51
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Deshpande I, Manglik A. Biochemical Assays to Directly Assess Smoothened Activation by a Conformationally Sensitive Nanobody. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2374:149-160. [PMID: 34562250 PMCID: PMC9618365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1701-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling pathway coordinates early development and is important in various cancers. Classic approaches to test pathway activation rely on transcriptional readouts or ciliary accumulation of specific pathway components. Although these assays have laid the foundation for studying Hedgehog pathway activation, they integrate the complex molecular actions of the transporter Patched and the seven transmembrane protein Smoothened. Though it is clear that cellular sterols are critical for pathway activity, direct dissection of which sterols drive Smoothened activity is precluded by the complex biosynthetic pathways responsible for cellular sterols. Here we describe a direct method of measuring Smoothened activity in vitro. This assay measures the binding of Smoothened to NbSmo8, a single-domain antibody that is selective for the active-state of Smoothened. Binding of purified Smoothened, reconstituted with specific sterols, to fluorescently labeled NbSmo8 can be rapidly evaluated using a fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography assay. This approach enables a reductionist approach to precisely interrogate the regulatory activities of cellular lipids and sterols during Hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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52
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Kinnebrew M, Johnson KA, Radhakrishnan A, Rohatgi R. Measuring and Manipulating Membrane Cholesterol for the Study of Hedgehog Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2374:73-87. [PMID: 34562244 PMCID: PMC8819901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1701-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an abundant lipid in mammalian plasma membranes that regulates the reception of the Hedgehog (Hh) signal in target cells. In vertebrates, cell-surface organelles called primary cilia function as compartments for the propagation of Hh signals. Recent structural, biochemical, and cell-biological studies have led to the model that Patched-1 (PTCH1), the receptor for Hh ligands, uses its transporter-like activity to lower cholesterol accessibility in the membrane surrounding primary cilia. Cholesterol restriction at cilia may represent the long-sought-after mechanism by which PTCH1 inhibits Smoothened (SMO), a cholesterol-responsive transmembrane protein of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily that transmits the Hh signal across the membrane.Protein probes based on microbial cholesterol-binding proteins revealed that PTCH1 controls only a subset of the total cholesterol molecules, a biochemically defined fraction called accessible cholesterol. The accessible cholesterol pool coexists (and exchanges) with a pool of sequestered cholesterol, which is bound to phospholipids like sphingomyelin. In this chapter, we describe how to measure the accessible and sequestered cholesterol pools in live cells with protein-based probes. We discuss how to purify and fluorescently label these probes for use in flow cytometry and microscopy-based measurements of the cholesterol pools. Additionally, we describe how to modulate accessible cholesterol levels to determine if this pool regulates Hh signaling (or any other cellular process of interest).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kinnebrew
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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53
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Griffiths SC, Schwab RA, El Omari K, Bishop B, Iverson EJ, Malinauskas T, Dubey R, Qian M, Covey DF, Gilbert RJC, Rohatgi R, Siebold C. Hedgehog-Interacting Protein is a multimodal antagonist of Hedgehog signalling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7171. [PMID: 34887403 PMCID: PMC8660895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) morphogen signalling, crucial for cell growth and tissue patterning in animals, is initiated by the binding of dually lipidated HH ligands to cell surface receptors. Hedgehog-Interacting Protein (HHIP), the only reported secreted inhibitor of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signalling, binds directly to SHH with high nanomolar affinity, sequestering SHH. Here, we report the structure of the HHIP N-terminal domain (HHIP-N) in complex with a glycosaminoglycan (GAG). HHIP-N displays a unique bipartite fold with a GAG-binding domain alongside a Cysteine Rich Domain (CRD). We show that HHIP-N is required to convey full HHIP inhibitory function, likely by interacting with the cholesterol moiety covalently linked to HH ligands, thereby preventing this SHH-attached cholesterol from binding to the HH receptor Patched (PTCH1). We also present the structure of the HHIP C-terminal domain in complex with the GAG heparin. Heparin can bind to both HHIP-N and HHIP-C, thereby inducing clustering at the cell surface and generating a high-avidity platform for SHH sequestration and inhibition. Our data suggest a multimodal mechanism, in which HHIP can bind two specific sites on the SHH morphogen, alongside multiple GAG interactions, to inhibit SHH signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Griffiths
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, UK
| | - Rebekka A Schwab
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Benjamin Bishop
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ellen J Iverson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ramin Dubey
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mingxing Qian
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI, USA
| | - Robert J C Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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54
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Abdulla N, Vincent CT, Kaur M. Mechanistic Insights Delineating the Role of Cholesterol in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Drug Resistance in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:728325. [PMID: 34869315 PMCID: PMC8640133 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.728325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant advancements made in targeted anti-cancer therapy, drug resistance constitutes a multifaceted phenomenon leading to therapy failure and ultimately mortality. Emerging experimental evidence highlight a role of cholesterol metabolism in facilitating drug resistance in cancer. This review aims to describe the role of cholesterol in facilitating multi-drug resistance in cancer. We focus on specific signaling pathways that contribute to drug resistance and the link between these pathways and cholesterol. Additionally, we briefly discuss the molecular mechanisms related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the documented link between EMT, metastasis and drug resistance. We illustrate this by specifically focusing on hypoxia and the role it plays in influencing cellular cholesterol content following EMT induction. Finally, we provide a proposed model delineating the crucial role of cholesterol in EMT and discuss whether targeting cholesterol could serve as a novel means of combatting drug resistance in cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naaziyah Abdulla
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C Theresa Vincent
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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55
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Choi RB, Bullock WA, Hoggatt AM, Horan DJ, Pemberton EZ, Hong JM, Zhang X, He X, Robling AG. Notum Deletion From Late-Stage Skeletal Cells Increases Cortical Bone Formation and Potentiates Skeletal Effects of Sclerostin Inhibition. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:2413-2425. [PMID: 34223673 PMCID: PMC8688238 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a vital role in the cell biology of skeletal patterning, differentiation, and maintenance. Notum is a secreted member of the α/β-hydrolase superfamily that hydrolyzes the palmitoleoylate modification on Wnt proteins, thereby disrupting Wnt signaling. As a secreted inhibitor of Wnt, Notum presents an attractive molecular target for improving skeletal health. To determine the cell type of action for Notum's effect on the skeleton, we generated mice with Notum deficiency globally (Notum-/- ) and selectively (Notumf/f ) in limb bud mesenchyme (Prx1-Cre) and late osteoblasts/osteocytes (Dmp1-Cre). Late-stage deletion induced increased cortical bone properties, similar to global mutants. Notum expression was enhanced in response to sclerostin inhibition, so dual inhibition (Notum/sclerostin) was also investigated using a combined genetic and pharmacologic approach. Co-suppression increased cortical properties beyond either factor alone. Notum suppressed Wnt signaling in cell reporter assays, but surprisingly also enhanced Shh signaling independent of effects on Wnt. Notum is an osteocyte-active suppressor of cortical bone formation that is likely involved in multiple signaling pathways important for bone homeostasis © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy B. Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Whitney A. Bullock
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - April M. Hoggatt
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel J. Horan
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emily Z. Pemberton
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jung Min Hong
- Division of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xi He
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander G. Robling
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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56
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Evaluation of Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition on Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome Fibroblasts and Basal Cell Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts: Are Vismodegib and Sonidegib Useful to Target Cancer-Prone Fibroblasts? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225858. [PMID: 34831015 PMCID: PMC8616531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the Hh pathway underlies the development of sporadic and familial skin BCC. For these oncogenic proliferations displaying ligand-independent activation of the intracellular pathway, two molecules have been approved for therapeutic purposes: vismodegib and sonidegib. Improper Hh signalling occurs in many human tumours also via a paracrine mechanism (ligand-dependent) in which the secretion of Hh ligands by stromal cells support tumour growth. On the other hand, the mobilization of neoplastic stroma by cancer cells is sustained by the activation of Hh signalling in surrounding fibroblasts suggesting a central role of this bidirectional crosstalk in carcinogenesis. Additionally, loss-of-function mutations in the PTCH1 gene in the context of NBCCS, an autosomal dominant disorder predisposing to multiple BCCs, determine tumour permissive phenotypes in dermal fibroblasts. Here, profiling syndromic and BCC-associated fibroblasts unveiled an extraordinary similarity characterized by overexpression of several Hh target genes and a marked pro-inflammatory outline. Both cell types exposed to Hh inhibitors displayed reversion of the tumour-prone phenotype. Under vismodegib and sonidegib treatment, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, frequently over-active in tumour stroma, resulted down-regulated by pAKT-GSK3β axis and consequent increase of β-catenin turnover. Overall, this study demonstrated that vismodegib and sonidegib impacting on fibroblast tumour supportive functions might be considered in therapy for BCC independently to the mutation status of Hh components in neoplastic cells.
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57
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterols, Oxysterols, and Accessible Cholesterol: Signalling for Homeostasis, in Immunity and During Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723224. [PMID: 34690800 PMCID: PMC8531217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we discuss the concept of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol and its involvement as a signalling molecule. Changes in plasma membrane accessible cholesterol, although only being minor in the context of total cholesterol plasma membrane cholesterol and total cell cholesterol, are a key regulator of overall cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the SREBP pathway. Accessible cholesterol also provides the second messenger between patched 1 and smoothened in the hedgehog signalling pathway important during development, and its depletion may provide a mechanism of resistance to microbial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. We revise the hypothesis that oxysterols are a signalling form of cholesterol, in this instance as a rapidly acting and paracrine version of accessible cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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58
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Emerging roles of the Hedgehog signalling pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:314. [PMID: 34702800 PMCID: PMC8548344 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway plays a critical role in the growth and patterning during embryonic development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Emerging data indicate that Hh signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current therapeutic treatments for IBD require optimisation, and novel effective drugs are warranted. Targeting the Hh signalling pathway may pave the way for successful IBD treatment. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms underlying the Hh signalling pathway and its role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Then, we present interactions between the Hh signalling and other pathways involved in IBD and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), such as the Wnt and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. Furthermore, we summarise the latest research on Hh signalling associated with the occurrence and progression of IBD and CAC. Finally, we discuss the future directions for research on the role of Hh signalling in IBD pathogenesis and provide viewpoints on novel treatment options for IBD by targeting Hh signalling. An in-depth understanding of the complex role of Hh signalling in IBD pathogenesis will contribute to the development of new effective therapies for IBD patients.
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59
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Kinnebrew M, Luchetti G, Sircar R, Frigui S, Viti LV, Naito T, Beckert F, Saheki Y, Siebold C, Radhakrishnan A, Rohatgi R. Patched 1 reduces the accessibility of cholesterol in the outer leaflet of membranes. eLife 2021; 10:e70504. [PMID: 34698632 PMCID: PMC8654371 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing mystery in vertebrate Hedgehog signaling is how Patched 1 (PTCH1), the receptor for Hedgehog ligands, inhibits the activity of Smoothened, the protein that transmits the signal across the membrane. We previously proposed (Kinnebrew et al., 2019) that PTCH1 inhibits Smoothened by depleting accessible cholesterol from the ciliary membrane. Using a new imaging-based assay to directly measure the transport activity of PTCH1, we find that PTCH1 depletes accessible cholesterol from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. This transport activity is terminated by binding of Hedgehog ligands to PTCH1 or by dissipation of the transmembrane potassium gradient. These results point to the unexpected model that PTCH1 moves cholesterol from the outer to the inner leaflet of the membrane in exchange for potassium ion export in the opposite direction. Our study provides a plausible solution for how PTCH1 inhibits SMO by changing the organization of cholesterol in membranes and establishes a general framework for studying how proteins change cholesterol accessibility to regulate membrane-dependent processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kinnebrew
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, GenentechSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ria Sircar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Sara Frigui
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Lucrezia Vittoria Viti
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Francis Beckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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60
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Ansell TB, Curran L, Horrell MR, Pipatpolkai T, Letham SC, Song W, Siebold C, Stansfeld PJ, Sansom MSP, Corey RA. Relative Affinities of Protein-Cholesterol Interactions from Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:6548-6558. [PMID: 34523933 PMCID: PMC8515805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Specific interactions of lipids with membrane proteins contribute to protein stability and function. Multiple lipid interactions surrounding a membrane protein are often identified in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and are, increasingly, resolved in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) densities. Determining the relative importance of specific interaction sites is aided by determination of lipid binding affinities using experimental or simulation methods. Here, we develop a method for determining protein-lipid binding affinities from equilibrium coarse-grained MD simulations using binding saturation curves, designed to mimic experimental protocols. We apply this method to directly obtain affinities for cholesterol binding to multiple sites on a range of membrane proteins and compare our results with free energies obtained from density-based equilibrium methods and with potential of mean force calculations, getting good agreement with respect to the ranking of affinities for different sites. Thus, our binding saturation method provides a robust, high-throughput alternative for determining the relative consequence of individual sites seen in, e.g., cryo-EM derived membrane protein structures surrounded by an array of ancillary lipid densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bertie Ansell
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Luke Curran
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Michael R. Horrell
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Tanadet Pipatpolkai
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K.
- Department
of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University
of Oxford, South Parks
Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, U.K.
| | - Suzanne C. Letham
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K.
- Sir
William Dunn School of Pathology, University
of Oxford, South Parks
Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, U.K.
| | - Wanling Song
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Phillip J. Stansfeld
- School
of Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Mark S. P. Sansom
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Robin A. Corey
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K.
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61
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Chang YC, Lin CJ, Yeh TL, Tsai MC, Hsu LY, Chien KL, Hsu HY. Lipid biomarkers and Cancer risk - a population-based prospective cohort study in Taiwan. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:133. [PMID: 34629064 PMCID: PMC8502377 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood lipids are essential components for cellular growth. An inverse association between serum lipid levels and risk of cancer has led to a controversy among previous studies. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the association between blood lipids change and risk of cancer incidence. Methods A cohort of 4130 Taiwanese adults from the Taiwanese Survey on the Prevalence of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia database underwent repeated examinations in 2002 and 2007. Six groups were established based on the combined baseline (lower/higher) and interval change (decreasing/stable/increasing) in plasma lipid levels. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to investigate the relationship between lipids change and all-cause cancer incidence. Results Two hundred and forty cancer events developed over a median follow-up of 13.4 years. Comparing these with individuals with decreasing lower-baseline lipid levels, cancer risk reduction was demonstrated in those with increasing lower-baseline total cholesterol (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27 to 0.85), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; aHR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.92), and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (aHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.92) levels. A decreased risk for cancer incidence also presented in participants with stable lower-baseline, decreasing and increasing higher-baseline LDL-C levels, and with decreasing and stable higher-baseline non-HDL-C levels. Conclusions The interval decline in lower-baseline total cholesterol, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels was linked to a higher risk for all-cause cancer incidence. More attention to a potential cancer risk may be warranted for an unexplained fall in serum lipids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01570-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Section 2, Zhongshan North Road, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan.,The Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ju Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 690, Section 2, Guangfu Road, East District, Hsinchu City, 30071, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Lin Yeh
- Department of Family Medicine, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 690, Section 2, Guangfu Road, East District, Hsinchu City, 30071, Taiwan.,Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 517, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Rd, Taipei City, Taiwan, 10055
| | - Ming-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui Branch, 25160, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Le-Yin Hsu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 517, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Rd, Taipei City, Taiwan, 10055
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 517, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Rd, Taipei City, Taiwan, 10055.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, Taiwan, 10002
| | - Hsin-Yin Hsu
- Department of Family Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Section 2, Zhongshan North Road, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan. .,The Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan.
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62
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Zhao F, Wu Y, Zhou F, Xue D, Zhao S, Lu W, Liu X, Hu T, Qiu Y, Li R, Gu T, Xu Y, Xu F, Zhong G, Jiang Z, Zhao S, Tao H. Elucidation of Distinct Modular Assemblies of Smoothened Receptor by Bitopic Ligand Measurement. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13830-13840. [PMID: 34492176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Class F G protein-coupled receptors are characterized by a large extracellular domain (ECD) in addition to the common transmembrane domain (TMD) with seven α-helixes. For smoothened receptor (SMO), structural studies revealed dissected ECD and TMD, and their integrated assemblies. However, distinct assemblies were reported under different circumstances. Using an unbiased approach based on four series of cross-conjugated bitopic ligands, we explore the relationship between the active status and receptor assembly. Different activity dependency on the linker length for these bitopic ligands corroborates the various occurrences of SMO assembly. These results reveal a rigid "near" assembly for active SMO, which is in contrast to previous results. Conversely, inactive SMO adopts a free ECD, which would be remotely captured at "far" assembly by cholesterol. Altogether, we propose a mechanism of cholesterol flow-caused SMO activation involving an erection of ECD from far to near assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dongxiang Xue
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Simeng Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wanglong Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tao Hu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yanli Qiu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Rongyan Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tangjie Gu
- School of Physics Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yueming Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guisheng Zhong
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhongxing Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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Lim WJ, Lee M, Oh Y, Fang XQ, Lee S, Lim CH, Park J, Lim JH. Statins Decrease Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) by Inhibiting AKT and β-Catenin Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092488. [PMID: 34572136 PMCID: PMC8472538 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrospective observational studies have reported that statins improve clinical outcomes in patients previously treated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeting monoclonal antibodies for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In multiple mouse cancer models, de novo synthesis of mevalonate and cholesterol inhibitors was found to synergize with anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. In the present study, we investigated whether statins affect programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in cancer cells. Four statins, namely simvastatin, atorvastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin, decreased PD-L1 expression in melanoma and lung cancer cells. In addition, we found that AKT and β-catenin signaling involved PD-L1 suppression by statins. Our cellular and molecular studies provide inspiring evidence for extending the clinical evaluation of statins for use in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (W.-J.L.); (Y.O.); (X.-Q.F.); (S.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.P.)
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Yerin Oh
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (W.-J.L.); (Y.O.); (X.-Q.F.); (S.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Xue-Quan Fang
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (W.-J.L.); (Y.O.); (X.-Q.F.); (S.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.P.)
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (W.-J.L.); (Y.O.); (X.-Q.F.); (S.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Chang-Hoon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (W.-J.L.); (Y.O.); (X.-Q.F.); (S.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Jooho Park
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (W.-J.L.); (Y.O.); (X.-Q.F.); (S.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Ji-Hong Lim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (W.-J.L.); (Y.O.); (X.-Q.F.); (S.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.P.)
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
- Diabetes and Bio-Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-840-3567
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64
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Bhattarai A, Likos EM, Weyman CM, Shukla GC. Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism: A microRNA management perspective. Steroids 2021; 173:108878. [PMID: 34174291 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular disruption of lipid and cholesterol metabolism results in pathological processes linked to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Classically, at the transcription stages, the Cholesterol levels are controlled by two cellular pathways. First, the SREBP transcription factor family controls Cholesterol biosynthesis via transcriptional regulation of critical rate-limiting cholesterogenic and lipogenic proteins. Secondly, The LXR/RXR transcription factor family controls cholesterol shuttling via transcriptional regulation of cholesterol transport proteins. In addition, the posttranscriptional control of gene expression of various enzymes and proteins of cholesterol biosynthesis pathways is mediated by small non-coding microRNAs. Regulatory noncoding miRNAs are critical regulators of biological processes, including developmental and metabolic functions. miRNAs function to fine-tune lipid and cholesterol metabolism pathways by controlling the mRNA levels and translation of critical molecules in each pathway. This review discusses the regulatory roles of miRNAs in cholesterol and lipid metabolism via direct and indirect effects on their target genes, including SREBP, LXR, HDL, LDL, and ABCA transporters. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of miRNA functions and their purported role in the potentiation of small molecule therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Bhattarai
- Center for Gene Regulation, Department of Biological, Geo and EVS Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114, USA
| | - Eviania M Likos
- Center for Gene Regulation, Department of Biological, Geo and EVS Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114, USA
| | - Crystal M Weyman
- Center for Gene Regulation, Department of Biological, Geo and EVS Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114, USA
| | - Girish C Shukla
- Center for Gene Regulation, Department of Biological, Geo and EVS Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114, USA
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65
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Geiger J, Sexton R, Al-Sahouri Z, Lee MY, Chun E, Harikumar KG, Miller LJ, Beckstein O, Liu W. Evidence that specific interactions play a role in the cholesterol sensitivity of G protein-coupled receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183557. [PMID: 33444621 PMCID: PMC8656464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to be modulated by membrane cholesterol levels, but whether or not the effects are caused by specific receptor-cholesterol interactions or cholesterol's general effects on the membrane is not well-understood. We performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations coupled with structural bioinformatics approaches on the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor subfamily. The β2AR has been shown to be sensitive to membrane cholesterol and cholesterol molecules have been clearly resolved in numerous β2AR crystal structures. The two CCK receptors are highly homologous and preserve similar cholesterol recognition motifs but despite their homology, CCK1R shows functional sensitivity to membrane cholesterol while CCK2R does not. Our results offer new insights into how cholesterol modulates GPCR function by showing cholesterol interactions with β2AR that agree with previously published data; additionally, we observe differential and specific cholesterol binding in the CCK receptor subfamily while revealing a previously unreported Cholesterol Recognition Amino-acid Consensus (CRAC) sequence that is also conserved across 38% of class A GPCRs. A thermal denaturation assay (LCP-Tm) shows that mutation of a conserved CRAC sequence on TM7 of the β2AR affects cholesterol stabilization of the receptor in a lipid bilayer. The results of this study provide a better understanding of receptor-cholesterol interactions that can contribute to novel and improved therapeutics for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Geiger
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Rick Sexton
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Zina Al-Sahouri
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Ming-Yue Lee
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Eugene Chun
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Oliver Beckstein
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America.
| | - Wei Liu
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America.
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66
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Liu W, Chakraborty B, Safi R, Kazmin D, Chang CY, McDonnell DP. Dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis results in resistance to ferroptosis increasing tumorigenicity and metastasis in cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5103. [PMID: 34429409 PMCID: PMC8385107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia are associated with an increased risk for many cancer types and with poor outcomes in patients with established disease. Whereas the mechanisms by which this occurs are multifactorial we determine that chronic exposure of cells to 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), an abundant circulating cholesterol metabolite, selects for cells that exhibit increased cellular uptake and/or lipid biosynthesis. These cells exhibit substantially increased tumorigenic and metastatic capacity. Notably, the metabolic stress imposed upon cells by the accumulated lipids requires sustained expression of GPX4, a negative regulator of ferroptotic cell death. We show that resistance to ferroptosis is a feature of metastatic cells and further demonstrate that GPX4 knockdown attenuates the enhanced tumorigenic and metastatic activity of 27HC resistant cells. These findings highlight the general importance of ferroptosis in tumor growth and metastasis and suggest that dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia impacts cancer pathogenesis by selecting for cells that are resistant to ferroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Binita Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Rachid Safi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Dmitri Kazmin
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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67
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Pacella G, Capell BC. Epigenetic and metabolic interplay in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1115-1125. [PMID: 33844325 PMCID: PMC8324523 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the ageing of the population and increased levels of recreational sun exposure and immunosuppression, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), is both an enormous and expanding clinical and economic issue. Despite advances in therapy, up to 5000-8000 people are estimated to die every year from cSCC in the U.S., highlighting the need for both better prevention and treatments. Two emerging areas of scientific discovery that may offer new therapeutic approaches for cSCC are epigenetics and metabolism. Importantly, these disciplines display extensive crosstalk, with metabolic inputs contributing to the chromatin landscape, while the dynamic epigenome shapes transcriptional and cellular responses that feedback into cellular metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that indeed, epigenetic and metabolic dysregulation may be critical contributors to cSCC pathogenesis. Here, we synthesize the latest findings from these fast-moving fields, including how they may drive cSCC, yet also be harnessed for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Pacella
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian C. Capell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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68
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Hedgehog/GLI Signaling Pathway: Transduction, Regulation, and Implications for Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143410. [PMID: 34298625 PMCID: PMC8304605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Hedgehog/GLI (Hh/GLI) pathway plays a major role during development and it is commonly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer. This highly concerted series of ligands, receptors, cytoplasmic signaling molecules, transcription factors, and co-regulators is involved in regulating the biological functions controlled by this pathway. Activation of Hh/GLI in cancer is most often through a non-canonical method of activation, independent of ligand binding. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of the Hh/GLI signaling, non-canonical mechanisms of pathway activation, its implication in disease, and the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade. Abstract The Hh/GLI signaling pathway was originally discovered in Drosophila as a major regulator of segment patterning in development. This pathway consists of a series of ligands (Shh, Ihh, and Dhh), transmembrane receptors (Ptch1 and Ptch2), transcription factors (GLI1–3), and signaling regulators (SMO, HHIP, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β, etc.) that work in concert to repress (Ptch1, Ptch2, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β) or activate (Shh, Ihh, Dhh, SMO, GLI1–3) the signaling cascade. Not long after the initial discovery, dysregulation of the Hh/GLI signaling pathway was implicated in human disease. Activation of this signaling pathway is observed in many types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, and many more. Most often, the activation of the Hh/GLI pathway in cancer occurs through a ligand-independent mechanism. However, in benign disease, this activation is mostly ligand-dependent. The upstream signaling component of the receptor complex, SMO, is bypassed, and the GLI family of transcription factors can be activated regardless of ligand binding. Additional mechanisms of pathway activation exist whereby the entirety of the downstream signaling pathway is bypassed, and PTCH1 promotes cell cycle progression and prevents caspase-mediated apoptosis. Throughout this review, we summarize each component of the signaling cascade, non-canonical modes of pathway activation, and the implications in human disease, including cancer.
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69
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Sejdiu BI, Tieleman DP. ProLint: a web-based framework for the automated data analysis and visualization of lipid-protein interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:W544-W550. [PMID: 34038536 PMCID: PMC8262751 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional activity of membrane proteins is carried out in a complex lipid environment. Increasingly, it is becoming clear that lipids are an important player in regulating or generally modulating their activity. A routinely used method to gain insight into this interplay between lipids and proteins are Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, since they allow us to study interactions at atomic or near-atomic detail as a function of time. A major bottleneck, however, is analyzing and visualizing lipid-protein interactions, which, in practice, is a time-demanding task. Here, we present ProLint (www.prolint.ca), a webserver that completely automates analysis of MD generated files and visualization of lipid-protein interactions. Analysis is modular allowing users to select their preferred method, and visualization is entirely interactive through custom built applications that enable a detailed qualitative and quantitative exploration of lipid-protein interactions. ProLint also includes a database of published MD results that have been processed through the ProLint workflow and can be visualized by anyone regardless of their level of experience with MD. The automated analysis, feature-rich visualization, database integration, and open-source distribution with an easy to install process, will allow ProLint to become a routine workflow in lipid-protein interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besian I Sejdiu
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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70
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Kothandapani A, Larsen MC, Lee J, Jorgensen JS, Jefcoate CR. Distinctive functioning of STARD1 in the fetal Leydig cells compared to adult Leydig and adrenal cells. Impact of Hedgehog signaling via the primary cilium. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111265. [PMID: 33864885 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STARD1 stimulates cholesterol transfer to mitochondrial CYP11A1 for conversion to pregnenolone. A cholesterol-binding START domain is guided by an N-terminal domain in a cell selective manner. Fetal and adult Leydig cells (FLC, ALC) show distinct Stard1 regulation. sm- FISH microscopy, which resolves individual molecules of Stard1 mRNA, shows uniformly high basal expression in each FLC. In ALC, in vivo, and cultured MA-10 cells, basal Stard1 expression is minimal. PKA activates loci asynchronously, with delayed splicing/export of 3.5 kb mRNA to mitochondria. After 60 min, ALC transition to an integrated mRNA delivery to mitochondria that is seen in FLC. Sertoli cells cooperate in Stard1 stimulation in FLC by delivering DHH to the primary cilium. There PTCH, SMO and cholesterol cooperate to release GLI3 to activate the Stard1 locus, probably by directing histone changes. ALC lack cilia. PKA then primes locus activation. FLC and ALC share similar SIK/CRTC/CREB regulation characterized for adrenal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasi Kothandapani
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michele Campaigne Larsen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Joan S Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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71
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Kothandapani A, Jefcoate CR, Jorgensen JS. Cholesterol Contributes to Male Sex Differentiation Through Its Developmental Role in Androgen Synthesis and Hedgehog Signaling. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6204698. [PMID: 33784378 PMCID: PMC8168945 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two specialized functions of cholesterol during fetal development include serving as a precursor to androgen synthesis and supporting hedgehog (HH) signaling activity. Androgens are produced by the testes to facilitate masculinization of the fetus. Recent evidence shows that intricate interactions between the HH and androgen signaling pathways are required for optimal male sex differentiation and defects of either can cause birth anomalies indicative of 46,XY male variations of sex development (VSD). Further, perturbations in cholesterol synthesis can cause developmental defects, including VSD, that phenocopy those caused by disrupted androgen or HH signaling, highlighting the functional role of cholesterol in promoting male sex differentiation. In this review, we focus on the role of cholesterol in systemic androgen and local HH signaling events during fetal masculinization and their collective contributions to pediatric VSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasi Kothandapani
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Correspondence: Anbarasi Kothandapani, PhD, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53705, USA. E-mail:
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Joan S Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Correspondence: Joan S. Jorgensen, DVM, PhD, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53705, USA. E-mail:
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72
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Guo Y. Detergent-free systems for structural studies of membrane proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1361-1374. [PMID: 34110369 PMCID: PMC8276625 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins play vital roles in living organisms, serving as targets for most currently prescribed drugs. Membrane protein structural biology aims to provide accurate structural information to understand their mechanisms of action. The advance of membrane protein structural biology has primarily relied on detergent-based methods over the past several decades. However, detergent-based approaches have significant drawbacks because detergents often damage the native protein-lipid interactions, which are often crucial for maintaining the natural structure and function of membrane proteins. Detergent-free methods recently have emerged as alternatives with a great promise, e.g. for high-resolution structure determinations of membrane proteins in their native cell membrane lipid environments. This minireview critically examines the current status of detergent-free methods by a comparative analysis of five groups of membrane protein structures determined using detergent-free and detergent-based methods. This analysis reveals that current detergent-free systems, such as the styrene-maleic acid lipid particles (SMALP), the diisobutyl maleic acid lipid particles (DIBMALP), and the cycloalkane-modified amphiphile polymer (CyclAPol) technologies are not better than detergent-based approaches in terms of maintenance of native cell membrane lipids on the transmembrane domain and high-resolution structure determination. However, another detergent-free technology, the native cell membrane nanoparticles (NCMN) system, demonstrated improved maintenance of native cell membrane lipids with the studied membrane proteins, and produced particles that were suitable for high-resolution structural analysis. The ongoing development of new membrane-active polymers and their optimization will facilitate the maturation of these new detergent-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhong Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540, USA
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73
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Mechanism and ultrasensitivity in Hedgehog signaling revealed by Patched1 disease mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2006800118. [PMID: 33526656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006800118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is fundamental in animal embryogenesis, and its dysregulation causes cancer and birth defects. The pathway is triggered when the Hedgehog ligand inhibits the Patched1 membrane receptor, relieving repression that Patched1 exerts on the GPCR-like protein Smoothened. While it is clear how loss-of-function Patched1 mutations cause hyperactive Hedgehog signaling and cancer, how other Patched1 mutations inhibit signaling remains unknown. Here, we develop quantitative single-cell functional assays for Patched1, which, together with mathematical modeling, indicate that Patched1 inhibits Smoothened enzymatically, operating in an ultrasensitive regime. Based on this analysis, we propose that Patched1 functions in cilia, catalyzing Smoothened deactivation by removing cholesterol bound to its extracellular, cysteine-rich domain. Patched1 mutants associated with holoprosencephaly dampen signaling by three mechanisms: reduced affinity for Hedgehog ligand, elevated catalytic activity, or elevated affinity for the Smoothened substrate. Our results clarify the enigmatic mechanism of Patched1 and explain how Patched1 mutations lead to birth defects.
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74
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Bhattacharya A, Chowdhury A, Chaudhury K, Shukla PC. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9): A potential multifaceted player in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188581. [PMID: 34144130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has emerged as a novel pharmacological target for hypercholesterolemia and associated cardiovascular diseases owing to its function to mediate the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Findings over the past two decades have identified novel binding partners and cellular functions of PCSK9. Notably, PCSK9 is aberrantly expressed in a broad spectrum of cancers and apparently contributes to disease prognosis, indicating that PCSK9 could be a valuable cancer biomarker. Experimental studies demonstrate the contribution of PCSK9 in various aspects of cancer, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, anti-tumor immunity and radioresistance, strengthening the idea that PCSK9 could be a promising therapeutic target. Here, we comprehensively review the involvement of PCSK9 in cancer, summarizing its aberrant expression, association with disease prognosis, biological functions and underlying mechanisms in various malignancies. Besides, we highlight the potential of PCSK9 as a future therapeutic target in personalized cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bhattacharya
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Abhirup Chowdhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Praphulla Chandra Shukla
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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75
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Wang L, Li H, Li Z, Li M, Tang Q, Wu C, Lu Z. Smoothened loss is a characteristic of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Prostate 2021; 81:508-520. [PMID: 33955576 PMCID: PMC8251989 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hedgehog (Hh) signaling promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer by supporting androgen-independent prostate cancer cell development and growth; however, its role in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) has not yet been explored. In this study, we assessed the expression of key genes involved in Hh signaling in prostate cancer and investigated the potential role of smoothened (SMO) in the pathogenesis of NEPC. METHODS Six public datasets, each containing cases of prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPC) and NEPC, were analyzed to compare the differential messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of six classic Hh signaling genes. The SMO, synaptophysin, chromogranin A (CHGA) and androgen receptor (AR) proteins were evaluated in human tissues from 5 cases of NEPC, 2 cases of AdPC mixed with NEPC, 2 cases of AdPC with neuroendocrine differentiation and 22 cases of high-grade AdPC as determined by an immunohistochemistry assay. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify relevant genetic signatures associated with SMO expression based on the public datasets. Stable SMO-knockdown LNCaP and C4-2B cells were established with a lentiviral system, and the expression of SMO, Gli1, AR, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and REST was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Secreted PSA in the conditioned medium was assessed by ELISA. Gli1 was ectopically expressed performed by the transfection of Gli1 complementary DNA into SMO-knockdown LNCaP cells, and western blot was used to assess of AR and PSA expression. RESULTS The mRNA level of SMO was dramatically downregulated in NEPC samples compared with AdPC samples in all 6 public datasets. SMO protein loss was observed in 100% of NEPC samples but in only 9% (2 of 22) of high-grade AdPC samples. GSEA results showed that SMO loss was closely correlated with AR signaling activity. Stable SMO knockdown significantly attenuated AR signaling activity and suppressed AR expression, while Gli1 overexpression partially reversed the inhibitory effects of SMO knockdown on AR signaling activity and AR expression in LNCaP and C4-2B cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that SMO loss is a characteristic of NEPC and that detecting SMO by IHC could aid pathologists in NEPC diagnosis. SMO loss may promote NEPC pathogenesis by modulating AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
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76
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Mahboobnia K, Pirro M, Marini E, Grignani F, Bezsonov EE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. PCSK9 and cancer: Rethinking the link. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111758. [PMID: 34058443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is emerging as a major problem globally, as it accounts for the second cause of death despite medical advances. According to epidemiological and basic studies, cholesterol is involved in cancer progression and there are abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism of cancer cells including prostate, breast, and colorectal carcinomas. However, the importance of cholesterol in carcinogenesis and thereby the role of cholesterol homeostasis as a therapeutic target is still a debated area in cancer therapy. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9), a serine protease, modulates cholesterol metabolism by attachment to the LDL receptor (LDLR) and reducing its recycling by targeting the receptor for lysosomal destruction. Published research has shown that PCSK9 is also involved in degradation of other LDLR family members namely very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2). As a result, this protein represents an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Interestingly, clinical trials on PCSK9-specific monoclonal antibodies have reported promising results with high efficacy in lowering LDL-C and in turn reducing cardiovascular complications. It is important to note that PCSK9 mediates several other pathways apart from its role in lipid homeostasis, including antiviral activity, hepatic regeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and modulation of various signaling pathways. Furthermore, recent literature has illustrated that PCSK9 is closely associated with incidence and progression of several cancers. In a number of studies, PCSK9 siRNA was shown to effectively suppress the proliferation and invasion of the several studied tumor cells. Hence, a novel application of PCSK9 inhibitors/silencers in cancer/metastasis could be considered. However, due to poor data on effectiveness and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in cancer, the impact of PCSK9 inhibition in these pathological conditions is still unknown. SEARCH METHODS A vast literature search was conducted to find intended studies from 1956 up to 2020, and inclusion criteria were original peer-reviewed publications. PURPOSE OF REVIEW To date, PCSK9 has been scantly investigated in cancer. The question that needs to be discussed is "How does PCSK9 act in cancer pathophysiology and what are the risks or benefits associated to its inhibition?". We reviewed the available publications highlighting the contribution of this proprotein convertase in pathways related to cancer, with focus on the potential implications of its long-term pharmacological inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Mahboobnia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ettore Marini
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Grignani
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Evgeny E Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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77
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Findakly S, Daggubati V, Garcia G, LaStella SA, Choudhury A, Tran C, Li A, Tong P, Garcia JQ, Puri N, Reiter JF, Xu L, Raleigh DR. Sterol and oxysterol synthases near the ciliary base activate the Hedgehog pathway. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211576. [PMID: 33284321 PMCID: PMC7721912 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate Hedgehog signals are transduced through the primary cilium, a specialized lipid microdomain that is required for Smoothened activation. Cilia-associated sterol and oxysterol lipids bind to Smoothened to activate the Hedgehog pathway, but how ciliary lipids are regulated is incompletely understood. Here we identified DHCR7, an enzyme that produces cholesterol, activates the Hedgehog pathway, and localizes near the ciliary base. We found that Hedgehog stimulation negatively regulates DHCR7 activity and removes DHCR7 from the ciliary microenvironment, suggesting that DHCR7 primes cilia for Hedgehog pathway activation. In contrast, we found that Hedgehog stimulation positively regulates the oxysterol synthase CYP7A1, which accumulates near the ciliary base and produces oxysterols that promote Hedgehog signaling in response to pathway activation. Our results reveal that enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis in the ciliary microenvironment promote Hedgehog signaling, shedding light on how ciliary lipids are established and regulated to transduce Hedgehog signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Findakly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vikas Daggubati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sydney A LaStella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Cecilia Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Pakteema Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jason Q Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natasha Puri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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78
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Ho EK, Stearns T. Hedgehog signaling and the primary cilium: implications for spatial and temporal constraints on signaling. Development 2021; 148:dev195552. [PMID: 33914866 PMCID: PMC8126410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling are linked to the biology of the primary cilium, an antenna-like organelle that projects from the surface of most vertebrate cell types. Although the advantages of restricting signal transduction to cilia are often noted, the constraints imposed are less frequently considered, and yet they are central to how Hedgehog signaling operates in developing tissues. In this Review, we synthesize current understanding of Hedgehog signal transduction, ligand secretion and transport, and cilia dynamics to explore the temporal and spatial constraints imposed by the primary cilium on Hedgehog signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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79
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Kim JH, Hanlon CD, Vohra S, Devreotes PN, Andrew DJ. Hedgehog signaling and Tre1 regulate actin dynamics through PI(4,5)P 2 to direct migration of Drosophila embryonic germ cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108799. [PMID: 33657369 PMCID: PMC8023404 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tre1 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) was discovered to be required for Drosophila germ cell (GC) coalescence almost two decades ago, yet the molecular events both upstream and downstream of Tre1 activation remain poorly understood. To gain insight into these events, we describe a bona fide null allele and both untagged and tagged versions of Tre1. We find that the primary defect with complete Tre1 loss is the failure of GCs to properly navigate, with GC mis-migration occurring from early stages. We find that Tre1 localizes with F-actin at the migration front, along with PI(4,5)P2; dPIP5K, an enzyme that generates PI(4,5)P2; and dWIP, a protein that binds activated Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), which stimulates F-actin polymerization. We show that Tre1 is required for polarized accumulation of F-actin, PI(4,5)P2, and dPIP5K. Smoothened also localizes with F-actin at the migration front, and Hh, through Smo, increases levels of Tre1 at the plasma membrane and Tre1’s association with dPIP5K. Kim et al. uncover molecular and cellular events upstream and downstream of the Tre1 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), which is required for germ cell navigation in Drosophila. Hedgehog signaling through Smoothened localizes Tre1 to activate F-actin assembly through dPIP5K, PI(4,5)P2, and WASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin D Hanlon
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sunaina Vohra
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah J Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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80
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Statins repress hedgehog signaling in medulloblastoma with no bone toxicities. Oncogene 2021; 40:2258-2272. [PMID: 33649536 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays an indispensable role in bone development and genetic activation of the pathway results in medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Inhibitors of Hh pathway (such as vismodegib and sonedigib), which are used to treat MB, cause irreversible defects in bone growth in young children. Cholesterol is required for the activation of the Hh pathway, and statins, inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, suppress MB growth by repressing Hh signaling in tumor cells. Here, we investigate the role of cholesterol biosynthesis in the proliferation and Hh signaling in chondrocytes, and examine the bone development in mice after statin treatment. Statins significantly inhibited MB growth in young mice, but caused no defects in bone development. Conditional deletion of NADP steroid dehydrogenase-like (NSDHL), an enzyme necessary for cholesterol biosynthesis, suppressed cholesterol synthesis in chondrocytes, and disrupted the growth plate in mouse femur and tibia, indicating the important function of intracellular cholesterol in bone development. Hh pathway activation and the proliferation of chondrocytes were inhibited by statin treatment in vitro; however, statins did not impair bone growth in vivo due to insufficient penetration into the bone. Our studies reveal a critical role of cholesterol in bone development, and support the utilization of statins for treatment of MB as well as other Hh pathway-associated malignancies.
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81
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Martin LJ, Banister SD, Bowen MT. Understanding the complex pharmacology of cannabidiol: Mounting evidence suggests a common binding site with cholesterol. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105508. [PMID: 33610721 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol is claimed to bind to a large number of protein targets based on in vitro assays. This suggests opportunities for a wide range of therapeutic applications. On the other hand, the existence of phytochemical 'nuisance compounds' suggests some measure of caution - these compounds are capable of altering membrane biophysical properties and changing protein function without directly contacting a binding site. Like cannabidiol, cholesterol alters membrane properties, but it also binds directly to membrane proteins through abundant cholesterol recognition sites. We present the evidence that cannabidiol and cholesterol may bind to the same site on some proteins. As a starting point for further research, we also used blind docking to show that cannabidiol binds to a cholesterol binding site on the CB1 receptor. Elucidation of the mechanism(s) of action of cannabidiol will assist the prioritisation of in vitro hits across targets, improve the success rate of medicinal chemistry campaigns, and ultimately benefit patient populations by focusing resources on programs with the most translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Martin
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel D Banister
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael T Bowen
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, NSW, Australia.
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82
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Chou HW, Hung HC, Lin CH, Lin AC, Du YF, Cheng KP, Li CH, Chang CJ, Wu HT, Ou HY. The Serum Concentrations of Hedgehog-Interacting Protein, a Novel Biomarker, Were Decreased in Overweight or Obese Subjects. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040742. [PMID: 33673326 PMCID: PMC7917678 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it was known that obesity is an independent risk factor for metabolic disorders including diabetes, the factors that link these diseases were obscure. The Hedgehog-interacting protein (Hhip) is a negative regulator in tissue remodeling, and inhibits the proliferation of adipocytes, and promotes their differentiation. In addition, Hhip was positively associated with diabetes. However, the relationship between Hhip and obesity in the human body remains unclear. An analysis of the relationship between Hhip and normal weight, overweight, and obesity levels. Participants receiving a physical checkup were recruited. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected. Serum Hhip levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subjects were classified into normal-weight, overweight, and obese groups based on their body mass index (BMI). The association between Hhip and obesity was examined by multivariate linear regression analysis. In total, 294 subjects who were either of a normal weight (n = 166), overweight (n = 90), or obese (n = 38) were enrolled. Hhip concentrations were 6.51 ± 4.86 ng/mL, 5.79 ± 4.33 ng/mL, and 3.97 ± 3.4 ng/mL in normal-weight, overweight, and obese groups, respectively (p for trend = 0.032). Moreover, the regression analysis showed that BMI (β = −0.144, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.397−0.046, p = 0.013) was negatively associated with Hhip concentrations after adjusting for sex and age. Being overweight (β = −0.181, 95% CI = −3.311−0.400, p = 0.013) and obese (β = −0.311, 95% CI = −6.393−2.384, p < 0.001) were independently associated with Hhip concentrations after adjusting for sex, age, fasting plasma glucose, the insulin level, and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Our results showed that overweight and obese subjects had lower Hhip concentrations than those of normal weight. Being overweight and obese were negatively associated with Hhip concentrations. Hhip might be a link between obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Wen Chou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.L.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.-F.D.); (K.-P.C.)
| | - Hao-Chang Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.L.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.-F.D.); (K.-P.C.)
| | - Ching-Han Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.L.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.-F.D.); (K.-P.C.)
| | - An-Chi Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.L.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.-F.D.); (K.-P.C.)
| | - Ye-Fong Du
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.L.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.-F.D.); (K.-P.C.)
| | - Kai-Pi Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.L.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.-F.D.); (K.-P.C.)
| | - Chung-Hao Li
- Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Jen Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Tsung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-T.W.); (H.-Y.O.); Tel.: +886-2-26972035 (ext. 135) (H.-T.W.); +886-6-2353535 (ext. 4577) (H.-Y.O.); Fax: +886-2-26972133 (H.-T.W.); +886-6-3028130 (H.-Y.O.)
| | - Horng-Yih Ou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.L.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.-F.D.); (K.-P.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.-T.W.); (H.-Y.O.); Tel.: +886-2-26972035 (ext. 135) (H.-T.W.); +886-6-2353535 (ext. 4577) (H.-Y.O.); Fax: +886-2-26972133 (H.-T.W.); +886-6-3028130 (H.-Y.O.)
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83
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Abdel-Khalik J, Hearn T, Dickson AL, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Austin-Muttitt K, Bigger BW, Morris AA, Shackleton CH, Clayton PT, Iida T, Sircar R, Rohatgi R, Marschall HU, Sjövall J, Björkhem I, Mullins JGL, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Bile acid biosynthesis in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome bypassing cholesterol: Potential importance of pathway intermediates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105794. [PMID: 33246156 PMCID: PMC7816163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol metabolism secreted into bile. They are essential for the absorption of lipids and lipid soluble compounds from the intestine. Here we have identified a series of unusual Δ5-unsaturated bile acids in plasma and urine of patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in elevated levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), an immediate precursor of cholesterol. Using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) we have uncovered a pathway of bile acid biosynthesis in SLOS avoiding cholesterol starting with 7-DHC and proceeding through 7-oxo and 7β-hydroxy intermediates. This pathway also occurs to a minor extent in healthy humans, but elevated levels of pathway intermediates could be responsible for some of the features SLOS. The pathway is also active in SLOS affected pregnancies as revealed by analysis of amniotic fluid. Importantly, intermediates in the pathway, 25-hydroxy-7-oxocholesterol, (25R)26-hydroxy-7-oxocholesterol, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid and the analogous 7β-hydroxysterols are modulators of the activity of Smoothened (Smo), an oncoprotein that mediates Hedgehog (Hh) signalling across membranes during embryogenesis and in the regeneration of postembryonic tissue. Computational docking of the 7-oxo and 7β-hydroxy compounds to the extracellular cysteine rich domain of Smo reveals that they bind in the same groove as both 20S-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol, known activators of the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Alison L Dickson
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Karl Austin-Muttitt
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Unit, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Cedric H Shackleton
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
| | - Ria Sircar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Jan Sjövall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G L Mullins
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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84
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Geyer N, Gerling M. Hedgehog Signaling in Colorectal Cancer: All in the Stroma? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031025. [PMID: 33498528 PMCID: PMC7864206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates intestinal development and homeostasis. The role of Hh signaling in cancer has been studied for many years; however, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. It has become increasingly clear that the “canonical” Hh pathway, in which ligand binding to the receptor PTCH1 initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of the GLI transcription factors, is mainly organized in a paracrine manner, both in the healthy colon and in CRC. Such canonical Hh signals largely act as tumor suppressors. In addition, stromal Hh signaling has complex immunomodulatory effects in the intestine with a potential impact on carcinogenesis. In contrast, non-canonical Hh activation may have tumor-promoting roles in a subset of CRC tumor cells. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge of the Hh pathway in CRC, with a focus on the tumor-suppressive role of canonical Hh signaling in the stroma. Despite discouraging results from clinical trials using Hh inhibitors in CRC and other solid cancers, we argue that a more granular understanding of Hh signaling might allow the exploitation of this key morphogenic pathway for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Geyer
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden;
| | - Marco Gerling
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden;
- Theme Cancer, Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Solna, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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85
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Hammer GD, Basham KJ. Stem cell function and plasticity in the normal physiology of the adrenal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111043. [PMID: 33058950 PMCID: PMC7736543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex functions to produce steroid hormones necessary for life. To maintain its functional capacity throughout life, the adrenal cortex must be continually replenished and rapidly repaired following injury. Moreover, the adrenal responds to endocrine-mediated organismal needs, which are highly dynamic and necessitate a precise steroidogenic response. To meet these diverse needs, the adrenal employs multiple cell populations with stem cell function. Here, we discuss the literature on adrenocortical stem cells using hematopoietic stem cells as a benchmark to examine the functional capacity of particular cell populations, including those located in the capsule and peripheral cortex. These populations are coordinately regulated by paracrine and endocrine signaling mechanisms, and display remarkable plasticity to adapt to different physiological and pathological conditions. Some populations also exhibit sex-specific activity, which contributes to highly divergent proliferation rates between sexes. Understanding mechanisms that govern adrenocortical renewal has broad implications for both regenerative medicine and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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86
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La Sala G, Di Pietro C, Matteoni R, Bolasco G, Marazziti D, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Gpr37l1/prosaposin receptor regulates Ptch1 trafficking, Shh production, and cell proliferation in cerebellar primary astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:1064-1083. [PMID: 33350496 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cerebellar astrocytes critically regulate the differentiation and maturation of neuronal Purkinje cells and granule precursors. The G protein-coupled receptor 37-like 1 (Gpr37l1) is expressed by Bergmann astrocytes and interacts with patched 1 (Ptch1) at peri-ciliary membranes. Cerebellar primary astrocyte cultures from wild-type and Gpr37l1 null mutant mouse pups were established and studied. Primary cilia were produced by cultures of both genotypes, as well as Ptch1 and smoothened (Smo) components of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) mitogenic pathway. Compared to wild-type cells, Gpr37l1-/- astrocytes displayed striking increases in proliferative activity, Ptch1 protein expression and internalization, intracellular cholesterol content, ciliary localization of Smo, as well as a marked production of active Shh. Similar effects were reproduced by treating wild-type astrocytes with a putative prosaptide ligand of Gpr37l1. These findings indicate that Gpr37l1-Ptch1 interactions specifically regulate Ptch1 internalization and trafficking, with consequent stimulation of Shh production and activation of proliferative signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina La Sala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pietro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Rafaele Matteoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bolasco
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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87
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Garcia-Lopez J, Kumar R, Smith KS, Northcott PA. Deconstructing Sonic Hedgehog Medulloblastoma: Molecular Subtypes, Drivers, and Beyond. Trends Genet 2020; 37:235-250. [PMID: 33272592 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly malignant cerebellar tumor predominantly diagnosed during childhood. Driven by pathogenic activation of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, SHH subgroup MB (SHH-MB) accounts for nearly one-third of diagnoses. Extensive molecular analyses have identified biologically and clinically relevant intertumoral heterogeneity among SHH-MB tumors, prompting the recognition of novel subtypes. Beyond germline and somatic mutations promoting constitutive SHH signaling, driver alterations affect a multitude of pathways and molecular processes, including TP53 signaling, chromatin modulation, and post-transcriptional gene regulation. Here, we review recent advances in the underpinnings of SHH-MB in the context of molecular subtypes, clarify novel somatic and germline drivers, highlight cellular origins and developmental hierarchies, and describe the composition of the tumor microenvironment and its putative role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kyle S Smith
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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88
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Radhakrishnan A, Rohatgi R, Siebold C. Cholesterol access in cellular membranes controls Hedgehog signaling. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1303-1313. [PMID: 33199907 PMCID: PMC7872078 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway coordinates cell-cell communication in development and regeneration. Defects in this pathway underlie diseases ranging from birth defects to cancer. Hh signals are transmitted across the plasma membrane by two proteins, Patched 1 (PTCH1) and Smoothened (SMO). PTCH1, a transporter-like tumor-suppressor protein, binds to Hh ligands, but SMO, a G-protein-coupled-receptor family oncoprotein, transmits the Hh signal across the membrane. Recent structural, biochemical and cell-biological studies have converged at the surprising model that a specific pool of plasma membrane cholesterol, termed accessible cholesterol, functions as a second messenger that conveys the signal between PTCH1 and SMO. Beyond solving a central puzzle in Hh signaling, these studies are revealing new principles in membrane biology: how proteins respond to and remodel cholesterol accessibility in membranes and how the cholesterol composition of organelle membranes is used to regulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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89
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Qi X, Friedberg L, De Bose-Boyd R, Long T, Li X. Sterols in an intramolecular channel of Smoothened mediate Hedgehog signaling. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1368-1375. [PMID: 32929279 PMCID: PMC7669734 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Smoothened (SMO), a class Frizzled G protein-coupled receptor (class F GPCR), transduces the Hedgehog signal across the cell membrane. Sterols can bind to its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and to several sites in the seven transmembrane helices (7-TMs) of SMO. However, the mechanism by which sterols regulate SMO via multiple sites is unknown. Here we determined the structures of SMO-Gi complexes bound to the synthetic SMO agonist (SAG) and to 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol (24(S),25-EC). A novel sterol-binding site in the extracellular extension of TM6 was revealed to connect other sites in 7-TMs and CRD, forming an intramolecular sterol channel from the middle side of 7-TMs to CRD. Additional structures of two gain-of-function variants, SMOD384R and SMOG111C/I496C, showed that blocking the channel at its midpoints allows sterols to occupy the binding sites in 7-TMs, thereby activating SMO. These data indicate that sterol transport through the core of SMO is a major regulator of SMO-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Qi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lucas Friedberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryan De Bose-Boyd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tao Long
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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90
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Hedgehog pathway activation through nanobody-mediated conformational blockade of the Patched sterol conduit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28838-28846. [PMID: 33139559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011560117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Hedgehog pathway may have therapeutic value for improved bone healing, taste receptor cell regeneration, and alleviation of colitis or other conditions. Systemic pathway activation, however, may be detrimental, and agents amenable to tissue targeting for therapeutic application have been lacking. We have developed an agonist, a conformation-specific nanobody against the Hedgehog receptor Patched1 (PTCH1). This nanobody potently activates the Hedgehog pathway in vitro and in vivo by stabilizing an alternative conformation of a Patched1 "switch helix," as revealed by our cryogenic electron microscopy structure. Nanobody-binding likely traps Patched in one stage of its transport cycle, thus preventing substrate movement through the Patched1 sterol conduit. Unlike the native Hedgehog ligand, this nanobody does not require lipid modifications for its activity, facilitating mechanistic studies of Hedgehog pathway activation and the engineering of pathway activating agents for therapeutic use. Our conformation-selective nanobody approach may be generally applicable to the study of other PTCH1 homologs.
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91
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Spannl S, Buhl T, Nellas I, Zeidan SA, Iyer KV, Khaliullina H, Schultz C, Nadler A, Dye NA, Eaton S. Glycolysis regulates Hedgehog signalling via the plasma membrane potential. EMBO J 2020; 39:e101767. [PMID: 33021744 PMCID: PMC7604625 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell metabolism and plasma membrane potential have been linked to shifts between tissue growth and differentiation, and to developmental patterning. How such changes mediate these effects is poorly understood. Here, we use the developing wing of Drosophila to investigate the interplay between cell metabolism and a key developmental regulator-the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway. We show that reducing glycolysis both lowers steady-state levels of ATP and stabilizes Smoothened (Smo), the 7-pass transmembrane protein that transduces the Hh signal. As a result, the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus accumulates in its full-length, transcription activating form. We show that glycolysis is required to maintain the plasma membrane potential and that plasma membrane depolarization blocks cellular uptake of N-acylethanolamides-lipoprotein-borne Hh pathway inhibitors required for Smo destabilization. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis in mammalian cells induces ciliary translocation of Smo-a key step in pathway activation-in the absence of Hh. Thus, changes in cell metabolism alter Hh signalling through their effects on plasma membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Spannl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Present address:
Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Tomasz Buhl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches ZentrumTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Ioannis Nellas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches ZentrumTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Salma A Zeidan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches ZentrumTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - K Venkatesan Iyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Helena Khaliullina
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Present address:
Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Chemical Physiology and BiochemistryOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches ZentrumTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
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92
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Ha NT, Lee CH. Roles of Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 in Tumour and Tumour Microenvironments. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112352. [PMID: 33113804 PMCID: PMC7693003 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1, squalene synthase), a membrane-associated enzyme, synthesizes squalene via condensation of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate. Accumulating evidence has noted that FDFT1 plays a critical role in cancer, particularly in metabolic reprogramming, cell proliferation, and invasion. Based on these advances in our knowledge, FDFT1 could be a potential target for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the contribution of FDFT1 to the hallmarks of cancer, and further, we discuss the applicability of FDFT1 as a cancer prognostic marker and target for anticancer therapy.
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93
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Jones AJY, Gabriel F, Tandale A, Nietlispach D. Structure and Dynamics of GPCRs in Lipid Membranes: Physical Principles and Experimental Approaches. Molecules 2020; 25:E4729. [PMID: 33076366 PMCID: PMC7587580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the vast amount of information generated through structural and biophysical studies of GPCRs has provided unprecedented mechanistic insight into the complex signalling behaviour of these receptors. With this recent information surge, it has also become increasingly apparent that in order to reproduce the various effects that lipids and membranes exert on the biological function for these allosteric receptors, in vitro studies of GPCRs need to be conducted under conditions that adequately approximate the native lipid bilayer environment. In the first part of this review, we assess some of the more general effects that a membrane environment exerts on lipid bilayer-embedded proteins such as GPCRs. This is then followed by the consideration of more specific effects, including stoichiometric interactions with specific lipid subtypes. In the final section, we survey a range of different membrane mimetics that are currently used for in vitro studies, with a focus on NMR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Nietlispach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; (A.J.Y.J.); (F.G.); (A.T.)
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94
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Distinct Cation Gradients Power Cholesterol Transport at Different Key Points in the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. Dev Cell 2020; 55:314-327.e7. [PMID: 32860743 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays two critical roles in Hedgehog signaling, a fundamental pathway in animal development and cancer: it covalently modifies the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) ligand, restricting its release from producing cells, and directly activates Smoothened in responding cells. In both contexts, a membrane protein related to bacterial RND transporters regulates cholesterol: Dispatched1 controls release of cholesterylated SHH, and Patched1 antagonizes Smoothened activation by cholesterol. The mechanism and driving force for eukaryotic RND proteins, including Dispatched1 and Patched1, are unknown. Here, we show that Dispatched1 acts enzymatically to catalyze SHH release. Dispatched1 uses the energy of the plasma membrane Na+ gradient, thus functioning as an SHH/Na+ antiporter. In contrast, Patched1 repression of Smoothened requires the opposing K+ gradient. Our results clarify the transporter activity of essential eukaryotic RND proteins and demonstrate that the two main cation gradients of animal cells differentially power cholesterol transport at two crucial steps in the Hedgehog pathway.
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95
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Qiu T, Cao J, Chen W, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhao L, Liu M, He L, Wu G, Li H, Gu H. 24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase promotes the growth of breast cancer stem-like cells through the Hedgehog pathway. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3653-3664. [PMID: 32713162 PMCID: PMC7540995 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a risk factor for breast cancer. However, it is still unclear whether the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway plays any significant role in breast carcinogenesis. 24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) is a key enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Although DHCR24 is reported to have different functions in different cancers, it is not clear whether DHCR24 is involved in breast cancer. In this study, we found that DHCR24 expression was higher in breast cancer especially in luminal and HER2 positive breast cancer tissues compared with normal breast. Changes in DHCR24 expression altered cellular cholesterol content without affecting the adherent growth of breast cancer cells. However, DHCR24 knockdown reduced whereas DHCR24 overexpression enhanced breast cancer stem-like cell populations such as mammosphere and aldehyde dehydrogenase positive cell numbers. In addition, DHCR24 overexpression increased the expression of the Hedgehog pathway-regulated genes. Treating DHCR24 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines with the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor GANT61 blocked DHCR24-induced mammosphere growth and increased mRNA levels of the Hedgehog regulated genes. Furthermore, expression of a constitutively activated mutant of Smoothened, a key hedgehog signal transducer, rescued the decreases in mammosphere growth and Hedgehog regulated gene expression induced by knockdown of DHCR24. These results indicate that DHCR24 promotes the growth of breast cancer stem-like cells in part through enhancing the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Our data suggest that cholesterol contribute to breast carcinogenesis by enhancing Hedgehog signaling and cancer stem-like cell populations. Enzymes including DHCR24 involved in cholesterol biosynthesis should be considered as potential treatment targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jieyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Licai He
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haihua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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96
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Nechipurenko IV. The Enigmatic Role of Lipids in Cilia Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:777. [PMID: 32850869 PMCID: PMC7431879 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized cellular structures that project from the surface of most cell types in metazoans and mediate transduction of major signaling pathways. The ciliary membrane is contiguous with the plasma membrane, yet it exhibits distinct protein and lipid composition, which is essential for ciliary function. Diffusion barriers at the base of a cilium are responsible for establishing unique molecular composition of this organelle. Although considerable progress has been made in identifying mechanisms of ciliary protein trafficking in and out of cilia, it remains largely unknown how the distinct lipid identity of the ciliary membrane is achieved. In this mini review, I summarize recent developments in characterizing lipid composition and organization of the ciliary membrane and discuss the emerging roles of lipids in modulating activity of ciliary signaling components including ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V. Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
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97
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Li H, Feng Z, He ML. Lipid metabolism alteration contributes to and maintains the properties of cancer stem cells. Theranostics 2020; 10:7053-7069. [PMID: 32641978 PMCID: PMC7330842 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids, the basic components of the cell membrane, execute fundamental roles in almost all the cell activities including cell-cell recognition, signalling transduction and energy supplies. Lipid metabolism is elementary for life sustentation that balances activity between synthesis and degradation. An accumulating amount of data has indicated abnormal lipid metabolism in cancer stem cells (CSCs), and that the alteration of lipid metabolism exerts a great impact on CSCs' properties such as the capability of self-renewal, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and drug sensitivity and resistance. CSCs' formation and maintenance cannot do without the regulation of fatty acids and cholesterol. In normal cells and embryonic development, fatty acids and cholesterol metabolism are regulated by some important signalling pathways (such as Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt signalling pathways); these signalling pathways also play crucial roles in initiating and/or maintaining CSCs' properties, and such signalling is shown to be commonly modulated by the abnormal lipid metabolism in CSCs; on the other hand, the altered lipid metabolism in turn modifies the cell signalling and generates additional impacts on CSCs. Metabolic rewiring is considered as an ideal hallmark of CSCs, and metabolic alterations would be promising therapeutic targets of CSCs for aggressive tumors. In this review, we summarize the most updated findings of lipid metabolic abnormalities in CSCs and prospect the potential applications of targeting lipid metabolism for anticancer treatment.
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98
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Ovarian cancer risk in relation to blood lipid levels and hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational epidemiologic studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 2020; 30:161-170. [DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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99
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Miyamoto T, Hosoba K, Itabashi T, Iwane AH, Akutsu SN, Ochiai H, Saito Y, Yamamoto T, Matsuura S. Insufficiency of ciliary cholesterol in hereditary Zellweger syndrome. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103499. [PMID: 32368833 PMCID: PMC7298307 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna‐like organelles on the surface of most mammalian cells that receive sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. Cellular cholesterol functions as a direct activator of a seven‐transmembrane oncoprotein called Smoothened (Smo) and thereby induces Smo accumulation on the ciliary membrane where it transduces the Shh signal. However, how cholesterol is supplied to the ciliary membrane remains unclear. Here, we report that peroxisomes are essential for the transport of cholesterol into the ciliary membrane. Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is a peroxisome‐deficient hereditary disorder with several ciliopathy‐related features and cells from these patients showed a reduced cholesterol level in the ciliary membrane. Reverse genetics approaches revealed that the GTP exchange factor Rabin8, the Rab GTPase Rab10, and the microtubule minus‐end‐directed kinesin KIFC3 form a peroxisome‐associated complex to control the movement of peroxisomes along microtubules, enabling communication between peroxisomes and ciliary pocket membranes. Our findings suggest that insufficient ciliary cholesterol levels may underlie ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko H Iwane
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Life and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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100
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Qi X, Li X. Mechanistic Insights into the Generation and Transduction of Hedgehog Signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:397-410. [PMID: 32311334 PMCID: PMC7174405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell differentiation and proliferation require Hedgehog (HH) signaling and aberrant HH signaling causes birth defects or cancers. In this signaling pathway, the N-terminally palmitoylated and C-terminally cholesterylated HH ligand is secreted into the extracellular space with help of the Dispatched-1 (DISP1) and Scube2 proteins. The Patched-1 (PTCH1) protein releases its inhibition of the oncoprotein Smoothened (SMO) after binding the HH ligand, triggering downstream signaling events. In this review, we discuss the recent structural and biochemical studies on four major components of the HH pathway: the HH ligand, DISP1, PTCH1, and SMO. This research provides mechanistic insights into how HH signaling is generated and transduced from the cell surface into the intercellular space and will aid in facilitating the treatment of HH-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Qi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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