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Wu H, Denna TH, Storkersen JN, Gerriets VA. Beyond a neurotransmitter: The role of serotonin in inflammation and immunity. Pharmacol Res 2019; 140:100-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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52
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Blattner KM, Canney DJ, Pippin DA, Blass BE. Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of the 5-HT 7 Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:89-119. [PMID: 30020772 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that serotonin (5-HT) exerts its pharmacological effects through a series of 5-HT receptors. The most recently identified member of this family, 5-HT7, was first identified in 1993. Over the course of the last 25 years, this receptor has been the subject of intense investigation, and it has been demonstrated that 5-HT7 plays an important role in a wide range of pharmacological processes. As a result of these findings, modulation of 5-HT7 activity has been the focus of numerous drug discovery and development programs. This review provides an overview of the roles of 5-HT7 in normal physiology and the therapeutic potential of this interesting drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Blattner
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Daniel J. Canney
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Douglas A. Pippin
- Praeventix, LLC, 665 Stockton Drive, Suite 200H, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Blass
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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53
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Sviridova AA, Melnikov MV, Belousova OO, Rogovskii VS, Pashenkov MV, Boyko AN. Serotonergic system as a therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:64-72. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20191192264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Motavallian A, Minaiyan M, Rabbani M, Mahzouni P, Andalib S. Anti-inflammatory effects of alosetron mediated through 5-HT 3 receptors on experimental colitis. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:228-236. [PMID: 31160900 PMCID: PMC6540920 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.258489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new medicine with fewer deleterious effects and more efficacies for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is needed. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor (5-HT3R) antagonists have exhibited analgesic and anti-inflammatory features in vitro and in vivo. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of alosetron, a 5-HT3R antagonist, on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Two h subsequent to induce colitis (intracolonic instillation of TNBS, 50 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats, alosetron (1 mg/kg), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg), meta-chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG, a 5-HT3R agonist, 5 mg/kg), or alosetron + mCPBG were administrated intraperitoneally for 6 days. Animals were thereafter sacrificed and the efficacy of drugs was evaluated macroscopically, histologically, and biochemically (myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 beta) on distal colon samples. Treatment with alosetron and dexamethasone improved macroscopic and microscopic colonic damages significantly and decreased myeloperoxidase activity and colonic levels of inflammatory cytokines. The profitable effects of alosetron were antagonized by concurrent administration of mCPBG. Our data provided evidence that the protective effects of alosetron on TNBS-induced colitis can be mediated by 5- HT3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Motavallian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, I.R. Iran.,Rhino-sinus, Ear, and Skull base Diseases Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohsen Minaiyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran.,Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran.,Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Parvin Mahzouni
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Sasan Andalib
- Neuroscience Research Center, Road Trauma Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, I.R. Iran.,Research Unit of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Dolivo DM, Larson SA, Dominko T. Tryptophan metabolites kynurenine and serotonin regulate fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3663-3681. [PMID: 30027295 PMCID: PMC11105268 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological form of aberrant tissue repair, the complications of which account for nearly half of all deaths in the industrialized world. All tissues are susceptible to fibrosis under particular pathological sets of conditions. Though each type of fibrosis has characteristics and hallmarks specific to that particular condition, there appear to be common factors underlying fibrotic diseases. One of these ubiquitous factors is the paradigm of the activated myofibroblast in the promotion of fibrotic phenotypes. Recent research has implicated metabolic byproducts of the amino acid tryptophan, namely serotonin and kynurenines, in the pathology or potential pharmacologic therapy of fibrosis, in part through their effects on development of myofibroblast phenotypes. Here, we review literature underlying what is known mechanistically about the effects of these compounds and their respective pathways on fibrosis. Pharmacologic administration of kynurenine improves scarring outcomes in vivo likely not only through its well-characterized immunosuppressive properties but also via its demonstrated antagonism of fibroblast activation and of collagen deposition. In contrast, serotonin directly promotes activation of fibroblasts via activation of canonical TGF-β signaling, and overstimulation with serotonin leads to fibrotic outcomes in vivo. Recently discovered feedback inhibition between serotonin and kynurenine pathways also reveals more information about the cellular physiology of tryptophan metabolism and may also underlie possible paradigms for anti-fibrotic therapy. Together, understanding of the effects of tryptophan metabolism on modulation of fibrosis may lead to the development of new therapeutic avenues for treatment through exploitation of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Sara A Larson
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin? Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180027. [PMID: 30177522 PMCID: PMC6148219 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gut is a remarkable organ: with a nervous system that rivals the spinal cord, it is the body’s largest repository of immune and endocrine cells and houses an immense and complex microbiota. Infection with helminth parasites elicits a conserved program of effector and regulatory immune responses to eradicate the worm, limit tissue damage, and return the gut to homeostasis. Discrete changes in the nervous system, and to a lesser extent the enteroendocrine system, occur following helminth infection but the importance of these adaptations in expelling the worm is poorly understood. Approximately 90% of the body’s serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) is made in enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut, indicative of the importance of this amine in intestinal function. Signaling via a plethora of receptor subtypes, substantial evidence illustrates that 5-HT affects immunity. A small number of studies document changes in 5-HT levels following infection with helminth parasites, but these have not been complemented by an understanding of the role of 5-HT in the host–parasite interaction. In reviewing this area, the gap in knowledge of how changes in the enteric serotonergic system affects the outcome of infection with intestinal helminths is apparent. We present this as a call-to-action by investigators in the field. We contend that neuronal EC cell–immune interactions in the gut are essential in maintaining homeostasis and, when perturbed, contribute to pathophysiology. The full affect of infection with helminth parasites needs to define, and then mechanistically dissect the role of the enteric nervous and enteroendocrine systems of the gut.
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Chaturvedi S, Misra DP, Prasad N, Rastogi K, Singh H, Rai MK, Agarwal V. 5-HT 2 and 5-HT 2B antagonists attenuate pro-fibrotic phenotype in human adult dermal fibroblasts by blocking TGF-β1 induced non-canonical signaling pathways including STAT3 : implications for fibrotic diseases like scleroderma. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 21:2128-2138. [PMID: 30207074 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) from activated platelets following microvascular injury leads to tissue fibrosis. 5-HT strongly induces extracellular matrix synthesis in dermal fibroblasts in a transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-dependent manner. AIM To evaluate anti-fibrotic properties of inhibitors of 5-HT2 and 5-HT2B (terguride, SB204741) respectively in human adult dermal fibroblasts (HADF) derived from a patient with scleroderma. METHODS Anti-fibrotic efficacy of 5-HT2 and 5-HT2B inhibitors was evaluated as per two strategies: HADF were incubated with 5-HT (1 μM)/TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) for 1 hour followed by 5-HT (1 μM)/TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) and terguride or SB204741 (1 μM, each) for 24 hours (post-treatment strategy) and HADF were treated with terguride or SB204741 (1 μM, each) for 1 hour followed by 5-HT (1 μM)/TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) for 24 hours (pre-treatment strategy). Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for expression of pro-fibrotic (TGFΒ1, COL1A1, COL1A2, ACTA2, CTGF and FN1) and anti-fibrotic genes (MMP2/TIMP1) was performed. Expression of type I collagen, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), phosphorylation of Smad3, ERK1/2 and STAT3 was examined by immunoblotting. RESULTS Stimulation of HADF cells with 5-HT/TGF-β1 led to the increased expression of pro-fibrotic genes which was significantly reduced by both terguride and SB204741. Expression of anti-fibrotic genes was not affected upon incubation with the inhibitors. In 5-HT-stimulated HADF, treatment with terguride and SB204741 decreased type I collagen and α-SMA. In 5-HT/TGF-β1 stimulated HADF, terguride and SB204741 treatment reduced ERK1/2 and STAT3 phosphorylation but did not influence Smad3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Terguride and SB204741 reduce pro-fibrotic potential of HADF cells and suppress TGF-β1-mediated non-canonical pathways, ERK1/2 and STAT3 which have been implicated in the regulation of pro-fibrotic genes and in the development of fibrosis. Taken together, our data suggest that 5-HT inhibitors might reduce fibrosis via suppression of TGF-beta1-mediated non-canonical signaling pathways. These observations have important therapeutic implications for fibrotic disorders like scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chaturvedi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Durga Prasanna Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Narayan Prasad
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Kailash Rastogi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Harshit Singh
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Rai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
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Gocht A, Distler JH, Spriewald B, Ramsperger-Gleixner M, Weyand M, Ensminger SM, Heim C. Effects of different serotonin receptor subtype antagonists on the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in murine aortic allografts. Transpl Immunol 2018; 49:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Waclawiková B, El Aidy S. Role of Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolites in the Remote Effect of Intestinal Inflammation on Brain and Depression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030063. [PMID: 29941795 PMCID: PMC6160932 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal bacteria collectively known as the gut microbiota. Our recognition of the significance of the complex interaction between the microbiota, and its host has grown dramatically over the past years. A balanced microbial community is a key regulator of the immune response, and metabolism of dietary components, which in turn, modulates several brain processes impacting mood and behavior. Consequently, it is likely that disruptions within the composition of the microbiota would remotely affect the mental state of the host. Here, we discuss how intestinal bacteria and their metabolites can orchestrate gut-associated neuroimmune mechanisms that influence mood and behavior leading to depression. In particular, we focus on microbiota-triggered gut inflammation and its implications in shifting the tryptophan metabolism towards kynurenine biosynthesis while disrupting the serotonergic signaling. We further investigate the gaps to be bridged in this exciting field of research in order to clarify our understanding of the multifaceted crosstalk in the microbiota–gut–brain interphase, bringing about novel, microbiota-targeted therapeutics for mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Waclawiková
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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60
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Banskota S, Ghia JE, Khan WI. Serotonin in the gut: Blessing or a curse. Biochimie 2018; 161:56-64. [PMID: 29909048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) once most extensively studied as a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, is seen to be predominantly secreted in the gut. About 95% of 5-HT is estimated to be found in gut mainly within the enterochromaffin cells whereas about 5% is found in the brain. 5-HT is an important enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. In recent times, studies uncovering various new functions of gut-derived 5-HT indicate that many more are yet to be discovered in coming days. Recent studies revealed that 5-HT plays a pivotal role in immune cell activation and generation/perpetuation of inflammation in the gut. In addition to its various roles in the gut, there are now emerging evidences that suggest an important role of gut-derived 5-HT in other biological processes beyond the gut, such as bone remodeling and metabolic homeostasis. This review focuses to briefly summarize the accumulated and newly updated role of 5-HT in the maintenance of normal gut physiology and in the pathogenesis of inflammation in the gut. The collected information about this multifaceted signaling molecule may aid in distinguishing its good and bad effects which may lead to the development of novel strategies to overcome the unwanted effect, such as in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhrid Banskota
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Yu Y, Zhu W, Liang Q, Liu J, Yang X, Sun G. Tropisetron attenuates lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF-κB and SP/NK1R signaling pathway. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 320:80-86. [PMID: 29759144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tropisetron, an antagonist of serotonin type 3 receptors (5-HT3Rs), has been investigated in colonic inflammatory process. Since substance P/neurokinin 1 receptor (SP/NK1R) signaling pathway plays a key role in several sensory neuronal inflammatory. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of tropisetron in mice cerebral cortex, and discovered that it was a potential inhibitor in LPS-mediated neuron inflammation through SP/NK1R signaling pathway. We found that tropisetron significantly reduced the increased number of iba-1 positive microglia, down-regulated the gene transcription and protein expression of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS stimulated cerebral cortex. To characterize the inhibitory mechanism of tropisetron at the SP response in inflammation, we further examined the effect of tropisetron on NF-κB and SP/NK1R signaling pathway in the process of mice cerebral cortex inflammation. We found that tropisetron inhibited the gene transcription and protein expression of NF-κB, SP, NK1R via inhibiting 5-HT3R activity. These findings might provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory activities of 5-HT3R inhibitor tropisetron, which would be the interaction of serotonin receptor signaling and SP/NK1R pathway. These might highlight their potential to design novel therapeutic strategies to manage inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Department of pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanhu Zhu
- Department of pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liang
- Department of pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangchun Sun
- Department of pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Jia Y, Yang B, Dong W, Liu Z, Lv Z, Jia Z, Qiu L, Wang L, Song L. A serotonin receptor (Cg5-HTR-1) mediating immune response in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:83-93. [PMID: 29305167 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin receptors, including ligand-gated ion channel (LGICs) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), play vital roles in modulating physiological processes and immunoreaction. In the present study, a homologue of serotonin (5-HT) receptor was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas (designated Cg5-HTR-1). Its open reading frame (ORF) was of 1239 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 412 amino acids with a seven transmembrane region. Cg5-HTR-1 shared high similarity with the 5-HTRs from other animals. The cAMP contents in HEK293T cells decreased significantly after Cg5-HTR-1 transfection and 5-HT incubation (p < .05), while blocking Cg5-HTR-1 with specific receptor antagonist reversed this downtrend. The intracellular Ca2+ concentrations increased significantly (p < .05) after cell transfection and 5-HT incubation, and the antagonist treatment also arrested this process. Cg5-HTR-1 transcripts were widely distributed in various tissues, with the highest level in hepatopancreas and lowest level in mantle and gill. The mRNA expression of Cg5-HTR-1 in hemocyte increased significantly after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and reached the peak level (6.47-fold, p < .05) at 6 h post treatment. The inhibition of Cg5-HTR-1 significantly reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA in hemocyte, down-regulated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum, and induced the apoptosis of hemocyte (p < .05). These results suggested that Cg5-HTR-1 was a novel member of 5-HT1 receptor family and it mediated serotonergic immunomodulation on both cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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Lauriano ER, Faggio C, Capillo G, Spanò N, Kuciel M, Aragona M, Pergolizzi S. Immunohistochemical characterization of epidermal dendritic-like cells in giant mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:380-385. [PMID: 29337248 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Giant Mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770), is euryhaline, amphibious, and air-breathing fish. These fishes live in close association to mangrove forests and often spend over 90% of time out of water, in adjacent mudflats. They have developed morphological and physiological adaptations to satisfy their unique lifestyles. The skin is the primary interface between the body and the environment, and has a central role in host defence. The initiation of immune responses to antigens in the vertebrate skin has often been attributed to epidermal Langerhans'cells (LC) that are dendritic cells (DC), antigen-presenting cells (APC) which reside in the epidermis. Dendritic cells have been characterized morphologically and functionally in the teleost fish tissues such as rainbow trout, salmonids, medaka, African catfish and zebrafish. However, there is no evidence of the presence of DCs and their role in mudskippers immunity. The aim of this preliminary study was to characterize, through use of specific antibodies: Toll-like receptor 2, S100, serotonin (5-HT), and Vesicular acetylcholine transporter VAChT, a specific DC-like subpopulation in Pn. schlosseri's epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - C Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - G Capillo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - N Spanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - M Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 15, 31-105 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Aragona
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - S Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Siemian JN, LaMacchia ZM, Spreuer V, Tian J, Ignatowski TA, Paez PM, Zhang Y, Li JX. The imidazoline I 2 receptor agonist 2-BFI attenuates hypersensitivity and spinal neuroinflammation in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:260-268. [PMID: 29366977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a large, unmet public health problem. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of neuroinflammation in the establishment and maintenance of chronic pain. However, pharmacotherapies that reduce neuroinflammation have not been successfully developed to treat chronic pain thus far. Several preclinical studies have established imidazoline I2 receptor (I2R) agonists as novel candidates for chronic pain therapies, and while some I2R ligands appear to modulate neuroinflammation in certain scenarios, whether they exert anti-neuroinflammatory effects in models of chronic pain is unknown. This study examined the effects of the prototypical I2R agonist 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (2-BFI) on hypersensitivity and neuroinflammation induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI), a neuropathic pain model in rats. In CCI rats, twice-daily treatment with 10 mg/kg 2-BFI for seven days consistently increased mechanical and thermal nociception thresholds, reduced GFAP and Iba-1 levels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and reduced levels of TNF-α relative to saline treatment. These results were recapitulated in primary mouse cortical astrocyte cultures. Incubation with 2-BFI attenuated GFAP expression and supernatant TNF-α levels in LPS-stimulated cultures. These results suggest that I2R agonists such as 2-BFI may reduce neuroinflammation which may partially account for their antinociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Siemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zach M LaMacchia
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vilma Spreuer
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Pablo M Paez
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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65
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Szabo A, Gogolak P, Koncz G, Foldvari Z, Pazmandi K, Miltner N, Poliska S, Bacsi A, Djurovic S, Rajnavolgyi E. Immunomodulatory capacity of the serotonin receptor 5-HT2B in a subset of human dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1765. [PMID: 29379077 PMCID: PMC5788853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter that signals through a wide array of receptors (5-HT1–7) many of which are also involved in immune processes. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial players in immune defense by bridging innate and adaptive immune responses via their vast repertoire of pattern recognition receptors and antigen-presenting capability. Although serotonin is known to influence immunity at many levels, cell type-specific expression and function of its receptors remains poorly understood. Here we aimed to study 5-HT1–7 expression and function in CD1a− and CD1a+ human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). We found that the 5-HT2B receptor-subtype is solely expressed by the inflammatory CD1a+ moDC subset. Specific 5-HT2B activation potently inhibited TLR2, TLR3, and TLR7/8-induced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, IL-12) but not type I interferon-β responses. 5-HT2B agonism also interfered with the polarization of CD1a+ moDC-primed CD4+ T cells towards inflammatory Th1 and Th17 effector lymphocytes. Here we report the subset-specific expression and immunomodulatory function of 5-HT2B in human moDCs. Our results expand the biological role of 5-HT2B which may act not only as a neurotransmitter receptor, but also as an important modulator of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Peter Gogolak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabor Koncz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Foldvari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pazmandi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Noemi Miltner
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilard Poliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Rajnavolgyi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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66
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Gene expression profiling in colon of mice exposed to food additive titanium dioxide (E171). Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:153-165. [PMID: 29128614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary factors that may influence the risks of colorectal cancer, including specific supplements, are under investigation. Previous studies showed the capacity of food additive titanium dioxide (E171) to induce DNA damage in vitro and facilitate growth of colorectal tumours in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind these effects after E171 exposure. BALB/c mice were exposed by gavage to 5 mg/kgbw/day of E171 for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. Transcriptome changes were studied by whole genome mRNA microarray analysis on the mice's distal colons. In addition, histopathological changes as well as a proliferation marker were analysed. The results showed significant gene expression changes in the olfactory/GPCR receptor family, oxidative stress, the immune system and of cancer related genes. Transcriptome analysis also identified genes that thus far have not been included in known biological pathways and can induce functional changes by interacting with other genes involved in different biological pathways. Histopathological analysis showed alteration and disruption in the normal structure of crypts inducing a hyperplastic epithelium. At cell proliferation level, no consistent increase over time was observed. These results may offer a mechanistic framework for the enhanced tumour growth after ingestion of E171 in BALB/c mice.
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67
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Domínguez-Soto Á, Usategui A, Casas-Engel MDL, Simón-Fuentes M, Nieto C, Cuevas VD, Vega MA, Luis Pablos J, Corbí ÁL. Serotonin drives the acquisition of a profibrotic and anti-inflammatory gene profile through the 5-HT7R-PKA signaling axis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14761. [PMID: 29116249 PMCID: PMC5676747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) regulates cell growth and differentiation in numerous cell types through engagement of seven types of cell surface receptors (HTR1-7). Deregulated 5-HT/HTR levels contribute to pathology in chronic inflammatory diseases, with macrophages being relevant targets for the physio-pathological effects of 5-HT. In fact, 5-HT skews human macrophage polarization through engagement of 5-HT2BR and 5-HT7R receptors. We now report that 5-HT primes macrophages for reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and IFN type I-mediated signaling, and promotes an anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic gene signature in human macrophages. The acquisition of the 5-HT-dependent gene profile primarily depends on the 5-HT7R receptor and 5-HT7R-initiated PKA-dependent signaling. In line with the transcriptional results, 5-HT upregulates TGFβ1 production by human macrophages in an HTR7- and PKA-dependent manner, whereas the absence of Htr7 in vivo results in diminished macrophage infiltration and collagen deposition in a mouse model of skin fibrosis. Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic activity of 5-HT is primarily mediated through the 5-HT7R-PKA axis, and that 5-HT7R contributes to pathology in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Usategui
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Simón-Fuentes
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concha Nieto
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor D Cuevas
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Vega
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Pablos
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Corbí
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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68
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Shi H, Zhu X, Cui Y, Qin Y, Yang L, Deng X. Analgesic activity of cynaropicrinon on post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4476-4482. [PMID: 29067122 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity is one of the most common symptoms in patients with post-inflammatory-irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). Enterochromaffin (EC) cells and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are important in the development of visceral hyperalgesia, and EC cells are influenced by helper T-cell subtype 1 or 2 cytokine predominant environments. In the present study, the analgesic effect of cynaropicrin and its underlying mechanism on the treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic (TNBS)-induced PI-IBS visceral hyperalgesia rats was investigated. The results from the abdominal withdrawal reflex tests and electromyography recordings indicated that treatment with cynaropicrin significantly and dose-dependently alleviated the visceral hyperalgesia of PI-IBS rats (P<0.05). In addition, the increased colonic 5-HT content, colonic tryptophan hydroxylase expression, EC cell number and the cytokine levels, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in PI-IBS rats were significantly alleviated by cynaropicrin (P<0.05). These data demonstrate that the analgesic activity of cynaropicrin on TNBS-induced PI-IBS visceral hypersensitive rats was mediated via reduction of cytokines levels. Thus, cynaropicrin as a bioactive natural product may offer promising therapeutic avenues for visceral hypersensitivity in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Shi
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China.,College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Xianwei Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China.,Innovation Research Centre of Acupuncture Combined with Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China.,Graduate School of Innovative Life Science for Education, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yaya Cui
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Qin
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science for Education, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Xu Deng
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone, Xianyang Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
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69
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Almeida VM, Paiva AE, Sena IFG, Mintz A, Magno LAV, Birbrair A. Pericytes Make Spinal Cord Breathless after Injury. Neuroscientist 2017; 24:440-447. [PMID: 29283016 DOI: 10.1177/1073858417731522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is a devastating condition that leads to significant neurological deficits and reduced quality of life. Therapeutic interventions after spinal cord lesions are designed to address multiple aspects of the secondary damage. However, the lack of detailed knowledge about the cellular and molecular changes that occur after spinal cord injury restricts the design of effective treatments. Li and colleagues using a rat model of spinal cord injury and in vivo microscopy reveal that pericytes play a key role in the regulation of capillary tone and blood flow in the spinal cord below the site of the lesion. Strikingly, inhibition of specific proteins expressed by pericytes after spinal cord injury diminished hypoxia and improved motor function and locomotion of the injured rats. This work highlights a novel central cellular population that might be pharmacologically targeted in patients with spinal cord trauma. The emerging knowledge from this research may provide new approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviani M Almeida
- 1 Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana E Paiva
- 1 Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora F G Sena
- 1 Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- 2 Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luiz Alexandre V Magno
- 3 Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- 1 Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,4 Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,5 Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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70
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Tawfik MK, Makary S. 5-HT7 receptor antagonism (SB-269970) attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats via downregulating oxidative burden and inflammatory cascades and ameliorating collagen deposition: Comparison to terguride. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:114-123. [PMID: 28821451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is involved in regulation of local tissue inflammation and repair through a set of receptors (5-HT1-7 receptors), which are expressed in the lung. Considering the protective importance of 5-HT receptor antagonists against development of pulmonary fibrosis, we evaluated whether 5-HT7 receptor antagonist (SB-269970) modulates lung inflammatory and fibrogenic processes in comparison with 5-HT2A/B receptor antagonist (terguride), in bleomycin (BLM)-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) model. IPF model induced by a single dose of intra-tracheal BLM instillation (5mg/kg), and rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of SB-269970 (1mg/kg day) or terguride (1.2mg/kg/d). The experiment was carried out on two separate sets of rats that were killed at day 7th and day 21st to evaluate the endpoint of the IPF inflammatory and fibrogenic phases, respectively. During the inflammatory phase 5-HT2A/B and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists attenuated the BLM-induced increase in the lung fluid content, the inflammatory cytokines levels and oxidative stress burden. In the fibrogenic phase, both SB-269970 and terguride reduced the serotonin concentrations in lung homogenates and significantly protected against IPF fibrogenic phase by attenuating collagen deposition and mRNA expression of both transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF- β1), and procollagen type Ӏ (PINP). 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT7 receptor antagonist showed more benefits than 5-HT2A/B receptor antagonist on the deleterious effects accompanied BLM instillation. The present study showed involvement of 5-HT7 receptor in the pathophysiology of BLM-induced IPF in rats and identified it as a potential therapeutic target in lung fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona K Tawfik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Samy Makary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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71
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Herr N, Bode C, Duerschmied D. The Effects of Serotonin in Immune Cells. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:48. [PMID: 28775986 PMCID: PMC5517399 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] plays an important role in many organs as a peripheral hormone. Most of the body’s serotonin is circulating in the bloodstream, transported by blood platelets and is released upon activation. The functions of serotonin are mediated by members of the 7 known mammalian serotonin receptor subtype classes (15 known subtypes), the serotonin transporter (SERT), and by covalent binding of serotonin to different effector proteins. Almost all immune cells express at least one serotonin component. In recent years, a number of immunoregulatory functions have been ascribed to serotonin. In monocytes/macrophages, for example, serotonin modulates cytokine secretion. Serotonin can also suppress the release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β by activating serotonin receptors. Furthermore, neutrophil recruitment and T-cell activation can both be mediated by serotonin. These are only a few of the known immunomodulatory roles of serotonin that we will review here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Herr
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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72
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Robson MJ, Quinlan MA, Blakely RD. Immune System Activation and Depression: Roles of Serotonin in the Central Nervous System and Periphery. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:932-942. [PMID: 28345868 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has long been recognized as a key contributor to the regulation of mood and anxiety and is strongly associated with the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although more known for its roles within the central nervous system (CNS), 5-HT is recognized to modulate several key aspects of immune system function that may contribute to the development of MDD. Copious amounts of research have outlined a connection between alterations in immune system function, inflammation status, and MDD. Supporting this connection, peripheral immune activation results in changes in the function and/or expression of many components of 5-HT signaling that are associated with depressive-like phenotypes. How 5-HT is utilized by the immune system to effect CNS function and ultimately behaviors related to depression is still not well understood. This Review summarizes the evidence that immune system alterations related to depression affect CNS 5-HT signaling that can alter MDD-relevant behaviors and that 5-HT regulates immune system signaling within the CNS and periphery. We suggest that targeting the interrelationships between immune and 5-HT signaling may provide more effective treatments for subsets of those suffering from inflammation-associated MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Robson
- Department of Biomedical
Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Meagan A. Quinlan
- Department of Biomedical
Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240-7933, United States
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Biomedical
Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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73
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Shajib MS, Baranov A, Khan WI. Diverse Effects of Gut-Derived Serotonin in Intestinal Inflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:920-931. [PMID: 28288510 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is the largest producer of serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the human body, and 5-HT has been recognized as an important signaling molecule in the gut for decades. There are two distinct sources of enteric 5-HT. Mucosal 5-HT is predominantly produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and neuronal 5-HT in the gut is produced by serotonergic neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The quantity of mucosal 5-HT produced vastly eclipses the amount of neuronal 5-HT in the gut. Though it is difficult to separate the functions of neuronal and mucosal 5-HT, in the normal gut both types of enteric 5-HT work synergistically playing a prominent role in the maintenance of GI functions. In inflammatory conditions of the gut, like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) recent studies have revealed new diverse functions of enteric 5-HT. Mucosal 5-HT plays an important role in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators from immune cells, and neuronal 5-HT provides neuroprotection in the ENS. Based on searches for terms such as "5-HT", "EC cell", "ENS", and "inflammation" in pubmed.gov as well as by utilizing pertinent reviews, the current review aims to provide an update on the role of enteric 5-HT and its immune mediators in the context of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sharif Shajib
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Adriana Baranov
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Waliul I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Hamilton
Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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74
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Dong W, Liu Z, Qiu L, Wang W, Song X, Wang X, Li Y, Xin L, Wang L, Song L. The modulation role of serotonin in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in response to air exposure. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:341-348. [PMID: 28159695 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a critical neurotransmitter in the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network and involved in regulation of the stress response in vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, serotonin was found to be widely distributed in the tissues of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, including haemolymph, gonad, visceral ganglion, mantle, gill, labial palps and hepatopancreas, and its concentration increased significantly in haemolymph and mantle after the oysters were exposed to air for 1 d. The apoptosis rate of haemocytes was significantly declined after the oysters received an injection of extra serotonin, while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in haemolymph increased significantly. After the stimulation of serotonin during air exposure, the apoptosis rate of oyster haemocytes and the concentration of H2O2 in haemolymph were significantly decreased, while the SOD activity was significantly elevated. Furthermore, the survival rate of oysters from 4th to 6th d after injection of serotonin was higher than that of FSSW group and air exposure group. The results clearly indicated that serotonin could modulate apoptotic effect and redox during air exposure to protect oysters from stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lusheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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75
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76
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Swanson G, Miller S, Alyahyawi A, Wilson B, Saadatmand F, Lee C, Dunston G, Abbas M. Genetic polymorphisms in the serotonin receptor 7 (HTR7) gene are associated with cortisol levels in African American young adults. F1000Res 2017. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10442.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Serotonin is a neurohormone involved in biological processes, such as behavior and immune function. Chronic psychosocial stressors may cause serotonin release resulting in immune system dysregulation, as evidenced by increased or far decreased levels of cortisol, a blood biomarker of stress and immune function. We hypothesize that genetic polymorphisms in the HTR7 gene are associated with both hypo- and hyper-cortisolism. Methods: The study population included 602 African American subjects between 18-34 years of age, living in Washington, D.C. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HTR7, rs2420367, rs12412496, rs2185706, rs7089533, and rs7093602 were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism or the TaqMan assay. Statistical analysis, using the program SNPstat, was performed to determine their associations with cortisol measured in the study population. Results: While an increased risk of hypocortisolism was found to be associated with rs2420367, rs2185706, and rs7093602 in a gender specific manner, no genotypes could be associated with hypercortisolism. Inversely, a decreased risk of hypocortisolism was found with the haplotype CGGCC (p=0.033), which remained significant in males. When adjusting for gender, females associated with the haplotype AGACC. Hypercortisolism was also associated with a decreased risk for the haplotypes AAACC (p=0.042) and AAGTT (p=0.001). Discussion: Based on these results, genetic variation in the HTR7 gene may contribute to both stress and inflammation, and will provide a new glimpse into stress-related inflammation psychophysiology.
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Margolis KG, Gershon MD. Enteric Neuronal Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:614-624. [PMID: 27450201 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the importance of the two-way interaction between the nervous and immune systems. This interaction is particularly important in the bowel because of the unique properties of this organ. The lumen of the gut is lined by a very large but remarkably thin surface that separates the body from the enteric microbiome. Immune defenses against microbial invasion are thus well developed and neuroimmune interactions are important in regulating and integrating these defenses. Important concepts in the phylogeny of neuroimmunity, enteric neuronal and glial regulation of immunity, changes that occur in the enteric nervous system during inflammation, the fundamental role of serotonin (5-HT) in enteric neuroimmune mechanisms, and future perspectives are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 620 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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78
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Di Rosso ME, Palumbo ML, Genaro AM. Immunomodulatory effects of fluoxetine: A new potential pharmacological action for a classic antidepressant drug? Pharmacol Res 2016; 109:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tropisetron suppresses colitis-associated cancer in a mouse model in the remission stage. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:9-16. [PMID: 27104313 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a high risk for development of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter produced by enterochromaffin cells of the intestine. Serotonin and its receptors, mainly 5-HT3 receptor, are overexpressed in IBD and promote development of CAC through production of inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we demonstrated the in vivo activity of tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, against experimental CAC. CAC was induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DDS) in BALB/c mice. The histopathology of colon tissue was performed. Beta-catenin and Cox-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry as well as quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Alterations in the expression of 5-HT3 receptor and inflammatory-associated genes such as Il-1β, Tnf-α, Tlr4 and Myd88 were determined by qRT-PCR. Our results showed that tumor development in tropisetron-treated CAC group was significantly lower than the controls. The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of 5-HT3 receptor was significantly increased following CAC induction. In addition, tropisetron reduced expression of β-catenin and Cox-2 in the CAC experimental group. The levels of Il-1β, Tnf-α, Tlr4 and Myd88 were significantly decreased upon tropisetron treatment in the AOM/DSS group. Taken together, our data show that tropisetron inhibits development of CAC probably by attenuation of inflammatory reactions in the colitis.
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80
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Petra AI, Panagiotidou S, Hatziagelaki E, Stewart JM, Conti P, Theoharides TC. Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis and Its Effect on Neuropsychiatric Disorders With Suspected Immune Dysregulation. Clin Ther 2016; 37:984-95. [PMID: 26046241 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gut microbiota regulate intestinal function and health. However, mounting evidence indicates that they can also influence the immune and nervous systems and vice versa. This article reviews the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the brain, termed the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, and discusses how it contributes to the pathogenesis of certain disorders that may involve brain inflammation. METHODS Articles were identified with a search of Medline (starting in 1980) by using the key words anxiety, attention-deficit hypersensitivity disorder (ADHD), autism, cytokines, depression, gut, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inflammation, immune system, microbiota, nervous system, neurologic, neurotransmitters, neuroimmune conditions, psychiatric, and stress. FINDINGS Various afferent or efferent pathways are involved in the MGB axis. Antibiotics, environmental and infectious agents, intestinal neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, sensory vagal fibers, cytokines, and essential metabolites all convey information to the central nervous system about the intestinal state. Conversely, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the central nervous system regulatory areas of satiety, and neuropeptides released from sensory nerve fibers affect the gut microbiota composition directly or through nutrient availability. Such interactions seem to influence the pathogenesis of a number of disorders in which inflammation is implicated, such as mood disorder, autism-spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hypersensitivity disorder, multiple sclerosis, and obesity. IMPLICATIONS Recognition of the relationship between the MGB axis and the neuroimmune systems provides a novel approach for better understanding and management of these disorders. Appropriate preventive measures early in life or corrective measures such as use of psychobiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and flavonoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I Petra
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Smaro Panagiotidou
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erifili Hatziagelaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon General Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Julia M Stewart
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pio Conti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Immunology Division, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini, Chieti, Italy
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Rapalli A, Bertoni S, Arcaro V, Saccani F, Grandi A, Vivo V, Cantoni AM, Barocelli E. Dual Role of Endogenous Serotonin in 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:68. [PMID: 27047383 PMCID: PMC4802166 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Changes in gut serotonin (5-HT) content have been described in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and in different experimental models of colitis: the critical role of this monoamine in the pathogenesis of chronic gastrointestinal inflammation is gradually emerging. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of endogenous 5-HT through the activation of its specific receptor subtypes to the local and systemic inflammatory responses in an experimental model of IBD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colitis was induced by intrarectal 2,4,6-TriNitroBenzene Sulfonic acid in mice subacutely treated with selective antagonists of 5-HT1A (WAY100135), 5-HT2A (Ketanserin), 5-HT3 (Ondansetron), 5-HT4 (GR125487), 5-HT7 (SB269970) receptors and with 5-HT1A agonist 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin. RESULTS Blockade of 5-HT1A receptors worsened TNBS-induced local and systemic neutrophil recruitment while 5-HT1A agonist delayed and mitigated the severity of colitis, counteracting the increase in colonic 5-HT content. On the contrary, blockade of 5-HT2A receptors improved global health conditions, reduced colonic morphological alterations, down-regulated neutrophil recruitment, inflammatory cytokines levels and colonic apoptosis. Antagonism of 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptor sites did not remarkably affect the progression and outcome of the pathology or only slightly improved it. CONCLUSION The prevailing deleterious contribution given by endogenous 5-HT to inflammation in TNBS-induced colitis is seemingly mediated by 5-HT2A and, to a lesser extent, by 5-HT4 receptors and coexists with the weak beneficial effect elicited by 5-HT1A stimulation. These findings suggest how only a selective interference with 5-HT pro-inflammatory actions may represent an additional potential therapeutic option for intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rapalli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Arcaro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Saccani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Grandi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Vivo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Anna M Cantoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma Parma, Italy
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Diss L, Dyball S, Ghela T, Golding J, Morris R, Robinson S, Tucker R, Walter T, Young P, Allen M, Fidalgo S, Gard P, Mabley J, Patel B, Chatterjee P, Yeoman M. Acute paraquat exposure impairs colonic motility by selectively attenuating nitrergic signalling in the mouse. Auton Neurosci 2016; 195:8-15. [PMID: 26853977 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat, a common herbicide, is responsible for large numbers of deaths worldwide through both deliberate and accidental ingestion. Previous studies have eluded that the bioavailability of paraquat increases substantially with increasing dose and that these changes may in part be due to the effects that these high concentrations have on the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). To date, the actions of acute, high concentrations (20mM for 60 min) of paraquat on the GI tract, particularly the colon which is a major site of paraquat absorption, are unknown. This study examined the effects of acute paraquat administration on colonic motility in the C57BL/6 mouse. Acute paraquat exposure decreased colonic motility and the amplitude of colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs), which are major motor patterns involved in faecal pellet propulsion. In isolated segments of distal colon, paraquat increased resting tension and markedly attenuated electrical field stimulation-evoked relaxations. Pharmacological dissection of paraquat's mechanism of action on both the CMMCs and field stimulated tissue using the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine and direct measurement of NO release from the myenteric plexus, demonstrated that paraquat selectively attenuates nitrergic signalling pathways. These changes did not appear to be due to alterations in colonic oxidative stress, inflammation or complex 1 activity, but were most likely caused by paraquat's ability to act as a redox couple. In summary, these data demonstrate that acute paraquat exposure attenuates colonic transit. These changes may facilitate the absorption of paraquat into the circulation and so facilitate its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Diss
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Sarah Dyball
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Tina Ghela
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Jonathan Golding
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Rachel Morris
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Stephen Robinson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Rosemary Tucker
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Talia Walter
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Paul Young
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Marcus Allen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Sara Fidalgo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Paul Gard
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Jon Mabley
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Bhavik Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Prabal Chatterjee
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Mark Yeoman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Terry N, Margolis KG. Serotonergic Mechanisms Regulating the GI Tract: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 239:319-342. [PMID: 28035530 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is best known as a neurotransmitter critical for central nervous system (CNS) development and function. 95% of the body's serotonin, however, is produced in the intestine where it has been increasingly recognized for its hormonal, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. This chapter provides the most current knowledge of the critical autocrine and paracrine roles of 5-HT in intestinal motility and inflammation as well as its function as a hormone in osteocyte homeostasis. Therapeutic applications in each of these areas are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Terry
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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84
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Idzko M, Pitchford S, Page C. Role of platelets in allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1416-23. [PMID: 26051948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests an important role for platelets and their products (e.g., platelet factor 4, β-thromboglobulin, RANTES, thromboxane, or serotonin) in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. A variety of changes in platelet function have been observed in patients with asthma, such as alterations in platelet secretion, expression of surface molecules, aggregation, and adhesion. Moreover, platelets have been found to actively contribute to most of the characteristic features of asthma, including bronchial hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling. This review brings together the current available data from both experimental and clinical studies that have investigated the role of platelets in allergic airway inflammation and asthma. It is anticipated that a better understanding of the role of platelets in the pathogenesis of asthma might lead to novel promising therapeutic approaches in the treatment of allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Idzko
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Simon Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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85
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Pang TT, Yu Z, Xu B. Role of serotonin signaling system in gastrointestinal tract: Implications for regulatory effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on irritable bowel syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3396-3405. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i21.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, or 5-HT) signaling system plays a key role in the gastrointestinal tract. There have been many studies on the 5-HT signaling system involved in the gastrointestinal tract. This article reviews the recent advances in the knowledge of 5-HT signaling pathways in the gastrointestinal tract, including 5-HT receptor types and subtypes, their distribution in the gastrointestinal tract, physiological and pathological roles of the 5-HT signal system in the gastrointestinal tract, and the change of the 5-HT signal pathway in the gastrointestinal tract. On the basis of the understanding of the above knowledge, we discuss how acupuncture and moxibustion regulate gastrointestinal diseases, especially IBS, through the 5-HT signal system.
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86
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Szabo A. Psychedelics and Immunomodulation: Novel Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Immunol 2015; 6:358. [PMID: 26236313 PMCID: PMC4500993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical psychedelics are psychoactive substances, which, besides their psychopharmacological activity, have also been shown to exert significant modulatory effects on immune responses by altering signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cellular proliferation, and cell survival via activating NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Recently, several neurotransmitter receptors involved in the pharmacology of psychedelics, such as serotonin and sigma-1 receptors, have also been shown to play crucial roles in numerous immunological processes. This emerging field also offers promising treatment modalities in the therapy of various diseases including autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions, infections, and cancer. However, the scarcity of available review literature renders the topic unclear and obscure, mostly posing psychedelics as illicit drugs of abuse and not as physiologically relevant molecules or as possible agents of future pharmacotherapies. In this paper, the immunomodulatory potential of classical serotonergic psychedelics, including N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine will be discussed from a perspective of molecular immunology and pharmacology. Special attention will be given to the functional interaction of serotonin and sigma-1 receptors and their cross-talk with toll-like and RIG-I-like pattern-recognition receptor-mediated signaling. Furthermore, novel approaches will be suggested feasible for the treatment of diseases with chronic inflammatory etiology and pathology, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
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87
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Nascimento FP, Macedo-Júnior SJ, Borges FRM, Cremonese RP, da Silva MD, Luiz-Cerutti M, Martins DF, Rodrigues ALS, Santos ARS. Thalidomide reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and depressive-like behavior induced by peripheral nerve crush in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 303:51-8. [PMID: 26126925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that chronic pain is able to induce depressive disorders in humans, in part, due to peripheral inflammation that reaches the central nervous system. However, the mechanisms involved remain to be established. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sciatic nerve crush could produce depression-like behaviors, in addition to pain-related behaviors, in mice. Once confirmed, this model was used to investigate tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as a key mediator involved in the pathophysiology of both pain and depression. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Swiss mice were divided into three groups, naïve, sham and operated. In the operated group, the sciatic nerve was crushed. Following surgery, animals from the operated group were treated daily by oral gavage (p.o.) with saline (10 ml/kg), fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) or thalidomide (10 mg/kg) for 15 days. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated every 3 days by von Frey filaments and depressive-like behavior was assessed at the end of day 15, using the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST). Then, samples from the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and sciatic nerve were processed to measure TNF-α levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Crush caused significant mechanical hyperalgesia and depressive-like behaviors and increased TNF-α levels in the sciatic nerve, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of operated animals. Treatment with fluoxetine or thalidomide reversed crush-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, depressive-like behaviors and the increased TNF-α levels in the sciatic nerve, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The sciatic nerve crush model represents a good model to study to mechanisms underlying both pain and depressive-like behaviors. Furthermore, inhibitors of TNF-α synthesis, like thalidomide, have a potential to treat depressive disorders associated with neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - S J Macedo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - F R M Borges
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - R P Cremonese
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M D da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - M Luiz-Cerutti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - D F Martins
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neurosciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - A L S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - A R S Santos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Serotonin Receptor Agonist 5-Nonyloxytryptamine Alters the Kinetics of Reovirus Cell Entry. J Virol 2015; 89:8701-12. [PMID: 26109733 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00739-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) are nonenveloped double-stranded RNA viruses that infect most mammalian species, including humans. Reovirus binds to cell surface glycans, junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), and the Nogo-1 receptor (depending on the cell type) and enters cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Within the endocytic compartment, reovirus undergoes stepwise disassembly, which is followed by release of the transcriptionally active viral core into the cytoplasm. In a small-molecule screen to identify host mediators of reovirus infection, we found that treatment of cells with 5-nonyloxytryptamine (5-NT), a prototype serotonin receptor agonist, diminished reovirus cytotoxicity. 5-NT also blocked reovirus infection. In contrast, treatment of cells with methiothepin mesylate, a serotonin antagonist, enhanced infection by reovirus. 5-NT did not alter cell surface expression of JAM-A or attachment of reovirus to cells. However, 5-NT altered the distribution of early endosomes with a concomitant impairment of reovirus transit to late endosomes and a delay in reovirus disassembly. Consistent with an inhibition of viral disassembly, 5-NT treatment did not alter infection by in vitro-generated infectious subvirion particles, which bind to JAM-A but bypass a requirement for proteolytic uncoating in endosomes to infect cells. We also found that treatment of cells with 5-NT decreased the infectivity of alphavirus chikungunya virus and coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus. These data suggest that serotonin receptor signaling influences cellular activities that regulate entry of diverse virus families and provides a new, potentially broad-spectrum target for antiviral drug development. IMPORTANCE Identification of well-characterized small molecules that modulate viral infection can accelerate development of antiviral therapeutics while also providing new tools to increase our understanding of the cellular processes that underlie virus-mediated cell injury. We conducted a small-molecule screen to identify compounds capable of inhibiting cytotoxicity caused by reovirus, a prototype double-stranded RNA virus. We found that 5-nonyloxytryptamine (5-NT) impairs reovirus infection by altering viral transport during cell entry. Remarkably, 5-NT also inhibits infection by an alphavirus and a coronavirus. The antiviral properties of 5-NT suggest that serotonin receptor signaling is an important regulator of infection by diverse virus families and illuminate a potential new drug target.
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89
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Morita T, McClain SP, Batia LM, Pellegrino M, Wilson SR, Kienzler MA, Lyman K, Olsen ASB, Wong JF, Stucky CL, Brem RB, Bautista DM. HTR7 Mediates Serotonergic Acute and Chronic Itch. Neuron 2015; 87:124-38. [PMID: 26074006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic itch is a prevalent and debilitating condition for which few effective therapies are available. We harnessed the natural variation across genetically distinct mouse strains to identify transcripts co-regulated with itch behavior. This survey led to the discovery of the serotonin receptor HTR7 as a key mediator of serotonergic itch. Activation of HTR7 promoted opening of the ion channel TRPA1, which in turn triggered itch behaviors. In addition, acute itch triggered by serotonin or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor required both HTR7 and TRPA1. Aberrant serotonin signaling has long been linked to a variety of human chronic itch conditions, including atopic dermatitis. In a mouse model of atopic dermatitis, mice lacking HTR7 or TRPA1 displayed reduced scratching and skin lesion severity. These data highlight a role for HTR7 in acute and chronic itch and suggest that HTR7 antagonists may be useful for treating a variety of pathological itch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morita
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shannan P McClain
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Lyn M Batia
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Maurizio Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Sarah R Wilson
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael A Kienzler
- Neurobiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kyle Lyman
- Neurobiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - Justin F Wong
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Cheryl L Stucky
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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90
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Jaiswal P, Mohanakumar KP, Rajamma U. Serotonin mediated immunoregulation and neural functions: Complicity in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:413-31. [PMID: 26021727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic system has long been implicated in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), since platelet hyperserotonemia is consistently observed in a subset of autistic patients, who respond well to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Apart from being a neurotransmitter, serotonin functions as a neurotrophic factor directing brain development and as an immunoregulator modulating immune responses. Serotonin transporter (SERT) regulates serotonin level in lymphoid tissues to ensure its proper functioning in innate and adaptive responses. Immunological molecules such as cytokines in turn regulate the transcription and activity of SERT. Dysregulation of serotonergic system could trigger signalling cascades that affect normal neural-immune interactions culminating in neurodevelopmental and neural connectivity defects precipitating behavioural abnormalities, or the disease phenotypes. Therefore, we suggest that a better understanding of the cross talk between serotonergic genes, immune systems and serotonergic neurotransmission will open wider avenues to develop pharmacological leads for addressing the core ASD behavioural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jaiswal
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India.
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91
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Immunomodulatory effects mediated by serotonin. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:354957. [PMID: 25961058 PMCID: PMC4417587 DOI: 10.1155/2015/354957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) induces concentration-dependent metabolic effects in diverse cell types, including neurons, entherochromaffin cells, adipocytes, pancreatic beta-cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, and leukocytes. Three classes of genes regulating 5-HT function are constitutively expressed or induced in these cells: (a) membrane proteins that regulate the response to 5-HT, such as SERT, 5HTR-GPCR, and the 5HT3-ion channels; (b) downstream signaling transduction proteins; and (c) enzymes controlling 5-HT metabolism, such as IDO and MAO, which can generate biologically active catabolites, including melatonin, kynurenines, and kynurenamines. This review covers the clinical and experimental mechanisms involved in 5-HT-induced immunomodulation. These mechanisms are cell-specific and depend on the expression of serotonergic components in immune cells. Consequently, 5-HT can modulate several immunological events, such as chemotaxis, leukocyte activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion, anergy, and apoptosis. The effects of 5-HT on immune cells may be relevant in the clinical outcome of pathologies with an inflammatory component. Major depression, fibromyalgia, Alzheimer disease, psoriasis, arthritis, allergies, and asthma are all associated with changes in the serotonergic system associated with leukocytes. Thus, pharmacological regulation of the serotonergic system may modulate immune function and provide therapeutic alternatives for these diseases.
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92
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Markeljevic J, Sarac H, Bozina N, Henigsberg N, Simic M, Cicin Sain L. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms: Relation with platelet serotonin level in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 282:104-9. [PMID: 25903736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significantly lower platelet serotonin level (PSL) in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) than in healthy controls has been reported in our prior studies. In the present report, we demonstrated effect of functional polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) on PSL. We describe a group of 61 pSS patients and 100 healthy individuals subjects, who received PSL measurement in our prior study. All subjects were genotyped for the promoter 5-HTTLPR (L/S), rs25531 (A/G) and intronic 5-HTTVNTRin2 (l/s) polymorphisms. Overall, the presence of 5-HTTVNTRin2 ss genotype was associated with significantly lower PSL in pSS patients, not in healthy controls. Reduced PSL in pSS patients is in line with hypothesis of association between chronic immunoinflammation and 5-HT system dysregulation, identifying additional mechanisms such as altered 5-HT transport as potential genetic factor contributing to PSL depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Markeljevic
- Medical School University of Zagreb, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Sestre milosrdnice, HR-Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - H Sarac
- Department of Neurology, University Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, HR-Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Medical School University of Zagreb, HR-Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - N Bozina
- Medical School University of Zagreb, University Hospital Zagreb, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic, HR-Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Henigsberg
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Medical School University of Zagreb, HR-Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Simic
- Institute of Immunology, HR-Rockefellerova 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L Cicin Sain
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Laboratory for Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology, HR-Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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93
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Holst K, Guseva D, Schindler S, Sixt M, Braun A, Chopra H, Pabst O, Ponimaskin E. Serotonin receptor 5-HT7 regulates morphology and migratory properties of dendritic cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2866-80. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells endowed with the unique ability to initiate adaptive immune responses upon inflammation. Inflammatory processes are often associated with an increased production of serotonin, which operates by activating specific receptors. However, the functional role of serotonin receptors in regulation of DC functions is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that expression of serotonin receptor 5-HT7 (5-HT7R) as well as its down-stream effector Cdc42 is upregulated in DCs upon maturation. While DC maturation was independent of 5-HT7R, receptor stimulation affected DC morphology via Cdc42-mediated signaling. In addition, basal activity of 5-HT7R was required for the proper expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7, which is a key factor to control DC migration. Consistently, we observed that 5-HT7R enhances chemotactic motility of DCs in vitro by modulating their directionality and migration velocity. Accordingly, migration of DCs in murine colon explants was abolished after pharmacological receptor blockade. Our results indicate a critical role of 5-HT7R/Cdc42-mediated signaling in regulation of DC morphology and motility, suggesting 5-HT7R as a novel target for treatment of a variety of inflammatory and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Holst
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daria Guseva
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Schindler
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Armin Braun
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Himpriya Chopra
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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94
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Kim JJ, Khan WI. 5-HT7 receptor signaling: improved therapeutic strategy in gut disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:396. [PMID: 25565996 PMCID: PMC4263172 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is most commonly known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the majority of the body’s 5-HT is produced in the gut by enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Alterations in 5-HT signaling have been associated with various gut disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and enteric infections. Recently, our studies have identified a key role for 5-HT in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis. 5-HT7 receptors are expressed in the gut and very recently, we have shown evidence of 5-HT7 receptor expression on intestinal immune cells and demonstrated a key role for 5-HT7 receptors in generation of experimental colitis. This review summarizes the key findings of these studies and provides a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge of the 5-HT7 receptor in terms of its pathophysiological relevance and therapeutic potential in intestinal inflammatory conditions, such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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95
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Anderson A, McMullan R. From head to tail it's a 2 way street for neuro-immune communication. WORM 2014; 3:e959425. [PMID: 26430547 PMCID: PMC4588538 DOI: 10.4161/21624046.2014.959425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animals need to be able to rapidly and effectively respond to changes in their external and internal environment. To achieve this the nervous and immune systems need to coordinate their responses, integrating multiple cues including presence of potential pathogens, and availability of food. In our recent study (1) we demonstrate that signaling by sensory neurons in the head using the classical neurotransmitter serotonin can negatively regulate the rectal epithelial immune response upon infection of C. elegans with the naturally occurring bacterial pathogen Microbacterium nematophilum (M. nematophilum). The complicated nature of the mammalian brain and immune system has made it difficult to identify the molecular mechanisms mediating these interactions. With its simple, well described, nervous system and a rapidly growing understanding of its immune system, C. elegans has emerged as an excellent model to study the mechanisms by which animals recognize pathogens and coordinate behavioral and cellular immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anderson
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus ; London, UK
| | - R McMullan
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; South Kensington Campus ; London, UK
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96
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Serotonin 5-HT7 receptor is critically involved in acute and chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:1516-29. [PMID: 25072499 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal inflammation is often associated with an increased level of serotonin (5-HT), an important gastrointestinal signaling molecule involved in gut homeostasis through stimulation of specific receptors. In this study, we investigated the role of 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) in the induction and development of intestinal inflammation using a mouse model of acute and chronic colitis and human patients with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS Acute colitis was induced through administration of dextran sodium sulfate to wild-type, 5-HT7R-deficient mice and hematopoietic bone marrow chimera. Chronic colitis was induced in interleukin 10-deficient mice. The role of 5-HT7R in gut inflammation was assessed using agonist/antagonist treatment. We investigated expression and distribution of 5-HT7R, extent of gut inflammation with magnetic resonance imaging and histological analysis, survival rate, and disease activity index. Finally, biopsies from the large intestine of patients with CD were analyzed. RESULTS Under basal conditions, 5-HT7R is expressed both in enteric neurons and CD11c cells of the large intestine. Expression of 5-HT7R significantly increased after induction of colitis in mice and in inflamed intestinal regions of patients with CD in CD11c/CD86 double-positive cells. Pharmacological blockade or genetic ablation of 5-HT7R resulted in increased severity of both acute and chronic dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, whereas receptor stimulation showed an anti-inflammatory effect. Analysis of bone marrow chimera indicated importance of 5-HT7R expressed by hematopoietic cells in intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS The 5-HT7R expressed on CD11c/CD86-positive myeloid cells modulates the severity of intestinal inflammation in an acute and chronic colitis and thus represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as CD.
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97
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Moore BD, Hyde DM, Miller LA, Wong EM, Schelegle ES. Persistence of serotonergic enhancement of airway response in a model of childhood asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:77-85. [PMID: 24484440 PMCID: PMC4091858 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0387oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and serotonergic enhancement of airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction induced by ozone (O3) plus allergen has not been evaluated. If this mechanism persists after a prolonged recovery, it would indicate that early-life exposure to O3 plus allergen induces functional changes predisposing allergic individuals to asthma-related symptoms throughout life, even in the absence of environmental insult. A persistent serotonergic mechanism in asthma exacerbations may offer a novel therapeutic target, widening treatment options for patients with asthma. The objective of this study was to determine if previously documented AHR and serotonin-enhanced ASM contraction in allergic monkeys exposed to O3 plus house dust mite allergen (HDMA) persist after prolonged recovery. Infant rhesus monkeys sensitized to HDMA were exposed to filtered air (FA) (n = 6) or HDMA plus O3 (n = 6) for 5 months. Monkeys were then housed in a FA environment for 30 months. At 3 years, airway responsiveness was assessed. Airway rings were then harvested, and ASM contraction was evaluated using electrical field stimulation with and without exogenous serotonin and serotonin-subtype receptor antagonists. Animals exposed to O3 plus HDMA exhibited persistent AHR. Serotonin exacerbated the ASM contraction in the exposure group but not in the FA group. Serotonin subtype receptors 2, 3, and 4 appear to drive the response. Our study shows that AHR and serotonin-dependent exacerbation of cholinergic-mediated ASM contraction induced by early-life exposure to O3 plus allergen persist for at least 2.5 years and may contribute to a persistent asthma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Moore
- 1 University of the Pacific, Stockton, California; and
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98
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Investigation of 5-HT4 receptors in bronchial hyperresponsiveness in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 28:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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99
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Serotonin modulation of macrophage polarization: inflammation and beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:89-115. [PMID: 25038996 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages display a ample plethora of effector functions whose acquisition is promoted by the surrounding cytokine and cellular environment. Depending on the stimulus, macrophages become specialized ("polarized") for either pathogen elimination, tissue repair and wound healing or immunosuppression. This "polarization" versatility allows macrophages to critically contribute to tissue homeostasis, as they promote initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses. As a consequence, deregulation of the tissue macrophage polarization balance is an etiological agent of chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, cancer and even obesity and insulin resistance. In the present review we describe current concepts on the molecular basis and the patho-physiological implications of macrophage polarization, and describe its modulation by serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter that regulates inflammation and tissue repair via a large set of receptors (5-HTR1-7). 5-HT modulates the phenotypic and functional polarization of macrophages, and contributes to the maintenance of an anti-inflammatory state mainly via 5-HTR2B and 5-HTR7, whose activation has a great impact on macrophage gene expression profile. The identification of 5-HTR2B and 5-HTR7 as functionally-relevant polarization markers suggests their therapeutic value in inflammatory pathologies as well as their potential involvement in linking the immune and nervous systems.
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100
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Anderson A, McMullan R. From head to tail it's a two way street for neuro-immune communication. WORM 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/worm.29735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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