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Cui C, Liang Q, Tang X, Xing J, Sheng X, Zhan W. Differential Apoptotic Responses of Hemocyte Subpopulations to White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection in Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:594390. [PMID: 33365030 PMCID: PMC7750459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis of hemocytes plays an essential function in shrimp immune defense against pathogen invasions. In order to further elucidate the differential apoptotic responses of the granulocytes and the hyalinocytes in Fenneropenaeus chinensis post WSSV infection, the characteristics of apoptotic dynamics and viral proliferation in total hemocytes and hemocyte subpopulations were respectively investigated in the present work. The results showed that the apoptotic rate of hemocytes changed significantly, and the apoptosis-related genes also showed significantly differential expression responses during WSSV infection. Interestingly, we found that the apoptotic rate of virus-negative hemocytes was significantly higher than that of virus-positive hemocytes in the early stage of WSSV infection, while it was significantly lower than that of virus-positive cells in the middle and late infection stages. The difference of apoptosis between virus-positive and virus-negative hemocytes seems to be an important way for the WSSV to destroy the host’s immune system and facilitate the virus spread at different infection stages. It was further found that the apoptosis rate of granulocytes was always significantly higher than that of hyalinocytes during WSSV infection, indicating that granulocytes have a stronger apoptotic response to WSSV infection. Moreover, a higher viral load was detected in granulocytes, and the density of granulocytes decreased more rapidly post WSSV infection, indicating that the granulocytes are more susceptible and vulnerable to WSSV infection compared with the hyalinocytes. These results collectively demonstrated that the apoptotic response in shrimp hemocytes was significantly influenced by the WSSV infection, and the differential apoptotic response of granulocytes and hyalinocytes to WSSV indicated the differences of antiviral mechanisms between the two hemocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Cui
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianrong Liang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Calvo-Flores Guzmán B, Elizabeth Chaffey T, Hansika Palpagama T, Waters S, Boix J, Tate WP, Peppercorn K, Dragunow M, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Kwakowsky A. The Interplay Between Beta-Amyloid 1-42 (Aβ 1-42)-Induced Hippocampal Inflammatory Response, p-tau, Vascular Pathology, and Their Synergistic Contributions to Neuronal Death and Behavioral Deficits. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:522073. [PMID: 33224025 PMCID: PMC7667153 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.552073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common chronic neurodegenerative disorder, has complex neuropathology. The principal neuropathological hallmarks of the disease are the deposition of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) comprised of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein. These changes occur with neuroinflammation, a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and neuronal synaptic dysfunction, all of which ultimately lead to neuronal cell loss and cognitive deficits in AD. Aβ1-42 was stereotaxically administered bilaterally into the CA1 region of the hippocampi of 18-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. This study aimed to characterize, utilizing immunohistochemistry and behavioral testing, the spatial and temporal effects of Aβ1-42 on a broad set of parameters characteristic of AD: p-tau, neuroinflammation, vascular pathology, pyramidal cell survival, and behavior. Three days after Aβ1-42 injection and before significant neuronal cell loss was detected, acute neuroinflammatory and vascular responses were observed. These responses included the up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, also known as CD31), fibrinogen labeling, and an increased number of activated astrocytes and microglia in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. From day 7, there was significant pyramidal cell loss in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and by 30 days, significant localized up-regulation of p-tau, GFAP, Iba-1, CD31, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the Aβ1-42-injected mice compared with controls. These molecular changes in Aβ1-42-injected mice were accompanied by cognitive deterioration, as demonstrated by long-term spatial memory impairment. This study is reporting a comprehensive examination of a complex set of parameters associated with intrahippocampal administration of Aβ1-42 in mice, their spatiotemporal interactions and combined contribution to the disease progression. We show that a single Aβ injection can reproduce aspects of the inflammatory, vascular, and p-tau induced pathology occurring in the AD human brain that lead to cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Calvo-Flores Guzmán
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tessa Elizabeth Chaffey
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thulani Hansika Palpagama
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Waters
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jordi Boix
- Centre for Brain Research, NeuroDiscovery Behavioural Unit, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren Perry Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry John Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Lewis Maxwell Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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53
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Simões CS, Mourão FAG, Guarnieri LO, Passos MC, Moraes MF. Amygdala inhibition impairs fear conditioning but increases the stimulus-driven activity in the inferior colliculus. Neurosci Lett 2020; 738:135311. [PMID: 32818588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that fear conditioning improves the steady-state evoked potentials driven by a long lasting amplitude modulated tone in the inferior colliculus. In this work we tested the hypothesis that the amygdala modulates this effect, since it plays a crucial role in assessing the biological relevance of environmental stimuli. We inhibited the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala of rats by injecting a GABAa receptor agonist (muscimol) before the recall test session of an auditory fear conditioning paradigm and recorded the evoked activity in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. According to our results, the treatment with muscimol decreased the expression of freezing behavior during the recall test session, but did not impair the entrainment of the evoked activity in the inferior colliculus induced by fear conditioning. We repeated the injection protocol with another group of rats but without pairing the tone to an aversive stimulus and observed that the inhibition of the basolateral amygdala enhances the stimulus-driven activity in the inferior colliculus regardless of the conditioning task. Our findings suggest that the basolateral amygdala exerts a tonic modulation over the encoding of sensory information at the early stages of the sensory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Soares Simões
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio Afonso Gonçalves Mourão
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologia e Pesquisa em Magneto Ressonância, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Guarnieri
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologia e Pesquisa em Magneto Ressonância, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Costa Passos
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Márcio Flávio Moraes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologia e Pesquisa em Magneto Ressonância, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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54
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Bobić Rasonja M, Orešković D, Knezović V, Pogledić I, Pupačić D, Vukšić M, Brugger PC, Prayer D, Petanjek Z, Jovanov Milošević N. Histological and MRI Study of the Development of the Human Indusium Griseum. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4709-4724. [PMID: 30722016 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To uncover the ontogenesis of the human indusium griseum (IG), 28 post-mortem fetal human brains, 12-40 postconceptional weeks (PCW) of age, and 4 adult brains were analyzed immunohistochemically and compared with post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 28 fetal brains (14-41 PCW). The morphogenesis of the IG occurred between 12 and 15 PCW, transforming the bilateral IG primordia into a ribbon-like cortical lamina. The histogenetic transition of sub-laminated zones into the three-layered cortical organization occurred between 15 and 35 PCW, concomitantly with rapid cell differentiation that occurred from 18 to 28 PCW and the elaboration of neuronal connectivity during the entire second half of gestation. The increasing number of total cells and neurons in the IG at 25 and 35 PCW confirmed its continued differentiation throughout this period. High-field 3.0 T post-mortem MRI enabled visualization of the IG at the mid-fetal stage using T2-weighted sequences. In conclusion, the IG had a distinct histogenetic differentiation pattern than that of the neighboring intralimbic areas of the same ontogenetic origin, and did not show any signs of regression during the fetal period or postnatally, implying a functional role of the IG in the adult brain, which is yet to be disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Bobić Rasonja
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Orešković
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Av. G. Šuška 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vinka Knezović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Pogledić
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Pupačić
- Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mario Vukšić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter C Brugger
- Division of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdravko Petanjek
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata12, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Jovanov Milošević
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata12, Zagreb, Croatia
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55
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Ogbu SC, Musich PR, Zhang J, Yao ZQ, Howe PH, Jiang Y. The role of disabled-2 (Dab2) in diseases. Gene 2020; 769:145202. [PMID: 33059028 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disabled-2 (Dab2/DOC-2) is a mitogen-responsive adaptor protein required for multiple cellular functions. It is involved in many signaling pathways and plays an integral role in vesicular uptake and trafficking, modulating immune function, protein-protein interactions, cellular homeostasis and differentiation, oncogenesis, and inflammatory processes in organ systems. It contains domains for binding to NPXY motif-containing and SH3 domain-containing adapter proteins, phosphoinositides, glycoprotein 100 (gp100, or megalin), integrins, clathrin, and myosin VI. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of Dab2's biological function still remain to be elucidated. In this review, we provide an extensive up-to-date understanding of the function of Dab2 and its regulation in cardiovascular diseases, immune disorders, tumorigenesis, and central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella C Ogbu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Philip H Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Dourado LFN, da Silva FR, Toledo CR, da Silva CN, Santana CP, da Costa BL, de Lima ME, Cunha ADS. Intravitreal injection of peptides PnPa11 and PnPa13, derivatives of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, prevents retinal damage. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200031. [PMID: 33014024 PMCID: PMC7518191 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: PnPa11 and PnPa13 are synthetic peptides derived from Phoneutria
nigriventer spider venom, which display antinociceptive and
neuroprotective properties. In this work, we evaluated the safety of
intravitreal use and the neuroprotective effect of these peptides. Methods: The cytotoxicity and the antiangiogenic activity of these peptides were
evaluated by the sulforhodamine-B method and chicken chorioallantoic
membrane (CAM) assay, respectively. The in vivo safety was
analyzed in Wistar rats that were intravitreally injected with different
doses (0.50; 1.25; 2.50; 3.75 and 5.00 µg/mL) of these peptides (right eye,
n = 6). The retinal function was assessed by electroretinography exams
(ERG), intraocular pressure (IOP), and histological analyzes. In order to
investigate the neuroprotective effect, Wistar rats received intravitreal
injections (right eye, n = 6) of peptides at 1.25 µg/mL and then were
exposed to blue LED light. In addition, the visual function and the retinal
microstructure were verified. Results: Cytotoxicity analyses demonstrated that the peptides did not present any
toxicity over ARPE-19 (adult retinal pigmented epithelial) cell line and the
antiangiogenic study highlighted that the peptides promoted the reduction of
blood vessels. The intravitreal injection did not cause major changes,
neither induced any irreversible damage. In the retinal degeneration assay,
the ERG records demonstrated that the prior treatment with PnPa11 and PnPa13
protected the retina from damage. Morphological analyses confirmed the ERG
findings. Immunoblotting analyses revealed that PnPa11 increased Erk1/2,
NR2A, and NR2B retinal expression after the light stress model, but did not
cause Akt1 activation, while PnPa13 prevented Erk1/2 and Akt1
dephosphorylation. Conclusions: The intraocular administration of these peptides was well tolerated and
presented protective activity against retinal degeneration, suggesting the
potential use of these peptides as neuroprotectors in the ophthalmological
field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Rodrigues da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Bruna Lopes da Costa
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences: Medicine and Biomedicine, Institute of Education and Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Armando da Silva Cunha
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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57
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Kruepunga N, Hikspoors JPJM, Hülsman CJM, Mommen GMC, Köhler SE, Lamers WH. Extrinsic innervation of the pelvic organs in the lesser pelvis of human embryos. J Anat 2020; 237:672-688. [PMID: 32592418 PMCID: PMC7495285 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Realistic models to understand the developmental appearance of the pelvic nervous system in mammals are scarce. We visualized the development of the inferior hypogastric plexus and its preganglionic connections in human embryos at 4-8 weeks post-fertilization, using Amira 3D reconstruction and Cinema 4D-remodelling software. We defined the embryonic lesser pelvis as the pelvic area caudal to both umbilical arteries and containing the hindgut. Neural crest cells (NCCs) appeared dorsolateral to the median sacral artery near vertebra S1 at ~5 weeks and had extended to vertebra S5 1 day later. Once para-arterial, NCCs either formed sympathetic ganglia or continued to migrate ventrally to the pre-arterial region, where they formed large bilateral inferior hypogastric ganglionic cell clusters (IHGCs). Unlike more cranial pre-aortic plexuses, both IHGCs did not merge because the 'pelvic pouch', a temporary caudal extension of the peritoneal cavity, interposed. Although NCCs in the sacral area started to migrate later, they reached their pre-arterial position simultaneously with the NCCs in the thoracolumbar regions. Accordingly, the superior hypogastric nerve, a caudal extension of the lumbar splanchnic nerves along the superior rectal artery, contacted the IHGCs only 1 day later than the lumbar splanchnic nerves contacted the inferior mesenteric ganglion. The superior hypogastric nerve subsequently splits to become the superior hypogastric plexus. The IHGCs had two additional sources of preganglionic innervation, of which the pelvic splanchnic nerves arrived at ~6.5 weeks and the sacral splanchnic nerves only at ~8 weeks. After all preganglionic connections had formed, separate parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus formed at the bladder neck and distal hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutmethee Kruepunga
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of AnatomyFaculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Cindy J. M. Hülsman
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Greet M. C. Mommen
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - S. Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Adult and endemic neurogenesis in the vestibular nuclei after unilateral vestibular neurectomy. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 196:101899. [PMID: 32858093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously revealed adult reactive neurogenesis in deafferented vestibular nuclei following unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN) in the feline model. We recently replicated the same surgery in a rodent model and aimed to elucidate the origin and fate of newly generated cells following UVN. We used specific markers of cell proliferation, glial reaction, and cell differentiation in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) of adult rats. UVN induced an intense cell proliferation and glial reaction with an increase of GFAP-Immunoreactive (Ir), IBA1-Ir and Olig2-Ir cells 3 days after the lesion in the deafferented MVN. Most of the newly generated cells survived after UVN and differentiated into oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial cells and GABAergic neurons. Interestingly, UVN induced a significant increase in a population of cells colocalizing SOX2 and GFAP 3 days after lesion in the deafferented MVN indicating the probable presence of multipotent cells in the vestibular nuclei. The concomitant increase in BrdU- and SOX2-Ir cells with the presence of SOX2 and GFAP colocalization 3 days after UVN in the deafferented MVN may support local mitotic activity of endemic quiescent neural stem cells in the parenchyma of vestibular nuclei.
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Gao Q, Schachar IH. An anchoring molecule increases intravitreal retention of antibody-based therapeutics used in the treatment of ocular diseases. J Control Release 2020; 328:263-275. [PMID: 32858075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreal delivery of antibody-based therapeutics has revolutionized the treatment of intraocular vascular diseases involving the retina and choroid. Unfortunately, limited durability requires frequent retreatment placing an enormous burden on patients. We sought to solve this problem with a novel approach that uses an anchoring molecule characterized by two key molecular properties: (1) non-covalent binding to an antibody-based therapeutic, and (2) retention in the vitreous cavity. As an initial proof-of-principle, we chose an anchoring molecule composed of agarose microbeads functionalized with an Fc-binding domain. Bevacizumab was chosen as the antibody-based therapeutic. In vitro experiments demonstrated that bevacizumab was maximally bound to this anchoring molecule within 1 h, and was competitively released upon exposure to either polyclonal human (p < 0.0001) or rat (p = 0.0017) immunoglobulins. In silico modeling predicted prolonged intravitreal retention of an antibody-based therapeutic in the presence of this anchoring molecule, which was confirmed by in vivo experiments with this initial anchoring molecule in rats. This anchoring molecule increased the intraocular half-life of bevacizumab from 5.8 days to over 18 days and maintained therapeutic concentrations for over 80 days. Despite showing no evidence of direct cellular toxicity, this anchoring molecule collected in the anterior vitreous, partially obscuring retinal visualization and eliciting a mild chronic microglial/macrophage inflammatory response. These studies provide a plausible approach to the development of novel non-covalent methods of binding, retention, and release of antibody-based therapeutics in the vitreous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanqing Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Ira H Schachar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States.
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60
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Song Y, Xiong S, Fan X, Xin Y, Ma F. Role of inferior colliculus in vestibular vertigo induced by water caloric irrigation. Acta Otolaryngol 2020; 140:682-686. [PMID: 32401101 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2020.1761032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vestibular vertigo is a common clinical symptom; however, the central neural mechanism of it is still poorly understood.Objective: To demonstrate the changes of neural excitability and ascorbate in inferior colliculus (IC) in a rat vertigo model induced by water caloric irrigation.Methods: In vertigo model induced by water caloric irrigation, we recorded the changes of spontaneous firing rate (SFR) of IC. Then a technique that combining in vivo microanalysis with an online electrochemical system (OECS) was employed to monitor the changes of extracellular ascorbate in IC.Results: Electrophysiological studies showed that after vestibular ice water stimulation, the level of SFR in IC significantly increased, reaching (989 ± 9) % and (941 ± 62) % respectively at 2.0 h after contralateral ice water vestibular stimulation and ipsilateral ice water vestibular stimulation. However, the level of ascorbate in IC dramatically decreased after ice stimulation, decreased to (30 ± 12) % and (57 ± 24) % of the basal level respectively in the contralateral group and ipsilateral group.Conclusions and significance: These findings suggest that inferior colliculus plays a role in peripheral vertigo, which would appear useful for uncovering neural mechanisms of vertigo and help finding novel therapeutic targets for vertigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shan Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Furong Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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Denoix N, Merz T, Unmuth S, Hoffmann A, Nespoli E, Scheuerle A, Huber-Lang M, Gündel H, Waller C, Radermacher P, McCook O. Cerebral Immunohistochemical Characterization of the H 2S and the Oxytocin Systems in a Porcine Model of Acute Subdural Hematoma. Front Neurol 2020; 11:649. [PMID: 32754111 PMCID: PMC7358568 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the oxytocin/oxytocin receptor (OT/OTR) systems interact in trauma and are implicated in vascular protection and regulation of fluid homeostasis. Acute brain injury is associated with pressure-induced edema formation, blood brain barrier disruption, and neuro-inflammation. The similarities in brain anatomy: size, gyrencephalic organization, skull structure, may render the pig a highly relevant model for translational medicine. Cerebral biomarkers for pigs for pathophysiological changes and neuro-inflammation are limited. The current study aims to characterize the localization of OT/OTR and the endogenous H2S producing enzymes together with relevant neuro-inflammatory markers on available porcine brain tissue from an acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) model. In a recent pilot study, anesthetized pigs underwent ASDH by injection of 20 mL of autologous blood above the left parietal cortex and were resuscitated with neuro-intensive care measures. After 54 h of intensive care, the animals were sacrificed, the brain was removed and analyzed via immunohistochemistry. The endogenous H2S producing enzymes cystathionine-ɤ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), the OTR, and OT were localized in neurons, vasculature and parenchyma at the base of sulci, where pressure-induced injury leads to maximal stress in the gyrencephalic brain. The pathophysiological changes in response to brain injury in humans and pigs, we show here, are comparable. We additionally identified modulators of brain injury to further characterize the pathophysiology of ASDH and which may indicate future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Denoix
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Merz
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Unmuth
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ester Nespoli
- Department of Neurology, Molecular and Translational Neuroscience, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Angelika Scheuerle
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Pathology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Gündel
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christiane Waller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oscar McCook
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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62
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Bringmann A, Unterlauft JD, Wiedemann R, Barth T, Rehak M, Wiedemann P. Two different populations of Müller cells stabilize the structure of the fovea: an optical coherence tomography study. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:2931-2948. [PMID: 32632619 PMCID: PMC7550300 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To document with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography the structural stabilization of the fovea and the sealing of outer macular defects by Müller cells. METHODS A retrospective case series of 45 eyes of 34 patients is described. RESULTS In cases of a cystic disruption of the foveola as in macular telangiectasia type 2 and vitreomacular traction, the Müller cell cone provides the structural stability of the fovea. In cases of a detachment or disruption of the Müller cell cone, e.g., in foveal pseudocysts, outer lamellar holes, and degenerative and tractional lamellar holes, Müller cells of the foveal walls may provide the structural stability of the fovea by the formation of a hyperreflective external limiting membrane (ELM) which bridges the holes in the central outer nuclear layer (ONL). Müller cells of the foveal walls and parafovea mediate the regeneration of the foveal architecture in cases of outer lamellar and full-thickness macular holes. The regeneration proceeds by a centripetal displacement of photoreceptor cell somata which closes the holes in the central ONL. The closure may be supported by the formation of a glial tissue band at the ELM which seals the hole. CONCLUSIONS The Müller cell cone provides the foveal stability in cases of a cystic disruption of the foveola. The structural stability of the outer foveal layers is mainly provided by the Müller cells of the foveal walls and parafovea; these cells also mediate the regeneration of the outer fovea in cases of a defect of the central ONL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Darius Unterlauft
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renate Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Barth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matus Rehak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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63
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Kruepunga N, Hikspoors JPJM, Hülsman CJM, Mommen GMC, Köhler SE, Lamers WH. Development of extrinsic innervation in the abdominal intestines of human embryos. J Anat 2020; 237:655-671. [PMID: 32598482 PMCID: PMC7495293 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to the intrinsic enteric nervous system (ENS), development of the extrinsic ENS is poorly documented, even though its presence is easily detectable with histological techniques. We visualised its development in human embryos and foetuses of 4–9.5 weeks post‐fertilisation using Amira 3D‐reconstruction and Cinema 4D‐remodelling software. The extrinsic ENS originated from small, basophilic neural crest cells (NCCs) that migrated to the para‐aortic region and then continued ventrally to the pre‐aortic region, where they formed autonomic pre‐aortic plexuses. From here, nerve fibres extended along the ventral abdominal arteries and finally connected to the intrinsic system. Schwann cell precursors (SCPs), a subgroup of NCCs that migrate on nerve fibres, showed region‐specific differences in differentiation. SCPs developed into scattered chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla dorsolateral to the coeliac artery (CA) and into more tightly packed chromaffin cells of the para‐aortic bodies ventrolateral to the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), with reciprocal topographic gradients between both fates. The extrinsic ENS first extended along the CA and then along the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and IMA 5 days later. Apart from the branch to the caecum, extrinsic nerves did not extend along SMA branches in the herniated parts of the midgut until the gut loops had returned in the abdominal cavity, suggesting a permissive role of the intraperitoneal environment. Accordingly, extrinsic innervation had not yet reached the distal (colonic) loop of the midgut at 9.5 weeks development. Based on intrinsic ENS‐dependent architectural remodelling of the gut layers, extrinsic innervation followed intrinsic innervation 3–4 Carnegie stages later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutmethee Kruepunga
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jill P J M Hikspoors
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy J M Hülsman
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Greet M C Mommen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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64
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Wijesinghe R, Camp A. The intrinsic plasticity of medial vestibular nucleus neurons during vestibular compensation-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2020; 9:145. [PMID: 32552855 PMCID: PMC7302131 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vestibular compensation is a homeostatic process that occurs in the central nervous system in response to peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Experimental studies in rodent models have suggested that unilateral peripheral vestibular lesions are correlated with an increase in the intrinsic excitability of central vestibular neurons. This process may be dependent on the intrinsic properties of the neurons themselves. We aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature to survey the evidence for changes in intrinsic plasticity observed during the acute phase of vestibular compensation. METHODS We systematically reviewed the literature regarding the electrophysiological effect of experimentally induced unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) on the intrinsic membrane properties of medial vestibular nucleus neurons in animal models. We developed tools to assess the methodological quality (precision, validity and bias) of studies that met pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We extracted numerical data and performed a meta-analysis of specific quantitative data pooled from these studies. RESULTS We identified 17 studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. There is moderate quality evidence to suggest a statistically significant increase in the intrinsic excitability of medial vestibular nucleus neurons following unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Specifically, the spontaneous discharge rate increases by 4 spikes/s on average and the sensitivity to current stimuli increases. CONCLUSION Using this novel approach, we demonstrate that the methodology of systematic review and meta-analysis is a useful tool in the summation of data across experimental animal studies with similar aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Wijesinghe
- Sensory systems and integration laboratory, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Aaron Camp
- Sensory systems and integration laboratory, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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65
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Milenkovic I, Schiefer U, Ebenhoch R, Ungewiss J. [Anatomy and physiology of the auditory pathway]. Ophthalmologe 2020; 117:1068-1073. [PMID: 32211922 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The auditory system consists of the ear located in the periphery, in which a conversion of the sound into an electrical signal takes place, and neurons, which perform central processing based on action potentials. The most important anatomical and functional features of the auditory system are explained. For this purpose, a selective literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed (also in the Europe PubMed Central), Psychline, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Additional information was obtained from relevant books or websites in the fields of (neuro)anatomy, (neuro)physiology, (neuro)ophthalmology and (neuro)otology, among others with the keywords Hörbahn, auditory system, auditory pathway, receptors, spatial hearing and auditory cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Milenkovic
- Fakultät für Medizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Deutschland.
| | - Ulrich Schiefer
- Fakultät für Optik und Mechatronik, Studiengang Augenoptik; Kompetenzzentrum "Vision Research", Hochschule Aalen, Anton-Huber-Str. 23, 73430, Aalen, Deutschland.,Department für Augenheilkunde, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Regina Ebenhoch
- Department für Augenheilkunde, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Judith Ungewiss
- Fakultät für Optik und Mechatronik, Studiengang Augenoptik; Kompetenzzentrum "Vision Research", Hochschule Aalen, Anton-Huber-Str. 23, 73430, Aalen, Deutschland
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66
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Yang Y, Lee J, Kim G. Integration of locomotion and auditory signals in the mouse inferior colliculus. eLife 2020; 9:52228. [PMID: 31987070 PMCID: PMC7004561 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) is the major midbrain auditory integration center, where virtually all ascending auditory inputs converge. Although the IC has been extensively studied for sound processing, little is known about the neural activity of the IC in moving subjects, as frequently happens in natural hearing conditions. Here, by recording neural activity in walking mice, we show that the activity of IC neurons is strongly modulated by locomotion, even in the absence of sound stimuli. Similar modulation was also found in hearing-impaired mice, demonstrating that IC neurons receive non-auditory, locomotion-related neural signals. Sound-evoked activity was attenuated during locomotion, and this attenuation increased frequency selectivity across the neuronal population, while maintaining preferred frequencies. Our results suggest that during behavior, integrating movement-related and auditory information is an essential aspect of sound processing in the IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsun Yang
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonyeol Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunsoo Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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67
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Freedman-Weiss MR, Stitelman DH. Minimally Invasive Fetal Therapy for Myelomeningocele. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-020-00167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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68
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Dahmana N, Kowalczuk L, Gabriel D, Behar-Cohen F, Gurny R, Kalia YN. Ocular Biodistribution of Spironolactone after a Single Intravitreal Injection of a Biodegradable Sustained-Release Polymer in Rats. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:59-69. [PMID: 31751144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sustained-release formulations for ocular delivery are of increasing interest given their potential to significantly improve treatment efficacy and patient adherence. The objectives of this study were (i) to develop a sustained-release formulation of spironolactone (SPL) using a biodegradable and injectable polymer, hexyl-substituted poly-lactic acid (hexPLA) and (ii) to investigate the ocular biodistribution and tolerability of SPL and its metabolites in rats in vivo over 1 month following a single intravitreal injection (IVT inj). The concentrations of SPL and its two principal active metabolites, 7α-thiomethylspironolactone and canrenone (CAN), in the different ocular compartments were determined at different time points (3, 7, and 31 days after IVT inj) using a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Systemic exposure following a single IVT inj of 5% SPL-hexPLA formulation was evaluated by quantifying SPL and its metabolites in the plasma. Ocular tolerability of the formulation was evaluated using in vivo retinal imaging and histology. In vitro release studies revealed a sustained release of SPL from 5% SPL-hexPLA for up to 65 days. In vivo studies showed that SPL and its metabolites were detected in all ocular tissues at 3 and 7 days post-IVT inj. At 31 days post-IVT inj, SPL and CAN were mainly detected in the retina. These results also highlighted the clearance pathway of SPL and its metabolite involving the anterior and posterior routes in the first week (days 3 and 7), then mainly the posterior segment in the last week (day 31). This study showed that a single IVT inj of 5% SPL-hexPLA in rats enabled sustained delivery of therapeutic amounts of SPL for up to 1 month to the retina without systemic exposure. This formulation may be of interest for the local treatment of diseases involving overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the chorioretina such as chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoual Dahmana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Laura Kowalczuk
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Rue du Bugnon 21 , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles , Avenue de France 15 , 1004 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Doris Gabriel
- Apidel SA , Quai du Mont Blanc 29 , 1201 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Rue du Bugnon 21 , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris , INSERM U1138, Team Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris , France.,Hôpital Cochin - Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris , Ophtalmopole , Paris , France
| | - Robert Gurny
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland.,Apidel SA , Quai du Mont Blanc 29 , 1201 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Geneva & University of Lausanne , CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
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69
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Gillespie C, Hall B, Mahmood N, Pettorini B. Complex Cervicomedullary Junction Malformation and Hypoplastic Cerebellar Tonsils following Fetal Repair of Myelomeningocele: Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatr Neurosurg 2020; 55:175-180. [PMID: 32784308 DOI: 10.1159/000509327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the publication of the Management of Myelomeningocele study (MOMS), fetal repair of myelomeningocele (MMC) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. However, limited case presentations exist illustrating the potential mechanical and embryological effects of fetal repair. We present a unique case report of a complex embryological cervicomedullary junction (CMJ) malformation and cerebellar hypoplasia following fetal repair of MMC. CASE DESCRIPTION A 1-day-old female was referred to the paediatric neurosurgical team after having successful surgical intrauterine closure of MMC abroad at 25 weeks gestation. The patient was born by emergency caesarean section at 33 weeks gestation and had a ventricular-peritoneal shunt inserted at 25 days old due to resulting hydrocephalus. Neonatal MRI scans revealed a complex number of malformations that included a split cord located at the CMJ, hypoplasia of the cerebellum and vermis, and a Chiari type II malformation. CONCLUSION It is possible that the clefting of the upper cervical spinal cord was undetected at preoperative MRI; however, this is unlikely given the antenatal images. It is our hypothesis that the malformation may have exhibited mechanical change after the repair, as the preoperative MRI showed only a Chiari II malformation without any of the complex abnormalities being present and the split cord was already there but not obvious. There are no existing reports of such a complex malformation following antenatal surgery in the literature. This should be further explored as more cases and trials become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, .,School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,
| | - Benjamin Hall
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nasim Mahmood
- Department of General Paediatrics, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Pettorini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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70
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Aberrant Oligodendrogenesis in Down Syndrome: Shift in Gliogenesis? Cells 2019; 8:cells8121591. [PMID: 31817891 PMCID: PMC6953000 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most prevalent chromosomal anomaly accounting for cognitive impairment and intellectual disability (ID). Neuropathological changes of DS brains are characterized by a reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, accompanied by hypomyelination and astrogliosis. Recent studies mainly focused on neuronal development in DS, but underestimated the role of glial cells as pathogenic players. Aberrant or impaired differentiation within the oligodendroglial lineage and altered white matter functionality are thought to contribute to central nervous system (CNS) malformations. Given that white matter, comprised of oligodendrocytes and their myelin sheaths, is vital for higher brain function, gathering knowledge about pathways and modulators challenging oligodendrogenesis and cell lineages within DS is essential. This review article discusses to what degree DS-related effects on oligodendroglial cells have been described and presents collected evidence regarding induced cell-fate switches, thereby resulting in an enhanced generation of astrocytes. Moreover, alterations in white matter formation observed in mouse and human post-mortem brains are described. Finally, the rationale for a better understanding of pathways and modulators responsible for the glial cell imbalance as a possible source for future therapeutic interventions is given based on current experience on pro-oligodendroglial treatment approaches developed for demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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71
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Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Glia of the human retina. Glia 2019; 68:768-796. [PMID: 31793693 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human retina contains three types of glial cells: microglia and two types of macroglia, astrocytes and Müller cells. Macroglia provide homeostatic and metabolic support to photoreceptors and neurons required for neuronal activity. The fovea, the site of the sharpest vision which is astrocyte- and microglia-free, contains two populations of Müller glia: cells which form the Müller cell cone in the foveola and z-shaped Müller cells of the foveal walls. Both populations are characterized by morphological and functional differences. Müller cells of the foveola do not support the activity of photoreceptors and neurons, but provide the structural stability of the foveal tissue and improve the light transmission through the tissue to the photoreceptors. This article gives overviews of the glia of the human retina and the structure and function of both Müller cell types in the fovea, and describes the contributions of astrocytes and Müller cells to the ontogenetic development of the fovea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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72
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Conceição R, Evans RS, Pearson CS, Hänzi B, Osborne A, Deshpande SS, Martin KR, Barber AC. Expression of Developmentally Important Axon Guidance Cues in the Adult Optic Chiasm. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:4727-4739. [PMID: 31731293 PMCID: PMC6859889 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Regeneration of optic nerve axons after injury can be facilitated by several approaches, but misguidance at the optic chiasm is often observed. We characterized guidance cues in the embryonic visual system and adult optic chiasm before and after optic nerve crush (ONC) injury to better understand barriers to optic nerve regeneration in adults. Methods Radial glial (RC2/BLBP/Slit1), developmental (Pax2) and extracellular markers (CSPG: H2B/CS-56) were assessed in C57BL/6J mice by immunohistochemistry. RC2, BLBP, Slit1, and CSPG are known inhibitory guidance cues while Pax2 is a permissive guidance cue. Results At embryonic day 15.5 (E.15.5), RC2 and BLBP were identified superior to, and extending through, the optic chiasm. The optic chiasm was BLBP-ve in adult uninjured mice but BLBP+ve in adult mice 10 days after ONC injury. The reverse was true for RC2. Both BLBP and RC2 were absent in adult mice 6 weeks post-ONC. Slit1 was present in the optic chiasm midline and optic tracts in embryonic samples but was absent in uninjured adult tissue. Slit1 was observed superior to and at the midline of the optic chiasm 10 days post-ONC but absent 6 weeks after injury. Pax2 was expressed at the junction between the optic nerve and optic chiasm in embryonic brain tissue. In embryonic sections, CS-56 was observed at the junction between the optic chiasm and optic tract, and immediately superior to the optic chiasm. Both 2H6 and CS-56 staining was absent in uninjured and ONC-injured adult brains. Conclusion Differences in guidance cue expression during development, in adulthood and after injury may contribute to misguidance of regenerating RGC axons in the adult optic chiasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Conceição
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S Evans
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Pearson
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Barbara Hänzi
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Osborne
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarita S Deshpande
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda C Barber
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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73
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Trujillo CA, Gao R, Negraes PD, Gu J, Buchanan J, Preissl S, Wang A, Wu W, Haddad GG, Chaim IA, Domissy A, Vandenberghe M, Devor A, Yeo GW, Voytek B, Muotri AR. Complex Oscillatory Waves Emerging from Cortical Organoids Model Early Human Brain Network Development. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:558-569.e7. [PMID: 31474560 PMCID: PMC6778040 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural and transcriptional changes during early brain maturation follow fixed developmental programs defined by genetics. However, whether this is true for functional network activity remains unknown, primarily due to experimental inaccessibility of the initial stages of the living human brain. Here, we developed human cortical organoids that dynamically change cellular populations during maturation and exhibited consistent increases in electrical activity over the span of several months. The spontaneous network formation displayed periodic and regular oscillatory events that were dependent on glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling. The oscillatory activity transitioned to more spatiotemporally irregular patterns, and synchronous network events resembled features similar to those observed in preterm human electroencephalography. These results show that the development of structured network activity in a human neocortex model may follow stable genetic programming. Our approach provides opportunities for investigating and manipulating the role of network activity in the developing human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard Gao
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Institute for Neural Computation, Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Gu
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Justin Buchanan
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Allen Wang
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alain Domissy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthieu Vandenberghe
- Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anna Devor
- Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bradley Voytek
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Institute for Neural Computation, Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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74
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Tsang JKW, Liu J, Lo ACY. Vascular and Neuronal Protection in the Developing Retina: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Retinopathy of Prematurity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4321. [PMID: 31484463 PMCID: PMC6747312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a common retinal disease in preterm babies. To prolong the lives of preterm babies, high oxygen is provided to mimic the oxygen level in the intrauterine environment for postnatal organ development. However, hyperoxia-hypoxia induced pathological events occur when babies return to room air, leading to ROP with neuronal degeneration and vascular abnormality that affects retinal functions. With advances in neonatal intensive care, it is no longer uncommon for increased survival of very-low-birth-weight preterm infants, which, therefore, increased the incidence of ROP. ROP is now a major cause of preventable childhood blindness worldwide. Current proven treatment for ROP is limited to invasive retinal ablation, inherently destructive to the retina. The lack of pharmacological treatment for ROP creates a great need for effective and safe therapies in these developing infants. Therefore, it is essential to identify potential therapeutic agents that may have positive ROP outcomes, especially in preserving retinal functions. This review gives an overview of various agents in their efficacy in reducing retinal damages in cell culture tests, animal experiments and clinical studies. New perspectives along the neuroprotective pathways in the developing retina are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K W Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy C Y Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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75
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Culjat M, Milošević NJ. Callosal septa express guidance cues and are paramedian guideposts for human corpus callosum development. J Anat 2019; 235:670-686. [PMID: 31070791 PMCID: PMC6704273 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The early development and growth of the corpus callosum are supported by several midline transient structures in mammals that include callosal septa (CS), which are present only in the second half of gestation in humans. Here we provide new data that support the guidance role of CS in corpus callosum development, derived from the analysis of 46 postmortem fetal brains, ranging in age from 16 to 40 post conception weeks (PCW). Using immunohistochemical methods, we show the expression pattern of guidance cues ephrinA4 and neogenin, extracellular protein fibronectin, as well as non-activated microglia in the CS. We found that the dynamic changes in expression of guidance cues, cellular and extracellular matrix constituents in the CS correlate well with the growth course of the corpus callosum at midsagittal level. The CS reach and maintain their developmental maximum between 20 and 26 PCW and can be visualized as hypointense structures in the ventral callosal portion with ex vivo (in vitro) T2-weighted 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The maximum of septal development overlaps with an increase in the callosal midsagittal area, whereas the slow, gradual resolution of CS coincides with a plateau of midsagittal callosal growth. The recognition of CS existence in human fetal brain and the ability to visualize them by ex vivoMRI attributes a potential diagnostic value to these transient structures, as advancement in imaging technologies will likely also enable in vivoMRI visualization of the CS in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Culjat
- MedStar Georgetown University HospitalWashingtonDCUSA
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76
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Volpe JJ. Dysmaturation of Premature Brain: Importance, Cellular Mechanisms, and Potential Interventions. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 95:42-66. [PMID: 30975474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prematurity, especially preterm birth (less than 32 weeks' gestation), is common and associated with high rates of both survival and neurodevelopmental disability, especially apparent in cognitive spheres. The neuropathological substrate of this disability is now recognized to be related to a variety of dysmaturational disturbances of the brain. These disturbances follow initial brain injury, particularly cerebral white matter injury, and involve many of the extraordinary array of developmental events active in cerebral white and gray matter structures during the premature period. This review delineates these developmental events and the dysmaturational disturbances that occur in premature infants. The cellular mechanisms involved in the genesis of the dysmaturation are emphasized, with particular focus on the preoligodendrocyte. A central role for the diffusely distributed activated microglia and reactive astrocytes in the dysmaturation is now apparent. As these dysmaturational cellular mechanisms appear to occur over a relatively long time window, interventions to prevent or ameliorate the dysmaturation, that is, neurorestorative interventions, seem possible. Such interventions include pharmacologic agents, especially erythropoietin, and particular attention has also been paid to such nutritional factors as quality and source of milk, breastfeeding, polyunsaturated fatty acids, iron, and zinc. Recent studies also suggest a potent role for interventions directed at various experiential factors in the neonatal period and infancy, i.e., provision of optimal auditory and visual exposures, minimization of pain and stress, and a variety of other means of environmental behavioral enrichment, in enhancing brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Volpe
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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77
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Petanjek Z, Sedmak D, Džaja D, Hladnik A, Rašin MR, Jovanov-Milosevic N. The Protracted Maturation of Associative Layer IIIC Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Prefrontal Cortex During Childhood: A Major Role in Cognitive Development and Selective Alteration in Autism. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30923504 PMCID: PMC6426783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human specific cognitive shift starts around the age of 2 years with the onset of self-awareness, and continues with extraordinary increase in cognitive capacities during early childhood. Diffuse changes in functional connectivity in children aged 2-6 years indicate an increase in the capacity of cortical network. Interestingly, structural network complexity does not increase during this time and, thus, it is likely to be induced by selective maturation of a specific neuronal subclass. Here, we provide an overview of a subclass of cortico-cortical neurons, the associative layer IIIC pyramids of the human prefrontal cortex. Their local axonal collaterals are in control of the prefrontal cortico-cortical output, while their long projections modulate inter-areal processing. In this way, layer IIIC pyramids are the major integrative element of cortical processing, and changes in their connectivity patterns will affect global cortical functioning. Layer IIIC neurons have a unique pattern of dendritic maturation. In contrast to other classes of principal neurons, they undergo an additional phase of extensive dendritic growth during early childhood, and show characteristic molecular changes. Taken together, circuits associated with layer IIIC neurons have the most protracted period of developmental plasticity. This unique feature is advanced but also provides a window of opportunity for pathological events to disrupt normal formation of cognitive circuits involving layer IIIC neurons. In this manuscript, we discuss how disrupted dendritic and axonal maturation of layer IIIC neurons may lead into global cortical disconnectivity, affecting development of complex communication and social abilities. We also propose a model that developmentally dictated incorporation of layer IIIC neurons into maturing cortico-cortical circuits between 2 to 6 years will reveal a previous (perinatal) lesion affecting other classes of principal neurons. This "disclosure" of pre-existing functionally silent lesions of other neuronal classes induced by development of layer IIIC associative neurons, or their direct alteration, could be found in different forms of autism spectrum disorders. Understanding the gene-environment interaction in shaping cognitive microcircuitries may be fundamental for developing rehabilitation and prevention strategies in autism spectrum and other cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Džaja
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mladen Roko Rašin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milosevic
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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78
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Down syndrome: Neurobiological alterations and therapeutic targets. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:234-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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79
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Lee HC, Md Yusof HH, Leong MPY, Zainal Abidin S, Seth EA, Hewitt CA, Vidyadaran S, Nordin N, Scott HS, Cheah PS, Ling KH. Gene and protein expression profiles of JAK-STAT signalling pathway in the developing brain of the Ts1Cje down syndrome mouse model. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:871-881. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1580280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chung Lee
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hadri Hadi Md Yusof
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Melody Pui-Yee Leong
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shahidee Zainal Abidin
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eryse Amira Seth
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chelsee A. Hewitt
- Department of Pathology, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharmili Vidyadaran
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamish S. Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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80
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Duncan MJ. Interacting influences of aging and Alzheimer's disease on circadian rhythms. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:310-325. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J. Duncan
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Kentucky Medical School Lexington Kentucky
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81
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Barbaresi P, Mensà E, Sagrati A, Graciotti L. Postnatal development of the distribution of nitric oxide-producing neurons in the rat corpus callosum. Neurosci Res 2019; 151:15-30. [PMID: 30796928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The postnatal development of nitric oxide (NO)-producing intracallosal neurons was studied in rats by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry from postnatal day 0 (P0) to P30. NADPH-d-positive neurons (NADPH-d+Ns) were detected already at P0, mainly in the rostral region of the corpus callosum (cc). Their location and the intensity of staining allowed them to be classified as type I NO-producing neurons. At P0, tufts of intensely labeled fibers, probably corresponding to the callosal septa described in the monkey and human cc, entered the ventral cc region and reached its dorsal portion. From P5, cell bodies and dendrites were often associated to blood vessels. The number of intracallosal NADPH-d+Ns rose in the first postnatal days to peak at P5, it declined until P10, and then remained almost constant until P30. Their size increased from P0 to P30, dramatically so (>65%) from P0 to P15. From P10 onward their distribution was adult-like, i.e. NADPH-d+Ns were more numerous in the lateral and intermediate portions of the cc and diminished close to the midline. In conjunction with previous data, these findings indicate that intracallosal NADPH-d+Ns could have a role in callosal axon guidance, myelination, refinement processes, and callosal blood flow regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Barbaresi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60020, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mensà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60020, Ancona, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Sagrati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Graciotti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60020, Ancona, Italy
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82
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The Density of Cell Nuclei at the Materno-Fetal Exchange Barrier is Sexually Dimorphic in Normal Placentas, but not in IUGR. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2359. [PMID: 30787322 PMCID: PMC6382753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental sexual dimorphism is of special interest in prenatal programming. Various postnatal diseases with gender dependent incidence, especially neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, have prenatal risk factors established. However, the functional relevance of placental microarchitecture in prenatal programming is poorly investigated, mainly due to a lack of statistically efficient methods. We hypothesized that the recently established 3D microscopic analysis of villous trees would be able to identify microscopic structural correlates of human placental sexual dimorphism. We analyzed the density of cell nuclei of villous trophoblast, i.e. the materno-fetal exchange barrier, in placentas from term pregnancies. The cell nuclei were grouped into proliferative and non-proliferative nuclei by detection of a proliferation marker (PCNA). Normal female placentas showed a higher density of non-proliferating nuclei (PCNA-negative) in villous trophoblast than normal male placentas. The density of PCNA-negative cell nuclei was higher in placentas of pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) than in control placentas. The data of the present study shows that the density of non-proliferative cell nuclei in the syncytial layer of villous trophoblast is influenced by fetal sex and by IUGR, while proliferation remains unchanged. A novel concept of post-fusion regulation of syncytial structure and function is proposed.
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83
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Simkin JE, Zhang D, Stamp LA, Newgreen DF. Fine scale differences within the vagal neural crest for enteric nervous system formation. Dev Biol 2019; 446:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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84
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Abo El-Maali N, Badr G, Sayed D, Adam R, Abd El Wahab G. Enhanced susceptibility to apoptosis and growth arrest of human breast carcinoma cells treated with silica nanoparticles loaded with monohydroxy flavone compounds. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:513-525. [PMID: 30640511 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of drug-resistant cancer is a clinical challenge, hence screening for novel anticancer drugs is critically important. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor potential of three plant-derived flavone compounds: 3-hydroxy flavone (3-HF), 6-hydroxy flavone (6-HF), and 7-hydroxy flavone (7-HF), either alone or combined with silica nanoparticles (3-HF + NP, 6-HF + NP, and 7-HF + NP), on the human breast carcinoma cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, as well as on non-tumorigenic normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10). The IC50 values of these flavone compounds loaded with NP (flavones + NP) in these cell lines were determined to be 1.5 μg/mL without affecting the viability of normal MCF-10 cells. Additionally, using annexin V - propidium iodide double-staining followed by flow cytometry analysis, we found that the combination of flavones with NP significantly induced apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Furthermore, flavones + NP increased the expression of cytochrome c and caspase-9, mediating the growth arrest of these cancer cells. Most importantly, the combination of flavones with NP significantly abolished the expression of ATF-3, which is responsible for the proliferation and invasion of bone-metastatic breast cancer cells. Our data revealed the potential therapeutic effects of these flavones in fighting breast cancer cells, and provide the first insights concerning the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa Abo El-Maali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.,Multidisciplinary Research Centre of Excellence, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Gamal Badr
- Laboratory of Immunology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Douaa Sayed
- Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Randa Adam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Gamal Abd El Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
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85
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Mellough CB, Bauer R, Collin J, Dorgau B, Zerti D, Dolan DWP, Jones CM, Izuogu OG, Yu M, Hallam D, Steyn JS, White K, Steel DH, Santibanez-Koref M, Elliott DJ, Jackson MS, Lindsay S, Grellscheid S, Lako M. An integrated transcriptional analysis of the developing human retina. Development 2019; 146:146/2/dev169474. [PMID: 30696714 PMCID: PMC6361134 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity of embryonic/foetal material as a resource for direct study means that there is still limited understanding of human retina development. Here, we present an integrated transcriptome analysis combined with immunohistochemistry in human eye and retinal samples from 4 to 19 post-conception weeks. This analysis reveals three developmental windows with specific gene expression patterns that informed the sequential emergence of retinal cell types and enabled identification of stage-specific cellular and biological processes, and transcriptional regulators. Each stage is characterised by a specific set of alternatively spliced transcripts that code for proteins involved in the formation of the photoreceptor connecting cilium, pre-mRNA splicing and epigenetic modifiers. Importantly, our data show that the transition from foetal to adult retina is characterised by a large increase in the percentage of mutually exclusive exons that code for proteins involved in photoreceptor maintenance. The circular RNA population is also defined and shown to increase during retinal development. Collectively, these data increase our understanding of human retinal development and the pre-mRNA splicing process, and help to identify new candidate disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B. Mellough
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK,Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun Street, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Roman Bauer
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK
| | - Joseph Collin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Birthe Dorgau
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Darin Zerti
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - David W. P. Dolan
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Carl M. Jones
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Osagie G. Izuogu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK,European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Min Yu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Dean Hallam
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jannetta S. Steyn
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kathryn White
- EM Research Services, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David H. Steel
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | | | - David J. Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Michael S. Jackson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Sushma Grellscheid
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
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86
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Kostović I, Sedmak G, Judaš M. Neural histology and neurogenesis of the human fetal and infant brain. Neuroimage 2018; 188:743-773. [PMID: 30594683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain develops slowly and over a long period of time which lasts for almost three decades. This enables good spatio-temporal resolution of histogenetic and neurogenetic events as well as an appropriate and clinically relevant timing of these events. In order to successfully apply in vivo neuroimaging data, in analyzing both the normal brain development and the neurodevelopmental origin of major neurological and mental disorders, it is important to correlate these neuroimaging data with the existing data on morphogenetic, histogenetic and neurogenetic events. Furthermore, when performing such correlation, the genetic, genomic, and molecular biology data on phenotypic specification of developing brain regions, areas and neurons should also be included. In this review, we focus on early developmental periods (form 8 postconceptional weeks to the second postnatal year) and describe the microstructural organization and neural circuitry elements of the fetal and early postnatal human cerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kostović
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - G Sedmak
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - M Judaš
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Šalata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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87
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Žunić Išasegi I, Radoš M, Krsnik Ž, Radoš M, Benjak V, Kostović I. Interactive histogenesis of axonal strata and proliferative zones in the human fetal cerebral wall. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3919-3943. [PMID: 30094607 PMCID: PMC6267252 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of the cerebral wall is characterized by partially overlapping histogenetic events. However, little is known with regards to when, where, and how growing axonal pathways interact with progenitor cell lineages in the proliferative zones of the human fetal cerebrum. We analyzed the developmental continuity and spatial distribution of the axonal sagittal strata (SS) and their relationship with proliferative zones in a series of human brains (8-40 post-conceptional weeks; PCW) by comparing histological, histochemical, and immunocytochemical data with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Between 8.5 and 11 PCW, thalamocortical fibers from the intermediate zone (IZ) were initially dispersed throughout the subventricular zone (SVZ), while sizeable axonal "invasion" occurred between 12.5 and 15 PCW followed by callosal fibers which "delaminated" the ventricular zone-inner SVZ from the outer SVZ (OSVZ). During midgestation, the SS extensively invaded the OSVZ, separating cell bands, and a new multilaminar axonal-cellular compartment (MACC) was formed. Preterm period reveals increased complexity of the MACC in terms of glial architecture and the thinning of proliferative bands. The addition of associative fibers and the formation of the centrum semiovale separated the SS from the subplate. In vivo MRI of the occipital SS indicates a "triplet" structure of alternating hypointense and hyperintense bands. Our results highlighted the developmental continuity of sagittally oriented "corridors" of projection, commissural and associative fibers, and histogenetic interaction with progenitors, neurons, and glia. Histogenetical changes in the MACC, and consequently, delineation of the SS on MRI, may serve as a relevant indicator of white matter microstructural integrity in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Žunić Išasegi
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centar of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centar of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centar of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Radoš
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Benjak
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centar of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
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88
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Wilke M, Groeschel S, Lorenzen A, Rona S, Schuhmann MU, Ernemann U, Krägeloh‐Mann I. Clinical application of advanced MR methods in children: points to consider. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1434-1455. [PMID: 30480038 PMCID: PMC6243383 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of both functional MRI and diffusion MR tractography prior to a neurosurgical operation is well established in adults, but less so in children, for several reasons. For this review, we have identified several aspects (task design, subject preparation, actual scanning session, data processing, interpretation of results, and decision-making) where pediatric peculiarities should be taken into account. Further, we not only systematically identify common issues, but also provide solutions, based on our experience as well as a review of the pertinent literature. The aim is to provide the clinician as well as the imaging scientist with information that helps to plan, conduct, and interpret such a clinically-indicated exam in a way that maximizes benefit for, and minimizes the burden on the individual child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Wilke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental MedicineChildren's HospitalTuebingenGermany
- Children's Hospital and Department of NeuroradiologyExperimental Pediatric NeuroimagingTuebingenGermany
| | - Samuel Groeschel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental MedicineChildren's HospitalTuebingenGermany
- Children's Hospital and Department of NeuroradiologyExperimental Pediatric NeuroimagingTuebingenGermany
| | - Anna Lorenzen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental MedicineChildren's HospitalTuebingenGermany
- Children's Hospital and Department of NeuroradiologyExperimental Pediatric NeuroimagingTuebingenGermany
| | - Sabine Rona
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity HospitalTuebingenGermany
| | | | - Ulrike Ernemann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity HospitalUniversity of TübingenTuebingenGermany
| | - Ingeborg Krägeloh‐Mann
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental MedicineChildren's HospitalTuebingenGermany
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89
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Discovering the Health Promoting Potential of Fermented Papaya Preparation—Its Future Perspectives for the Dietary Management of Oxidative Stress During Diabetes. FERMENTATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation4040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The simplistic morphological characteristics of Carica papaya fruit or “pawpaw” should not be the cause for underestimating its potential as a nutraceutical. The market for papaya has been expanding at a staggering rate, partly due to its applicability as a biofortified product, but also due to its phytochemical properties and traditional health benefits. Papaya or formulations of fermented papaya promotion (FPP) display effective free radical scavenging abilities thought to be influenced by its phenolic, carotenoid, flavonoid, or amino acid profile. The antioxidant properties of FPP have been extensively reported in literature to potently target a broad spectrum of free radical-induced diseases ranging from neurological impairments, such as senile dementia, to systemic diseases, to its interference at the cellular level and the support of normal biological ageing processes. FPP has thus been extensively investigated for its ability to exert cellular protective effects and reduce oxidative stress via the mitigation of genetic damage, reduction of lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic inactivation in specific diseases. The focus of this review is to appraise the potential of oxidative stress reduction strategies of FPP and discuss its holistic approach in disease prevention and management, with a particular focus on diabetes and cancer. However, with the current lack of information surrounding its mechanism of action, this review wishes to set the stage and aspire researchers to more profoundly investigate molecular pathways related to how FPP can unequivocally contribute to wellness in an aging population.
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90
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Rocchi F, Ramachandran R. Neuronal adaptation to sound statistics in the inferior colliculus of behaving macaques does not reduce the effectiveness of the masking noise. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2819-2833. [PMID: 30256735 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00875.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The detectability of target sounds embedded within noisy backgrounds is affected by the regularities that summarize acoustic sceneries. Previous studies suggested that the dynamic range of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of anesthetized guinea pigs shifts toward the mean sound pressure level in irregular acoustic environments. Yet, it is unclear how this neuronal adaptation processes may influence the effectiveness of sounds as a masker, both behaviorally and in terms of neuronal encoding. To answer this question, we measured the neural response of IC neurons while macaque monkeys performed a Go/No-Go tone detection task. Macaques detected a 50-ms tone that was either simultaneously gated with a burst of noise or embedded within a continuous noise background, whose levels were randomly sampled (every 50 ms) from a probability distribution. The mean of the distribution matched the level of the gated burst of noise. Psychometric and IC neurometric thresholds to tones did not differ between the two masking conditions. However, the neuronal firing rate versus level function was significantly affected by the temporal characteristics of the noise masker. Simultaneously gated noise caused higher baseline responses and greater dynamic range compression compared with noise distribution. The slopes of psychometric and neurometric functions were significantly shallower for higher variance distributions, suggesting that neuronal sensitivity might change with the variability of the sound. Our results suggest that the adaptive response of IC neurons to sound regularities does not affect the effectiveness of the noise-masking signal, which remains invariant to surrounding noise amplitudes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Auditory neurons adapt to the statistics of sound levels in the acoustic scene. However, it is still unclear to what extent such adaptation influences the effectiveness of the stimulus as a masker. Our study represents the first attempt to investigate how the adaptation to the statistics of masking stimuli may be related to the effectiveness of masking, and to the single-unit encoding of the midbrain auditory neurons in behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rocchi
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ramnarayan Ramachandran
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
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91
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Ramos MF, Baker J, Atzpodien EA, Bach U, Brassard J, Cartwright J, Farman C, Fishman C, Jacobsen M, Junker-Walker U, Kuper F, Moreno MCR, Rittinghausen S, Schafer K, Tanaka K, Teixeira L, Yoshizawa K, Zhang H. Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Ratand Mouse Special Sense Organs(Ocular [eye and glands], Olfactory and Otic). J Toxicol Pathol 2018; 31:97S-214S. [PMID: 30158741 PMCID: PMC6108092 DOI: 10.1293/tox.31.97s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Baker
- Member of eye subgroup
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Ute Bach
- Member of eye subgroup
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Cindy Fishman
- Member of eye subgroup
- Member of glands of the eye subgroup
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Frieke Kuper
- Member of olfactory subgroup
- Retired; formerly The Netherlands Organization for Applied
Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ken Schafer
- Member of eye subgroup
- Member of otic subgroup
- Vet Path Services, Inc., Mason, OH, USA
| | - Kohji Tanaka
- Member of eye subgroup
- Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Japan
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92
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Mérida S, Sancho-Tello M, Almansa I, Desco C, Peris C, Moreno ML, Villar VM, Navea A, Bosch-Morell F. Bevacizumab Diminishes Inflammation in an Acute Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis Model. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:649. [PMID: 29971005 PMCID: PMC6018210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Uveitis is an eye disease characterized by inflammation of the uvea and an early and exhaustive diagnosis is essential for its treatment. The aim of our study is to assess the potential toxicity and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Bevacizumab in an experimental uveitis model by subcutaneously injecting lipopolysaccharide into Lewis rats and to clarify its mechanism. Material and Methods: Blood-aqueous barrier integrity was assessed 24 h after endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) by analyzing two parameters: cell count and protein concentration in aqueous humors. Histopathology of all eye structures was also studied. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent analyses of the aqueous humor samples were performed in order to calculate the diverse chemokine and cytokine protein levels and oxidative stress-related markers were also evaluated. Results: The aqueous humor's cellular content significantly increased in the group treated with only Bevacizumab, but it had no effect on retina histopathological grading. Nevertheless, the inflammation noted in ocular structures when administering Bevacizumab with endotoxin was mostly prevented since aqueous humor cell content considerably lowered, and concomitantly with a sharp drop in uveal, vitreous, and retina histopathological grading. The values of the multi-faceted cytokine IL-2 also significantly decreased (p < 0.05 vs. endotoxin group), and the protective IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines values rose with related anti-oxidant system recovery (p < 0.05 vs. endotoxin group). Concurrently, some related M1 macrophage chemokines substantially increased, e.g., GRO/KC, a chemokine that also displays any kind of protective role. Conclusion: All these results revealed that 24 h after being administered, Bevacizumab treatment in EIU significantly prevented inflammation in various eye structures and correct results in efficacy vs. toxicity balance were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Mérida
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Inmaculada Almansa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Desco
- Department of Medical Ophtalmology, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Peris
- Department of Medical Ophtalmology, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari-Luz Moreno
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vincent M. Villar
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Navea
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Bosch-Morell
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medical Ophtalmology, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
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93
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Relationship between Angular Measurements and Facial Shape of Young Ivorians with Normal Dental Occlusion. ScientificWorldJournal 2018; 2018:6395910. [PMID: 29681778 PMCID: PMC5845526 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6395910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to perform an analysis of angular measurements (from both the full face and profile), according to shapes of the human face. Method It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study of 108 black Ivorian subjects. For each subject selected, two standardized photographs (full face and profile) were taken, followed by anthropometric measurements. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 statistics software for Windows. Results In the present work, the faces were considered according to three particular qualifiers: broad face, medium face, and narrow face. Thus, 45.37% of the faces in this study were large, 31.48% on average, and 23.15% narrow. The interlabial angles of average face and long face were wider than that of large face with p < 0.01. The angle of the facial width was higher for large face and average face, compared to narrow face (p < 0.001). Conclusion Median and bilateral angles lead to rational understanding of the various shapes of the human face.
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94
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Bringmann A, Syrbe S, Görner K, Kacza J, Francke M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A. The primate fovea: Structure, function and development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 66:49-84. [PMID: 29609042 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A fovea is a pitted invagination in the inner retinal tissue (fovea interna) that overlies an area of photoreceptors specialized for high acuity vision (fovea externa). Although the shape of the vertebrate fovea varies considerably among the species, there are two basic types. The retina of many predatory fish, reptilians, and birds possess one (or two) convexiclivate fovea(s), while the retina of higher primates contains a concaviclivate fovea. By refraction of the incoming light, the convexiclivate fovea may function as image enlarger, focus indicator, and movement detector. By centrifugal displacement of the inner retinal layers, which increases the transparency of the central foveal tissue (the foveola), the primate fovea interna improves the quality of the image received by the central photoreceptors. In this review, we summarize ‒ with the focus on Müller cells of the human and macaque fovea ‒ data regarding the structure of the primate fovea, discuss various aspects of the optical function of the fovea, and propose a model of foveal development. The "Müller cell cone" of the foveola comprises specialized Müller cells which do not support neuronal activity but may serve optical and structural functions. In addition to the "Müller cell cone", structural stabilization of the foveal morphology may be provided by the 'z-shaped' Müller cells of the fovea walls, via exerting tractional forces onto Henle fibers. The spatial distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein may suggest that the foveola and the Henle fiber layer are subjects to mechanical stress. During development, the foveal pit is proposed to be formed by a vertical contraction of the centralmost Müller cells. After widening of the foveal pit likely mediated by retracting astrocytes, Henle fibers are formed by horizontal contraction of Müller cell processes in the outer plexiform layer and the centripetal displacement of photoreceptors. A better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and mechanical factors involved in the developmental morphogenesis and the structural stabilization of the fovea may help to explain the (patho-) genesis of foveal hypoplasia and macular holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Görner
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Álvarez-Hernán G, Sánchez-Resino E, Hernández-Núñez I, Marzal A, Rodríguez-León J, Martín-Partido G, Francisco-Morcillo J. Retinal histogenesis in an altricial avian species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata, Vieillot 1817). J Anat 2018; 233:106-120. [PMID: 29582431 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative developmental studies have shown that the retina of altricial fish and mammals is incompletely developed at birth, and that, during the first days of life, maturation proceeds rapidly. In contrast, precocial fish and mammals are born with fully differentiated retinas. Concerning birds, knowledge about retinal development is generally restricted to a single order of precocial birds, Galliformes, due to the fact that both the chicken and the Japanese quail are considered model systems. However, comparison of embryonic pre-hatchling retinal development between altricial and precocial birds has been poorly explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphogenesis and histogenesis of the retina in the altricial zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata, Vieillot 1817) and compare the results with those from previous studies in the precocial chicken. Several maturational features (morphogenesis of the optic vesicle and optic cup, appearance of the first differentiated neurons, the period in which the non-apical cell divisions are observable, and the emergence of the plexiform layers) were found to occur at later stages in the zebra finch than in the chicken. At hatching, the retina of T. guttata showed the typical cytoarchitecture of the mature tissue, although features of immaturity were still observable, such as a ganglion cell layer containing many thick cells, very thin plexiform layers, and poorly developed photoreceptors. Moreover, abundant mitotic activity was detected in the entire retina, even in the regions where the layering was complete. The circumferential marginal zone was very prominent and showed abundant mitotic activity. The partially undifferentiated stage of maturation at hatching makes the T. guttata retina an appropriate model with which to study avian postnatal retinal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-Resino
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ismael Hernández-Núñez
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Marzal
- Área de Zoología, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Área de Anatomía Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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96
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Joyeux L, De Bie F, Danzer E, Van Mieghem T, Flake AW, Deprest J. Safety and efficacy of fetal surgery techniques to close a spina bifida defect in the fetal lamb model: A systematic review. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:231-242. [PMID: 29388237 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and efficacy of different neurosurgical techniques for closure of spina bifida (SB) in the fetal lamb model. METHOD Systematic review of studies reporting on fetal lambs undergoing induction and closure of SB compared with non-operated normal lambs (negative controls) and/or lambs not undergoing closure of the defect (positive controls). Primary outcomes were (1) survival at birth (safety) and/or (2) presence of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on hind limbs and/or improvement in quantitative histological spinal cord findings and/or reversal of hindbrain herniation (efficacy). RESULTS Out of 1311, 36 full-text articles were eligible. Nineteen were included for quality assessment. Due to high bias, only 2 adequately powered studies were included in the final analysis. An open approach using a 2-layer closure (muscle flap or acellular-dermal-matrix patch plus skin) was the only safe (patch + skin) and effective (both techniques) technique for prenatal closure in this animal model. No comparable level of evidence was identified for other techniques. CONCLUSION The experimental literature on prenatal SB closure underscores the lack of standardization. At present, there is animal experimental evidence that a 2-layer closure by hysterotomy is safe and effective. This technique is currently clinically used in a subset of patients. As new clinical techniques are introduced, it would seem logic to preclinically validate them against this experimental standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Joyeux
- Academic Department Development and Regeneration, Cluster Organ Systems, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Surgical Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Felix De Bie
- Center for Surgical Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enrico Danzer
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Children's Center for Fetal Research, Abramson Research center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tim Van Mieghem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Medicine Unit, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alan W Flake
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Children's Center for Fetal Research, Abramson Research center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jan Deprest
- Academic Department Development and Regeneration, Cluster Organ Systems, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Surgical Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Woman and Child, Fetal Medicine Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Women's Health, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
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97
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Orexin-B modulates synaptic transmission of rod bipolar cells in rat retina. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:38-50. [PMID: 29325900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A, -B play a crucial role in arousal and feeding by activating two G-protein-coupled receptors: orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) and orexin receptor 2 (OX2R). Orexins, along with orexin receptors, are expressed in retinal neurons, and they have been shown to differentially modulate excitatory AMPA receptors of amacrine and ganglion cells in the inner retina. In this work we report that orexin-B modulates the activity of rod bipolar cells (RBCs) located in the outer retina of rat. Intravitreal injection of orexin-B increased the amplitude of the scotopic electroretinographic b-wave, a reflection of RBC activity, recorded in vivo. Patch clamp recordings in rat retinal slices showed that orexin-B did not change glutamatergic excitatory component of the RBC response driven by photoreceptors. Effects of orexin-B on GABA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission of RBCs were then examined. In retinal slice preparations orexin-B suppressed GABA receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents of RBCs in the inner plexiform layer. Furthermore, using whole-cell recordings in isolated RBCs it was shown that orexin-B suppressed GABAC receptor-, but not GABAA receptor-, mediated currents of the RBCs, an effect that was blocked by OX1R and OX2R antagonists. The orexin-B-induced inhibition of GABAC currents was likely mediated by a Gi/o/PC-PLC/Ca2+-independent PKC signaling pathway, as such inhibition was absent when each step of the above-pathway was blocked with GDP-β-S/pertussis toxin (for Gi/o), D609 (for PLC), bisindolylmaleimide IV (for PKC)/rottlerin (for PKCδ), respectively. The orexin-B-induced potentiation of RBC activity may improve visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of the animal during the dark period (wake phase).
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98
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Stagni F, Giacomini A, Emili M, Guidi S, Bartesaghi R. Neurogenesis impairment: An early developmental defect in Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:15-32. [PMID: 28756311 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by brain hypotrophy and intellectual disability starting from early life stages. Accumulating evidence shows that the phenotypic features of the DS brain can be traced back to the fetal period since the DS brain exhibits proliferation potency reduction starting from the critical time window of fetal neurogenesis. This defect is worsened by the fact that neural progenitor cells exhibit reduced acquisition of a neuronal phenotype and an increase in the acquisition of an astrocytic phenotype. Consequently, the DS brain has fewer neurons in comparison with the typical brain. Although apoptotic cell death may be increased in DS, this does not seem to be the major cause of brain hypocellularity. Evidence obtained in brains of individuals with DS, DS-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and DS mouse models has provided some insight into the mechanisms underlying the developmental defects due to the trisomic condition. Although many triplicated genes may be involved, in the light of the studies reviewed here, DYRK1A, APP, RCAN1 and OLIG1/2 appear to be particularly important determinants of many neurodevelopmental alterations that characterize DS because their triplication affects both the proliferation and fate of neural precursor cells as well as apoptotic cell death. Based on the evidence reviewed here, pathways downstream to these genes may represent strategic targets, for the design of possible interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Stagni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Emili
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Guidi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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99
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Van Cruchten S, Vrolyk V, Perron Lepage MF, Baudon M, Voute H, Schoofs S, Haruna J, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Ruot B, Allegaert K. Pre- and Postnatal Development of the Eye: A Species Comparison. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:1540-1567. [PMID: 28941218 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review paper, literature data on pre- and postnatal eye development are compared between humans and nonclinical species that are commonly used for human safety assessment, namely, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, minipig, and nonhuman primates. Some new data on rat and minipig ocular development are also included. This compiled information can be helpful for species selection in juvenile toxicity studies or assist in the interpretation of (non)clinical data during pediatric drug development. Despite some differences in developmental windows and anatomical peculiarities, such as the lack of a fovea centralis in nonprimate species or the presence of a nictitating membrane in some nonclinical species, the functioning and development of the eye is strikingly similar between humans and other mammals. As such, all commonly used nonclinical species appear to be relatively good models for human eye development, although some practical constraints such as size may be a limiting factor. Birth Defects Research 109:1540-1567, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Vrolyk
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | | | - Marie Baudon
- Charles River, Safety Assessment, Saint-Germain-Nuelles, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Voute
- Charles River, Safety Assessment, Saint-Germain-Nuelles, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Benoît Ruot
- Charles River, Safety Assessment, Saint-Germain-Nuelles, Lyon, France
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Intensive Care and Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of development and regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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100
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Leigh BL, Cheng E, Linjing X, Andresen C, Hansen MR, Guymon CA. Photopolymerizable Zwitterionic Polymer Patterns Control Cell Adhesion and Guide Neural Growth. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2389-2401. [PMID: 28671816 PMCID: PMC6372952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing materials that reduce or eliminate fibrosis encapsulation of neural prosthetic implants could significantly enhance implant fidelity by improving the tissue/electrode array interface. Here, we report on the photografting and patterning of two zwitterionic materials, sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA), for controlling the adhesion and directionality of cells relevant to neural prosthetics. CBMA and SBMA polymers were photopolymerized and grafted on glass surfaces then characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle, and protein adsorption. Micropatterned surfaces were fabricated with alternating zwitterionic and uncoated bands. Fibroblasts, cells prevalent in fibrotic tissue, almost exclusively migrate and grow on uncoated bands with little to no cells present on zwitterionic bands, especially for CBMA-coated surfaces. Astrocytes and Schwann cells showed similarly low levels of cell adhesion and morphology changes when cultured on zwitterionic surfaces. Additionally, Schwann cells and inner ear spiral ganglion neuron neurites aligned well to zwitterionic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden L. Leigh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Elise Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xu Linjing
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Corinne Andresen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marlan R. Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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