51
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Righetti RF, Dos Santos TM, Camargo LDN, Aristóteles LRCRB, Fukuzaki S, de Souza FCR, Santana FPR, de Agrela MVR, Cruz MM, Alonso-Vale MIC, Genaro IS, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Leick EA, Martins MDA, Prado CM, Tibério IDFLC. Protective Effects of Anti-IL17 on Acute Lung Injury Induced by LPS in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1021. [PMID: 30337870 PMCID: PMC6180195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: T helper 17 (Th17) has been implicated in a variety of inflammatory lung and immune system diseases. However, little is known about the expression and biological role of IL-17 in acute lung injury (ALI). We investigated the mechanisms involved in the effect of anti-IL17 in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Methods: Mice were pre-treated with anti-IL17, 1h before saline/LPS intratracheal administration alongside non-treated controls and levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), cytokine expression, extracellular matrix remodeling and oxidative stress, as well as immune cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and respiratory mechanics were assessed in lung tissue. Results: LPS instillation led to an increase in multiple cytokines, proteases, nuclear factor-κB, and Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), eNO and regulators of the actomyosin cytoskeleton, the number of CD4+ and iNOS-positive cells as well as the number of neutrophils and macrophages in BALF, resistance and elastance of the respiratory system, ARG-1 gene expression, collagen fibers, and actin and 8-iso-PGF2α volume fractions. Pre-treatment with anti-IL17 led to a significant reduction in the level of all assessed factors. Conclusions: Anti-IL17 can protect the lungs from the inflammatory effects of LPS-induced ALI, primarily mediated by the reduced expression of cytokines and oxidative stress. This suggests that further studies using anti-IL17 in a treatment regime would be highly worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Fraga Righetti
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tabata Maruyama Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maysa Mariana Cruz
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Cardoso Alonso-Vale
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Santos Genaro
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Public Employee of São Paulo Hospital (IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Department of Bioscience, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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52
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Kasper M, Walscheid K, Laffer B, Bauer D, Busch M, Wildschütz L, Wang B, Loser K, Vogl T, Grajewski RS, Langmann T, Heiligenhaus A. The Phenotype of Monocytes in Anterior Uveitis Depends on the HLA-B27 Status. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1773. [PMID: 30105034 PMCID: PMC6077321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-B27 is the allele most frequently associated with human anterior uveitis. The majority of HLA-B27-positive [acute anterior uveitis (AAU)] patients develop clinically distinct symptoms with acute symptomatic onset of flare and a recurrent disease course characterized by a massive cellular ocular infiltrate during uveitis relapse. By contrast, uveitis in HLA-B27-negative [idiopathic anterior uveitis (IAU)] patients tends to develop a clinically less fulminant, more chronic, and typically asymptomatic disease course. To analyze systemic immune responses in the different uveitis entities, we analyzed peripheral blood cells by flow cytometry. In addition, as a pro-inflammatory biomarker serum, S100A8/A9 levels were quantified by ELISA from patients with AAU (n = 27) and IAU (n = 21), and in healthy controls (n = 30). Data were obtained either during active uveitis flare or after 3 months of inactivity. IAU patients showed a transiently increased frequency of CD56- and CD163-positive monocytes and of both granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Th17 cells during active uveitis. By contrast, AAU patients showed an elevated frequency of monocytes, activated T cells, and elevated S100A8/A9 serum levels during clinically quiescent disease. The differentially regulated response of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the blood may be related to the clinically distinct characteristics of the two different uveitis entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Kasper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Karoline Walscheid
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Laffer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany.,University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Busch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Wildschütz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology at University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Langmann
- Chair of Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnd Heiligenhaus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Laboratory at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany.,University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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53
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Triantafyllou E, Pop OT, Possamai LA, Wilhelm A, Liaskou E, Singanayagam A, Bernsmeier C, Khamri W, Petts G, Dargue R, Davies SP, Tickle J, Yuksel M, Patel VC, Abeles RD, Stamataki Z, Curbishley SM, Ma Y, Wilson ID, Coen M, Woollard KJ, Quaglia A, Wendon J, Thursz MR, Adams DH, Weston CJ, Antoniades CG. MerTK expressing hepatic macrophages promote the resolution of inflammation in acute liver failure. Gut 2018; 67:333-347. [PMID: 28450389 PMCID: PMC5868289 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterised by overwhelming hepatocyte death and liver inflammation with massive infiltration of myeloid cells in necrotic areas. The mechanisms underlying resolution of acute hepatic inflammation are largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) during ALF and also examine how the microenvironmental mediator, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), governs this response. DESIGN Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, confocal imaging and gene expression analyses determined the phenotype, functional/transcriptomic profile and tissue topography of MerTK+ monocytes/macrophages in ALF, healthy and disease controls. The temporal evolution of macrophage MerTK expression and its impact on resolution was examined in APAP-induced acute liver injury using wild-type (WT) and Mer-deficient (Mer-/-) mice. SLPI effects on hepatic myeloid cells were determined in vitro and in vivo using APAP-treated WT mice. RESULTS We demonstrate a significant expansion of resolution-like MerTK+HLA-DRhigh cells in circulatory and tissue compartments of patients with ALF. Compared with WT mice which show an increase of MerTK+MHCIIhigh macrophages during the resolution phase in ALF, APAP-treated Mer-/- mice exhibit persistent liver injury and inflammation, characterised by a decreased proportion of resident Kupffer cells and increased number of neutrophils. Both in vitro and in APAP-treated mice, SLPI reprogrammes myeloid cells towards resolution responses through induction of a MerTK+HLA-DRhigh phenotype which promotes neutrophil apoptosis and their subsequent clearance. CONCLUSIONS We identify a hepatoprotective, MerTK+, macrophage phenotype that evolves during the resolution phase following ALF and represents a novel immunotherapeutic target to promote resolution responses following acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Triantafyllou
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK,Division of Digestive Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK,National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Oltin T Pop
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lucia A Possamai
- Division of Digestive Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Annika Wilhelm
- Division of Digestive Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Evaggelia Liaskou
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Arjuna Singanayagam
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK,Division of Digestive Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Bernsmeier
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wafa Khamri
- Division of Digestive Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gemma Petts
- Division of Digestive Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Dargue
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Scott P Davies
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joseph Tickle
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Muhammed Yuksel
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vishal C Patel
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robin D Abeles
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zania Stamataki
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stuart M Curbishley
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yun Ma
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin J Woollard
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Wendon
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark R Thursz
- Division of Digestive Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David H Adams
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chris J Weston
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charalambos G Antoniades
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, UK,Division of Digestive Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK,National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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54
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Eslani M, Putra I, Shen X, Hamouie J, Tadepalli A, Anwar KN, Kink JA, Ghassemi S, Agnihotri G, Reshetylo S, Mashaghi A, Dana R, Hematti P, Djalilian AR. Cornea-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Therapeutically Modulate Macrophage Immunophenotype and Angiogenic Function. Stem Cells 2018; 36:775-784. [PMID: 29341332 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial drivers of inflammatory corneal neovascularization and thus are potential targets for immunomodulatory therapies. We hypothesized that therapeutic use of cornea-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSCs) may alter the function of macrophages. We found that cMSCs can modulate the phenotype and angiogenic function of macrophages. In vitro, cMSCs induce apoptosis of macrophages while preferentially promoting a distinct CD14hi CD16hi CD163hi CD206hi immunophenotype that has significantly reduced angiogenic effects based on in vitro angiogenesis assays. In vivo, application of cMSCs to murine corneas after injury leads to reduced macrophage infiltration and higher expression of CD206 in macrophages. Macrophages cocultured ("educated") by cMSCs express significantly higher levels of anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory factors compared with control macrophages. In vivo, injured corneas treated with cMSC-educated macrophages demonstrate significantly less neovascularization compared with corneas treated with control macrophages. Knocking down the expression of pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF) in cMSCs significantly abrogates its modulating effects on macrophages, as shown by the reduced rate of apoptosis, decreased expression of sFLT-1/PEDF, and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A in the cocultured macrophages. Similarly, cMSCs isolated from PEDF knockout mice are less effective compared with wild-type cMSCs at inhibiting macrophage infiltration when applied to wild-type corneas after injury. Overall, these results demonstrate that cMSCs therapeutically suppress the angiogenic capacity of macrophages and highlight the role of cMSC secreted PEDF in the modulation of macrophage phenotype and function. Stem Cells 2018;36:775-784.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medi Eslani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ilham Putra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiang Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Judy Hamouie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Asha Tadepalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Khandaker N Anwar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John A Kink
- Department of Medicine and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Samaneh Ghassemi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gaurav Agnihotri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sofiya Reshetylo
- Department of Medicine and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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55
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Sanmarco LM, Eberhardt N, Ponce NE, Cano RC, Bonacci G, Aoki MP. New Insights into the Immunobiology of Mononuclear Phagocytic Cells and Their Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1921. [PMID: 29375564 PMCID: PMC5767236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary immune cells that reside within the myocardium, suggesting that these mononuclear phagocytes are essential in the orchestration of cardiac immunity and homeostasis. Independent of the nature of the injury, the heart triggers leukocyte activation and recruitment. However, inflammation is harmful to this vital terminally differentiated organ with extremely poor regenerative capacity. As such, cardiac tissue has evolved particular strategies to increase the stress tolerance and minimize the impact of inflammation. In this sense, growing evidences show that mononuclear phagocytic cells are particularly dynamic during cardiac inflammation or infection and would actively participate in tissue repair and functional recovery. They respond to soluble mediators such as metabolites or cytokines, which play central roles in the timing of the intrinsic cardiac stress response. During myocardial infarction two distinct phases of monocyte influx have been identified. Upon infarction, the heart modulates its chemokine expression profile that sequentially and actively recruits inflammatory monocytes, first, and healing monocytes, later. In the same way, a sudden switch from inflammatory macrophages (with microbicidal effectors) toward anti-inflammatory macrophages occurs within the myocardium very shortly after infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas cardiomyopathy. While in sterile injury, healing response is necessary to stop tissue damage; during an intracellular infection, the anti-inflammatory milieu in infected hearts would promote microbial persistence. The balance of mononuclear phagocytic cells seems to be also dynamic in atherosclerosis influencing plaque initiation and fate. This review summarizes the participation of mononuclear phagocyte system in cardiovascular diseases, keeping in mind that the immune system evolved to promote the reestablishment of tissue homeostasis following infection/injury, and that the effects of different mediators could modulate the magnitude and quality of the immune response. The knowledge of the effects triggered by diverse mediators would serve to identify new therapeutic targets in different cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Maria Sanmarco
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Eberhardt
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Eric Ponce
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Neuropatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Roxana Carolina Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Unidad Asociada Área Ciencias Agrarias, Ingeniería, Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Bonacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Pilar Aoki
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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56
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Do T, Tan R, Bennett M, Medvedovic M, Grom AA, Shen N, Thornton S, Schulert GS. MicroRNA networks associated with active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis regulate CD163 expression and anti-inflammatory functions in macrophages through two distinct mechanisms. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:71-85. [PMID: 29345059 PMCID: PMC9680651 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0317-107r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) is a severe childhood arthropathy with features of autoinflammation. Monocytes and macrophages in SJIA have a complex phenotype with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties that combine features of several well characterized in vitro conditions used to activate macrophages. An important anti-inflammatory phenotype is expression of CD163, a scavenger receptor that sequesters toxic pro-inflammatory complexes that is highly expressed in both active SJIA and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). CD163 is most strongly up-regulated by IL-10 (M(IL-10)), and not by other conditions that reflect features seen in SJIA monocytes such as M(LPS+IC). MicroRNA plays key roles in integrating cellular signals such as those in macrophage polarization, and as such we hypothesize microRNAs regulate macrophage functional responses in SJIA including CD163 expression. We find that 2 microRNAs previously found to be elevated in active SJIA, miR-125a-5p and miR-181c, significantly reduced macrophage CD163 expression through 2 distinct mechanisms. Neither microRNA was elevated in M(IL-10) with robust CD163 expression, but were instead induced in M(LPS+IC) where they restricted CD163 mRNA expression. Mir-181 species directly targeted CD163 mRNA for degradation. In contrast, miR-125a-5p functions indirectly, as transcriptome analysis of miR-125a-5p overexpression identified "cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions" as the most significantly repressed gene pathway, including decreased IL10RA, required for IL-10-mediated CD163 expression. Finally, overexpression of miR-181c inhibited CD163 anti-inflammatory responses to hemoglobin or high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) complexes. Together, these data show that microRNA utilizes multiple mechanisms to integrate well-characterized polarization phenotypes and regulate macrophage functional properties seen in SJIA.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Arthritis, Juvenile/genetics
- Arthritis, Juvenile/immunology
- Arthritis, Juvenile/metabolism
- Child
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Do
- Division of RheumatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Rachel Tan
- Division of RheumatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
- University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Mark Bennett
- University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | | | - Alexei A. Grom
- Division of RheumatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Nan Shen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and EtiologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Sherry Thornton
- Division of RheumatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Grant S. Schulert
- Division of RheumatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
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57
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Fagundes DLG, França EL, Gonzatti MB, Rugde MVC, Calderon IMP, Honorio-França AC. The modulatory role of cytokines IL-4 and IL-17 in the functional activity of phagocytes in diabetic pregnant women. APMIS 2017; 126:56-64. [PMID: 29135055 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the role of cytokines IL-4 and IL-17 in the modulation of the functional activity of mononuclear phagocytes in diabetic pregnant women with hyperglycemia. Sixty pregnant women were assigned to the following groups: nondiabetic (ND), mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The functional activity of phagocytes from maternal blood, cord blood, and colostrum was assessed by determining their superoxide release, phagocytosis, microbicidal activity, and intracellular Ca2+ release. Irrespective of glycemic status, colostrum and blood cells treated with IL-4 and IL-17 increased superoxide release in the presence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). The highest phagocytosis rate was observed in cells from the DM2 group treated with IL-4. In all the groups, phagocytes from colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood exhibited higher microbicidal activity against EPEC when treated with cytokines. IL-17 increased intracellular Ca2+ release by colostrum phagocytes in diabetic groups. The results indicate that the IL-4 and IL-17 modulate the functional activity of phagocytes in the maternal blood, cord blood, and colostrum of diabetic mother. The natural immunity resulting from the interaction between the cells and cytokines tested may be an alternative procedure to improve the prognosis of maternal and newborn infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny L G Fagundes
- Graduate Program in Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/Unesp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Michelangelo B Gonzatti
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Marilza V C Rugde
- Graduate Program in Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/Unesp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracema M P Calderon
- Graduate Program in Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/Unesp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adenilda C Honorio-França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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58
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1-Deoxynojirimycin from Bacillus subtilis improves antioxidant and antibacterial activities of juvenile Yoshitomi tilapia. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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59
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IL-17 contributes to the pathogenesis of obliterative bronchiolitis via regulation of M1 macrophages polarization in murine heterotopic trachea transplantation models. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nagenborg J, Goossens P, Biessen EAL, Donners MMPC. Heterogeneity of atherosclerotic plaque macrophage origin, phenotype and functions: Implications for treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:14-24. [PMID: 28989084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key players in atherosclerotic lesions, regulating the local inflammatory milieu and plaque stability by the secretion of many inflammatory molecules, growth factors and cytokines. Monocytes have long been considered to be the main source of plaque macrophages. However, recent findings provide evidence for proliferation of local macrophages or transdifferentiation from other vascular cells as alternative sources. Recent years of research focused on the further identification and characterisation of macrophage phenotypes and functions. In this review we describe the advances in our understanding of monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity and its implications for specific therapeutic interventions, aiming to reduce the ever growing significant risk of cardiovascular events without any detrimental side effects on the patient's immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nagenborg
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Goossens
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo M P C Donners
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Khamri W, Abeles RD, Hou TZ, Anderson AE, El-Masry A, Triantafyllou E, Bernsmeier C, Larsen FS, Singanayagam A, Kudo N, Possamai LA, Lebosse F, Auzinger G, Bernal W, Willars C, Weston CJ, Lombardi G, Wendon J, Thursz M, Antoniades CG. Increased Expression of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 by T Cells, Induced by B7 in Sera, Reduces Adaptive Immunity in Patients With Acute Liver Failure. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:263-276.e8. [PMID: 28363639 PMCID: PMC5516432 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with acute liver failure (ALF) have defects in innate immune responses to microbes (immune paresis) and are susceptible to sepsis. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), which interacts with the membrane receptor B7 (also called CD80 and CD86), is a negative regulator of T-cell activation. We collected T cells from patients with ALF and investigated whether inhibitory signals down-regulate adaptive immune responses in patients with ALF. METHODS We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ALF and controls from September 2013 through September 2015 (45 patients with ALF, 20 patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, 15 patients with cirrhosis with no evidence of acute decompensation, 20 patients with septic shock but no cirrhosis or liver disease, and 20 healthy individuals). Circulating CD4+ T cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. CD4+ T cells were incubated with antigen, or agonist to CD3 and dendritic cells, with or without antibody against CTLA4; T-cell proliferation and protein expression were quantified. We measured levels of soluble B7 molecules in supernatants of isolated primary hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, and biliary epithelial cells from healthy or diseased liver tissues. We also measured levels of soluble B7 serum samples from patients and controls, and mice with acetaminophen-induced liver injury using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Peripheral blood samples from patients with ALF had a higher proportion of CD4+ CTLA4+ T cells than controls; patients with infections had the highest proportions. CD4+ T cells from patients with ALF had a reduced proliferative response to antigen or CD3 stimulation compared to cells from controls; incubation of CD4+ T cells from patients with ALF with an antibody against CTLA4 increased their proliferative response to antigen and to CD3 stimulation, to the same levels as cells from controls. CD4+ T cells from controls up-regulated expression of CTLA4 after 24-48 hours culture with sera from patients with ALF; these sera were found to have increased concentrations of soluble B7 compared to sera from controls. Necrotic human primary hepatocytes exposed to acetaminophen, but not hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and biliary epithelial cells from patients with ALF, secreted high levels of soluble B7. Sera from mice with acetaminophen-induced liver injury contained high levels of soluble B7 compared to sera from mice without liver injury. Plasma exchange reduced circulating levels of soluble B7 in patients with ALF and expression of CTLA4 on T cells. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral CD4+ T cells from patients with ALF have increased expression of CTLA4 compared to individuals without ALF; these cells have a reduced response to antigen and CD3 stimulation. We found sera of patients with ALF and from mice with liver injury to have high concentrations of soluble B7, which up-regulates CTLA4 expression by T cells and reduces their response to antigen. Plasma exchange reduces levels of B7 in sera from patients with ALF and might be used to restore antimicrobial responses to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Khamri
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Robin D. Abeles
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tie Zheng Hou
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E. Anderson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed El-Masry
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Fin S. Larsen
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nobuaki Kudo
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia A. Possamai
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Fanny Lebosse
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Auzinger
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - William Bernal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher J. Weston
- Centre for Liver Research and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Wendon
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Thursz
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos G. Antoniades
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom,Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Yin Y, Wu RX, He XT, Xu XY, Wang J, Chen FM. Influences of age-related changes in mesenchymal stem cells on macrophages during in-vitro culture. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:153. [PMID: 28646912 PMCID: PMC5483296 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in cytotherapy and tissue engineering due to their immunosuppressive ability and regenerative potential. Recently, the immunomodulatory influence of MSCs has been gaining increasing attention because their functional roles in modulating immune responses likely have high clinical significance. METHODS In this study, we investigated the influence of MSCs on macrophages (Mφs) in in-vitro cell culture systems. Given evidence that aged MSCs are functionally compromised, bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) isolated from both young and aged mice (YMSCs and AMSCs) were evaluated and contrasted. RESULTS We found that YMSCs exhibited greater proliferative and osteo-differentiation potential compared to AMSCs. When cocultured with RAW264.7 cells (an Mφ cell line), both YMSCs and AMSCs coaxed polarization of Mφs toward an M2 phenotype and induced secretion of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines. Compared to AMSCs, YMSCs exhibited a more potent immunomodulatory effect. While Mφs cocultured with either YMSCs or AMSCs displayed similar phagocytic ability, AMSC coculture was found to enhance Mφ migration in Transwell systems. When BMSCs were prestimulated with interferon gamma before coculture with RAW264.7 cells, their regulatory effects on Mφs appeared to be modified. Here, compared to stimulated AMSCs, stimulated YMSCs also exhibited enhanced cellular influence on cocultured RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that BMSCs exert an age-related regulatory effect on Mφs with respect to their phenotype and functions but an optimized stimulation to enhance MSC immunomodulation is in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145th West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 People’s Republic of China
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Jandú JJ, Costa MC, Santos JRA, Andrade FM, Magalhães TF, Silva MV, Castro MCAB, Coelho LCBB, Gomes AG, Paixão TA, Santos DA, Correia MTS. Treatment with pCramoll Alone and in Combination with Fluconazole Provides Therapeutic Benefits in C. gattii Infected Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:211. [PMID: 28596945 PMCID: PMC5442327 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is one of the main causative agents of cryptococcosis in immunocompetent individuals. Treatment of the infection is based on the use of antimycotics, however, the toxicity of these drugs and the increase of drug-resistant strains have driven the search for more effective and less toxic therapies for cryptococcosis. pCramoll are isolectins purified from seeds of Cratylia mollis, a native forage plant from Brazil, which has become a versatile tool for biomedical application. We evaluated the effect of pCramoll alone and in combination with fluconazole for the treatment of mice infected with C. gatti. pCramoll alone or in combination with fluconazole increased the survival, reduced the morbidity and improved mice behavior i.e., neuropsychiatric state, motor behavior, autonomic function, muscle tone and strength and reflex/sensory function. These results were associated with (i) decreased pulmonary and cerebral fungal burden and (ii) increased inflammatory infiltrate and modulatory of IFNγ, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A cytokines in mice treated with pCramoll. Indeed, bone marrow-derived macrophages pulsed with pCramoll had increased ability to engulf C. gattii, with an enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and decrease of intracellular fungal proliferation. These findings point toward the use of pCramoll in combination with fluconazole as a viable, alternative therapy for cryptococcosis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannyson J Jandú
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de PernambucoRecife, Brazil
| | - Marliete C Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda M Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de PernambucoRecife, Brazil
| | - Thais F Magalhães
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Márcia V Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de PernambucoRecife, Brazil
| | - Maria C A B Castro
- Núcleo de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de PernambucoVitória de Santo Antão, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunogenética, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu MagalhãesRecife, Brazil
| | - Luanna C B B Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de PernambucoRecife, Brazil
| | - Aline G Gomes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria T S Correia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de PernambucoRecife, Brazil
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Bazett M, Biala A, Huff RD, Zeglinksi MR, Hansbro PM, Bosiljcic M, Gunn H, Kalyan S, Hirota JA. Attenuating immune pathology using a microbial-based intervention in a mouse model of cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation. Respir Res 2017; 18:92. [PMID: 28506308 PMCID: PMC5433159 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoke exposure is the major risk factor for developing COPD. Presently, available COPD treatments focus on suppressing inflammation and providing bronchodilation. However, these options have varying efficacy in controlling symptoms and do not reverse or limit the progression of COPD. Treatments strategies using bacterial-derived products have shown promise in diseases characterized by inflammation and immune dysfunction. This study investigated for the first time whether a novel immunotherapy produced from inactivated Klebsiella (hereafter referred to as KB) containing all the major Klebsiella macromolecules, could attenuate cigarette smoke exposure-induced immune responses. We hypothesized that KB, by re-directing damaging immune responses, would attenuate cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and bronchoalveolar (BAL) cytokine and chemokine production. Methods KB was administered via a subcutaneous injection prophylactically before initiating a 3-week acute nose-only cigarette smoke exposure protocol. Control mice received placebo injection and room air. Total BAL and differential cell numbers were enumerated. BAL and serum were analysed for 31 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Lung tissue and blood were analysed for Ly6CHI monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. Body weight and clinical scores were recorded throughout the experiment. Results We demonstrate that KB treatment attenuated cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation as shown by reductions in levels of BAL IFNγ, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL5, IL-6, G-CSF, and IL-17. KB additionally attenuated the quantity of BAL lymphocytes and macrophages. In parallel to the attenuation of lung inflammation, KB induced a systemic immune activation with increases in Ly6CHI monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. Conclusions This is the first demonstration that subcutaneous administration of a microbial-based immunotherapy can attenuate cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation, and modulate BAL lymphocyte and macrophage levels, while inducing a systemic immune activation and mobilization. These data provide a foundation for future studies exploring how KB may be used to either reverse or prevent progression of established emphysema and small airways disease associated with chronic cigarette smoke exposure. The data suggest the intriguing possibility that KB, which stimulates rather than suppresses systemic immune responses, might be a novel means by which the course of COPD pathogenesis may be altered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0577-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bazett
- Qu Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5T 4T5
| | - Agnieszka Biala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6H 3Z6
| | - Ryan D Huff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6H 3Z6
| | - Matthew R Zeglinksi
- iCORD Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 1M5
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hal Gunn
- Qu Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5T 4T5
| | - Shirin Kalyan
- Qu Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5T 4T5.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, CeMCOR, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 1M9
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6H 3Z6. .,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 4A6.
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65
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Mourik BC, Lubberts E, de Steenwinkel JEM, Ottenhoff THM, Leenen PJM. Interactions between Type 1 Interferons and the Th17 Response in Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned from Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28424682 PMCID: PMC5380685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical paradigm of tuberculosis (TB) immunity, with a central protective role for Th1 responses and IFN-γ-stimulated cellular responses, has been challenged by unsatisfactory results of vaccine strategies aimed at enhancing Th1 immunity. Moreover, preclinical TB models have shown that increasing IFN-γ responses in the lungs is more damaging to the host than to the pathogen. Type 1 interferon signaling and altered Th17 responses have also been associated with active TB, but their functional roles in TB pathogenesis remain to be established. These two host responses have been studied in more detail in autoimmune diseases (AID) and show functional interactions that are of potential interest in TB immunity. In this review, we first identify the role of type 1 interferons and Th17 immunity in TB, followed by an overview of interactions between these responses observed in systemic AID. We discuss (i) the effects of GM-CSF-secreting Th17.1 cells and type 1 interferons on CCR2+ monocytes; (ii) convergence of IL-17 and type 1 interferon signaling on stimulating B-cell activating factor production and the central role of neutrophils in this process; and (iii) synergy between IL-17 and type 1 interferons in the generation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures and the associated follicular helper T-cell responses. Evaluation of these autoimmune-related pathways in TB pathogenesis provides a new perspective on recent developments in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C Mourik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Zhi Y, Gao P, Xin X, Li W, Ji L, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang J. Clinical significance of sCD163 and its possible role in asthma (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2931-2939. [PMID: 28350095 PMCID: PMC5428902 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exert important functions in the balance and efficiency of immune responses, and participate in innate and adaptive immunity. The proinflammatory actions of macrophages are implicated in autoimmune diseases. Unlike classically activated M1 macrophages, the alternatively activated cluster of differentiation (CD)163+ and CD206+ M2 macrophages are involved in tissue repair and wound healing, and use oxidative metabolism to support their long-term functions. CD163 is a member of the scavenger receptor superfamily, categorized into class B, and its soluble(s) form, sCD163, is a marker of activated M2 macrophages. CD163 is selectively expressed in cells of the monocyte and macrophage lineages; however, its biological role has yet to be elucidated. The expression of sCD163 is markedly induced by anti-inflammatory mediators, such as glucocorticoids and interleukin-10, whereas it is inhibited by proinflammatory mediators, such as interferon-γ. These findings suggest that CD163 may serve as a potential target for the therapeutic modulation of inflammatory responses. The concentration of sCD163 in blood is associated with acute and chronic inflammatory processes in autoimmune disorders of connective tissue, fat metabolism and cardiovascular diseases, and it can be used for the assessment of cancer prognosis. A role for sCD163 in the pathogenesis of asthma has also been proposed. The present review serves to present the available knowledge concerning the implication of sCD163 in the pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma, and evaluate its potential as a biomarker and possible therapeutic target for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Xiuqin Xin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China
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Khalmuratova R, Park JW, Shin HW. Immune Cell Responses and Mucosal Barrier Disruptions in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Immune Netw 2017; 17:60-67. [PMID: 28261021 PMCID: PMC5334123 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common presentations of upper airway illness and severely affects patient quality of life. Its frequency is not surprising given levels of environmental exposure to microbes, pollutants, and allergens. Inflammatory cells, inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, and airway remodeling have been detected in the sinonasal mucosae of CRS patients, although the precise pathophysiological mechanisms causing such persistent inflammation remain unclear. Given its high prevalence and considerable associated morbidity, continued research into CRS is necessary to increase our understanding of factors likely to contribute to its pathogenesis, and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding immune cell responses and epithelial alterations in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Khalmuratova
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Burnley B, P Jones H. Corticotropin-releasing hormone improves survival in pneumococcal pneumonia by reducing pulmonary inflammation. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/1/e13000. [PMID: 28057851 PMCID: PMC5256152 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of glucocorticoids to reduce inflammatory responses is largely based on the knowledge of the physiological action of the endogenous glucocorticoid, cortisol. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) is a neuropeptide released from the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis of the central nervous system. This hormone serves as an important mediator of adaptive physiological responses to stress. In addition to its role in inducing downstream cortisol release that in turn regulates immune suppression, CRH has also been found to mediate inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a microorganism commonly present among the commensal microflora along the upper respiratory tract. Transmission of disease stems from the resident asymptomatic pneumococcus along the nasal passages. Glucocorticoids are central mediators of immune suppression and are the primary adjuvant pharmacological treatment used to reduce inflammatory responses in patients with severe bacterial pneumonia. However, controversy exists in the effectiveness of glucocorticoid treatment in reducing mortality rates during S. pneumoniae infection. In this study, we compared the effect of the currently utilized pharmacologic glucocorticoid dexamethasone with CRH. Our results demonstrated that intranasal administration of CRH increases survival associated with a decrease in inflammatory cellular immune responses compared to dexamethasone independent of neutrophils. Thus, providing evidence of its use in the management of immune and inflammatory responses brought on by severe pneumococcal infection that could reduce mortality risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Burnley
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Harlan P Jones
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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Chen YL, Chen YT, Lo CF, Hsieh CI, Chiu SY, Wu CY, Yeh YS, Hung SH, Cheng PH, Su YH, Jiang ST, Chin HJ, Su YC. Early Detection of T cell Transfer-induced Autoimmune Colitis by In Vivo Imaging System. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35635. [PMID: 27762297 PMCID: PMC5071899 DOI: 10.1038/srep35635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic and progressive inflammatory intestinal disease that includes two major types, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease (CD). CD is characterized by intestinal epithelial hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration. Transfer of CD25−CD45RBhiCD4+ (naïve) T cells into immunodeficiency mice induces autoimmune colitis with pathological lesions similar to CD and loss of body weight 4 weeks after cell transfer. However, weight loss neither has sufficient sensitivity nor totally matches the pathological findings of CD. To establish an early and sensitive indicator of autoimmune colitis model, the transferred T cell-induced colitis mouse model was modified by transferring luciferase-expressing donor T cells and determining the colitis by in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Colitis was detected with IVIS 7–10 days before the onset of body weight loss and diarrhea. IVIS was also applied in the dexamethasone treatment trial, and was a more sensitive indicator than body weight changes. All IVIS signals were parallel to the pathological abnormalities of the gut and immunological analysis results. In summary, IVIS provides both sensitive and objective means to monitor the disease course of transferred T cell-induced CD and fulfills the 3Rs principle of humane care of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Chen
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Feng Lo
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Hsieh
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Chiu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yen Wu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Yeh
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsuan Hung
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hao Cheng
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Su
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Si-Tse Jiang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsian-Jean Chin
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Su
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhu XQ, Lu W, Chen Y, Cheng XF, Qiu JY, Xu Y, Sun Y. Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis LipopolysaccharideTolerized Monocytes on Inflammatory Responses in Neutrophils. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161482. [PMID: 27536946 PMCID: PMC4990254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by bacteria. Exposure of the host to periodontal pathogens and their virulence factors induces a state of hyporesponsiveness to subsequent stimulations, which is termed endotoxin tolerance. The role and mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–tolerized monocytes in inflammatory responses in neutrophils are currently unclear. Here, conditioned supernatants were collected from THP-1 cells treated with or without repeated 1 μg/ml Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) LPS. The chemotactic response of freshly isolated neutrophils recruited by supernatants was determined by a transwell migration assay, which demonstrated a reduced migration of neutrophils stimulated with supernatants from tolerized THP-1 cells in comparison to non-tolerized THP-1 cells. In addition, there was a marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and a significant decrease in Caspase 3 activities in neutrophils treated with supernatants from THP-1 cells that were treated repeatedly with P.gingivalis LPS in comparison to single treatment. A cytokine antibody array was then used to assess cytokine expression patterns in THP-1 cells. In tolerized THP-1 cells, 43 cytokine (43/170) expression levels were decreased, including chemokine ligand 23 (CCL23) and IFN-γ, while 11 cytokine (11/170) expression levels were increased, such as death receptor 6 (DR6). Furthermore, there was decreased production of IFN-γ and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78 (ENA-78) in THP-1 cells after stimulation with repeated P. gingivalis LPS in comparison to single challenge, which was confirmed by ELISA. Therefore, P.gingivalis LPS- tolerized THP-1 cells were able to depress neutrophil chemotaxis and apoptosis, and contribute to respiratory burst, which might be related to the changes in cytokine expression patterns in THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-qing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Stomatology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-fan Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-ying Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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71
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Gordon S. Phagocytosis: An Immunobiologic Process. Immunity 2016; 44:463-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Parallel Aspects of the Microenvironment in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4375120. [PMID: 26997761 PMCID: PMC4779817 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4375120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and autoimmune diseases are fundamentally different pathological conditions. In cancer, the immune response is suppressed and unable to eradicate the transformed self-cells, while in autoimmune diseases it is hyperactivated against a self-antigen, leading to tissue injury. Yet, mechanistically, similarities in the triggering of the immune responses can be observed. In this review, we highlight some parallel aspects of the microenvironment in cancer and autoimmune diseases, especially hypoxia, and the role of macrophages, neutrophils, and their interaction. Macrophages, owing to their plastic mode of activation, can generate a pro- or antitumoral microenvironment. Similarly, in autoimmune diseases, macrophages tip the Th1/Th2 balance via various effector cytokines. The contribution of neutrophils, an additional plastic innate immune cell population, to the microenvironment and disease progression is recently gaining more prominence in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, as they can secrete cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as acquire an enhanced ability to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are now considered important initiators of autoimmune diseases. Understanding the contribution of macrophages and neutrophils to the cancerous or autoimmune microenvironment, as well as the role their interaction and cooperation play, may help identify new targets and improve therapeutic strategies.
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73
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Ning F, Liu H, Lash GE. The Role of Decidual Macrophages During Normal and Pathological Pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:298-309. [PMID: 26750089 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages perform many specific functions including host defense, homeostasis, angiogenesis, and tissue development. Macrophages are the second most abundant leukocyte population in the non-pregnant endometrium and pregnant decidua and likely play a central role in the establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy. Importantly, aberrantly activated uterine macrophages can affect trophoblast function and placental development, which may result in various adverse pregnancy outcomes ranging from pre-eclampsia to fetal growth restriction or demise. Only by fully understanding the roles of macrophage in pregnancy will we be able to develop interventions for the treatment of these various pregnancy complications. This review discusses the general origin and classification of monocytes and macrophages and focuses on the phenotype and functional roles of decidual macrophage at the maternal-fetal interface in normal pregnancy, as well as discussing the potential contribution of the abnormal state of these cells to various aspects of pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Ning
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics, Preterm Birth Prevention and Treatment Research Unit, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huishu Liu
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gendie E Lash
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
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74
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Schmidt JG, Andersen EW, Ersbøll BK, Nielsen ME. Muscle wound healing in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:273-284. [PMID: 26702558 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We followed the progression of healing of deep excisional biopsy punch wounds over the course of 365 days in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by monitoring visual wound healing and gene expression in the healing muscle at regular intervals (1, 3, 7, 14, 38 and 100 days post-wounding). In addition, we performed muscle texture analysis one year after wound infliction. The selected genes have all previously been investigated in relation to vertebrate wound healing, but only few specifically in fish. The selected genes were interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and -β3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -9 and -13, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), fibronectin (FN), tenascin-C (TN-C), prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1-chain (P4Hα1), lysyl oxidase (LOX), collagen type I α1-chain (ColIα1), CD41 and CD163. Wound healing progressed slowly in the presented study, which is at least partially due to the low temperature of about 8.5 °C during the first 100 days. The inflammation phase lasted more than 14 days, and the genes relating to production and remodeling of new extracellular matrix (ECM) exhibited a delayed but prolonged upregulation starting 1-2 weeks post-wounding and lasting until at least 100 days post-wounding. The gene expression patterns and histology reveal limited capacity for muscle regeneration in rainbow trout, and muscle texture analyses one year after wound infliction confirm that wounds heal with fibrosis. At 100 dpw epidermis had fully regenerated, and dermis partially regenerated. Scales had not regenerated even after one year. CD163 is a marker of "wound healing"-type M2c macrophages in mammals. M2 macrophage markers are as yet poorly described in fish. The pattern of CD163 expression in the present study is consistent with the expected timing of presence of M2c macrophages in the wound. CD163 may thus potentially prove a valuable marker of M2 macrophages - or a subset hereof - in fish. We subjected a group of fish to bathing in an immunomodulatory β-glucan product during wound healing, but found this to have very limited effect on wound healing in contrast to a previously published study on common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Schmidt
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1970 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - E W Andersen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Statistics and Data Analysis, Matematiktorvet, Building 324, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - B K Ersbøll
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Statistics and Data Analysis, Matematiktorvet, Building 324, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M E Nielsen
- Leo Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
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Regulation of Interleukin-17 Production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:139-166. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Han Q, Das S, Hirano M, Holland SJ, McCurley N, Guo P, Rosenberg CS, Boehm T, Cooper MD. Characterization of Lamprey IL-17 Family Members and Their Receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:5440-51. [PMID: 26491201 PMCID: PMC4655163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-17 is an ancient cytokine implicated in a variety of immune defense reactions. We identified five members of the sea lamprey IL-17 family (IL-17D.1, IL-17D.2, IL-17E, IL-17B, and IL-17C) and six IL-17R genes (IL-17RA.1, IL-17RA.2, IL-17RA.3, IL-17RF, IL-17RE/RC, and IL-17RD), determined their relationship with mammalian orthologs, and examined their expression patterns and potential interactions to explore their roles in innate and adaptive immunity. The most highly expressed IL-17 family member is IL-17D.1 (mammalian IL-17D like), which was found to be preferentially expressed by epithelial cells of skin, intestine, and gills and by the two types of lamprey T-like cells. IL-17D.1 binding to rIL-17RA.1 and to the surface of IL-17RA.1-expressing B-like cells and monocytes of lamprey larvae was demonstrated, and treatment of lamprey blood cells with rIL-17D.1 protein enhanced transcription of genes expressed by the B-like cells. These findings suggest a potential role for IL-17 in coordinating the interactions between T-like cells and other cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems in jawless vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Han
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Sabyasachi Das
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Stephen J Holland
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathanael McCurley
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Peng Guo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Charles S Rosenberg
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Max D Cooper
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
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Konttinen YT, Pajarinen J, Takakubo Y, Gallo J, Nich C, Takagi M, Goodman SB. Macrophage polarization and activation in response to implant debris: influence by "particle disease" and "ion disease". J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2015; 24:267-81. [PMID: 25747030 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.2014011355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages derive from human embryonic and fetal stem cells and from human bone marrow-derived blood monocytes. They play a major homeostatic role in tissue remodeling and maintenance facilitated by apoptotic "eat me" opsonins like CRP, serum amyloid P, C1q, C3b, IgM, ficolin, and surfactant proteins. Three subsets of monocytes, classic, intermediate, and nonclassic, are mobilized and transmigrate to tissues. Implant-derived wear particles opsonized by danger signals regulate macrophage priming, polarization (M1, M2, M17, and Mreg), and activation. CD14(+) monocytes in healthy controls and CD16(+) monocytes in inflammation differentiate/polarize to foreign body giant cells/osteoclasts or inflammatory dendritic cells (infDC). These danger signal opsonins can be pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs), but in aseptic loosening, usually are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Danger signal-opsonized particles elicit "particle disease" and aseptic loosening. They provide soluble and cell membrane-bound co-stimulatory signals that can lead to cell-mediated immune reactions to metal ions. Metal-on-metal implant failure has disclosed that quite like Ni(2+), its neighbor in the periodic table Co(2+) can directly activate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a lipopolysaccharide-mimic. "Ion disease" concept needs to be incorporated into the "particle disease" concept, due to the toxic, immune, and inflammatory potential of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrjo T Konttinen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki and ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital of the Invalid Foundation, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 HUS, Finland; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford CA 94305-5341 , USA
| | - Yuya Takakubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jiri Gallo
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc 775 20, Czech Republic
| | - Christophe Nich
- Laboratoire de Biomecanique et Biomateriaux Osteo-Articulaires - UMR CNRS 7052, Faculte de Medecine - Universite Paris 7, Paris, France; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, European Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris
| | - Michiaki Takagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Yamagata University School of Medicine Yamagata, Japan
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University Medical Center Redwood City, CA
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γδ T Cells Are Required for M2 Macrophage Polarization and Resolution of Ozone-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131236. [PMID: 26135595 PMCID: PMC4489797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of γδ T cells in the induction of alternatively activated M2 macrophages and the resolution of inflammation after ozone exposure. Wildtype (WT) mice and mice deficient in γδ T cells (TCRδ-/- mice) were exposed to air or to ozone (0.3 ppm for up to 72h) and euthanized immediately or 1, 3, or 5 days after cessation of exposure. In WT mice, M2 macrophages accumulated in the lungs over the course of ozone exposure. Pulmonary mRNA abundance of the M2 genes, Arg1, Retnla, and Clec10a, also increased after ozone. In contrast, no evidence of M2 polarization was observed in TCRδ-/- mice. WT but not TCRδ-/- mice expressed the M2c polarizing cytokine, IL-17A, after ozone exposure and WT mice treated with an IL-17A neutralizing antibody exhibited attenuated ozone-induced M2 gene expression. In WT mice, ozone-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils and macrophages resolved quickly after cessation of ozone exposure returning to air exposed levels within 3 days. However, lack of M2 macrophages in TCRδ-/- mice was associated with delayed clearance of inflammatory cells after cessation of ozone and increased accumulation of apoptotic macrophages in the lungs. Delayed restoration of normal lung architecture was also observed in TCRδ-/- mice. In summary, our data indicate that γδ T cells are required for the resolution of ozone-induced inflammation, likely because γδ T cells, through their secretion of IL-17A, contribute to changes in macrophage polarization that promote clearance of apoptotic cells.
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Abstract
Initiation and progression of atherosclerosis depend on local inflammation and accumulation of lipids in the vascular wall. Although many cells are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, macrophages are fundamental contributors. For nearly a decade, the phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages has been studied. In atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages are submitted to a large variety of micro-environmental signals, such as oxidized lipids and cytokines, which influence the phenotypic polarization and activation of macrophages resulting in a dynamic plasticity. The macrophage phenotype spectrum is characterized, at the extremes, by the classical M1 macrophages induced by T-helper 1 (Th-1) cytokines and by the alternative M2 macrophages induced by Th-2 cytokines. M2 macrophages can be further classified into M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d subtypes. More recently, additional plaque-specific macrophage phenotypes have been identified, termed as Mox, Mhem, and M4. Understanding the mechanisms and functional consequences of the phenotypic heterogeneity of macrophages will contribute to determine their potential role in lesion development and plaque stability. Furthermore, research on macrophage plasticity could lead to novel therapeutic approaches to counteract cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. The present review summarizes our current knowledge on macrophage subsets in atherosclerotic plaques and mechanism behind the modulation of the macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Colin
- Université Lille 2, Lille, France; Inserm, U1011, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR 3508, Lille, France
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80
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Isailovic N, Daigo K, Mantovani A, Selmi C. Interleukin-17 and innate immunity in infections and chronic inflammation. J Autoimmun 2015; 60:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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81
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Sudan B, Wacker MA, Wilson ME, Graff JW. A Systematic Approach to Identify Markers of Distinctly Activated Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2015; 6:253. [PMID: 26074920 PMCID: PMC4445387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization has been a useful concept for describing activated macrophage phenotypes and gene expression profiles. However, macrophage activation status within tumors and other settings are often inferred based on only a few markers. Complicating matters for relevance to human biology, many macrophage activation markers have been best characterized in mice and sometimes are not similarly regulated in human macrophages. To identify novel markers of activated human macrophages, gene expression profiles for human macrophages of a single donor subjected to 33 distinct activating conditions were obtained and a set of putative activation markers were subsequently evaluated in macrophages from multiple donors using integrated fluidic circuit (IFC)-based RT-PCR. Using unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the microarray screen, highly altered transcripts (>4-fold change in expression) sorted the macrophage transcription profiles into two major and 13 minor clusters. Among the 1874 highly altered transcripts, over 100 were uniquely altered in one major or two related minor clusters. IFC PCR-derived data confirmed the microarray results and determined the kinetics of expression of potential macrophage activation markers. Transcripts encoding chemokines, cytokines, and cell surface were prominent in our analyses. The activation markers identified by this study could be used to better characterize tumor-associated macrophages from biopsies as well as other macrophage populations collected from human clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Sudan
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Mark A Wacker
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Iowa City VA Medical Center , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Joel W Graff
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Iowa City VA Medical Center , Iowa City, IA , USA
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82
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Zizzo G, Cohen PL. The PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 elicits differentiation of M2c-like cells and upregulation of the MerTK/Gas6 axis: a key role for PPAR-γ in human macrophage polarization. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:36. [PMID: 25972766 PMCID: PMC4429687 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The nuclear receptors PPAR-γ and LXRs regulate macrophage lipid metabolism and macrophage mediated inflammation. We examined the influence of these molecules on macrophage alternative activation, with particular focus on differentiation of “M2c” anti-inflammatory cells. Methods We cultured human monocytes in M0, M1, M2a or M2c macrophage differentiating conditions, in the presence or absence of PPAR-γ and LXR ligands. Flow cytometry was used to analyze membrane expression of phenotypic markers. Basal and LPS-stimulated production of soluble mediators was measured by ELISA. Efferocytosis assays were performed by coincubating monocytes/macrophages with apoptotic neutrophils. Results We found that PPAR-γ inhibition, using the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662, elicits differentiation of M2c-like (CD206+ CD163+ CD16+) cells and upregulation of the MerTK/Gas6 axis. Exposure of differentiating macrophages to IFN-γ, GM-CSF or LPS (M1 conditions), however, hampers GW9662 induction of MerTK and Gas6. When macrophages are differentiated with IL-4 (M2a conditions), addition of GW9662 results into an M2a (CD206+ CD209+ CD163− MerTK−) to M2c (CD206high CD209− CD163+ MerTK+) polarization shift. Conversely, in the presence of dexamethasone (M2c conditions), the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone attenuates CD163 and MerTK upregulation. The LXR agonist T0901317 induces MerTK independently of M2c polarization; indeed, CD206, CD163 and CD16 are downregulated. GW9662-differentiated M2c-like cells secrete high levels of Gas6 and low amounts of TNF-α and IL-10, mimicking dexamethasone effects in vitro. However, unlike conventional M2c cells, GW9662-differentiated cells do not show enhanced efferocytic ability. Conclusions Our results provide new insights into the role of PPAR-γ and LXR receptors in human macrophage activation and reveal the existence of different patterns regulating MerTK expression. Unexpectedly, PPAR-γ appears to negatively control the expansion of a discrete subset of M2c-like anti-inflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Zizzo
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, 19140 Philadelphia, PA USA ; Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Temple University, 3322 N. Broad Street, 19140 Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Philip L Cohen
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, 19140 Philadelphia, PA USA ; Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Temple University, 3322 N. Broad Street, 19140 Philadelphia, PA USA
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Liu B, Dhanda A, Hirani S, Williams EL, Sen HN, Martinez Estrada F, Ling D, Thompson I, Casady M, Li Z, Si H, Tucker W, Wei L, Jawad S, Sura A, Dailey J, Hannes S, Chen P, Chien JL, Gordon S, Lee RWJ, Nussenblatt RB. CD14++CD16+ Monocytes Are Enriched by Glucocorticoid Treatment and Are Functionally Attenuated in Driving Effector T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5150-60. [PMID: 25911752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral monocytes have been categorized into three subsets based on differential expression levels of CD14 and CD16. However, the factors that influence the distribution of monocyte subsets and the roles that each subset plays in autoimmunity are not well studied. In this study, we show that circulating monocytes from patients with autoimmune uveitis exhibit a skewed phenotype toward intermediate CD14(++)CD16(+) cells, and that this is associated with glucocorticoid therapy. We further demonstrate that CD14(++)CD16(+) monocytes from patients and healthy control donors share a similar cell-surface marker and gene expression profile. Comparison of the effects of intermediate CD14(++)CD16(+) monocytes with classical CD14(++)CD16(-) and nonclassical CD14(+)CD16(++) monocytes revealed that the intermediate CD14(++)CD16(+) subset had an attenuated capacity to promote both naive CD4(+) T cell proliferation and polarization into a Th1 phenotype, and memory CD4(+) T cell proliferation and IL-17 expression. Furthermore, CD14(++)CD16(+) cells inhibit CD4(+) T cell proliferation induced by other monocyte subsets and enhance CD4(+) T regulatory cell IL-10 expression. These data demonstrate the impact of glucocorticoids on monocyte phenotype in the context of autoimmune disease and the differential effects of monocyte subsets on effector T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ashwin Dhanda
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sima Hirani
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Emily L Williams
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom; and
| | - H Nida Sen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Diamond Ling
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ian Thompson
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Megan Casady
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Han Si
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William Tucker
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lai Wei
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shayma Jawad
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Amol Sura
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jennifer Dailey
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Hannes
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jason L Chien
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W J Lee
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert B Nussenblatt
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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Transcriptomic analysis of human polarized macrophages: more than one role of alternative activation? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119751. [PMID: 25799240 PMCID: PMC4370704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population which in response to the cytokine milieu polarize in either classically activated macrophages (M1) or alternatively activated macrophages (M2). This plasticity makes macrophages essential in regulating inflammation, immune response and tissue remodeling and a novel therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to describe the transcriptomic profiles of differently polarized human macrophages to generate new hypotheses on the biological function of the different macrophage subtypes. METHODS AND RESULTS Polarization of circulating monocytes/macrophages of blood donors was induced in vitro by IFN-γ and LPS (M1), by IL-4 (M2a), and by IL-10 (M2c). Unstimulated cells (RM) served as time controls. Gene expression profile of M1, M2a, M2c and RM was assessed at 6, 12 and 24h after polarization with Whole Human Genome Agilent Microarray technique. When compared to RM, M1 significantly upregulated pathways involved in immunity and inflammation, whereas M2a did the opposite. Conversely, decreased and increased expression of mitochondrial metabolism, consistent with insulin resistant and insulin sensitive patterns, was seen in M1 and M2a, respectively. The time sequence in the expression of some pathways appeared to have some specific bearing on M1 function. Finally, canonical and non-canonical Wnt genes and gene groups, promoting inflammation and tissue remodeling, were upregulated in M2a compared to RM. CONCLUSION Our data in in vitro polarized human macrophages: 1. confirm and extend known inflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene expression patterns; 2. demonstrate changes in mitochondrial metabolism associated to insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in M1 and M2a, respectively; 3. highlight the potential relevance of gene expression timing in M1 function; 4. unveil enhanced expression of Wnt pathways in M2a suggesting a potential dual (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) role of M2a in inflammatory diseases.
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85
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Medbury HJ, Williams H, Fletcher JP. Clinical significance of macrophage phenotypes in cardiovascular disease. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:63. [PMID: 25635207 PMCID: PMC4303745 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging understanding of macrophage subsets and their functions in the atherosclerotic plaque has led to the consensus that M1 macrophages are pro-atherogenic while M2 macrophages may promote plaque stability, primarily though their tissue repair and anti-inflammatory properties. As such, modulating macrophage function to promote plaque stability is an exciting therapeutic prospect. This review will outline the involvement of the different macrophage subsets throughout atherosclerosis progression and in models of regression. It is evident that much of our understanding of macrophage function comes from in vitro or small animal models and, while such knowledge is valuable, we have much to learn about the roles of the macrophage subsets in the clinical setting in order to identify the key pathways to target to possibly promote plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Medbury
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - Helen Williams
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - John P Fletcher
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW Australia
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Li J, Hsu HC, Ding Y, Li H, Wu Q, Yang P, Luo B, Rowse AL, Spalding DM, Bridges SL, Mountz JD. Inhibition of fucosylation reshapes inflammatory macrophages and suppresses type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2368-79. [PMID: 24838610 DOI: 10.1002/art.38711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fucosylation catalyzed by fucosyltransferases (FUTs) is an important posttranslational modification involved in a variety of biologic processes. This study was undertaken to determine the roles of fucosylation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to assess the efficacy of reestablishing immune homeostasis with the use of 2-deoxy-d-galactose (2-d-gal), a fucosylation inhibitor. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression of FUT genes in synovial tissue from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and in fluorescence-activated cell-sorted cells from RA synovial fluid. The in vivo inhibitory effect of 2-d-gal was evaluated in a murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. The in vitro effects of 2-d-gal on differentiation of inflammatory macrophages, production of cytokines, and antigen uptake, processing, and presentation functions were analyzed. RESULTS FUTs that are involved in terminal or subterminal fucosylation, but not those involved in core fucosylation or O-fucosylation, were up-regulated in RA compared to OA synovial tissue. The expression of terminal FUTs was highly positively correlated with the expression of TNF (encoding for tumor necrosis factor α). Terminal FUTs were predominantly expressed in M1 macrophages. In vivo, 2-d-gal treatment of mice precluded the development of CIA by reducing inflammatory macrophages and Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes and decreasing the levels of TNFα, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and antibodies to type II collagen in the serum. In vitro, treatment with 2-d-gal skewed the differentiation of M1 macrophages to IL-10-producing M2 macrophages. Furthermore, 2-d-gal significantly inhibited the antigen-presenting function of M1 macrophages. CONCLUSION Terminal fucosylation is a novel hallmark of inflammatory macrophages. Inhibition of terminal FUTs reshapes the differentiation and functions of M1 macrophages, leading to resolution of inflammation in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- University of Alabama at, Birmingham
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87
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Albert R, Kristóf E, Zahuczky G, Szatmári-Tóth M, Veréb Z, Oláh B, Moe MC, Facskó A, Fésüs L, Petrovski G. Triamcinolone regulated apopto-phagocytic gene expression patterns in the clearance of dying retinal pigment epithelial cells. A key role of Mertk in the enhanced phagocytosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:435-46. [PMID: 25450174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apopto-phagocytic gene expression patterns during clearance of dying cells in the retina and the effect of triamcinolone (TC) upon these processes have relevance to development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS ARPE-19 cells and primary human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) were induced to undergo cell death by anoikis and the clearance of these cells by living hRPE/ARPE-19 or human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) in the presence or absence of TC was quantified by flow cytometry. TaqMan low-density gene expression array determining known markers of phagocytosis and loss-of-function studies on selected apopto-phagocytic genes was carried out in HMDM engulfing anoikic cells. RESULTS The glucocorticoid TC had a profound phagocytosis-enhancing effect on HMDM engulfing anoikic ARPE-19 or hRPE cells, causing a selective upregulation of the Mer tyrosine kinase (MERTK) receptor, while decreasing the expression of the AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and thrombospondin-1 (THSB-1). The key role of the MERTK could be demonstrated in HMDM engulfing dying cells using gene silencing as well as blocking antibodies. Similar pathways were found upregulated in living ARPE-19 engulfing anoikic ARPE-19 cells. Gas6 treatment enhanced phagocytosis in TC-treated HMDMs. CONCLUSIONS Specific agonists of the Mertk receptor may have a potential role as phagocytosis enhancers in the retina and serve as future targets for AMD therapy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of Gas6 as enhancer of retinal phagocytosis via the MerTK receptor, alone or in combination with other specific ligands of the tyrosine kinase receptors' family may have a potential role in AMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Albert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Endre Kristóf
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Mária Szatmári-Tóth
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Oláh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Morten C Moe
- Centre of Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Facskó
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Fésüs
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and MTA-DE Stem cell, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Li C, McClellan SA, Barrett R, Hazlett LD. Interleukin 17 regulates Mer tyrosine kinase-positive cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6886-900. [PMID: 25298414 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if IL-17 regulates Mer tyrosine kinase-positive (MerTK+) cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. METHODS Interleukin 17 was tested in normal and infected cornea of susceptible C57BL/6 and resistant BALB/c mice. The latter were treated with recombinant mouse (rm) IL-17; both groups were treated with IL-17 neutralizing antibody. Mice were infected, and clinical score, PCR, ELISA, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays tested expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators and polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte (PMN) infiltrate. Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) protein levels were assessed in both mouse strains, while MerTK+ cells were examined by immunostaining and cell sorting before and after IL-17 neutralization. RESULTS The IL-17 mRNA and protein were higher in C57BL/6 versus BALB/c cornea after infection. The rmIL-17 treatment of BALB/c mice modified proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, but clinical score and MPO assay revealed no differences. However, only BALB/c mice treated with IL-17 neutralizing antibody showed increased disease, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 2, and MPO levels. Fas and FasL protein levels, elevated earlier in BALB/c versus C57BL/6 mice, correlated with significantly more MerTK+ cells in BALB/c cornea at 3 days after infection. Neutralization of IL-17 in C57BL/6 mice elevated MerTK+ cells, while similar treatment of BALB/c mice significantly decreased them. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that IL-17 expression is higher in C57BL/6 versus BALB/c cornea after infection and that the latter group has more MerTK+ cells. Exogenous rmIL-17 failed to shift the disease response in resistant mice, but its neutralization resulted in worsened disease and reduced MerTK+ cells. Neutralization of IL-17 in C57BL/6 mice increased MerTK+ cells but did not dramatically shift the disease response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sharon A McClellan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ronald Barrett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Erbel C, Akhavanpoor M, Okuyucu D, Wangler S, Dietz A, Zhao L, Stellos K, Little KM, Lasitschka F, Doesch A, Hakimi M, Dengler TJ, Giese T, Blessing E, Katus HA, Gleissner CA. IL-17A influences essential functions of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and is involved in advanced murine and human atherosclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4344-55. [PMID: 25261478 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Lesion progression is primarily mediated by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine, which modulates immune cell trafficking and is involved inflammation in (auto)immune and infectious diseases. But the role of IL-17A still remains controversial. In the current study, we investigated effects of IL-17A on advanced murine and human atherosclerosis, the common disease phenotype in clinical care. The 26-wk-old apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a standard chow diet and treated either with IL-17A mAb (n = 15) or irrelevant Ig (n = 10) for 16 wk. Furthermore, essential mechanisms of IL-17A in atherogenesis were studied in vitro. Inhibition of IL-17A markedly prevented atherosclerotic lesion progression (p = 0.001) by reducing inflammatory burden and cellular infiltration (p = 0.01) and improved lesion stability (p = 0.01). In vitro experiments showed that IL-17A plays a role in chemoattractance, monocyte adhesion, and sensitization of APCs toward pathogen-derived TLR4 ligands. Also, IL-17A induced a unique transcriptome pattern in monocyte-derived macrophages distinct from known macrophage types. Stimulation of human carotid plaque tissue ex vivo with IL-17A induced a proinflammatory milieu and upregulation of molecules expressed by the IL-17A-induced macrophage subtype. In this study, we show that functional blockade of IL-17A prevents atherosclerotic lesion progression and induces plaque stabilization in advanced lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. The underlying mechanisms involve reduced inflammation and distinct effects of IL-17A on monocyte/macrophage lineage. In addition, translational experiments underline the relevance for the human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany;
| | | | - Deniz Okuyucu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Susanne Wangler
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alex Dietz
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | | | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Andreas Doesch
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Maani Hakimi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Endovascular Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Thomas J Dengler
- Department of Cardiology, SLK-Hospital Heilbronn, Bad Friedrichshall 74177, Germany
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; and
| | - Erwin Blessing
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Nishikawa K, Seo N, Torii M, Ma N, Muraoka D, Tawara I, Masuya M, Tanaka K, Takei Y, Shiku H, Katayama N, Kato T. Interleukin-17 induces an atypical M2-like macrophage subpopulation that regulates intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108494. [PMID: 25254662 PMCID: PMC4177893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a pleiotropic cytokine that acts on both immune and non-immune cells and is generally implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although IL-17 as well as their source, mainly but not limited to Th17 cells, is also abundant in the inflamed intestine, the role of IL-17 in inflammatory bowel disease remains controversial. In the present study, by using IL-17 knockout (KO) mice, we investigated the role of IL-17 in colitis, with special focus on the macrophage subpopulations. Here we show that IL-17KO mice had increased susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis which was associated with decrease in expression of mRNAs implicated in M2 and/or wound healing macrophages, such as IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist, arginase 1, cyclooxygenase 2, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Lamina propria leukocytes from inflamed colon of IL-17KO mice contained fewer CD11b+Ly6C+MHC Class II+ macrophages, which were derived, at least partly, from blood monocytes, as compared to those of WT mice. FACS-purified CD11b+ cells from WT mice, which were more abundant in Ly6C+MHC Class II+ cells, expressed increased levels of genes associated M2/wound healing macrophages and also M1/proinflammatory macrophages. Depletion of this population by topical administration of clodronate-liposome in the colon of WT mice resulted in the exacerbation of colitis. These results demonstrate that IL-17 confers protection against the development of severe colitis through the induction of an atypical M2-like macrophage subpopulation. Our findings reveal a previously unappreciated mechanism by which IL-17 exerts a protective function in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nishikawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Naohiro Seo
- Department of Immuno-Gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Mie Torii
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Nei Ma
- Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Daisuke Muraoka
- Department of Immuno-Gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Isao Tawara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masahiro Masuya
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Tanaka
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Department of Immuno-Gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Katayama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Takuma Kato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Hilhorst M, Shirai T, Berry G, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. T cell-macrophage interactions and granuloma formation in vasculitis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:432. [PMID: 25309534 PMCID: PMC4162471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granuloma formation, bringing into close proximity highly activated macrophages and T cells, is a typical event in inflammatory blood vessel diseases, and is noted in the name of several of the vasculitides. It is not known whether specific properties of the microenvironment in the blood vessel wall or the immediate surroundings of blood vessels contribute to granuloma formation and, in some cases, generation of multinucleated giant cells. Granulomas provide a specialized niche to optimize macrophage-T cell interactions, strongly activating both cell types. This is mirrored by the intensity of the systemic inflammation encountered in patients with vasculitis, often presenting with malaise, weight loss, fever, and strongly upregulated acute phase responses. As a sophisticated and highly organized structure, granulomas can serve as an ideal site to induce differentiation and maturation of T cells. The granulomas possibly seed aberrant Th1 and Th17 cells into the circulation, which are known to be the main pathogenic cells in vasculitis. Through the induction of memory T cells, aberrant innate immune responses can imprint the host immune system for decades to come and promote chronicity of the disease process. Improved understanding of T cell-macrophage interactions will redefine pathogenic models in the vasculitides and provide new avenues for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hilhorst
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Gerald Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
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IL-17A promotes ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:1105-16. [PMID: 24965614 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play an important role in the pathogenesis of adverse ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). We previously demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-17A plays a pathogenic role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and viral myocarditis. However, the role of IL-17A in post-MI remodeling and the related mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Acute MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in C57BL/6 mice. Repletion of IL-17A significantly aggravated both early- and late-phase ventricular remodeling, as demonstrated by increased infarct size, deteriorated cardiac function, increased myocardial fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. By contrast, genetic IL-17A deficiency had the opposite effect. Additional studies in vitro indicated that IL-17A induces neonatal cardiomyocyte (from C57BL/6 mice) apoptosis through the activation of p38, p53 phosphorylation, and Bax redistribution. These data demonstrate that IL-17A induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-p53-Bax signaling pathway and promotes both early- and late-phase post-MI ventricular remodeling. IL-17A might be an important target in preventing heart failure after MI. Key message: We demonstrated that IL-17A plays a pathogenic role both in the early and late stages of post-MI remodeling. IL-17A induces murine cardiomyocyte apoptosis. IL-17A induces murine cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the p38 MAPK-p53-Bax signaling pathway.
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93
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Cortisol biosynthesis in the human ocular surface innate immune response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94913. [PMID: 24736562 PMCID: PMC3988113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses have a critical role in regulating sight-threatening ocular surface (OcS) inflammation. While glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used to limit tissue damage, the role of intracrine GC (cortisol) bioavailability via 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in OcS defense, remains unresolved. We found that primary human corneal epithelial cells (PHCEC), fibroblasts (PHKF) and allogeneic macrophages (M1, GM-CSF; M2, M-CSF) were capable of generating cortisol (M1>PHKF>M2>PHCEC) but in corneal cells, this was independent of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. While PolyI∶C induced maximal cytokine and chemokine production from both PHCEC (IFNγ, CCL2, CCL3, and (CCL4), IL6, CXCL10, CCL5, TNFα) and PHKF (CCL2, IL-6, CXCL10, CCL5), only PHKF cytokines were inhibited by GCs. Both Poly I∶C and LPS challenged-corneal cells induced M1 chemotaxis (greatest LPS-PHKF (250%), but down-regulated M1 11β-HSD1 activity (30 and 40% respectively). These data were supported by clinical studies demonstrating reduced human tear film cortisol∶cortisone ratios (a biomarker of local 11β-HSD1 activity) in pseudomonas keratitis (1∶2.9) versus healthy controls (1∶1.3; p<0.05). This contrasted with putative TLR3-mediated OcS disease (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Mucous membrane pemphigoid) where an increase in cortisol∶cortisone ratio was observed (113.8∶1; p<0.05). In summary, cortisol biosynthesis in human corneal cells is independent of TLR activation and is likely to afford immunoprotection under physiological conditions. Contribution to ocular mucosal innate responses is dependent on the aetiology of immunological challenge.
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Cheng WC, Hughes FJ, Taams LS. The presence, function and regulation of IL-17 and Th17 cells in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:541-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chien Cheng
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; King's College London; London UK
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease; Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation; King's College London; London UK
| | - Francis J. Hughes
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; King's College London; London UK
| | - Leonie S. Taams
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease; Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation; King's College London; London UK
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95
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The expression and clinical significance of different forms of Mer receptor tyrosine kinase in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:431896. [PMID: 24741600 PMCID: PMC3987794 DOI: 10.1155/2014/431896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression and clinical significance of trans-membrane MerTK (mMer) on circulating CD14+ monocytes/macrophages and soluble MerTK (sMer) levels in plasma in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHOD 108 SLE patients and 42 healthy controls were recruited in this study. The expression of mMer on the surfaces of CD14+ monocytes/macrophages was evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM). The sMer levels were measured by ELISA. Real-time quantitative PCR was applied to evaluate the mRNA levels of MerTK and ADAM17. RESULTS Both mMer expression on CD14+ monocytes/macrophages and sMer levels in plasma significantly increased in SLE patients compared to healthy subjects. The frequency of anti-inflammatory MerTK expressing CD14+CD16+ monocytes decreased in SLE. mMer expression was positively correlated with CD163 expression on CD14+ cells. Both the mMer expression on CD14+ monocytes/macrophages and sMer levels in plasma were positively correlated with SLEDAI. Furthermore, more elevated mMer and sMer levels were found in patients with higher SLEDAI, presence of anti-SSA, anti-Sm autoantibodies, and lupus nephritis. CONCLUSION Both mMer and sMer levels significantly increased in SLE and positively correlated with disease activity and severity. The upregulation of MerTK expression may serve as a biomarker of the disease activity and severity of SLE.
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96
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Serum from patients with systemic vasculitis induces alternatively activated macrophage M2c polarization. Clin Immunol 2014; 152:10-9. [PMID: 24631966 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitides (AAV) are conditions defined by an autoimmune small vessel inflammation. Dying neutrophils are found around the inflamed vessels and the balance between infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages is important to prevent autoimmunity. Here we investigate how sera from AAV patients may regulate macrophage polarization and function. Macrophages from healthy individuals were differentiated into M0, M1, M2a, M2b or M2c macrophages using a standardized protocol, and phenotyped according to their expression surface markers and cytokine production. These phenotypes were compared with those of macrophages stimulated with serum from AAV patients or healthy controls. While the healthy control sera induced a M0 macrophage, AAV serum promoted polarization towards the M2c subtype. No sera induced M1, M2a or M2b macrophages. The M2c subtype showed increased phagocytosis capacity compared with the other subtypes. The M2c polarization found in AAV is consistent with previous reports of increased levels of M2c-associated cytokines.
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97
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Zhou D, Huang C, Lin Z, Zhan S, Kong L, Fang C, Li J. Macrophage polarization and function with emphasis on the evolving roles of coordinated regulation of cellular signaling pathways. Cell Signal 2014; 26:192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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98
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Dimitrov DH, Lee S, Yantis J, Valdez C, Paredes RM, Braida N, Velligan D, Walss-Bass C. Differential correlations between inflammatory cytokines and psychopathology in veterans with schizophrenia: potential role for IL-17 pathway. Schizophr Res 2013; 151:29-35. [PMID: 24210870 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been consistently reported to be elevated in schizophrenia patients. However, it is not known whether cytokines influence the presentation of psychotic symptoms. To address this issue, we evaluated the relationship between levels of inflammatory molecules and psychopathological parameters in patients with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that severity of symptoms would correlate with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. Serum samples from 47 veterans with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 20 healthy controls were tested for levels of 38 cytokines/chemokines involved in regulation of immune/inflammatory reactions using a Millipore multiplex bead array in a Luminex 100 system. We found significantly increased levels of GRO, MCP-1, MDC, and sCD40L, and significantly decreased levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12p70, and IL-17, in schizophrenia patients compared to controls. In addition, we observed positive correlations between levels of cytokines and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) scores in subjects with schizophrenia for G-CSF, IL-1β, IL1ra, IL-3, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, sCD40L and TNF-β. Pathway analyses showed these cytokines to be part of the IL17 pathway. Using principal component analyses, we found the factor that included these cytokines and IL-17 to be associated with positive, general and total PANSS scores. These results suggest that alterations in this pathway may play a role in development of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitre H Dimitrov
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX 78229-4404, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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99
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Abstract
Evidence supports a relationship between the neuroendocrine and the immune systems. Data from mice that overexpress or are deficient in growth hormone (GH) indicate that GH stimulates T and B-cell proliferation and Ig synthesis, and enhances maturation of myeloid progenitor cells. The effect of GH on autoimmune pathologies has nonetheless been little studied. Using a murine model of type 1 diabetes, a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by immune cell infiltration of pancreatic islets and destruction of insulin-producing β-cells, we observed that sustained GH expression reduced prodromal disease symptoms and eliminated progression to overt diabetes. The effect involves several GH-mediated mechanisms; GH altered the cytokine environment, triggered anti-inflammatory macrophage (M2) polarization, maintained activity of the suppressor T-cell population, and limited Th17 cell plasticity. In addition, GH reduced apoptosis and/or increased the proliferative rate of β-cells. These results support a role for GH in immune response regulation and identify a unique target for therapeutic intervention in type 1 diabetes.
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100
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Sarmiento J, Perez B, Morales N, Henriquez C, Vidal L, Folch H, Galecio JS, Morán G. Apoptotic effects of tamoxifen on leukocytes from horse peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:333-8. [PMID: 23846832 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in inflammatory cell apoptosis is an important concept in the maintenance of inflammation and a potential target for the resolution of inflammation in many inflammatory diseases. Dysregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in a range of diseases, including tumors, neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmunity, and may also be implicated in allergic asthma. In horses, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is an asthma-like condition that is characterized increased survival neutrophil bronchial. Tamoxifen is a synthetic, non-steroidal, anti-estrogen agent that is widely used for treating all stages of breast cancer and has been approved for the prevention of breast cancer in high-risk women. The observed efficacy of tamoxifen has been attributed to both growth arrest and the induction of apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the ability of tamoxifen to induce apoptosis in vitro in granulocytic cells from peripheral blood and in mononuclear cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in horses. Flow cytometry using commercial AnnexinV-FITC and propidium iodide was used to quantify early and late apoptotic leukocytes, respectively. The results showed a significant increase in early apoptosis in peripheral blood and bronchial granulocytic cells treated with tamoxifen. The rate of early apoptosis of mononuclear cells from blood and BALF when incubated with tamoxifen was significantly lower compared with granulocytic cells. We did not observe a direct effect of tamoxifen on late apoptosis in any of the in vitro assays in the cell types used here. These results indicate that the apoptotic mechanisms under these experimental conditions would affect only blood and BALF granulocytic cells, particularly in early apoptosis. Finally, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to better understand apoptotic mechanisms because tamoxifen could be used to treat chronic, inflammatory pathologies associated with granulocytes and allergic diseases, such as asthma or equine RAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sarmiento
- Department of Phisiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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