muscle Mass Loss in the Older Critically Ill Population: Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35:607-616. [PMID: 32578900 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a critical role in everyday life, and its age-associated reduction has severe health consequences. The pre-existing presence of sarcopenia, combined with anabolic resistance, protein undernutrition, and the pro-catabolic/anti-anabolic milieu induced by aging and exacerbated in critical care, may accelerate the rate at which skeletal muscle is lost in patients with critical illness. Advancements in intensive care unit (ICU)-care provision have drastically improved survival rates; therefore, attention can be redirected toward other significant issues affecting ICU patients (e.g., length of stay, days on ventilation, nosocomial disease development, etc.). Thus, strategies targeting muscle mass and function losses within an ICU setting are essential to improve patient-related outcomes. Notably, loading exercise and protein provision are the most compelling. Many older ICU patients seldom meet the recommended protein intake, and loading exercise is difficult to conduct in the ICU. Nevertheless, the incorporation of physical therapy (PT), neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and early mobilization strategies may be beneficial. Furthermore, a number of nutrition practices within the ICU have been shown to improve patient-related outcomes ((e.g., feeding strategy [i.e., oral, early enteral, or parenteral]), be hypocaloric (∼70%-80% energy requirements), and increase protein provision (∼1.2-2.5 g/kg/d)). The aim of this brief review is to discuss the dysregulation of muscle mass maintenance in an older ICU population and highlight the potential benefits of strategic nutrition practice, specifically protein, and PT within the ICU. Finally, we provide some general guidelines that may serve to counteract muscle mass loss in patients with critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron C Q Thomas
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Hannaian SJ, Hodson N, Abou Sawan S, Mazzulla M, Kato H, Matsunaga K, Waskiw-Ford M, Duncan J, Kumbhare DA, Moore DR. Leucine-enriched amino acids maintain peripheral mTOR-Rheb localization independent of myofibrillar protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling postexercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:133-143. [PMID: 32525432 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00241.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postexercise protein ingestion can elevate rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS), mTORC1 activity, and mTOR translocation/protein-protein interactions. However, it is unclear if leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAA) can similarly facilitate intracellular mTOR trafficking in humans after exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of postexercise LEAA (4 g total EAAs, 1.6 g leucine) on acute MyoPS and mTORC1 translocation and signaling. Recreationally active men performed lower-body resistance exercise (5 × 8-10 leg press and leg extension) to volitional failure. Following exercise participants consumed LEAA (n = 8) or an isocaloric carbohydrate drink (PLA; n = 10). MyoPS was measured over 1.5-4 h of recovery by oral pulse of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine. Phosphorylation of proteins in the mTORC1 pathway were analyzed via immunoblotting and mTORC1-LAMP2/WGA/Rheb colocalization via immunofluorescence microscopy. There was no difference in MyoPS between groups (LEAA = 0.098 ± 0.01%/h; PL = 0.090 ± 0.01%/h; P > 0.05). Exercise increased (P < 0.05) rpS6Ser240/244(LEAA = 35.3-fold; PLA = 20.6-fold), mTORSer2448(LEAA = 1.8-fold; PLA = 1.2-fold) and 4EBP1Thr37/46(LEAA = 1.5-fold; PLA = 1.4-fold) phosphorylation irrespective of nutrition (P > 0.05). LAT1 and SNAT2 protein expression were not affected by exercise or nutrient ingestion. mTOR-LAMP2 colocalization was greater in LEAA preexercise and decreased following exercise and supplement ingestion (P < 0.05), yet was unchanged in PLA. mTOR-WGA (cell periphery marker) and mTOR-Rheb colocalization was greater in LEAA compared with PLA irrespective of time-point (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the postexercise consumption of 4 g of LEAA maintains mTOR in peripheral regions of muscle fibers, in closer proximity to its direct activator Rheb, during prolonged recovery independent of differences in MyoPS or mTORC1 signaling compared with PLA ingestion. This intracellular localization of mTOR may serve to "prime" the kinase for future anabolic stimuli.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate whether postexercise leucine-enriched amino acid (LEAA) ingestion elevates mTORC1 translocation and protein-protein interactions in human skeletal muscle. Here, we observed that although LEAA ingestion did not further elevate postexercise MyoPS or mTORC1 signaling compared with placebo, mTORC1 peripheral location and interaction with Rheb were maintained. This may serve to "prime" mTORC1 for subsequent anabolic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis J Hannaian
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Mazzulla
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsunaga
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Marcus Waskiw-Ford
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Justin Duncan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Hanson ED, Betik AC, Timpani CA, Tarle J, Zhang X, Hayes A. Testosterone suppression does not exacerbate disuse atrophy and impairs muscle recovery that is not rescued by high protein. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:5-16. [PMID: 32463734 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00752.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) decreases muscle mass, force, and physical activity levels, but it is unclear whether disuse atrophy and testosterone suppression are additive. Additionally, conflicting reports exist on load-mediated hypertrophy during ADT and if protein supplementation offsets these deficits. This study sought to determine the role of testosterone suppression and a high-protein diet on 1) immobilization-induced atrophy and 2) muscle regrowth during reloading. Eight-week-old male Fischer 344 rats underwent sham surgery (Sham), castration surgery (ORX), or ORX and a high-casein diet supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (ORX+CAS/AA) followed by 10 days of unilateral immobilization (IMM) and 0, 6, or 14 days of reloading. With IMM, body mass gains were ~8% greater than ORX and ORX+CAS/AA that increased to 15% during reloading (both P < 0.01). IMM reduced muscle mass by 11-34% (all P < 0.01) and extensor digitorum longus and soleus (SOL) force by 21% and 49% (both P < 0.01), respectively, with no group differences. During reloading, castration reduced gastrocnemius mass (~12%) at 6 days and SOL mass (~20%) and SOL force recovery (~46%) at 14 days relative to Sham (all P < 0.05). Specific force reduced castration deficits, indicating that muscle atrophy was a key contributor. IMM decreased SOL cross-sectional area by 30.3% (P < 0.001), with a trend for reduced regrowth in ORX and ORX+CAS/AA following reloading (P = 0.083). Castration did not exacerbate disuse atrophy but may impair recovery of muscle function, with no benefit from a CAS/AA diet during reloading. Examining functional outcomes in addition to muscle mass during dietary interventions provides novel insights into muscle regrowth during ADT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Low testosterone levels during skeletal muscle disuse did not worsen declines in muscle mass and function, although hypogonadism may attenuate recovery during subsequent reloading. Diets high in casein did not improve outcomes during immobilization or reloading. Practical strategies are needed that do not compromise caloric intake yet provide effective protein doses to augment these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Hanson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew C Betik
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cara A Timpani
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Tarle
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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70
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Marshall RN, Smeuninx B, Morgan PT, Breen L. Nutritional Strategies to Offset Disuse-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Anabolic Resistance in Older Adults: From Whole-Foods to Isolated Ingredients. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051533. [PMID: 32466126 PMCID: PMC7284346 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving skeletal muscle mass and functional capacity is essential for healthy ageing. Transient periods of disuse and/or inactivity in combination with sub-optimal dietary intake have been shown to accelerate the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, predisposing to disability and metabolic disease. Mechanisms underlying disuse and/or inactivity-related muscle deterioration in the older adults, whilst multifaceted, ultimately manifest in an imbalance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, resulting in net muscle loss. To date, the most potent intervention to mitigate disuse-induced muscle deterioration is mechanical loading in the form of resistance exercise. However, the feasibility of older individuals performing resistance exercise during disuse and inactivity has been questioned, particularly as illness and injury may affect adherence and safety, as well as accessibility to appropriate equipment and physical therapists. Therefore, optimising nutritional intake during disuse events, through the introduction of protein-rich whole-foods, isolated proteins and nutrient compounds with purported pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic properties could offset impairments in muscle protein turnover and, ultimately, the degree of muscle atrophy and recovery upon re-ambulation. The current review therefore aims to provide an overview of nutritional countermeasures to disuse atrophy and anabolic resistance in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul T. Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-414-4109
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71
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Oikawa SY, Bahniwal R, Holloway TM, Lim C, McLeod JC, McGlory C, Baker SK, Phillips SM. Potato Protein Isolate Stimulates Muscle Protein Synthesis at Rest and with Resistance Exercise in Young Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051235. [PMID: 32349353 PMCID: PMC7281992 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) increases in response to protein feeding and to resistance exercise (RE), where each stimuli acts synergistically when combined. The efficacy of plant proteins such as potato protein (PP) isolate to stimulate MPS is unknown. We aimed to determine the effects of PP ingestion on daily MPS with and without RE in healthy women. In a single blind, parallel-group design, 24 young women (21 ± 3 years, n = 12/group) consumed a weight-maintaining baseline diet containing 0.8 g/kg/d of protein before being randomized to consume either 25 g of PP twice daily (1.6 g/kg/d total protein) or a control diet (CON) (0.8 g/kg/d total protein) for 2 wks. Unilateral RE (~30% of maximal strength to failure) was performed thrice weekly with the opposite limb serving as a non-exercised control (Rest). MPS was measured by deuterated water ingestion at baseline, following supplementation (Rest), and following supplementation + RE (Exercise). Ingestion of PP stimulated MPS by 0.14 ± 0.09 %/d at Rest, and by 0.32 ± 0.14 %/d in the Exercise limb. MPS was significantly elevated by 0.20 ± 0.11 %/d in the Exercise limb in CON (p = 0.008). Consuming PP to increase protein intake to levels twice the recommended dietary allowance for protein augmented rates of MPS. Performance of RE stimulated MPS regardless of protein intake. PP is a high-quality, plant-based protein supplement that augments MPS at rest and following RE in healthy young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y. Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (S.Y.O.); (R.B.); (C.L.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Ravninder Bahniwal
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (S.Y.O.); (R.B.); (C.L.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Tanya M. Holloway
- Faculty of Applied Health & Community Studies, Sheridan College, Brampton, ON L6Y 5H9, Canada;
| | - Changhyun Lim
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (S.Y.O.); (R.B.); (C.L.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Jonathan C. McLeod
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (S.Y.O.); (R.B.); (C.L.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queens University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;
| | - Steven K. Baker
- Department of Neurology, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (S.Y.O.); (R.B.); (C.L.); (J.C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(905)-525-9140 (ext. 24465)
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Gonzalez AM, Church DD, Townsend JR, Bagheri R. Emerging Nutritional Supplements for Strength and Hypertrophy: An Update of the Current Literature. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Davies RW, Bass JJ, Carson BP, Norton C, Kozior M, Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Atherton PJ, Smith K, Jakeman PM. The Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis and Performance Recovery in Resistance-Trained Men. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030845. [PMID: 32245197 PMCID: PMC7146144 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of whey protein supplementation on myofibrillar protein synthesis (myoPS) and muscle recovery over a 7-d period of intensified resistance training (RT). METHODS In a double-blind randomised parallel group design, 16 resistance-trained men aged 18 to 35 years completed a 7-d RT protocol, consisting of three lower-body RT sessions on non-consecutive days. Participants consumed a controlled diet (146 kJ·kg-1·d-1, 1.7 g·kg-1·d-1 protein) with either a whey protein supplement or an isonitrogenous control (0.33 g·kg-1·d-1 protein). To measure myoPS, 400 ml of deuterium oxide (D2O) (70 atom %) was ingested the day prior to starting the study and m. vastus lateralis biopsies were taken before and after RT-intervention. Myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate (myoFSR) was calculated via deuterium labelling of myofibrillar-bound alanine, measured by gas chromatography-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-Pyr-IRMS). Muscle recovery parameters (i.e., countermovement jump height, isometric-squat force, muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase) were assessed daily. RESULTS MyoFSR PRE was 1.6 (0.2) %∙d-1 (mean (SD)). Whey protein supplementation had no effect on myoFSR (p = 0.771) or any recovery parameter (p = 0.390-0.989). CONCLUSIONS Over an intense 7-d RT protocol, 0.33 g·kg-1·d-1 of supplemental whey protein does not enhance day-to-day measures of myoPS or postexercise recovery in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Davies
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.J.B.); (B.P.C.); (C.N.); (M.K.); (P.M.J.)
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-6123-3203
| | - Joseph J. Bass
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.J.B.); (B.P.C.); (C.N.); (M.K.); (P.M.J.)
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (D.J.W.); (M.S.B.); (P.J.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Brian P. Carson
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.J.B.); (B.P.C.); (C.N.); (M.K.); (P.M.J.)
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland, Ireland
| | - Catherine Norton
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.J.B.); (B.P.C.); (C.N.); (M.K.); (P.M.J.)
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland, Ireland
| | - Marta Kozior
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.J.B.); (B.P.C.); (C.N.); (M.K.); (P.M.J.)
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (D.J.W.); (M.S.B.); (P.J.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Matthew S. Brook
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (D.J.W.); (M.S.B.); (P.J.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (D.J.W.); (M.S.B.); (P.J.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Ken Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (D.J.W.); (M.S.B.); (P.J.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Philip M. Jakeman
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.J.B.); (B.P.C.); (C.N.); (M.K.); (P.M.J.)
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland, Ireland
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Phillips SM, Martinson W. Nutrient-rich, high-quality, protein-containing dairy foods in combination with exercise in aging persons to mitigate sarcopenia. Nutr Rev 2020; 77:216-229. [PMID: 30561677 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenic declines in muscle mass and function contribute to the risk of falls, reduced mobility, and progression to frailty in older persons. Mitigation of sarcopenia can be achieved by consumption of higher quality protein in sufficient quantities, which current research suggests are greater than the recommended intakes of approximately 0.8 g/kg bodyweight/d. In addition, higher levels of physical activity and participation in exercise to support cardiovascular fitness and musculoskeletal function work additively with protein in attenuating sarcopenia. This narrative review provides evidence to support a recommendation for per-meal protein targets in older persons that are underpinned by knowledge of muscle protein turnover. Based on work examining acute dose-responses of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) to protein, a proposed per-meal target for protein intakes is set at approximately 0.4-0.6 g protein/kg bodyweight/meal for older persons. Habitual patterns of dietary protein intake tend to emphasize a skewed protein distribution, which would not maximize muscle anabolism. Observational studies show that more even patterns of protein intake are associated with increased muscle mass and improved muscle function. A food-based approach to achieving these protein targets would be advantageous, and the nutrient density of the protein-containing foods would be particularly important for older persons. Dairy foods provide high-quality protein and contain several nutrients of concern for older persons. This brief review provides an overview of the science underpinning why dairy foods should be a point of nutritional emphasis for older persons. Practical suggestions are provided for implementation of dairy foods into dietary patterns to meet the protein and other nutrient targets for older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Obradović J, Vukadinović Jurišić M, Rakonjac D. The effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation with eight weeks of resistance training on strength and body composition. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:864-869. [PMID: 32118385 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.09742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In past few decades, supplementation has become very popular within professional and recreational athletes. Most interested among supplements are protein and amino acids. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of leucine supplementation in comparison to whey protein supplementation with placebo group on strength and body composition during 8 weeks of resistance training program. METHODS Thirty male college athletes (mean age±SD =23.92±1.54 years) participated in this investigation and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: whey protein (WP, N.=10), leucine (LEU, N.=10) or placebo (PLA, N.=10). The WP, LEU and PLA performed resistance training for 8 weeks. Strength (1RM bench press, squat, shoulder press) and maximum pull-ups and body composition has been assessed and data was analyzed with mixed-design analysis of variance (P≤0.01). RESULTS The WP group achieved significantly greater (P≤0.01) increases in 1RM bench press than the LEU and PLA groups (+16 kg for WP; + 7.5 kg for LEU and + 5 kg for PLA). The LEU group achieved significantly greater gains (P≤0.01) in fat free mass, muscle mass and significantly decreases (P≤0.01) in fat mass compared to WP and PLA groups. CONCLUSIONS Whey protein supplementation in male collegiate athletes during resistance training achieved greater increase in strength than leucine and placebo groups, and leucine group achieved significantly greater improvement in body composition than whey protein and placebo groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Obradović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Dušan Rakonjac
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia -
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76
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Oikawa SY, Kamal MJ, Webb EK, McGlory C, Baker SK, Phillips SM. Whey protein but not collagen peptides stimulate acute and longer-term muscle protein synthesis with and without resistance exercise in healthy older women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:708-718. [PMID: 31919527 PMCID: PMC7049534 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging appears to attenuate the response of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) to anabolic stimuli such as protein ingestion (and the ensuing hyperaminoacidemia) and resistance exercise (RE). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of protein quality on feeding- and feeding plus RE-induced increases of acute and longer-term MPS after ingestion of whey protein (WP) and collagen protein (CP). METHODS In a double-blind parallel-group design, 22 healthy older women (mean ± SD age: 69 ± 3 y, n = 11/group) were randomly assigned to consume a 30-g supplement of either WP or CP twice daily for 6 d. Participants performed unilateral RE twice during the 6-d period to determine the acute (via [13C6]-phenylalanine infusion) and longer-term (ingestion of deuterated water) MPS responses, the primary outcome measures. RESULTS Acutely, WP increased MPS by a mean ± SD 0.017 ± 0.008%/h in the feeding-only leg (Rest) and 0.032 ± 0.012%/h in the feeding plus exercise leg (Exercise) (both P < 0.01), whereas CP increased MPS only in Exercise (0.012 ± 0.013%/h) (P < 0.01) and MPS was greater in WP than CP in both the Rest and Exercise legs (P = 0.02). Longer-term MPS increased by 0.063 ± 0.059%/d in Rest and 0.173 ± 0.104%/d in Exercise (P < 0.0001) with WP; however, MPS was not significantly elevated above baseline in Rest (0.011 ± 0.042%/d) or Exercise (0.020 ± 0.034%/d) with CP. Longer-term MPS was greater in WP than in CP in both Rest and Exercise (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with WP elicited greater increases in both acute and longer-term MPS than CP supplementation, which is suggestive that WP is a more effective supplement to support skeletal muscle retention in older women than CP.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03281434.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y Oikawa
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Kamal
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin K Webb
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven K Baker
- Department of Neurology, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,Address correspondence to SMP (e-mail: )
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DE ANDRADE ISABELTHOMAZI, GUALANO BRUNO, HEVIA-LARRAÍN VICTORIA, NEVES-JUNIOR JUAREZ, CAJUEIRO MONIQUE, JARDIM FELIPE, GOMES RODRIGOLEITE, ARTIOLI GUILHERMEGIANNINI, PHILLIPS STUARTM, CAMPOS-FERRAZ PATRÍCIA, ROSCHEL HAMILTON. Leucine Supplementation Has No Further Effect on Training-induced Muscle Adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1809-1814. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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78
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Park S, Church DD, Azhar G, Schutzler SE, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR. Anabolic response to essential amino acid plus whey protein composition is greater than whey protein alone in young healthy adults. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:9. [PMID: 32041644 PMCID: PMC7011510 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-0340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have determined the acute response of protein kinetics to one or two servings (6.3 g and 12.6 g) of a proprietary composition containing free-form essential amino acids (EAA) (3.2 g EAA per serving) and whey protein (2.4 g per serving), as well as the response to consumption of a popular whey-based protein supplement (Gatorade Recover) (17 g; 12.6 g protein). Methods Whole-body rates of protein synthesis, breakdown and net balance (taken to be the anabolic response) were determined using primed-constant infusions of 2H5-phenylalnine and 2H2-tyrosine. Muscle protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR) was also determined with the 2H5-phenylalanine tracer. Results Plasma EAA levels increased following consumption of all beverages, with the greatest response in the high-dose EAA/protein composition. Similarly, the increase in net balance between whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown was greatest following consumption of the high-dose EAA/protein composition, while the low-dose EAA/protein composition and Gatorade Recover induced similar increases in net balance. When the net balance response was normalized for the total amount of product given, the high- and low-dose EAA/protein beverages were approximately 6- and 3-fold more anabolic than the Gatorade Recover, respectively. The greater anabolic response to the EAA/protein composition was due to greater increases in whole-body protein synthesis with both doses, and a markedly greater suppression of whole-body protein breakdown in the high-dose group. Muscle protein FSR after beverage consumption reflected changes in whole-body protein synthesis, with the larger EAA/protein dose significantly increasing FSR. Conclusion We conclude that a composition of a balanced EAA formulation combined with whey protein is highly anabolic as compared to a whey protein-based recovery product, and that the response is dose-dependent. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03502941. This trial was registered on April 19, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Park
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Gohar Azhar
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Slot 748, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Scott E Schutzler
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
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Wu H, Dridi S, Huang Y, Baum JI. Leucine decreases intramyocellular lipid deposition in an mTORC1-independent manner in palmitate-treated C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E152-E163. [PMID: 31770014 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00241.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Higher intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) deposition in skeletal muscle is commonly observed in patients with obesity, resulting in mitochondrial damage. Palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid, has been reported to induce obesogenic conditions in C2C12 myotubes. Leucine has been shown to improve obesity-related metabolic signatures; however, evidence for the effect of leucine on IMCL and the underlying mechanisms are still lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of leucine on IMCL deposition and identify the potential mechanisms. Palmitate-treated C2C12 myotubes were used as an in vitro model of obesity. Two doses of leucine were used: 0.5 mM (postprandial physiological plasma concentration) and 1.5 mM (supraphysiological plasma concentration). Rapamycin was used to determine the role of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in leucine's regulation of lipid deposition in C2C12 myotubes. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used to calculate differences between treatment groups. Our results demonstrate that leucine reduces IMCL deposition in an mTORC1-independent fashion. Furthermore, leucine acts independently of mTORC1 to upregulate gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism and works through both mTORC1-dependent and mTORC1-independent pathways to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis in palmitate-treated C2C12 myotubes. In agreement with increased mitochondrial biogenesis, increased mitochondrial content, circularity, and decreased autophagy are observed in the presence of 1.5 mM leucine. Taken together, the results indicate leucine reduces IMCL potentially through an mTORC1-independent pathway in palmitate-treated C2C12 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexirui Wu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Jamie I Baum
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Dasi T, Selvaraj K, Pullakhandam R, Kulkarni B. Animal source foods for the alleviation of double burden of malnutrition in countries undergoing nutrition transition. Anim Front 2020; 9:32-38. [PMID: 32002272 PMCID: PMC6951863 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teena Dasi
- Clinical Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Raghu Pullakhandam
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bharati Kulkarni
- Clinical Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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81
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Oikawa SY, Macinnis MJ, Tripp TR, McGlory C, Baker SK, Phillips SM. Lactalbumin, Not Collagen, Augments Muscle Protein Synthesis with Aerobic Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1394-1403. [PMID: 31895298 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein ingestion and the ensuing hyperaminoacidemia stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in the postexercise period. This response facilitates muscle remodeling, which is important during intensified training. The aim of this study was to determine whether supplementation with α-lactalbumin (LA), with high leucine and tryptophan contents, would improve responses to short periods of intensified aerobic training compared with supplementation with an isonitrogenous quantity of collagen peptides (CP). METHODS Endurance-trained participants (5 male, 6 female, 24 ± 4 yr, V˙O2 = 53.2 ± 9.1 mL·kg·min, peak power output = 320 ± 48 W; means ± SD) consumed a controlled diet (1.0 g·kg·d protein) and refrained from habitual training for 11 d while taking part in this double-blind randomized, crossover trial. The two intervention phases, which consisted of brief intensified training (4 × 4-min cycling intervals at 70% of peak power output on 3 consecutive days) combined with the ingestion of LA or CP supplements after exercise (20 g) and before sleep (40 g), were separated by 4 d of washout without protein supplementation (i.e., the control phase). In response to each phase, myofibrillar (MyoPS), sarcoplasmic protein synthesis (SarcPS) rates (via H2O ingestion) and parameters of sleep quality were measured. RESULTS LA ingestion increased plasma leucine (P < 0.001) and tryptophan concentrations (P < 0.001) relative to CP. Intensified training increased MyoPS and SarcPS above the washout phase in LA- and CP-supplemented phases (P < 0.01), with increases being 13% ± 5% and 5% ± 7% greater with LA than CP for MyoPS (P < 0.01) and SarcPS, respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Despite an isonitrogenous diet, protein synthesis was enhanced to a greater extent when trained participants consumed LA compared with CP during intensified aerobic training, suggesting that protein quality is an important consideration for endurance-trained athletes aiming to augment adaption to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y Oikawa
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | | | | | - Chris McGlory
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Steven K Baker
- Department of Neurology, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
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The effect of protein supplements on functional frailty in older persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 86:103938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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83
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Holland BM, Roberts BM, Krieger JW, Schoenfeld BJ. Does HMB Enhance Body Composition in Athletes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 36:585-592. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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84
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Brennan JL, Keerati-u-rai M, Yin H, Daoust J, Nonnotte E, Quinquis L, St-Denis T, Bolster DR. Differential Responses of Blood Essential Amino Acid Levels Following Ingestion of High-Quality Plant-Based Protein Blends Compared to Whey Protein-A Double-Blind Randomized, Cross-Over, Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2987. [PMID: 31817691 PMCID: PMC6950667 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the bio-equivalence of high-quality, plant-based protein blends versus Whey Protein Isolate (WPI) in healthy, resistance-trained men. The primary endpoint was incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of blood essential Amino Acids (eAAs) 4 hours after consumption of each product. Maximum concentration (Cmax) and time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of blood leucine were secondary outcomes. Subjects (n = 18) consumed three plant-based protein blends and WPI (control). An analysis of Variance model was used to assess for bio-equivalence of total sum of blood eAA concentrations. The total blood eAA iAUC ratios of the three blends were [90% CI]: #1: 0.66 [0.58-0.76]; #2: 0.71 [0.62-0.82]; #3: 0.60 [0.52-0.69], not completely within the pre-defined equivalence range [0.80-1.25], indicative of 30-40% lower iAUC versus WPI. Leucine Cmax of the three blends was not equivalent to WPI, #1: 0.70 [0.67-0.73]; #2: 0.72 [0.68-0.75]; #3: 0.65 [0.62-0.68], indicative of a 28-35% lower response. Leucine Tmax for two blends were similar to WPI (#1: 0.94 [0.73-1.18]; #2: 1.56 [1.28-1.92]; #3: 1.19 [0.95-1.48]). The plant-based protein blends were not bio-equivalent. However, blood leucine kinetic data across the blends approximately doubled from fasting concentrations, whereas blood Tmax data across two blends were similar to WPI. This suggests evidence of rapid hyperleucinemia, which correlates with a protein's anabolic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huaixia Yin
- Danone North America, Louisville, CO 80027, USA
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Schwarz NA, McKinley-Barnard SK, Blahnik ZJ. Effect of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® combined with four weeks of resistance training on lean body mass, maximal strength, mircoRNA expression, and serum IGF-1 in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:54. [PMID: 31744521 PMCID: PMC6862793 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to determine if 4 weeks of consumption of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® (BMB; Vital Pharmaceuticals Inc., Weston, FL) combined with resistance training resulted in greater increases in muscle mass and maximal strength compared with resistance training combined with placebo (PLA). Additionally, we aimed to determine if BMB ingestion combined with resistance training preferentially altered resting skeletal muscle expression of microRNAs (miRs) or resting serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Methods Sixteen recreationally-active men completed the study. The study employed a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design. Participants completed two testing sessions separated by 4 weeks of resistance exercise combined with daily supplementation of BMB or PLA. At each testing session, hemodynamics, body composition, and muscle and blood samples were obtained followed by strength assessments of the lower- and upper-body via measurement of squat and bench press one-repetition maximum (1-RM), respectively. A separate general linear model was utilized for analysis of each variable to determine the effect of each supplement (between-factor) over time (within-factor) using an a priori probability level of ≤0.05. Results No significant effects were observed for dietary intake, hemodynamics, fat mass, body fat percentage, or serum IGF-1. A greater increase in total body mass (3.19 kg, 95% CI, 1.98 kg, 4.40 kg vs. 0.44 kg, 95% CI, − 0.50 kg, 1.39 kg) and lean body mass (3.15 kg, 95% CI, 1.80 kg, 4.49 kg vs. 0.89 kg, 95% CI, − 0.14 kg, 1.93 kg) was observed for the BMB group compared with PLA (p < 0.01). A significant increase over time was observed for miR-23a (p = 0.02) and miR-23b (p = 0.05) expression. A greater increase in squat 1-RM was observed for the BMB group (23.86 kg, 95% CI, 16.75 kg, 30.97 kg) compared with the PLA group (14.20 kg, 95% CI, 7.04 kg, 21.37 kg, p = 0.04). Conclusions BMB supplementation combined with resistance exercise training for 4 weeks resulted in superior adaptations in maximal strength and LBM compared with resistance training with a placebo. No adverse resting hemodynamic or clinical blood safety markers were observed as a result of BMB supplementation. The superior outcomes associated with BMB supplementation could not be explained by resting serum IGF-1 or the skeletal muscle miRs measured, although resting miR-23a and miR-23b expression both increased as a result of resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Schwarz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
| | - Sarah K McKinley-Barnard
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Zachary J Blahnik
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
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86
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Tiller NB, Roberts JD, Beasley L, Chapman S, Pinto JM, Smith L, Wiffin M, Russell M, Sparks SA, Duckworth L, O'Hara J, Sutton L, Antonio J, Willoughby DS, Tarpey MD, Smith-Ryan AE, Ormsbee MJ, Astorino TA, Kreider RB, McGinnis GR, Stout JR, Smith JW, Arent SM, Campbell BI, Bannock L. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:50. [PMID: 31699159 PMCID: PMC6839090 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this Position Statement, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the literature pertinent to nutritional considerations for training and racing in single-stage ultra-marathon. Recommendations for Training. i) Ultra-marathon runners should aim to meet the caloric demands of training by following an individualized and periodized strategy, comprising a varied, food-first approach; ii) Athletes should plan and implement their nutrition strategy with sufficient time to permit adaptations that enhance fat oxidative capacity; iii) The evidence overwhelmingly supports the inclusion of a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (i.e., ~ 60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg− 1·d− 1) to mitigate the negative effects of chronic, training-induced glycogen depletion; iv) Limiting carbohydrate intake before selected low-intensity sessions, and/or moderating daily carbohydrate intake, may enhance mitochondrial function and fat oxidative capacity. Nevertheless, this approach may compromise performance during high-intensity efforts; v) Protein intakes of ~ 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are necessary to maintain lean mass and support recovery from training, but amounts up to 2.5 g.kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted during demanding training when calorie requirements are greater; Recommendations for Racing. vi) To attenuate caloric deficits, runners should aim to consume 150–400 Kcal·h− 1 (carbohydrate, 30–50 g·h− 1; protein, 5–10 g·h− 1) from a variety of calorie-dense foods. Consideration must be given to food palatability, individual tolerance, and the increased preference for savory foods in longer races; vii) Fluid volumes of 450–750 mL·h− 1 (~ 150–250 mL every 20 min) are recommended during racing. To minimize the likelihood of hyponatraemia, electrolytes (mainly sodium) may be needed in concentrations greater than that provided by most commercial products (i.e., > 575 mg·L− 1 sodium). Fluid and electrolyte requirements will be elevated when running in hot and/or humid conditions; viii) Evidence supports progressive gut-training and/or low-FODMAP diets (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol) to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal distress during racing; ix) The evidence in support of ketogenic diets and/or ketone esters to improve ultra-marathon performance is lacking, with further research warranted; x) Evidence supports the strategic use of caffeine to sustain performance in the latter stages of racing, particularly when sleep deprivation may compromise athlete safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tiller
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA. .,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Justin D Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Liam Beasley
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shaun Chapman
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jorge M Pinto
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melanie Wiffin
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - S Andy Sparks
- Sport Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
| | | | - John O'Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Louise Sutton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jose Antonio
- College of Health Care Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Graham R McGinnis
- Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - JohnEric W Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Butterworth M, Lees M, Harlow P, Hind K, Duckworth L, Ispoglou T. Αcute effects of essential amino acid gel-based and whey protein supplements on appetite and energy intake in older women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1141-1149. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in protein and energy intakes are partly responsible for age-related sarcopenia. We investigated the effects of supplements matched in essential amino acid (EAA) content (7.5 g) on energy intake and appetite. Ten women aged 69.2 ± 2.7 years completed 3 trials in a randomised, crossover design. Composite appetite scores, peptide-YY (PYY), and insulin responses to a 200-mL whey protein (WP) isolate (275 kJ), a 50-mL EAA gel (GEL, 478 kJ), or nothing as the control (CON) condition were investigated over 1 h, followed by an ad libitum breakfast. Energy intake at breakfast (CON, 1957 ± 713; WP, 1413 ± 623; GEL, 1963 ± 611 kJ) was higher in CON and GEL than in WP (both P = 0.006). After accounting for supplement energy content, energy intake in GEL was higher than in CON (P = 0.0006) and WP (P = 0.0008). Time-averaged area under the curve for composite appetite scores (CON, 74 ± 20; WP, 50 ± 22; GEL, 60 ± 16 mm) was higher in CON than WP (P = 0.015). Time-averaged area under the curve for PYY (CON, 87 ± 13; WP, 119 ± 27; GEL, 97 ± 22 pg·mL−1) was higher in WP than CON (P = 0.009) and GEL (P = 0.012). In conclusion, supplementation with WP facilitated an increase in protein intake, whereas supplementation with GEL increases in both energy and protein intakes, when consumed before an ad libitum breakfast. Such findings highlight potential gel-based EAA supplementation intake for addressing age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Butterworth
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Matthew Lees
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Paul Harlow
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, 42 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK
| | - Lauren Duckworth
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Theocharis Ispoglou
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
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88
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Bartholomae E, Incollingo A, Vizcaino M, Wharton C, Johnston CS. Mung Bean Protein Supplement Improves Muscular Strength in Healthy, Underactive Vegetarian Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102423. [PMID: 31614532 PMCID: PMC6836142 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vegetarian diets are considered generally protective against chronic disease, nutrient deficiencies, including protein, are possible due to low bioavailability from plant-based sources. The consequences of inadequate dietary protein include reduced lean body mass (LBM) and muscle weakness. This study examined relationships between protein intake, strength, and LBM in 37 underactive vegetarians and recorded the impact of protein supplementation (18 g/day mung bean protein) on these indices utilizing an eight-week, randomized, controlled, feeding trial. Both handgrip and knee flexor and extensor strength were measured at baseline and week eight. At baseline, LBM was significantly related to grams of protein consumed daily. LBM was also correlated to grip strength (r = 0.569, p < 0.001) and lower body strength (r = 0.763 to 0.784; p < 0.001). Twenty-five vegetarians completed the feeding trial, including 11 in the protein supplementation group (PRO) and 14 in the control group (CON). At the end of the trial, LBM and strength did not differ significantly between groups. However, the average percent change for grip, flexor, and extensor strength did differ between PRO and CON participants (+2.9 ± 7.2% and −2.6 ± 7.3% respectively, p = 0.05). Thus, there were strong associations between dietary protein, LBM, and strength in vegetarians and an indication that supplementary vegetarian protein increased strength in the absence of exercise and independent of LBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bartholomae
- College of Health Solutions, Nutrition Program, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - April Incollingo
- College of Health Solutions, Radical Simplicity Lab, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Maricarmen Vizcaino
- College of Health Solutions, Radical Simplicity Lab, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Christopher Wharton
- College of Health Solutions, Radical Simplicity Lab, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Carol S Johnston
- College of Health Solutions, Nutrition Program, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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89
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Fuchs CJ, Hermans WJH, Holwerda AM, Smeets JSJ, Senden JM, van Kranenburg J, Gijsen AP, Wodzig WKHW, Schierbeek H, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Branched-chain amino acid and branched-chain ketoacid ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older adults: a double-blind, randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:862-872. [PMID: 31250889 PMCID: PMC6766442 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates. However, limited data are currently available on the effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) and branched-chain ketoacid (BCKA) ingestion on postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the impact of ingesting 6 g BCAA, 6 g BCKA, and 30 g milk protein (MILK) on the postprandial rise in circulating amino acid concentrations and subsequent myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in older males. METHODS In a parallel design, 45 older males (age: 71 ± 1 y; BMI: 25.4 ± 0.8 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to ingest a drink containing 6 g BCAA, 6 g BCKA, or 30 g MILK. Basal and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were assessed by primed continuous l-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine infusions with the collection of blood samples and muscle biopsies. RESULTS Plasma BCAA concentrations increased following test drink ingestion in all groups, with greater increases in the BCAA and MILK groups compared with the BCKA group (P < 0.05). Plasma BCKA concentrations increased following test drink ingestion in all groups, with greater increases in the BCKA group compared with the BCAA and MILK groups (P < 0.05). Ingestion of MILK, BCAA, and BCKA significantly increased early myofibrillar protein synthesis rates (0-2 h) above basal rates (from 0.020 ± 0.002%/h to 0.042 ± 0.004%/h, 0.022 ± 0.002%/h to 0.044 ± 0.004%/h, and 0.023 ± 0.003%/h to 0.044 ± 0.004%/h, respectively; P < 0.001), with no differences between groups (P > 0.05). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during the late postprandial phase (2-5 h) remained elevated in the MILK group (0.039 ± 0.004%/h; P < 0.001), but returned to baseline values following BCAA and BCKA ingestion (0.024 ± 0.005%/h and 0.024 ± 0.005%/h, respectively; P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 6 g BCAA, 6 g BCKA, and 30 g MILK increases myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during the early postprandial phase (0-2 h) in vivo in healthy older males. The postprandial increase following the ingestion of 6 g BCAA and BCKA is short-lived, with higher myofibrillar protein synthesis rates only being maintained following the ingestion of an equivalent amount of intact milk protein. This trial was registered at Nederlands Trial Register (www.trialregister.nl) as NTR6047.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Wesley J H Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Will K H W Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Address correspondence to LJCvL (e-mail: )
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90
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Duarte NM, Cruz AL, Silva DC, Cruz GM. Intake of whey isolate supplement and muscle mass gains in young healthy adults when combined with resistance training: a blinded randomized clinical trial (pilot study). J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:75-84. [PMID: 31565912 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whey protein is consumed worldwide by athletes due to its alleged benefits on muscle mass and strength. Because of its rich branched chain amino acids content, namely leucine, whey appears to favor muscle protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway in combination with resistance training, when taken after exercise in sufficient amounts. METHODS In the present study resistance trained (≥3 months) participants (men and women) between the age of 18 and 30 years old were randomized in a blinded fashion to whey protein isolate (N.=4) and an isocaloric placebo (N.=4) groups. Both groups were subjected to a 12-week RT protocol designed to increase muscle mass and strength. Muscle thickness of the biceps brachii (BB) at 67% of its length and quadriceps muscles, vastus lateralis (VL); vastus intermidius (VI) and rectus femoris (R.F.) at 30% and 50% of its length were assessed using ultrasound technique. Muscle strength was assessed using an isokinetic protocol at angular velocities of 60º.s-1 (5 repetitions) and 180º.s-1 (10 repetitions) with a range of motion of 0º to 100º on a dynamometer to determine peak torque (PT). Lean body mass (LBM) and body fat percentage (%BF) were assessed using a body composition analyzer through segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance method. All variables were assessed before and after interventions. RESULTS Results show an increase in muscle thickness of all muscles from RT except for V.L. and RF at 30% (P>0.05) with an increase in VI at 50% (P=0.045) and a trend in VI at 30% (P=0.075) related to whey protein intake. PT increased with RT for all knee flexors/extensors (P<0.05) and for elbow flexors/extensors at 60º extension and 180º flexion (P<0.05) with no effect from whey. LBM increased with RT (P=0.015) and %BF was maintained during the trial (P>0.05). No interactions were found between training and supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with whey protein, combined with RT can increase muscle mass with no effects on muscle strength. Whey protein supplementation may alter body composition in favor of additional fat free mass with no significant changes in body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M Duarte
- CISA, Health and Environment Research Center, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal -
| | - Agostinho L Cruz
- CISA, Health and Environment Research Center, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo C Silva
- CIR, Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graça M Cruz
- CISA, Health and Environment Research Center, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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91
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Moore DR. Maximizing Post-exercise Anabolism: The Case for Relative Protein Intakes. Front Nutr 2019; 6:147. [PMID: 31552263 PMCID: PMC6746967 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximizing the post-exercise increase in muscle protein synthesis, especially of the contractile myofibrillar protein fraction, is essential to facilitate effective muscle remodeling, and enhance hypertrophic gains with resistance training. MPS is the primary regulated variable influencing muscle net balance with dietary amino acid ingestion representing the single most important nutritional variable enhancing post-exercise rates of muscle protein synthesis. Dose-response studies in average (i.e., ~80 kg) males have reported an absolute 20 g dose of high quality, rapidly digested protein maximizes mixed, and myofibrillar protein synthetic rates. However, it is unclear if these absolute protein intakes can be viewed in a “one size fits all” solution. Re-analysis of published literature in young adults suggests a relative single meal intake of ~0.31 g/kg of rapidly digested, high quality protein (i.e., whey) should be considered as a nutritional guideline for individuals of average body composition aiming to maximize post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis while minimizing irreversible amino acid oxidative catabolism that occurs with excessive intakes of this macronutrient. This muscle-specific bolus intake is lower than that reported to maximize whole body anabolism (i.e., ≥0.5 g/kg). Review of the available literature suggests that potential confounders such as the co-ingestion of carbohydrate, sex, and amount of active muscle mass do not represent significant barriers to the translation of this objectively determined relative protein intake. Additional research is warranted to elucidate the effective dose for proteins with suboptimal amino acid compositions (e.g., plant-based), and/or slower digestion rates as well as whether recommendations are appreciably affected by other physiological conditions such endurance exercise, high habitual daily protein ingestion, aging, obesity, and/or periods of chronic negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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92
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Santos CDS, Nascimento FEL. Isolated branched-chain amino acid intake and muscle protein synthesis in humans: a biochemical review. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2019; 17:eRB4898. [PMID: 31508659 PMCID: PMC6718193 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2019rb4898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alongside a proper diet, ergogenic aids with potential direct and/or indirect physical performance enhancing effects are sought after for improved adaptation to physical training. Nutritional ergogenics include diet composition changes and/or dietary supplementation. Branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine are widely popular among products with ergogenic claims. Their major marketing appeal derives from allegations that branched-chain amino acids intake combined with resistance physical exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis. Evidence supporting the efficacy of branched-chain amino acids alone for muscle hypertrophy in humans is somewhat equivocal. This brief review describes physiological and biochemical mechanisms underpinning the effects of complete protein source and branched-chain amino acid intake on skeletal muscle growth in the postabsorptive and post-exercise state. Evidence in favor of or against potential anabolic effects of isolated branched-chain amino acid intake on muscle protein synthesis in humans is also examined.
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93
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Native Whey Induces Similar Adaptation to Strength Training as Milk, despite Higher Levels of Leucine, in Elderly Individuals. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092094. [PMID: 31487819 PMCID: PMC6770720 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large amounts of protein (40 g) or supplementing suboptimal servings of protein with leucine are able to overcome the anabolic resistance in elderly muscle. Our aim was to compare the effects of supplementation of native whey, high in leucine, with milk on gains in muscle mass and strength during a period of strength training, in elderly individuals. METHODS In this double-blinded, randomized, controlled study, a total of 30 healthy men and women received two daily servings of 20 g of either milk protein or native whey, during an 11-week strength training intervention. Muscle strength, lean mass, m. vastus lateralis thickness, muscle fiber area, and resting and post-exercise phosphorylation of p70S6K, 4E-BP1, and eEF-2 were assessed prior to and after the intervention period. RESULTS Muscle mass and strength increased, by all measures applied in both groups (p < 0.001), with no differences between groups (p > 0.25). p70S6K phosphorylation increased (~1000%, p < 0.045) 2 h after exercise in the untrained and trained state, with no differences between supplements. Total and phosphorylated mTORC-1 decreased after training. CONCLUSION Supplementation with milk or native whey during an 11-week strength training period increased muscle mass and strength similarly in healthy elderly individuals.
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94
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Tomaz MT, Regis WC. Evaluation of variable protein intake after resistance exercise: A meta‐analysis. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wiliam C.B. Regis
- Graduate Program in Vertebrate Biology Biological and Health Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine and Infectology Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
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95
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Holwerda AM, Paulussen KJM, Overkamp M, Goessens JPB, Kramer IF, Wodzig WKWH, Verdijk LB, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC. Leucine coingestion augments the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 15 g of protein following resistance exercise in older men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E473-E482. [PMID: 31112406 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00073.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Older adults have shown an attenuated postexercise increase in muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of smaller amounts of protein compared with younger adults. Consequently, it has been suggested that older adults require the ingestion of more protein to increase postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates compared with younger adults. We investigated whether coingestion of 1.5 g of free leucine with a single 15-g bolus of protein further augments the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response during recovery from resistance-type exercise in older men. Twenty-four healthy older men (67 ± 1 yr) were randomly assigned to ingest 15 g of milk protein concentrate (MPC80) with (15G+LEU; n = 12) or without (15G; n = 12) 1.5 g of free leucine after performing a single bout of resistance-type exercise. Postprandial protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, whole body protein metabolism, and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were assessed using primed, continuous infusions with l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine, l-[ring-2H2]tyrosine, and l-[1-13C]leucine combined with ingestion of intrinsically l-[1-13C]phenylalanine-labeled milk protein. A total of 70 ± 1% (10.5 ±0.2 g) and 75 ± 2% (11.2 ± 0.3 g) of the protein-derived amino acids were released in the circulation during the 6-h postexercise recovery phase in 15G+LEU and 15G, respectively (P < 0.05). Postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were 16% (0.058 ± 0.003 vs. 0.049 ± 0.002%/h, P < 0.05; based on l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine) and 19% (0.071 ± 0.003 vs. 0.060 ± 0.003%/h, P < 0.05; based on l-[1-13C]leucine) greater in 15G+LEU compared with 15G. Leucine coingestion further augments the postexercise muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a single 15-g bolus of protein in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin J M Paulussen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Overkamp
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene-Fleur Kramer
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K W H Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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96
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Chan AH, D'Souza RF, Beals JW, Zeng N, Prodhan U, Fanning AC, Poppitt SD, Li Z, Burd NA, Cameron-Smith D, Mitchell CJ. The Degree of Aminoacidemia after Dairy Protein Ingestion Does Not Modulate the Postexercise Anabolic Response in Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1511-1522. [PMID: 31152658 PMCID: PMC7443755 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance exercise and dietary protein stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The rate at which proteins are digested and absorbed into circulation alters peak plasma amino acid concentrations and may modulate postexercise MPS. A novel mineral modified milk protein concentrate (mMPC), with identical amino acid composition to standard milk protein concentrate (MPC), was formulated to induce rapid aminoacidemia. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether rapid aminoacidemia and greater peak essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations induced by mMPC would stimulate greater postresistance exercise MPS, anabolic signaling, and ribosome biogenesis compared to standard dairy proteins, which induce a small but sustained plasma essential aminoacidemia. METHODS Thirty healthy young men (22.5 ± 3.0 y; BMI 23.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2) received primed constant infusions of l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine and completed 3 sets of leg presses and leg extensions at 80% of 1 repetition. Afterwards, participants were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to consume 25 g mMPC, MPC, or calcium caseinate (CAS). Vastus lateralis biopsies were collected at rest, and 2 and 4 h post exercise. RESULTS Plasma EAA concentrations, including leucine, were 19.2-26.6% greater in the mMPC group 45-90 min post ingestion than in MPC and CAS groups (P < 0.001). Myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate from baseline to 4 h was increased by 82.6 ± 64.8%, 137.8 ± 72.1%, and 140.6 ± 52.4% in the MPC, mMPC, and CAS groups, respectively, with no difference between groups (P = 0.548). Phosphorylation of anabolic signaling targets (P70S6KThr389, P70S6KThr421/Ser424, RPS6Ser235/236, RPS6Ser240/244, P90RSKSer380, 4EBP1) were elevated by <3-fold at both 2 and 4 h post exercise in all groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The amplitude of plasma leucine and EAA concentrations does not modulate the anabolic response to resistance exercise after ingestion of 25 g dairy protein in young men. This trial was registered at http://www.anzctr.org.au/ as ACTRN12617000393358.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aaron C Fanning
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,Riddet Institute, Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE), Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute,Riddet Institute, Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE), Palmerston North, New Zealand,Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cameron J Mitchell
- Liggins Institute,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,Address correspondence to CJM (E-mail: )
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97
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Holloway TM, McGlory C, McKellar S, Morgan A, Hamill M, Afeyan R, Comb W, Confer S, Zhao P, Hinton M, Kubassova O, Chakravarthy MV, Phillips SM. A Novel Amino Acid Composition Ameliorates Short-Term Muscle Disuse Atrophy in Healthy Young Men. Front Nutr 2019; 6:105. [PMID: 31355205 PMCID: PMC6636393 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle disuse leads to atrophy, declines in muscle function, and metabolic dysfunction that are often slow to recover. Strategies to mitigate these effects would be clinically relevant. In a double-blind randomized-controlled pilot trial, we examined the safety and tolerability as well as the atrophy mitigating effect of a novel amino acid composition (AXA2678), during single limb immobilization. Twenty healthy young men were randomly assigned (10 per group) to receive AXA2678 or an excipient- and energy-matched non-amino acid containing placebo (PL) for 28d: days 1–7, pre-immobilization; days 8–15, immobilization; and days 16–28 post-immobilization recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken on d1, d8 (immobilization start), d15 (immobilization end), and d28 (post-immobilization recovery). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was utilized to assess quadriceps muscle volume (Mvol), muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), and muscle fat-fraction (FF: the fraction of muscle occupied by fat). Maximal voluntary leg isometric torque was assessed by dynamometry. Administration of AXA2678 attenuated muscle disuse atrophy compared to PL (p < 0.05) with changes from d8 to d15 in PL: ΔMvol = −2.4 ± 2.3% and ΔCSA = −3.1% ± 2.1%, both p < 0.001 vs. zero; against AXA2678: ΔMvol: −0.7 ± 1.8% and ΔCSA: −0.7 ± 2.1%, both p > 0.3 vs. zero; and p < 0.05 between treatment conditions for CSA. During immobilization, muscle FF increased in PL but not in AXA2678 (PL: 12.8 ± 6.1%, AXA2678: 0.4 ± 3.1%; p < 0.05). Immobilization resulted in similar reductions in peak leg isometric torque and change in time-to-peak (TTP) torque in both groups. Recovery (d15–d28) of peak torque and TTP torque was also not different between groups, but showed a trend for better recovery in the AXA2678 group. Thrice daily consumption of AXA2678 for 28d was found to be safe and well-tolerated. Additionally, AXA2678 attenuated atrophy, and attenuated accumulation of fat during short-term disuse. Further investigations on the administration of AXA2678 in conditions of muscle disuse are warranted. Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT03267745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Holloway
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sean McKellar
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Adrienne Morgan
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mike Hamill
- Axcella Health, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Raffi Afeyan
- Axcella Health, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - William Comb
- Axcella Health, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Peng Zhao
- Axcella Health, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mark Hinton
- Image Analysis Group, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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98
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Moro T, Brightwell CR, Velarde B, Fry CS, Nakayama K, Sanbongi C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Whey Protein Hydrolysate Increases Amino Acid Uptake, mTORC1 Signaling, and Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Healthy Young Men in a Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1149-1158. [PMID: 31095313 PMCID: PMC7443767 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) can be stimulated by ingestion of protein sources, such as whey, casein, or soy. Protein supplementation can enhance muscle protein synthesis after exercise and may preserve skeletal muscle mass and function in aging adults. Therefore, identifying protein sources with higher anabolic potency is of high significance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the anabolic potency and efficacy of a novel whey protein hydrolysate mixture (WPH) on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and skeletal MPS in healthy young subjects. METHODS Ten young men (aged 28.7 ± 3.6 y, 25.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2 body mass index [BMI]) were recruited into a double-blind two-way crossover trial. Subjects were randomized to receive either 0.08 g/kg of body weight (BW) of WPH or an intact whey protein (WHEY) mixture during stable isotope infusion experiments. Fractional synthetic rate, leucine and phenylalanine kinetics, and markers of amino acid sensing were assessed as primary outcomes before and 1-3 h after protein ingestion using a repeated measures mixed model. RESULTS Blood leucine concentration, delivery of leucine to muscle, transport of leucine from blood into muscle and intracellular muscle leucine concentration significantly increased to a similar extent 1 h after ingestion of both mixtures (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of S6K1 (i.e. a marker of mTORC1 activation) increased equally by ∼20% 1-h postingestion (P < 0.05). Ingestion of WPH and WHEY increased mixed MPS similarly in both groups by ∼43% (P < 0.05); however, phenylalanine utilization for synthesis increased in both treatments 1-h postingestion but remained elevated 3-h postingestion only in the WPH group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a small dose of WPH effectively increases leucine transport into muscle, activating mTORC1 and stimulating MPS in young men. WPH anabolic potency and efficacy for promoting overall muscle protein anabolism is similar to WHEY, an intact protein source. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03313830.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Kyosuke Nakayama
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sanbongi
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX,Address correspondence to BBR (e-mail: )
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99
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Boyd GW, Drew M, Ward S, Baird M, Connaboy C, Graham SM. The effect of the branched-chain amino acids on the in-vitro activity of bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:632-636. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are used as nutritional support for patients with a range of conditions including liver cirrhosis and in-born errors of amino acid metabolism, and they are commonly used “sports” or exercise supplements. The effects of the BCAA on the in-vitro activity of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (EC. 3.1.3.1) were studied. All three BCAA were found to be uncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme with L-leucine being the most potent ([Formula: see text] = 24.9 mmol/L) and L-valine, the least potent ([Formula: see text] = 37 mmol/L). Mixed BCAA are able to act in combination to inhibit the enzyme. Given the important role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in gut homeostasis, these findings have potential implications for those taking high levels of BCAA as supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary William Boyd
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Marion Drew
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Shannon Ward
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Marianne Baird
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Scott Murray Graham
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
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100
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Abstract
Focusing on daily nutrition is important for athletes to perform and adapt optimally to exercise training. The major roles of an athlete's daily diet are to supply the substrates needed to cover the energy demands for exercise, to ensure quick recovery between exercise bouts, to optimize adaptations to exercise training, and to stay healthy. The major energy substrates for exercising skeletal muscles are carbohydrate and fat stores. Optimizing the timing and type of energy intake and the amount of dietary macronutrients is essential to ensure peak training and competition performance, and these strategies play important roles in modulating skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance and resistance training. In this review, recent advances in nutritional strategies designed to optimize exercise-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle are discussed, with an emphasis on mechanistic approaches, by describing the physiological mechanisms that provide the basis for different nutrition regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mæchel Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; , ,
| | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; , ,
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; , ,
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