51
|
Carty M, Guy C, Bowie AG. Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114316. [PMID: 33152343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes are a key part of the anti-viral innate immune system as they detect conserved viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A successful host response to viral infections critically depend on the initial activation of PRRs by viruses, mainly by viral DNA and RNA. The signalling pathways activated by PRRs leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit immune cells, and type I and type III interferons which leads to the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), powerful virus restriction factors that establish the "antiviral state". Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses through the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 and through triggering pyroptotic cell death. The activity of the innate immune system along with the adaptive immune response normally leads to successful virus elimination, although disproportionate innate responses contribute to viral pathology. In this review we will discuss recent insights into the influence of PRR activation and inflammasomes on viral infections and what this means for the mammalian host. We will also comment on how specific PRRs and inflammasomes may be relevant to how SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, interacts with host innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Complementary regulation of caspase-1 and IL-1β reveals additional mechanisms of dampened inflammation in bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28939-28949. [PMID: 33106404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003352117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats have emerged as unique mammalian vectors harboring a diverse range of highly lethal zoonotic viruses with minimal clinical disease. Despite having sustained complete genomic loss of AIM2, regulation of the downstream inflammasome response in bats is unknown. AIM2 sensing of cytoplasmic DNA triggers ASC aggregation and recruits caspase-1, the central inflammasome effector enzyme, triggering cleavage of cytokines such as IL-1β and inducing GSDMD-mediated pyroptotic cell death. Restoration of AIM2 in bat cells led to intact ASC speck formation, but intriguingly resulted in a lack of caspase-1 or consequent IL-1β activation. We further identified two residues undergoing positive selection pressures in Pteropus alecto caspase-1 that abrogate its enzymatic function and are crucial in human caspase-1 activity. Functional analysis of another bat lineage revealed a targeted mechanism for loss of Myotis davidii IL-1β cleavage and elucidated an inverse complementary relationship between caspase-1 and IL-1β, resulting in overall diminished signaling across bats of both suborders. Thus we report strategies that additionally undermine downstream inflammasome signaling in bats, limiting an overactive immune response against pathogens while potentially producing an antiinflammatory state resistant to diseases such as atherosclerosis, aging, and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
53
|
de Rivero Vaccari JC, Dietrich WD, Keane RW, de Rivero Vaccari JP. The Inflammasome in Times of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583373. [PMID: 33149733 PMCID: PMC7580384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are members of the genus Betacoronavirus and the Coronaviridiae family responsible for infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and more recently, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). CoV infections present mainly as respiratory infections that lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, CoVs, such as COVID-19, also present as a hyperactivation of the inflammatory response that results in increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and its downstream molecule IL-6. The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex involved in the activation of caspase-1 that leads to the activation of IL-1β in a variety of diseases and infections such as CoV infection and in different tissues such as lungs, brain, intestines and kidneys, all of which have been shown to be affected in COVID-19 patients. Here we review the literature regarding the mechanism of inflammasome activation by CoV infection, the role of the inflammasome in ARDS, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) as well as the potential mechanism by which the inflammasome may contribute to the damaging effects of inflammation in the cardiac, renal, digestive, and nervous systems in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Jeffries AM, Marriott I. Cytosolic DNA Sensors and CNS Responses to Viral Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:576263. [PMID: 33042875 PMCID: PMC7525022 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.576263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral central nervous system (CNS) infections can lead to life threatening encephalitis and long-term neurological deficits in survivors. Resident CNS cell types, such as astrocytes and microglia, are known to produce key inflammatory and antiviral mediators following infection with neurotropic DNA viruses. However, the mechanisms by which glia mediate such responses remain poorly understood. Recently, a class of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), collectively known as DNA sensors, have been identified in both leukocytic and non-leukocytic cell types. The ability of such DNA sensors to initiate immune mediator production and contribute to infection resolution in the periphery is increasingly recognized, but our understanding of their role in the CNS remains limited at best. In this review, we describe the evidence for the expression and functionality of DNA sensors in resident brain cells, with a focus on their role in neurotropic virus infections. The available data indicate that glia and neurons can constitutively express, and/or can be induced to express, various disparate DNA sensing molecules previously described in peripheral cell types. Furthermore, multiple lines of investigation suggest that these sensors are functional in resident CNS cells and are required for innate immune responses to viral infections. However, it is less clear whether DNA sensormediated glial responses are beneficial or detrimental, and the answer to this question appears to dependent on the context of the infection with regard to the identity of the pathogen, host cell type, and host species. Defining such parameters will be essential if we are to successfully target these molecules to limit damaging inflammation while allowing beneficial host responses to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Kumari P, Russo AJ, Shivcharan S, Rathinam VA. AIM2 in health and disease: Inflammasome and beyond. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:83-95. [PMID: 32713036 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensing is a critical mechanism by which the immune system monitors for pathogen invasion. A set of germline-encoded innate immune receptors detect microbial DNA in various compartments of the cell, such as endosomes, the cytosol, and the nucleus. Sensing of microbial DNA through these receptors stimulates, in most cases, interferon regulatory factor-dependent type I IFN synthesis followed by JAK/STAT-dependent interferon-stimulated gene expression. In contrast, the detection of DNA in the cytosol by AIM2 assembles a macromolecular complex called the inflammasome, which unleashes the proteolytic activity of a cysteine protease caspase-1. Caspase-1 cleaves and activates the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 and a pore-forming protein, gasdermin D, which triggers pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death. Research over the past decade has revealed that AIM2 plays essential roles not only in host defense against pathogens but also in inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer in inflammasome-dependent and inflammasome-independent manners. This review discusses the latest advancements in our understanding of AIM2 biology and its functions in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kumari
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ashley J Russo
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sonia Shivcharan
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Vijay A Rathinam
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Freeman TL, Swartz TH. Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1518. [PMID: 32655582 PMCID: PMC7324760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the genus Betacoronavirus within the family Coronaviridae. It is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. Since December of 2019, a global expansion of the infection has occurred with widespread dissemination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 often manifests as only mild cold-like symptomatology, but severe disease with complications occurs in 15% of cases. Respiratory failure occurs in severe disease that can be accompanied by a systemic inflammatory reaction characterized by inflammatory cytokine release. In severe cases, fatality is caused by the rapid development of severe lung injury characteristic of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although ARDS is a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is not viral replication or infection that causes tissue injury; rather, it is the result of dysregulated hyperinflammation in response to viral infection. This pathology is characterized by intense, rapid stimulation of the innate immune response that triggers activation of the Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway and release of its products including the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. Here we review the literature that describes the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 and NLRP3 activation and describe an important role in targeting this pathway for the treatment of severe COVID-19.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/complications
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/metabolism
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/drug therapy
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/metabolism
- Furans
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Indenes
- Inflammasomes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/pharmacology
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-1beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Mice
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/complications
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Pyroptosis/drug effects
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/drug therapy
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane/pharmacology
- Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane/therapeutic use
- Sulfonamides
- Sulfones/pharmacology
- Sulfones/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Talia H. Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Influenza Virus-Induced Oxidized DNA Activates Inflammasomes. iScience 2020; 23:101270. [PMID: 32592999 PMCID: PMC7293844 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus M2 and PB1-F2 proteins have been proposed to activate the Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages by altering intracellular ionic balance or mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the precise mechanism by which these viral proteins trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome activation remains unclear. Here we show that influenza virus stimulates oxidized DNA release from macrophages. Ion channel activity of the M2 protein or mitochondrial localization of the PB1-F2 protein was required for oxidized DNA release. The oxidized DNA enhanced influenza virus-induced IL-1β secretion, whereas inhibition of mitochondrial ROS production by antioxidant Mito-TEMPO decreased the virus-induced IL-1β secretion. In addition, we show that influenza virus stimulates IL-1β secretion from macrophages in an AIM2-dependent manner. These results provide a missing link between influenza viral proteins and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reveal the importance of influenza virus-induced oxidized DNA in inflammasomes activation. M2 protein triggers oxidized DNA release PB1-F2 protein triggers oxidized DNA release in the presence of viral RNA Mitochondrial localization of PB1-F2 protein is required for oxidized DNA release Influenza virus stimulates AIM2-dependent IL-1β secretion
Collapse
|
58
|
Andersson U, Ottestad W, Tracey KJ. Extracellular HMGB1: a therapeutic target in severe pulmonary inflammation including COVID-19? Mol Med 2020; 26:42. [PMID: 32380958 PMCID: PMC7203545 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causes for unresolved reasons acute respiratory distress syndrome in vulnerable individuals. There is a need to identify key pathogenic molecules in COVID-19-associated inflammation attainable to target with existing therapeutic compounds. The endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule HMGB1 initiates inflammation via two separate pathways. Disulfide-HMGB1 triggers TLR4 receptors generating pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Extracellular HMGB1, released from dying cells or secreted by activated innate immunity cells, forms complexes with extracellular DNA, RNA and other DAMP or pathogen-associated molecular (DAMP) molecules released after lytic cell death. These complexes are endocytosed via RAGE, constitutively expressed at high levels in the lungs only, and transported to the endolysosomal system, which is disrupted by HMGB1 at high concentrations. Danger molecules thus get access to cytosolic proinflammatory receptors instigating inflammasome activation. It is conceivable that extracellular SARS-CoV-2 RNA may reach the cellular cytosol via HMGB1-assisted transfer combined with lysosome leakage. Extracellular HMGB1 generally exists in vivo bound to other molecules, including PAMPs and DAMPs. It is plausible that these complexes are specifically removed in the lungs revealed by a 40% reduction of HMGB1 plasma levels in arterial versus venous blood. Abundant pulmonary RAGE expression enables endocytosis of danger molecules to be destroyed in the lysosomes at physiological HMGB1 levels, but causing detrimental inflammasome activation at high levels. Stress induces apoptosis in pulmonary endothelial cells from females but necrosis in cells from males. CONCLUSION Based on these observations we propose extracellular HMGB1 to be considered as a therapeutic target for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Ottestad
- Air Ambulance department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, 11030 USA
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Maelfait J, Liverpool L, Rehwinkel J. Nucleic Acid Sensors and Programmed Cell Death. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:552-568. [PMID: 31786265 PMCID: PMC7322524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids derived from microorganisms are powerful triggers for innate immune responses. Proteins called RNA and DNA sensors detect foreign nucleic acids and, in mammalian cells, include RIG-I, cGAS, and AIM2. On binding to nucleic acids, these proteins initiate signaling cascades that activate host defense responses. An important aspect of this defense program is the production of cytokines such as type I interferons and IL-1β. Studies conducted over recent years have revealed that nucleic acid sensors also activate programmed cell death pathways as an innate immune response to infection. Indeed, RNA and DNA sensors induce apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Cell death via these pathways prevents replication of pathogens by eliminating the infected cell and additionally contributes to the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that programmed cell death triggered by nucleic acid sensors plays an important role in a number of noninfectious pathologies. In addition to nonself DNA and RNA from microorganisms, nucleic acid sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids, for example when cells are damaged by genotoxic agents and in certain autoinflammatory diseases. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the links between nucleic acid sensing and cell death and explores important open questions for future studies in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maelfait
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Layal Liverpool
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Gong Z, Zhang X, Su K, Jiang R, Sun Z, Chen W, Forno E, Goetzman ES, Wang J, Dong HH, Dutta P, Muzumdar R. Deficiency in AIM2 induces inflammation and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue leading to obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2325-2339. [PMID: 31511929 PMCID: PMC7210565 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is a cytosolic sensor for double-stranded DNA and a tumour suppressor. Binding of double-stranded DNA to AIM2 forms the AIM2 inflammasome, leading to activation of caspase-1 and production of IL-1β and IL-18. Although inflammasome-independent effects of AIM2 have been reported, its role in energy metabolism is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the effect of AIM2 in energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis. METHODS Male and female whole body Aim2 knockout (Aim2-/-) mice were used in the current study. Body weight, food intake, body composition, energy expenditure, fasting blood glucose levels, GTT and body temperature were measured at indicated time points. RNA sequencing was carried out on gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) in 14-month-old female mice. mRNA and protein levels in tissues were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot. Immune cell infiltration in gWAT was examined by flow cytometry. Stromal vascular fractions isolated from gWAT were used to investigate adipocyte differentiation. RESULTS Male and female Aim2-/- mice were obese compared with wild-type controls from 7 weeks of age until 51 weeks of age, with increased adiposity in both subcutaneous and visceral fat depots. While there were no differences in food intake, Aim2-/- mice demonstrated decreased energy expenditure and impaired brown adipose tissue function compared with wild-type controls. Fasting glucose and insulin levels were elevated, and Aim2-/- mice were glucose intolerant on intraperitoneal GTT. RNA sequencing revealed marked upregulation of the IFN-inducible gene Ifi202b, which encodes protein 202 (p202) and elevated inflammatory signalling in gWAT of Aim2-/- mice. Increased infiltration of total and Ly6Clow monocytes was noted at 8 weeks of age in gWAT, before the onset of obesity and insulin resistance. Ifi202b knockdown blocked adipogenesis in stromal vascular fractions and reduced inflammation in bone marrow-derived macrophages, demonstrating a key role of p202 in mediating the increased adipogenesis and inflammation in Aim2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results demonstrate a fundamental role for AIM2 in energy metabolism, inflammation and insulin resistance. Our studies establish a novel link between the innate immunity proteins, AIM2 and p202, and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Su
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Ruihua Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erick Forno
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric S Goetzman
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jieru Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - H Henry Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Partha Dutta
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Rai RC. Host inflammatory responses to intracellular invaders: Review study. Life Sci 2019; 240:117084. [PMID: 31759040 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As soon as a pathogen invades through the physical barriers of its corresponding host, host mounts a series of protective immune response to get rid of the invading pathogen. Host's pattern recognition receptors (PRR), localized at the cellular surface, cytoplasm and also in the nucleus; recognises pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and plays crucial role in directing the immune response to be specific. Inflammatory responses are among the earliest strategies to tackle the pathogen by the host and are tightly regulated by multiple molecular pathways. Inflammasomes are multi-subunit protein complex consisting of a receptor molecule viz. NLRP3, an adaptor molecule- Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and an executioner caspase. Upon infection and/or injury; inflammasome components assemble and oligomerizes leading to the auto cleavage of the pro-caspase-1 to its active form. The activated caspase-1 cleaves immature form of the pro-inflammatory cytokines to their mature form e.g. IL1-β and IL-18 which mount inflammatory response. Moreover, C-terminal end of the Gasdermin D molecule is also cleaved by the caspase-1. The activated N-terminal Gasdermin D molecule form pores in the infected cells leading to their pyroptosis. Hence, inflammasomes drive inflammation during infection and controls the establishment of the pathogen by mounting inflammatory response and activation of the pyroptotic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chandra Rai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Wang J, Li R, Peng Z, Hu B, Rao X, Li J. HMGB1 participates in LPS‑induced acute lung injury by activating the AIM2 inflammasome in macrophages and inducing polarization of M1 macrophages via TLR2, TLR4, and RAGE/NF‑κB signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:61-80. [PMID: 31746367 PMCID: PMC6889921 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a crucial proinflammatory cytokine, was reported to activate the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome, which are both essential in acute lung injury (ALI). However, their interaction mechanism has remained elusive. Macrophages are known to express the AIM2 inflammasome and the main receptors [receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), Toll‑like receptor 2/4 (TLR‑2/TLR‑4)] of HMGB1 to transmit intracellular signals. The present study aimed to indicate whether HMGB1 participates in the process of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)‑induced ALI through activating the AIM2 inflammasome in macrophages, as well as inducing polarization of M1 macrophages via TLR2, TLR4 and RAGE/ nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling pathways. In an in vivo mouse model of LPS‑induced ALI, anti‑HMGB1, recombinant (r)HMGB1, LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS‑RS, TLR2/4 antagonist) or FPS‑ZM1 (RAGE antagonist) were administrated. In in vitro studies, bone marrow‑derived macrophages from mice primed with LPS were stimulated with or without anti‑HMGB1, rHMGB1, LPS‑RS, or FPS‑ZM1. The findings revealed that anti‑HMGB1, LPS‑RS and FPS‑ZM1 significantly decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells, wet‑to‑dry ratio, myeloperoxidase activity in the lung, the levels of cytokines, as well as macrophages and neutrophil infiltration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. However, rHMGB1 aggravated the inflammatory response in ALI. Mechanistically, anti‑HMGB1, LPS‑RS and FPS‑ZM1 attenuated activation of TLR2, TLR4, and RAGE/NF‑κB signaling pathways and expression of the AIM2 inflammasome in macrophages. However, rHMGB1 enhanced their expression levels and induced polarization of M1 macrophages. These results indicated that HMGB1 could participate in the pathogenesis of ALI by activating the AIM2 inflammasome in macrophages, as well as inducing polarization of M1 macrophages through TLR2, TLR4 and RAGE/NF‑κB signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ruiting Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Wuhan Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xin Rao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Schloer S, Hübel N, Masemann D, Pajonczyk D, Brunotte L, Ehrhardt C, Brandenburg LO, Ludwig S, Gerke V, Rescher U. The annexin A1/FPR2 signaling axis expands alveolar macrophages, limits viral replication, and attenuates pathogenesis in the murine influenza A virus infection model. FASEB J 2019; 33:12188-12199. [PMID: 31398292 PMCID: PMC6902725 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901265r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key elements in the innate immune response. Formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2 is a PRR that, in addition to proinflammatory, pathogen-derived compounds, also recognizes the anti-inflammatory endogenous ligand annexin A1 (AnxA1). Because the contribution of this signaling axis in viral infections is undefined, we investigated AnxA1-mediated FPR2 activation on influenza A virus (IAV) infection in the murine model. AnxA1-treated mice displayed significantly attenuated pathology upon a subsequent IAV infection with significantly improved survival, impaired viral replication in the respiratory tract, and less severe lung damage. The AnxA1-mediated protection against IAV infection was not caused by priming of the type I IFN response but was associated with an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and enhanced pulmonary expression of the AM-regulating cytokine granulocyte-M-CSF (GM-CSF). Both AnxA1-mediated increase in AM levels and GM-CSF production were abrogated when mouse (m)FPR2 signaling was antagonized but remained up-regulated in mice genetically deleted for mFPR1, an mFPR2 isoform also serving as AnxA1 receptor. Our results indicate a novel protective function of the AnxA1-FPR2 signaling axis in IAV pathology via GM-CSF–associated maintenance of AMs, expanding knowledge on the potential use of proresolving mediators in host defense against pathogens.—Schloer, S., Hübel, N., Masemann, D., Pajonczyk, D., Brunotte, L., Ehrhardt, C., Brandenburg, L.-O., Ludwig, S., Gerke, V., Rescher, U. The annexin A1/FPR2 signaling axis expands alveolar macrophages, limits viral replication, and attenuates pathogenesis in the murine influenza A virus infection model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schloer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole Hübel
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dörthe Masemann
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Virology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Denise Pajonczyk
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Virology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Virology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Section for Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Virology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Chua SCJH, Tan HQ, Engelberg D, Lim LHK. Alternative Experimental Models for Studying Influenza Proteins, Host-Virus Interactions and Anti-Influenza Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E147. [PMID: 31575020 PMCID: PMC6958409 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety years after the discovery of the virus causing the influenza disease, this malady remains one of the biggest public health threats to mankind. Currently available drugs and vaccines only partially reduce deaths and hospitalizations. Some of the reasons for this disturbing situation stem from the sophistication of the viral machinery, but another reason is the lack of a complete understanding of the molecular and physiological basis of viral infections and host-pathogen interactions. Even the functions of the influenza proteins, their mechanisms of action and interaction with host proteins have not been fully revealed. These questions have traditionally been studied in mammalian animal models, mainly ferrets and mice (as well as pigs and non-human primates) and in cell lines. Although obviously relevant as models to humans, these experimental systems are very complex and are not conveniently accessible to various genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches. The fact that influenza remains an unsolved problem, in combination with the limitations of the conventional experimental models, motivated increasing attempts to use the power of other models, such as low eukaryotes, including invertebrate, and primary cell cultures. In this review, we summarized the efforts to study influenza in yeast, Drosophila, zebrafish and primary human tissue cultures and the major contributions these studies have made toward a better understanding of the disease. We feel that these models are still under-utilized and we highlight the unique potential each model has for better comprehending virus-host interactions and viral protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C J H Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Hui Qing Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
| | - David Engelberg
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Host Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Modulating Influenza A Virus Disease in Humans. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040168. [PMID: 31574965 PMCID: PMC6963926 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of human genes associated with viral infections contain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which represent a genetic variation caused by the change of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence. SNPs are located in coding or non-coding genomic regions and can affect gene expression or protein function by different mechanisms. Furthermore, they have been linked to multiple human diseases, highlighting their medical relevance. Therefore, the identification and analysis of this kind of polymorphisms in the human genome has gained high importance in the research community, and an increasing number of studies have been published during the last years. As a consequence of this exhaustive exploration, an association between the presence of some specific SNPs and the susceptibility or severity of many infectious diseases in some risk population groups has been found. In this review, we discuss the relevance of SNPs that are important to understand the pathology derived from influenza A virus (IAV) infections in humans and the susceptibility of some individuals to suffer more severe symptoms. We also discuss the importance of SNPs for IAV vaccine effectiveness.
Collapse
|
66
|
Sharma BR, Karki R, Kanneganti TD. Role of AIM2 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases, cancer and infection. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1998-2011. [PMID: 31372985 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM2 is a cytosolic innate immune receptor which recognizes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) released during cellular perturbation and pathogenic assault. AIM2 recognition of dsDNA leads to the assembly of a large multiprotein oligomeric complex termed the inflammasome. This inflammasome assembly leads to the secretion of bioactive interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and induction of an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Sensing of dsDNA by AIM2 in the cytosol is crucial to mediate protection against the invading pathogens including bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites. AIM2 also responds to dsDNA released from damaged host cells, resulting in the secretion of the effector cytokines thereby driving the progression of sterile inflammatory diseases such as skin disease, neuronal disease, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Additionally, the protection mediated by AIM2 in the development of colorectal cancer depends on its ability to regulate epithelial cell proliferation and gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal homeostasis independently of the effector cytokines. In this review, we will highlight the recent progress on the role of the AIM2 inflammasome as a guardian of cellular integrity in modulating chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Han M, Bentley JK, Rajput C, Lei J, Ishikawa T, Jarman CR, Lee J, Goldsmith AM, Jackson WT, Hoenerhoff MJ, Lewis TC, Hershenson MB. Inflammasome activation is required for human rhinovirus-induced airway inflammation in naive and allergen-sensitized mice. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:958-968. [PMID: 31089187 PMCID: PMC6668626 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the inflammasome is a key function of the innate immune response that regulates inflammation in response to microbial substances. Inflammasome activation by human rhinovirus (RV), a major cause of asthma exacerbations, has not been well studied. We examined whether RV induces inflammasome activation in vivo, molecular mechanisms underlying RV-stimulated inflammasome priming and activation, and the contribution of inflammasome activation to RV-induced airway inflammation and exacerbation. RV infection triggered lung mRNA and protein expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3, indicative of inflammasome priming, as well as cleavage of caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β, completing inflammasome activation. Immunofluorescence staining showed IL-1β in lung macrophages. Depletion with clodronate liposomes and adoptive transfer experiments showed macrophages to be required and sufficient for RV-induced inflammasome activation. TLR2 was required for RV-induced inflammasome priming in vivo. UV irradiation blocked inflammasome activation and RV genome was sufficient for inflammasome activation in primed cells. Naive and house dust mite-treated NLRP3-/- and IL-1β-/- mice, as well as IL-1 receptor antagonist-treated mice, showed attenuated airway inflammation and responsiveness following RV infection. We conclude that RV-induced inflammasome activation is required for maximal airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in naive and allergic mice. The inflammasome represents a molecular target for RV-induced asthma exacerbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - J. Kelley Bentley
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Caitlin R. Jarman
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Adam M. Goldsmith
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - William T. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Mark J. Hoenerhoff
- Department of Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Toby C. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Hornick EE, Dagvadorj J, Zacharias ZR, Miller AM, Langlois RA, Chen P, Legge KL, Bishop GA, Sutterwala FS, Cassel SL. Dendritic cell NLRC4 regulates influenza A virus-specific CD4 T cell responses through FasL expression. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2888-2897. [PMID: 31038471 DOI: 10.1172/jci124937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV)-specific T cell responses are important correlates of protection during primary and subsequent infections. Generation and maintenance of robust IAV-specific T cell responses relies on T cell interactions with dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we explore the role of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor family member NLRC4 in modulating the DC phenotype during IAV infection. Nlrc4-/- mice had worsened survival and increased viral titers during infection, normal innate immune cell recruitment and IAV-specific CD8 T cell responses, but severely blunted IAV-specific CD4 T cell responses compared to wild-type mice. The defect in the pulmonary IAV-specific CD4 T cell response was not a result of defective priming or migration of these cells in Nlrc4-/- mice but was instead due to an increase in FasL+ DCs, resulting in IAV-specific CD4 T cell death. Together, our data support a novel role for NLRC4 in regulating the phenotype of lung DCs during a respiratory viral infection, and thereby influencing the magnitude of protective T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hornick
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jargalsaikhan Dagvadorj
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zeb R Zacharias
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ann M Miller
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suzanne L Cassel
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Interferon Lambda Inhibits Bacterial Uptake during Influenza Superinfection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00114-19. [PMID: 30804099 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00114-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza kills 30,000 to 40,000 people each year in the United States and causes 10 times as many hospitalizations. A common complication of influenza is bacterial superinfection, which exacerbates morbidity and mortality from the viral illness. Recently, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as the dominant pathogen found in bacterial superinfection, with Streptococcus pneumoniae a close second. However, clinicians have few tools to treat bacterial superinfection. Current therapy for influenza/bacterial superinfection consists of treating the underlying influenza infection and adding various antibiotics, which are increasingly rendered ineffective by rising bacterial multidrug resistance. Several groups have recently proposed the use of the antiviral cytokine interferon lambda (IFN-λ) as a therapeutic for influenza, as administration of pegylated IFN-λ improves lung function and survival during influenza by reducing the overabundance of neutrophils in the lung. However, our data suggest that therapeutic IFN-λ impairs bacterial clearance during influenza superinfection. Specifically, mice treated with an adenoviral vector to overexpress IFN-λ during influenza infection exhibited increased bacterial burdens upon superinfection with either MRSA or S. pneumoniae Surprisingly, adhesion molecule expression, antimicrobial peptide production, and reactive oxygen species activity were not altered by IFN-λ treatment. However, neutrophil uptake of MRSA and S. pneumoniae was significantly reduced upon IFN-λ treatment during influenza superinfection in vivo Together, these data support the theory that IFN-λ decreases neutrophil motility and function in the influenza-infected lung, which increases the bacterial burden during superinfection. Thus, we believe that caution should be exercised in the possible future use of IFN-λ as therapy for influenza.
Collapse
|
70
|
Zhu W, Zu X, Liu S, Zhang H. The absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome in microbial infection. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:100-108. [PMID: 30959045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes play a very important role in the host defense against multiple pathogenic microbes, including bacteria and viruses. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complex platforms that mediate the processing of the two most important inflammatory cytokines, pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, to their active forms. The inflammasome is formed by the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), procaspase-1 and a sensor protein, either a NOD-like receptor (NLR) or an absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptor. The sensor molecule determines inflammasome specificity by detecting specific and conserved microbial products or cell stress signals. Compared with the other inflammasomes, there is much more unknown about the activation or regulation mechanisms of the AIM2 inflammasome. In this review, we will discuss these mechanisms and the specific roles of the AIM2 inflammasome in response to diverse pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- Clinical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Clinical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Clinical laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Clinical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Paludan SR, Reinert LS, Hornung V. DNA-stimulated cell death: implications for host defence, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:141-153. [PMID: 30644449 PMCID: PMC7311199 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system detects disturbances in homeostasis that occur during infection, sterile tissue damage and cancer. This initiates immune responses that seek to eliminate the trigger of immune activation and to re-establish homeostasis. At the same time, these mechanisms can also play a crucial role in the progression of disease. The occurrence of DNA in the cytosol constitutes a potent trigger for the innate immune system, governing the production of key inflammatory cytokines such as type I interferons and IL-1β. More recently, it has become clear that cytosolic DNA also triggers other biological responses, including various forms of programmed cell death. In this article, we review the emerging literature on the pathways governing DNA-stimulated cell death and the current knowledge on how these processes shape immune responses to exogenous and endogenous challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abstract
Sepsis was known to ancient Greeks since the time of great physician Hippocrates (460-377 BC) without exact information regarding its pathogenesis. With time and medical advances, it is now considered as a condition associated with organ dysfunction occurring in the presence of systemic infection as a result of dysregulation of the immune response. Still with this advancement, we are struggling for the development of target-based therapeutic approach for the management of sepsis. The advancement in understanding the immune system and its working has led to novel discoveries in the last 50 years, including different pattern recognition receptors. Inflammasomes are also part of these novel discoveries in the field of immunology which are <20 years old in terms of their first identification. They serve as important cytosolic pattern recognition receptors required for recognizing cytosolic pathogens, and their pathogen-associated molecular patterns play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. The activation of both canonical and non-canonical inflammasome signaling pathways is involved in mounting a proinflammatory immune response via regulating the generation of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33 cytokines and pyroptosis. In addition to pathogens and their pathogen-associated molecular patterns, death/damage-associated molecular patterns and other proinflammatory molecules involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis affect inflammasomes and vice versa. Thus, the present review is mainly focused on the inflammasomes, their role in the regulation of immune response associated with sepsis, and their targeting as a novel therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Lupfer CR, Rippee-Brooks MD, Anand PK. Common Differences: The Ability of Inflammasomes to Distinguish Between Self and Pathogen Nucleic Acids During Infection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 344:139-172. [PMID: 30798987 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system detects the presence of pathogens based on detection of non-self. In other words, most pathogens possess intrinsic differences that can distinguish them from host cells. For example, bacteria and fungi have cell walls comprised of peptidoglycan and carbohydrates (like mannans), respectively. Germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family have the ability to detect such unique pathogen associated features. However, some TLRs and members of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), or AIM2-like receptor (ALR) family can sense pathogen invasion based on pathogen nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are not unique to pathogens, thus raising the question of how such PRRs evolved to detect pathogens but not self. In this chapter, we will examine the PRRs that sense pathogen nucleic acids and subsequently activate the inflammasome signaling pathway. We will examine the selective mechanisms by which these receptors distinguish pathogens from "self" and discuss the importance of such pathways in disease development in animal models and human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Lupfer
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States.
| | | | - Paras K Anand
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
An update on the NLRP3 inflammasome and influenza: the road to redemption or perdition? Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:80-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
75
|
Matz KM, Guzman RM, Goodman AG. The Role of Nucleic Acid Sensing in Controlling Microbial and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:35-136. [PMID: 30904196 PMCID: PMC6445394 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, is an ancient form of host defense found in all animals, from sponges to humans. During infection, innate immune receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns, such as microbial surface molecules, metabolites produces during infection, or nucleic acids of the microbe's genome. When initiated, the innate immune response activates a host defense program that leads to the synthesis proteins capable of pathogen killing. In mammals, the induction of cytokines during the innate immune response leads to the recruitment of professional immune cells to the site of infection, leading to an adaptive immune response. While a fully functional innate immune response is crucial for a proper host response and curbing microbial infection, if the innate immune response is dysfunctional and is activated in the absence of infection, autoinflammation and autoimmune disorders can develop. Therefore, it follows that the innate immune response must be tightly controlled to avoid an autoimmune response from host-derived molecules, yet still unencumbered to respond to infection. In this review, we will focus on the innate immune response activated from cytosolic nucleic acids, derived from the microbe or host itself. We will depict how viruses and bacteria activate these nucleic acid sensing pathways and their mechanisms to inhibit the pathways. We will also describe the autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders that develop when these pathways are hyperactive. Finally, we will discuss gaps in knowledge with regard to innate immune response failure and identify where further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M Matz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Cytosolic Recognition of Microbes and Pathogens: Inflammasomes in Action. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/4/e00015-18. [PMID: 30209070 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is a dynamic biological process underpinned by a complex interplay between the pathogen and the host. Microbes from all domains of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoan parasites, have the capacity to cause infection. Infection is sensed by the host, which often leads to activation of the inflammasome, a cytosolic macromolecular signaling platform that mediates the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and cleavage of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D, leading to pyroptosis. Host-mediated sensing of the infection occurs when pathogens inject or carry pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) into the cytoplasm or induce damage that causes cytosolic liberation of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the host cell. Recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs by inflammasome sensors, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NAIP, AIM2, and Pyrin, initiates a cascade of events that culminate in inflammation and cell death. However, pathogens can deploy virulence factors capable of minimizing or evading host detection. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of microbe-induced activation of the inflammasome and the functional consequences of inflammasome activation in infectious diseases. We also explore the microbial strategies used in the evasion of inflammasome sensing at the host-microbe interaction interface.
Collapse
|
77
|
Robinson KM, Ramanan K, Clay ME, McHugh KJ, Pilewski MJ, Nickolich KL, Corey C, Shiva S, Wang J, Muzumdar R, Alcorn JF. The inflammasome potentiates influenza/Staphylococcus aureus superinfection in mice. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97470. [PMID: 29618653 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial respiratory infections are commonly associated with both acute and chronic lung injury. Influenza complicated by bacterial pneumonia is an effective model to study host defense during pulmonary superinfection due to its clinical relevance. Multiprotein inflammasomes are responsible for IL-1β production in response to infection and drive tissue inflammation. In this study, we examined the role of the inflammasome during viral/bacterial superinfection. We demonstrate that ASC-/- mice are protected from bacterial superinfection and produce sufficient quantities of IL-1β through an apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) inflammasome-independent mechanism. Despite the production of IL-1β by ASC-/- mice in response to bacterial superinfection, these mice display decreased lung inflammation. A neutrophil elastase inhibitor blocked ASC inflammasome-independent production of IL-1β and the IL-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra, confirmed that IL-1 remains crucial to the clearance of bacteria during superinfection. Delayed inhibition of NLRP3 during influenza infection by MCC950 decreases bacterial burden during superinfection and leads to decreased inflammatory cytokine production. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ASC augments the clearance of bacteria, but can also contribute to inflammation and mortality. ASC should be considered as a therapeutic target to decrease morbidity and mortality during bacterial superinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keven M Robinson
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Krishnaveni Ramanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle E Clay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kevin J McHugh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew J Pilewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara L Nickolich
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Catherine Corey
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and.,Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and.,Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Ramachandran RA, Lupfer C, Zaki H. The Inflammasome: Regulation of Nitric Oxide and Antimicrobial Host Defence. Adv Microb Physiol 2018; 72:65-115. [PMID: 29778217 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signalling molecule that plays diverse physiological functions including antimicrobial host defence. During microbial infection, NO is synthesized by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is expressed by host immune cells through the recognition of microbial pattern molecules. Therefore, sensing pathogens or their pattern molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are located at the cell surface, endosomal and phagosomal compartment, or in the cytosol, is key in inducing iNOS and eliciting antimicrobial host defence. A group of cytosolic PRRs is involved in inducing NO and other antimicrobial molecules by forming a molecular complex called the inflammasome. Assembled inflammasomes activate inflammatory caspases, such as caspase-1 and caspase-11, which in turn process proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 into their mature forms and induce pyroptotic cell death. IL-1β and IL-18 play a central role in immunity against microbial infection through activation and recruitment of immune cells, induction of inflammatory molecules, and regulation of antimicrobial mediators including NO. Interestingly, NO can also regulate inflammasome activity in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Here, we discuss molecular mechanisms of inflammasome formation and the inflammasome-mediated regulation of host defence responses during microbial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hasan Zaki
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Shinde A, Luo J, Bharathi SS, Shi H, Beck ME, McHugh KJ, Alcorn JF, Wang J, Goetzman ES. Increased mortality from influenza infection in long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:700-704. [PMID: 29458021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzyme long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) is expressed in alveolar type II pneumocytes and that LCAD-/- mice have altered breathing mechanics and surfactant defects. Here, we hypothesized that LCAD-/- mice would be susceptible to influenza infection. Indeed, LCAD-/- mice demonstrated increased mortality following infection with 2009 pandemic influenza (A/CA/07/09). However, the mortality was not due to increased lung injury, as inflammatory cell counts, viral titers, and histology scores all showed non-significant trends toward milder injury in LCAD-/- mice. To confirm this, LCAD-/- were infected with a second, mouse-adapted H1N1 virus (A/PR/8/34), to which they responded with significantly less lung injury. While both strains become increasingly hypoglycemic over the first week post-infection, LCAD-/- mice lose body weight more rapidly than wild-type mice. Surprisingly, while acutely fasted LCAD-/- mice develop hepatic steatosis, influenza-infected LCAD-/- mice do not. They do, however, become more hypothermic than wild-type mice and demonstrate increased blood lactate values. We conclude that LCAD-/- mice succumb to influenza from bioenergetic starvation, likely due to increased reliance upon glucose for energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Shinde
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Jiadi Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Sivakama S Bharathi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Huifang Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Megan E Beck
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Kevin J McHugh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Eric S Goetzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
McKimm-Breschkin JL, Jiang S, Hui DS, Beigel JH, Govorkova EA, Lee N. Prevention and treatment of respiratory viral infections: Presentations on antivirals, traditional therapies and host-directed interventions at the 5th ISIRV Antiviral Group conference. Antiviral Res 2018; 149:118-142. [PMID: 29162476 PMCID: PMC7133686 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The International Society for Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Diseases held its 5th Antiviral Group (isirv-AVG) Conference in Shanghai, China, in conjunction with the Shanghai Public Health Center and Fudan University from 14-16 June 2017. The three-day programme encompassed presentations on some of the clinical features, management, immune responses and virology of respiratory infections, including influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H7N9) viruses, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, adenovirus Type 80, enterovirus D68, metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Updates were presented on several therapeutics currently in clinical trials, including influenza polymerase inhibitors pimodivir/JNJ6362387, S033188, favipiravir, monoclonal antibodies MHAA45449A and VIS410, and host directed strategies for influenza including nitazoxanide, and polymerase ALS-008112 and fusion inhibitors AK0529, GS-5806 for RSV. Updates were also given on the use of the currently licensed neuraminidase inhibitors. Given the location in China, there were also presentations on the use of Traditional Chinese Medicines. Following on from the previous conference, there were ongoing discussions on appropriate endpoints for severe influenza in clinical trials from regulators and clinicians, an issue which remains unresolved. The aim of this conference summary is to provide information for not only conference participants, but a detailed referenced review of the current status of clinical trials, and pre-clinical development of therapeutics and vaccines for influenza and other respiratory diseases for a broader audience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shibo Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, NY, USA
| | - David S Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - John H Beigel
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Support to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Nelson Lee
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Lugrin J, Martinon F. The AIM2 inflammasome: Sensor of pathogens and cellular perturbations. Immunol Rev 2017; 281:99-114. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lugrin
- Service of Adult Intensive Care Medicine; Lausanne University Hospital; Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Fabio Martinon
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Lausanne; Epalinges Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Huang S, Song Z, Huang Q, Jiang L, Chen L, Wang R, Lin Z. AIM2 Inflammasome Is Critical for dsDNA-Induced IL-1β Secretion in Human Dental Pulp Cells. Inflammation 2017; 41:409-417. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|