1051
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Clarke G, Cryan JF. Preface: The Gut Microbiome and Behavior under the microscope: Where to focus? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:xv-xxiii. [PMID: 27793229 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(16)30165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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1052
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Kigerl KA, Hall JCE, Wang L, Mo X, Yu Z, Popovich PG. Gut dysbiosis impairs recovery after spinal cord injury. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2603-2620. [PMID: 27810921 PMCID: PMC5110012 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kigerl et al. show that spinal cord injury causes profound changes in gut microbiota and that these changes in gut ecology are associated with activation of GALT immune cells. They show that feeding mice probiotics after SCI confers neuroprotection and improves functional recovery. The trillions of microbes that exist in the gastrointestinal tract have emerged as pivotal regulators of mammalian development and physiology. Disruption of this gut microbiome, a process known as dysbiosis, causes or exacerbates various diseases, but whether gut dysbiosis affects recovery of neurological function or lesion pathology after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is unknown. Data in this study show that SCI increases intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation from the gut. These changes are associated with immune cell activation in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) and significant changes in the composition of both major and minor gut bacterial taxa. Postinjury changes in gut microbiota persist for at least one month and predict the magnitude of locomotor impairment. Experimental induction of gut dysbiosis in naive mice before SCI (e.g., via oral delivery of broad-spectrum antibiotics) exacerbates neurological impairment and spinal cord pathology after SCI. Conversely, feeding SCI mice commercial probiotics (VSL#3) enriched with lactic acid–producing bacteria triggers a protective immune response in GALTs and confers neuroprotection with improved locomotor recovery. Our data reveal a previously unknown role for the gut microbiota in influencing recovery of neurological function and neuropathology after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jodie C E Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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1053
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Slattery J, MacFabe DF, Frye RE. The Significance of the Enteric Microbiome on the Development of Childhood Disease: A Review of Prebiotic and Probiotic Therapies in Disorders of Childhood. Clin Med Insights Pediatr 2016; 10:91-107. [PMID: 27774001 PMCID: PMC5063840 DOI: 10.4137/cmped.s38338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the fact that the enteric microbiome, the trillions of microbes that inhabit the human digestive tract, has a significant effect on health and disease. Methods for manipulating the enteric microbiome, particularly through probiotics and microbial ecosystem transplantation, have undergone some study in clinical trials. We review some of the evidence for microbiome alteration in relation to childhood disease and discuss the clinical trials that have examined the manipulation of the microbiome in an effort to prevent or treat childhood disease with a primary focus on probiotics, prebiotics, and/or synbiotics (ie, probiotics + prebiotics). Studies show that alterations in the microbiome may be a consequence of events occurring during infancy and/or childhood such as prematurity, C-sections, and nosocomial infections. In addition, certain childhood diseases have been associated with microbiome alterations, namely necrotizing enterocolitis, infantile colic, asthma, atopic disease, gastrointestinal disease, diabetes, malnutrition, mood/anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders. Treatment studies suggest that probiotics are potentially protective against the development of some of these diseases. Timing and duration of treatment, the optimal probiotic strain(s), and factors that may alter the composition and function of the microbiome are still in need of further research. Other treatments such as prebiotics, fecal microbial transplantation, and antibiotics have limited evidence. Future translational work, in vitro models, long-term and follow-up studies, and guidelines for the composition and viability of probiotic and microbial therapies need to be developed. Overall, there is promising evidence that manipulating the microbiome with probiotics early in life can help prevent or reduce the severity of some childhood diseases, but further research is needed to elucidate biological mechanisms and determine optimal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Slattery
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Derrick F. MacFabe
- The Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, Departments of Psychology (Neuroscience) and Psychiatry, Division of Developmental Disabilities, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard E. Frye
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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1054
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Jin DC, Cao HL, Xu MQ, Wang SN, Wang YM, Yan F, Wang BM. Regulation of the serotonin transporter in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8137-8148. [PMID: 27688655 PMCID: PMC5037082 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) and the serotonin transporter (SERT) have earned a tremendous amount of attention regarding the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Considering that enteric 5-HT is responsible for the secretion, motility and perception of the bowel, the involvement of altered enteric 5-HT metabolism in the pathogenesis of IBS has been elucidated. Higher 5-HT availability is commonly associated with depressed SERT mRNA in patients with IBS compared with healthy controls. The expression difference of SERT between IBS patients and healthy controls might suggest that SERT plays an essential role in IBS pathogenesis, and SERT was expected to be a novel therapeutic target for IBS. Progress in this area has begun to illuminate the complex regulatory mechanisms of SERT in the etiology of IBS. In this article, current insights regarding the regulation of SERT in IBS are provided, including aspects of SERT gene polymorphisms, microRNAs, immunity and inflammation, gut microbiota, growth factors, among others. Potential SERT-directed therapies for IBS are also described. The potential regulators of SERT are of clinical importance and are important for better understanding IBS pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies.
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1055
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Scagnolari C, Corano Scheri G, Selvaggi C, Schietroma I, Najafi Fard S, Mastrangelo A, Giustini N, Serafino S, Pinacchio C, Pavone P, Fanello G, Ceccarelli G, Vullo V, d'Ettorre G. Probiotics Differently Affect Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Indolamine-2,3-Dioxygenase mRNA and Cerebrospinal Fluid Neopterin Levels in Antiretroviral-Treated HIV-1 Infected Patients: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101639. [PMID: 27689995 PMCID: PMC5085672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently the tryptophan pathway has been considered an important determinant of HIV-1 infected patients’ quality of life, due to the toxic effects of its metabolites on the central nervous system (CNS). Since the dysbiosis described in HIV-1 patients might be responsible for the microbial translocation, the chronic immune activation, and the altered utilization of tryptophan observed in these individuals, we speculated a correlation between high levels of immune activation markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HIV-1 infected patients and the over-expression of indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) at the gut mucosal surface. In order to evaluate this issue, we measured the levels of neopterin in CSF, and the expression of IDO mRNA in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), in HIV-1-infected patients on effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), at baseline and after six months of probiotic dietary management. We found a significant reduction of neopterin and IDO mRNA levels after the supplementation with probiotic. Since the results for the use of adjunctive therapies to reduce the levels of immune activation markers in CSF have been disappointing so far, our pilot study showing the efficacy of this specific probiotic product should be followed by a larger confirmatory trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina 28, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Corano Scheri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carla Selvaggi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina 28, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ivan Schietroma
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Saeid Najafi Fard
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mastrangelo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Noemi Giustini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sara Serafino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Pinacchio
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Pavone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Fanello
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Emergency Endoscopic Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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1056
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Chiappelli J, Postolache TT, Kochunov P, Rowland LM, Wijtenburg SA, Shukla DK, Tagamets M, Du X, Savransky A, Lowry CA, Can A, Fuchs D, Hong LE. Tryptophan Metabolism and White Matter Integrity in Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2587-95. [PMID: 27143602 PMCID: PMC4987857 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with abnormalities in the structure and functioning of white matter, but the underlying neuropathology is unclear. We hypothesized that increased tryptophan degradation in the kynurenine pathway could be associated with white matter microstructure and biochemistry, potentially contributing to white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia. To test this, fasting plasma samples were obtained from 37 schizophrenia patients and 38 healthy controls and levels of total tryptophan and its metabolite kynurenine were assessed. The ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan was used as an index of tryptophan catabolic activity in this pathway. White matter structure and function were assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Tryptophan levels were significantly lower (p<0.001), and kynurenine/tryptophan ratios were correspondingly higher (p=0.018) in patients compared with controls. In patients, lower plasma tryptophan levels corresponded to lower structural integrity (DTI fractional anisotropy) (r=0.347, p=0.038). In both patients and controls, the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio was inversely correlated with frontal white matter glutamate level (r=-0.391 and -0.350 respectively, p=0.024 and 0.036). These results provide initial evidence implicating abnormal tryptophan/kynurenine pathway activity in changes to white matter integrity and white matter glutamate in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA, Tel: +1 410 402 6827, Fax: +1 410 402 6077, E-mail:
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,MIRECC, VISN 5, Baltimore, MD, USA,Rocky Mountain MIRECC for Suicide Prevention, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dinesh K Shukla
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Malle Tagamets
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anya Savransky
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Adem Can
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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1057
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Luczynski P, McVey Neufeld KA, Oriach CS, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Growing up in a Bubble: Using Germ-Free Animals to Assess the Influence of the Gut Microbiota on Brain and Behavior. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw020. [PMID: 26912607 PMCID: PMC5006193 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing recognition of the importance of the commensal intestinal microbiota in the development and later function of the central nervous system. Research using germ-free mice (mice raised without any exposure to microorganisms) has provided some of the most persuasive evidence for a role of these bacteria in gut-brain signalling. Key findings show that the microbiota is necessary for normal stress responsivity, anxiety-like behaviors, sociability, and cognition. Furthermore, the microbiota maintains central nervous system homeostasis by regulating immune function and blood brain barrier integrity. Studies have also found that the gut microbiota influences neurotransmitter, synaptic, and neurotrophic signalling systems and neurogenesis. The principle advantage of the germ-free mouse model is in proof-of-principle studies and that a complete microbiota or defined consortiums of bacteria can be introduced at various developmental time points. However, a germ-free upbringing can induce permanent neurodevelopmental deficits that may deem the model unsuitable for specific scientific queries that do not involve early-life microbial deficiency. As such, alternatives and complementary strategies to the germ-free model are warranted and include antibiotic treatment to create microbiota-deficient animals at distinct time points across the lifespan. Increasing our understanding of the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior has the potential to inform novel management strategies for stress-related gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Luczynski
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clara Seira Oriach
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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1058
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Li L, Su Q, Xie B, Duan L, Zhao W, Hu D, Wu R, Liu H. Gut microbes in correlation with mood: case study in a closed experimental human life support system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1233-40. [PMID: 27027909 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbial community, which may influence our mood, can be shaped by modulating the gut ecosystem through dietary strategies. Understanding the gut-brain correlationship in healthy people is important for maintenance of mental health and prevention of mental illnesses. METHODS A case study on the correlation between gut microbial alternation and mood swing of healthy adults was conducted in a closed human life support system during a 105-day experiment. Gut microbial community structures were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing every 2 weeks. A profile of mood states questionnaire was used to record the mood swings. Correlation between gut microbes and mood were identified with partial least squares discrimination analysis. KEY RESULTS Microbial community structures in the three healthy adults were strongly correlated with mood states. Bacterial genera Roseburia, Phascolarctobacterium, Lachnospira, and Prevotella had potential positive correlation with positive mood, while genera Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Anaerostipes were correlated with negative mood. Among which, Faecalibacterium spp. had the highest abundance, and showed a significant negative correlation with mood. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our results indicated that the composition of microbial community could play a role in emotional change in mentally physically healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Q Su
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - B Xie
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - L Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - W Zhao
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - D Hu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - R Wu
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - H Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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1059
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Inflammation, immunology, stress and depression: a role for kynurenine metabolism in physical exercise and skeletal muscle. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2016; 28:244-5. [PMID: 26832995 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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1060
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Probiotic modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and behaviour in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30046. [PMID: 27416816 PMCID: PMC4945902 DOI: 10.1038/srep30046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the bi-directional gut–brain axis, a communication that integrates the gut and central nervous system (CNS) activities. Animal studies reveal that gut bacteria influence behaviour, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels and serotonin metabolism. In the present study, we report for the first time an analysis of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). After 28 days of dietary administration with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501, we found differences in shoaling behaviour, brain expression levels of bdnf and of genes involved in serotonin signalling/metabolism between control and treated zebrafish group. In addition, in microbiota we found a significant increase of Firmicutes and a trending reduction of Proteobacteria. This study demonstrates that selected microbes can be used to modulate endogenous neuroactive molecules in zebrafish.
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1061
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O'Callaghan TF, Ross RP, Stanton C, Clarke G. The gut microbiome as a virtual endocrine organ with implications for farm and domestic animal endocrinology. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S44-55. [PMID: 27345323 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome exerts a marked influence on host physiology, and manipulation of its composition has repeatedly been shown to influence host metabolism and body composition. This virtual endocrine organ also has a role in the regulation of the plasma concentrations of tryptophan, an essential amino acid and precursor to serotonin, a key neurotransmitter within both the enteric and central nervous systems. Control over the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis also appears to be under the influence of the gut microbiota. This is clear from studies in microbiota-deficient germ-free animals with exaggerated responses to psychological stress that can be normalized by monocolonization with certain bacterial species including Bifidobacterium infantis. Therapeutic targeting of the gut microbiota may thus be useful in treating or preventing stress-related microbiome-gut-brain axis disorders and metabolic diseases, much the same way as redirections of metabolopathies can be achieved through more traditional endocrine hormone-based interventions. Moreover, the implications of these findings need to be considered in the context of farm and domestic animal physiology, behavior, and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F O'Callaghan
- Department of Biosciences, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R P Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; College of Science Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Stanton
- Department of Biosciences, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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1062
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Wang W, Zheng S, Sharshov K, Cao J, Sun H, Yang F, Wang X, Li L. Distinctive gut microbial community structure in both the wild and farmed Swan goose (Anser cygnoides). J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1299-1307. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xi'ning Qinghai P.R. China
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging; College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xi'ning Qinghai P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xi'ning Qinghai P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xi'ning Qinghai P.R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xi'ning Qinghai P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xi'ning Qinghai P.R. China
| | - Laixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xi'ning Qinghai P.R. China
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1063
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Morris G, Berk M, Carvalho A, Caso JR, Sanz Y, Walder K, Maes M. The Role of the Microbial Metabolites Including Tryptophan Catabolites and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Pathophysiology of Immune-Inflammatory and Neuroimmune Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4432-4451. [PMID: 27349436 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that gut commensal metabolites play a major role in host physiology and indeed the pathophysiology of several illnesses. The composition of the microbiota largely determines the levels of tryptophan in the systemic circulation and hence, indirectly, the levels of serotonin in the brain. Some microbiota synthesize neurotransmitters directly, e.g., gamma-amino butyric acid, while modulating the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). The composition of the microbiota determines the levels and nature of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) which in turn has profound effects on aryl hydrocarbon receptors, thereby influencing epithelial barrier integrity and the presence of an inflammatory or tolerogenic environment in the intestine and beyond. The composition of the microbiota also determines the levels and ratios of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate and propionate. Butyrate is a key energy source for colonocytes. Dysbiosis leading to reduced levels of SCFAs, notably butyrate, therefore may have adverse effects on epithelial barrier integrity, energy homeostasis, and the T helper 17/regulatory/T cell balance. Moreover, dysbiosis leading to reduced butyrate levels may increase bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation. As examples, we describe the role of microbial metabolites in the pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA152LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Andre Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-040, Brazil
| | - Javier R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. .,Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
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1064
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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1065
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1066
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Rogers GB, Keating DJ, Young RL, Wong ML, Licinio J, Wesselingh S. From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:738-48. [PMID: 27090305 PMCID: PMC4879184 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human body hosts an enormous abundance and diversity of microbes, which perform a range of essential and beneficial functions. Our appreciation of the importance of these microbial communities to many aspects of human physiology has grown dramatically in recent years. We know, for example, that animals raised in a germ-free environment exhibit substantially altered immune and metabolic function, while the disruption of commensal microbiota in humans is associated with the development of a growing number of diseases. Evidence is now emerging that, through interactions with the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiome can also influence neural development, cognition and behaviour, with recent evidence that changes in behaviour alter gut microbiota composition, while modifications of the microbiome can induce depressive-like behaviours. Although an association between enteropathy and certain psychiatric conditions has long been recognized, it now appears that gut microbes represent direct mediators of psychopathology. Here, we examine roles of gut microbiome in shaping brain development and neurological function, and the mechanisms by which it can contribute to mental illness. Further, we discuss how the insight provided by this new and exciting field of research can inform care and provide a basis for the design of novel, microbiota-targeted, therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Rogers
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D J Keating
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R L Young
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M-L Wong
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Mind and Brain Theme, and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J Licinio
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Mind and Brain Theme, and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Wesselingh
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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1067
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Fermented Milk Containing Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota Preserves the Diversity of the Gut Microbiota and Relieves Abdominal Dysfunction in Healthy Medical Students Exposed to Academic Stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3649-58. [PMID: 27208120 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04134-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stress-induced abdominal dysfunction is an attractive target for probiotics. To investigate the effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on abdominal dysfunction, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with healthy medical students undertaking an authorized nationwide examination for academic advancement. For 8 weeks, until the day before the examination, 23 and 24 subjects consumed an L. casei strain Shirota-fermented milk and a placebo milk daily, respectively. In addition to assessments of abdominal symptoms, psychophysical state, and salivary stress markers, gene expression changes in peripheral blood leukocytes and composition of the gut microbiota were analyzed using DNA microarray analysis and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence analysis, respectively, before and after the intervention. Stress-induced increases in a visual analog scale measuring feelings of stress, the total score of abdominal dysfunction, and the number of genes with changes in expression of more than 2-fold in leukocytes were significantly suppressed in the L. casei strain Shirota group compared with those in the placebo group. A significant increase in salivary cortisol levels before the examination was observed only in the placebo group. The administration of L. casei strain Shirota, but not placebo, significantly reduced gastrointestinal symptoms. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing demonstrated that the L. casei strain Shirota group had significantly higher numbers of species, a marker of the alpha-diversity index, in their gut microbiota and a significantly lower percentage of Bacteroidaceae than the placebo group. Our findings indicate that the daily consumption of probiotics, such as L. casei strain Shirota, preserves the diversity of the gut microbiota and may relieve stress-associated responses of abdominal dysfunction in healthy subjects exposed to stressful situations. IMPORTANCE A novel clinical trial was conducted with healthy medical students under examination stress conditions. It was demonstrated that the daily consumption of lactic acid bacteria provided health benefits to prevent the onset of stress-associated abdominal symptoms and a good change of gut microbiota in healthy medical students.
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1068
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Knecht LD, O'Connor G, Mittal R, Liu XZ, Daftarian P, Deo SK, Daunert S. Serotonin Activates Bacterial Quorum Sensing and Enhances the Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Host. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:161-169. [PMID: 27333040 PMCID: PMC4972532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in humans play an important role in health and disease. Considerable emphasis has been placed in understanding the role of bacteria in host-microbiome interkingdom communication. Here we show that serotonin, responsible for mood in the brain and motility in the gut, can also act as a bacterial signaling molecule for pathogenic bacteria. Specifically, we found that serotonin acts as an interkingdom signaling molecule via quorum sensing and that it stimulates the production of bacterial virulence factors and increases biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo in a novel mouse infection model. This discovery points out at roles of serotonin both in bacteria and humans, and at phenotypic implications not only manifested in mood behavior but also in infection processes in the host. Thus, regulating serotonin concentrations in the gut may provide with paradigm shifting therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D Knecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, United States
| | - Gregory O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Xue Z Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Pirouz Daftarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Sapna K Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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1069
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Cani PD, Knauf C. How gut microbes talk to organs: The role of endocrine and nervous routes. Mol Metab 2016; 5:743-52. [PMID: 27617197 PMCID: PMC5004142 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in gut microbiota composition and activity have been associated with different metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiometabolic disorders. Recent evidence suggests that different organs are directly under the influence of bacterial metabolites that may directly or indirectly regulate physiological and pathological processes. Scope of review We reviewed seminal as well as recent papers showing that gut microbes influence energy, glucose and lipid homeostasis by controlling different metabolic routes such as endocrine, enteric and central nervous system. These dialogues are discussed in the context of obesity and diabetes but also for brain pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders. Major conclusions The recent advances in gut microbiota investigation as well as the discovery of specific metabolites interacting with host cells has led to the identification of novel inter-organ communication during metabolic disturbances. This suggests that gut microbes may be viewed as “novel” future therapeutic partners. This article is part of a special issue on microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D. Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCL), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Université catholique de Louvain, LDRI, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, European Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM / UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 73 box B1.73.11, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium. Tel.: +32 2 764 73 97.Université catholique de LouvainLDRIMetabolism and Nutrition research groupEuropean Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM / UCL)Av. E. Mounier73 box B1.73.11BrusselsB-1200Belgium
| | - Claude Knauf
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCL), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- Corresponding author. Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, European Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM/UCL), Team 3, “Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions”, IRSD Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INSERM U1220 Bat B, CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, CS 60039, 31024 Toulouse Cedex 3, France. Tel.: +33 562 74 45 21.Université Paul SabatierToulouse IIIEuropean Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM/UCL)Team 3“Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions”IRSD Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD)INSERM U1220 Bat BCHU PurpanPlace du Docteur BaylacCS 60039Toulouse Cedex 331024France
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1070
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertension, which is present in about one quarter of the world's population, is responsible for about 41% of the number one cause of death - cardiovascular disease. Not included in these statistics is the effect of sodium intake on blood pressure, even though an increase or a marked decrease in sodium intake can increase blood pressure. This review deals with the interaction of gut microbiota and the kidney with genetics and epigenetics in the regulation of blood pressure and salt sensitivity. RECENT FINDINGS The abundance of the gut microbes, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, is associated with increased blood pressure in several models of hypertension, including the spontaneously hypertensive and Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Decreasing gut microbiota by antibiotics can increase or decrease blood pressure that is influenced by genotype. The biological function of probiotics may also be a consequence of epigenetic modification, related, in part, to microRNA. Products of the fermentation of nutrients by gut microbiota can influence blood pressure by regulating expenditure of energy, intestinal metabolism of catecholamines, and gastrointestinal and renal ion transport, and thus, salt sensitivity. SUMMARY The beneficial or deleterious effect of gut microbiota on blood pressure is a consequence of several variables, including genetics, epigenetics, lifestyle, and intake of antibiotics. These variables may influence the ultimate level of blood pressure and control of hypertension.
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1071
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NMR-based metabonomic analysis of normal rat urine and faeces in response to (±)-venlafaxine treatment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 123:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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1072
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The effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. helveticus) on developmental trajectories of emotional learning in stressed infant rats. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e823. [PMID: 27244232 PMCID: PMC5545650 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, scientific interest in the brain-gut axis has grown dramatically, particularly with respect to the link between gastrointestinal and psychiatric dysfunction. However, the role of gut function in early emotional dysregulation is yet to be examined, despite the prevalence and treatment resistance of early-onset psychiatric disorders. The present studies utilized a developmental rodent model of early-life stress (ELS) to explore this gap. Rats were exposed to maternal separation (MS) on postnatal days 2-14. Throughout MS, dams received either vehicle or a probiotic formulation (previously shown to reduce gastrointestinal dysfunction) in their drinking water. Replicating past research, untreated MS infants exhibited an adult-like profile of long-lasting fear memories and fear relapse following extinction. In contrast, probiotic-exposed MS infants exhibited age-appropriate infantile amnesia and resistance to relapse. These effects were not mediated by changes in pups' or dams' anxiety at the time of training, nor by maternal responsiveness. Overall, probiotics acted as an effective and non-invasive treatment to restore normal developmental trajectories of emotion-related behaviors in infant rats exposed to ELS. These results provide promising initial evidence for this novel approach to reduce the risk of mental health problems in vulnerable individuals. Future studies are needed to test this treatment in humans exposed to ELS and to elucidate mechanisms for the observed behavioral changes.
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1073
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González-Arancibia C, Escobar-Luna J, Barrera-Bugueño C, Díaz-Zepeda C, González-Toro MP, Olavarría-Ramírez L, Zanelli-Massai F, Gotteland M, Bravo JA, Julio-Pieper M. What goes around comes around: novel pharmacological targets in the gut-brain axis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:339-53. [PMID: 27134664 PMCID: PMC4830101 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16630718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut and the brain communicate bidirectionally through anatomic and humoral pathways, establishing what is known as the gut-brain axis. Therefore, interventions affecting one system will impact on the other, giving the opportunity to investigate and develop future therapeutic strategies that target both systems. Alterations in the gut-brain axis may arise as a consequence of changes in microbiota composition (dysbiosis), modifications in intestinal barrier function, impairment of enteric nervous system, unbalanced local immune response and exaggerated responses to stress, to mention a few. In this review we analyze and discuss several novel pharmacological targets within the gut-brain axis, with potential applications to improve intestinal and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila González-Arancibia
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jorge Escobar-Luna
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Barrera-Bugueño
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camilo Díaz-Zepeda
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María P. González-Toro
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Loreto Olavarría-Ramírez
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francesca Zanelli-Massai
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Martin Gotteland
- Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier A. Bravo
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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1074
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Homberg JR, Kyzar EJ, Scattoni ML, Norton WH, Pittman J, Gaikwad S, Nguyen M, Poudel MK, Ullmann JFP, Diamond DM, Kaluyeva AA, Parker MO, Brown RE, Song C, Gainetdinov RR, Gottesman II, Kalueff AV. Genetic and environmental modulation of neurodevelopmental disorders: Translational insights from labs to beds. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:79-91. [PMID: 27113433 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous group of prevalent neuropsychiatric illnesses with various degrees of social, cognitive, motor, language and affective deficits. NDDs are caused by aberrant brain development due to genetic and environmental perturbations. Common NDDs include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, communication/speech disorders, motor/tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Genetic and epigenetic/environmental factors play a key role in these NDDs with significant societal impact. Given the lack of their efficient therapies, it is important to gain further translational insights into the pathobiology of NDDs. To address these challenges, the International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) has established the Strategic Task Force on NDDs. Summarizing the Panel's findings, here we discuss the neurobiological mechanisms of selected common NDDs and a wider NDD+ spectrum of associated neuropsychiatric disorders with developmental trajectories. We also outline the utility of existing preclinical (animal) models for building translational and cross-diagnostic bridges to improve our understanding of various NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Evan J Kyzar
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Julian Pittman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy University, Troy, AL, USA
| | - Siddharth Gaikwad
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Michael Nguyen
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; New York University School of Medicine, NY, NY, USA
| | - Manoj K Poudel
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Jeremy F P Ullmann
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; J.A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Research and Development Service, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Aleksandra A Kaluyeva
- The International Stress and Behavior Society (ISBS) and ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Matthew O Parker
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Allan V Kalueff
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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1075
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Yarandi SS, Peterson DA, Treisman GJ, Moran TH, Pasricha PJ. Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22:201-12. [PMID: 27032544 PMCID: PMC4819858 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome is an integral part of the Gut-Brain axis. It is becoming increasingly recognized that the presence of a healthy and diverse gut microbiota is important to normal cognitive and emotional processing. It was known that altered emotional state and chronic stress can change the composition of gut microbiome, but it is becoming more evident that interaction between gut microbiome and central nervous system is bidirectional. Alteration in the composition of the gut microbiome can potentially lead to increased intestinal permeability and impair the function of the intestinal barrier. Subsequently, neuro-active compounds and metabolites can gain access to the areas within the central nervous system that regulate cognition and emotional responses. Deregulated inflammatory response, promoted by harmful microbiota, can activate the vagal system and impact neuropsychological functions. Some bacteria can produce peptides or short chain fatty acids that can affect gene expression and inflammation within the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the role of gut microbiota in modulating neuropsychological functions of the central nervous system and exploring the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi S Yarandi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Glen J Treisman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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1076
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Jonkers DMAE. Microbial perturbations and modulation in conditions associated with malnutrition and malabsorption. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 30:161-72. [PMID: 27086883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem, which can be considered an accessory organ. It involves complex microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions with indispensable functions for the human host with regard to the intestinal epithelium and barrier function, the innate and adaptive immune system, and its large metabolic capacity. Saccharolytic fermentation results in the production of short chain fatty acids, which exert an array of beneficial effects, while proteolytic fermentation leads to an increase in potentially harmful metabolites. In addition, numerous other microbial metabolites are being produced with various intestinal as well as extra-intestinal effects. Their generation depends on the composition of the microbiota as well as the availability of substrates, which both vary along the GI tract. Diet impacts the intestinal microbiota composition and activity in early infancy as well as in adults. Microbial perturbations have been demonstrated in subjects with under-nutrition and/or malabsorption. The bidirectional interactions between the microbiome, nutrient availability and GI function, can contribute to a vicious circle, further impairing health outcome in conditions associated with malnutrition and/or malabsorption. Integrated multivariate approaches are needed to further unravel the complex interaction between microbiome, diet and host factors, as well as possible modulation thereof by prebiotics or probiotics. The present overview will briefly outline the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota, its association with nutrient intake and availability, and will address the role of the intestinal microbiota in malnutrition and malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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1077
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Bauer KC, Huus KE, Finlay BB. Microbes and the mind: emerging hallmarks of the gut microbiota-brain axis. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:632-44. [PMID: 26918908 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a gut microbiota-brain axis has emerged to describe the complex and continuous signalling between the gut microbiota and host nervous system. This review examines key microbial-derived neuromodulators and structural components that comprise the gut microbiota-brain axis. To conclude, we briefly identify current challenges in gut microbiota-brain research and suggest a framework to characterize these interactions. Here, we propose five emerging hallmarks of the gut microbiota-brain axis: (i) Indistinguishability, (ii) Emergence, (iii) Bidirectional Signalling, (iv) Critical Window Fluidity and (5) Neural Homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylynda C Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelsey E Huus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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1078
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Felice VD, Quigley EM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW, O'Mahony SM. Microbiota-gut-brain signalling in Parkinson's disease: Implications for non-motor symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 27:1-8. [PMID: 27013171 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 1-2% of the population over 65 years of age. The primary neuropathology is the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, resulting in characteristic motor deficits, upon which the clinical diagnosis is based. However, a number of significant non-motor symptoms (NMS) are also evident that appear to have a greater impact on the quality of life of these patients. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that neurobiological processes can be modified by the bi-directional communication that occurs along the brain-gut axis. The microbiota plays a key role in this communication throughout different routes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, there has been an increasing interest in investigating how microbiota changes within the gastrointestinal tract may be implicated in health and disease including PD. Interestingly α-synuclein-aggregates, the cardinal neuropathological feature in PD, are present in both the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the enteric nervous system, prior to their appearance in the brain, indicating a possible gut to brain route of "prion-like" spread. In this review we highlight the potential importance of gut to brain signalling in PD with particular focus on the role of the microbiota as major player in this communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D Felice
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eamonn M Quigley
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Weill Cornell Medical College, 6550 Fannin St, SM 1001, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. http://publish.ucc.ie/researchprofiles/C003/somahony
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1079
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He X, Ji G, Jia W, Li H. Gut Microbiota and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Insights on Mechanism and Application of Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:300. [PMID: 26999104 PMCID: PMC4813164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota are intricately involved in the development of obesity-related metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. In the current review, we discuss the role of gut microbiota in the development of NAFLD by focusing on the mechanisms of gut microbiota-mediated host energy metabolism, insulin resistance, regulation of bile acids and choline metabolism, as well as gut microbiota-targeted therapy. We also discuss the application of a metabolomic approach to characterize gut microbial metabotypes in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyun He
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Houkai Li
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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1080
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Andersen AD, Sangild PT, Munch SL, van der Beek EM, Renes IB, Ginneken CV, Greisen GO, Thymann T. Delayed growth, motor function and learning in preterm pigs during early postnatal life. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R481-92. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00349.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth interrupts normal fetal growth with consequences for postnatal growth and organ development. In preterm infants, many physiological deficits adapt and disappear with advancing postnatal age, but some may persist into childhood. We hypothesized that preterm birth would induce impaired organ growth and function during the first postnatal week in pigs, while motor abilities and behavioral characteristics would show more persistent developmental delay. Cesarean-delivered preterm ( n = 112, 90% gestation) or term ( n = 56, 100% gestation) piglets were reared under identical conditions and euthanized for blood and organ collection on postnatal days 0, 5, or 26. Body weight gain remained lower in preterm vs. term pigs up to day 26 (25.5 ± 1.5 vs. 31.0 ± 0.5 g·kg−1·day−1, P < 0.01) when relative weights were higher for brain and kidneys and reduced for liver and spleen. Neonatal preterm pigs had reduced values for blood pH, Po2, glucose, lactate, hematocrit, and cortisol, but at day 26, most values were normalized, although plasma serotonin and IGF 1 levels remained reduced. Preterm pigs showed delayed neonatal arousal and impaired physical activity, coordination, exploration, and learning, relative to term pigs (all P < 0.05). Supplementation of parenteral nutrition during the first 5 days with an enteral milk diet did not affect later outcomes. In preterm pigs, many physiological characteristics of immaturity disappeared by 4 wk, while some neurodevelopmental deficits remained. The preterm pig is a relevant animal model to study early dietary and pharmacological interventions that support postnatal maturation and neurodevelopment in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders D. Andersen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per T. Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Departments of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and
| | - Sara L. Munch
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Chris van Ginneken
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gorm O. Greisen
- Departments of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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1081
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Kato-Kataoka A, Nishida K, Takada M, Suda K, Kawai M, Shimizu K, Kushiro A, Hoshi R, Watanabe O, Igarashi T, Miyazaki K, Kuwano Y, Rokutan K. Fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota prevents the onset of physical symptoms in medical students under academic examination stress. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:153-6. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study investigated the effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) on psychological, physiological, and physical stress responses in medical students undertaking an authorised nationwide examination for promotion. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 24 and 23 healthy medical students consumed a fermented milk containing LcS and a placebo milk, respectively, once a day for 8 weeks until the day before the examination. Psychophysical state, salivary cortisol, faecal serotonin, and plasma L-tryptophan were analysed on 5 different sampling days (8 weeks before, 2 weeks before, 1 day before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the examination). Physical symptoms were also recorded in a diary by subjects during the intervention period for 8 weeks. In association with a significant elevation of anxiety at 1 day before the examination, salivary cortisol and plasma L-tryptophan levels were significantly increased in only the placebo group (P<0.05). Two weeks after the examination, the LcS group had significantly higher faecal serotonin levels (P<0.05) than the placebo group. Moreover, the rate of subjects experiencing common abdominal and cold symptoms and total number of days experiencing these physical symptoms per subject were significantly lower in the LcS group than in the placebo group during the pre-examination period at 5-6 weeks (each P<0.05) and 7-8 weeks (each P<0.01) during the intervention period. Our results suggest that the daily consumption of fermented milk containing LcS may exert beneficial effects preventing the onset of physical symptoms in healthy subjects exposed to stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kato-Kataoka
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - K. Nishida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-18-5 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - M. Takada
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - K. Suda
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - M. Kawai
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - K. Shimizu
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - A. Kushiro
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - R. Hoshi
- Faculty of Research and Development, Yakult Honsya Co., Ltd., 1-1-19 Higashi-Shimbashi, Minato, Tokyo 105-8660, Japan
| | - O. Watanabe
- Faculty of Research and Development, Yakult Honsya Co., Ltd., 1-1-19 Higashi-Shimbashi, Minato, Tokyo 105-8660, Japan
| | - T. Igarashi
- Faculty of Research and Development, Yakult Honsya Co., Ltd., 1-1-19 Higashi-Shimbashi, Minato, Tokyo 105-8660, Japan
| | - K. Miyazaki
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Y. Kuwano
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-18-5 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - K. Rokutan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-18-5 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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1082
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Schwarcz R. Kynurenines and Glutamate: Multiple Links and Therapeutic Implications. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 76:13-37. [PMID: 27288072 PMCID: PMC5803753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is firmly established as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain and is actively involved in most aspects of neurophysiology. Moreover, glutamatergic impairments are associated with a wide variety of dysfunctional states, and both hypo- and hyperfunction of glutamate have been plausibly linked to the pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP), the major catabolic route of the essential amino acid tryptophan, influence glutamatergic activity in several distinct ways. This includes direct effects of these "kynurenines" on ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors or vesicular glutamate transport, and indirect effects, which are initiated by actions at various other recognition sites. In addition, some KP metabolites affect glutamatergic functions by generating or scavenging highly reactive free radicals. This review summarizes these phenomena and discusses implications for brain physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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1083
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Abstract
The microbiota has recently been recognized as a driver of health that affects the immune, nervous, and metabolic systems. This influence is partially exerted through the metabolites produced, which may be relevant for optimal infant development and health. The gut microbiota begins developing early in life, and this initial colonization is remarkably important because it may influence long-term microbiota composition and activity. Considering that the microbiome may play a key role in health and disease, maintaining a protective microbiota could be critical in preventing dysbiosis-related diseases such as allergies, autoimmunity disorders, and metabolic syndrome. Breast milk and milk glycans in particular are thought to play a major role in shaping the early-life microbiota and promoting its development, thus affecting health. This review describes some of the effects the microbiota has on the host and discusses the role microbial metabolites play in shaping newborn health and development. We describe the gut microbiota structure and function during early life and the factors that determine its composition and hypothesize about the effects of human milk oligosaccharides and other prebiotic fibers on the neonatal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria J Martin
- Discovery R&D Department, Abbott Nutrition, Granada, Spain
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1084
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Brain-gut-microbiota axis: challenges for translation in psychiatry. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:366-72. [PMID: 27005587 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The accruing data linking the gut microbiome to the development and function of the central nervous system has been proposed as a paradigm shift in neuroscience. The gut microbiota can communicate with the brain via neuroimmune, neuroendocrine, and neural pathways comprising the brain-gut-microbiota axis. Dysfunctional neuroimmune pathways are implicated in stress-related psychiatric disorders. METHODS Using depression as our primary example, we review both the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the possible role played by the gut microbiota in stress-related psychiatric disorders. We consider how this can inform future treatment strategies and outline the challenges and necessary studies for moving the field forward. RESULTS The role played by the gut microbiota has not been fully elucidated in psychiatric populations. Although tempting to speculate that psychiatric patients may benefit from therapeutic modulation of the brain-gut-microbiota axis, the translational applications of the results obtained in rodent studies have yet to be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of altered gut microbiota composition and function in psychiatric patients is limited and cannot be regarded as proven. Moreover the efficacy of targeting the gut microbiota has not yet been established, and needs further investigation.
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1085
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Bergwerff CE, Luman M, Blom HJ, Oosterlaan J. No Tryptophan, Tyrosine and Phenylalanine Abnormalities in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151100. [PMID: 26938936 PMCID: PMC4777504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to explore the role of aromatic amino acids (AAAs) in blood in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Given their impact on the synthesis of serotonin and dopamine, decreased concentrations of the AAAs tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine in blood may contribute to the expression of ADHD symptoms. Decreased AAA blood concentrations, in turn, may be related to lowered dietary protein intake or to abnormal AAA catabolism, as evidenced by increased urinary AAA concentrations. Methods Eighty-three children with ADHD (75% males) and 72 typically developing (TD) children (51% males), aged 6 to 13 years, participated in the study. AAA concentrations were assessed in blood spots and an 18-hour urinary sample. A nutritional diary was filled out by parents to calculate dietary protein intake. Parent and teacher questionnaires assessed symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Results Children with ADHD showed normal AAA concentrations in blood spots and urine, as well as normal protein intake compared to controls. No associations between AAA concentrations and symptoms of ADHD or comorbid psychiatric disorders were found. Conclusions This study is the first to explore AAA metabolism in children with ADHD using a well-defined and relatively large sample. We found that AAA deficiencies are not related to ADHD. The results do not support treatment with AAA supplements in children with ADHD. Future studies regarding the cause of serotonin and dopamine alterations in ADHD should focus on other explanations, such as effects of altered transport of AAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Clinical Neuropsychology section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk J. Blom
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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1086
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is an increasing realization that the microorganisms which reside within our gut form part of a complex multidirectional communication network with the brain known as the microbiome-gut-brain axis. In this review, we focus on recent findings which support a role for this axis in modulating neurodevelopment and behavior. RECENT FINDINGS A growing body of research is uncovering that under homeostatic conditions and in response to internal and external stressors, the bacterial commensals of our gut can signal to the brain through a variety of mechanisms to influence processes such neurotransmission, neurogenesis, microglia activation, and modulate behavior. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the ability of stress to modulate the microbiota and also for microbiota to change the set point for stress sensitivity are being unraveled. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota composition has been identified in a number of psychiatric disorders, including depression. This has led to the concept of bacteria that have a beneficial effect upon behavior and mood (psychobiotics) being proposed for potential therapeutic interventions. SUMMARY Understanding the mechanisms by which the bacterial commensals of our gut are involved in brain function may lead to the development of novel microbiome-based therapies for these mood and behavioral disorders.
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1087
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Souza Queiroz J, Marín Blasco I, Gagliano H, Daviu N, Gómez Román A, Belda X, Carrasco J, Rocha MC, Palermo Neto J, Armario A. Chlorella vulgaris reduces the impact of stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and brain c-fos expression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 65:1-8. [PMID: 26685709 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Predominantly emotional stressors activate a wide range of brain areas, as revealed by the expression of immediate early genes, such as c-fos. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is considered a biological response modifier, as demonstrated by its protective activities against infections, tumors and stress. We evaluated the effect of acute pretreatment with CV on the peripheral and central responses to forced swimming stress in adult male rats. Pretreatment with CV produced a significant reduction of stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation, demonstrated by decreased corticotrophin releasing factor gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and lower ACTH response. Hyperglycemia induced by the stressor was similarly reduced. This attenuated neuroendocrine response to stress occurred in parallel with a diminished c-fos expression in most evaluated areas, including the PVN. The data presented in this study reinforce the usefulness of CV to diminish the impact of stressors, by reducing the HPA response. Although our results suggest a central effect of CV, further studies are necessary to understand the precise mechanisms underpinning this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Souza Queiroz
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Neuroimmunomodulation research group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ignacio Marín Blasco
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Humberto Gagliano
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Nuria Daviu
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Almudena Gómez Román
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Belda
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Carrasco
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Michelle C Rocha
- Laboratory of Farmacogenomics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG-Campus Jatai, Jataí-GO, Brazil
| | - João Palermo Neto
- Neuroimmunomodulation research group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències and 'Red de Trastornos Adictivos' (RTA, Institute of Health Carlos III), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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1088
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Achamrah N, Nobis S, Breton J, Jésus P, Belmonte L, Maurer B, Legrand R, Bôle-Feysot C, Rego JLD, Goichon A, Rego JCD, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO, Claeyssens S, Coëffier M. Maintaining physical activity during refeeding improves body composition, intestinal hyperpermeability and behavior in anorectic mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21887. [PMID: 26906060 PMCID: PMC4764812 DOI: 10.1038/srep21887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A role of gut-brain axis emerges in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and maintaining adapted physical activity during refeeding remains discussed. We aimed to assess gastrointestinal protein metabolism and investigate the contribution of physical activity during refeeding in C57BL/6 mice with activity-based anorexia (ABA). ABA mice exhibited lower body weight and food intake with increase of lean mass/fat mass ratio and fat oxidation. Colonic permeability was increased in ABA. Ad libitum food access was then restored and ABA group was divided into two subgroups, with access to running wheel (ABA-PA) or not (ABA-NPA). After refeeding, fat free mass was completely restored only in ABA-PA. Colonic permeability was enhanced in ABA-NPA. Finally, muscle kynurenine conversion into kynurenic acid was lower in ABA-NPA who also exhibited altered behavior. Maintaining physical activity during refeeding may thus limit colonic hyperpermeability and improve behavior in anorectic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najate Achamrah
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Nutrition unit, Rouen, France
| | - Séverine Nobis
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Jésus
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
| | - Liliana Belmonte
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Nutrition unit, Rouen, France
| | - Brigitte Maurer
- Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen, France
| | - Romain Legrand
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
| | - Christine Bôle-Feysot
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
| | - Jean Luc do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
- Animal Behavior Platform SCAC, University of Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Goichon
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
| | - Jean Claude do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
- Animal Behavior Platform SCAC, University of Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Nutrition unit, Rouen, France
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Claeyssens
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- Normandie Univ, INSERM Unit 1073, UR, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Nutrition unit, Rouen, France
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1089
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Wang W, Cao J, Yang F, Wang X, Zheng S, Sharshov K, Li L. High-throughput sequencing reveals the core gut microbiome of Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) in different wintering areas in Tibet. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:287-95. [PMID: 26842811 PMCID: PMC4831473 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the spatial dynamic and core gut microbiome related to wild bar‐headed goose is of crucial importance for probiotics development that may meet the demands of bar‐headed goose artificial breeding industries and accelerate the domestication of this species. However, the core microbial communities in the wild bar‐headed geese remain totally unknown. Here, for the first time, we present a comprehensive survey of bar‐headed geese gut microbial communities by Illumina high‐throughput sequencing technology using nine individuals from three distinct wintering locations in Tibet. A total of 236,676 sequences were analyzed, and 607 OTUs were identified. We show that the gut microbial communities of bar‐headed geese have representatives of 14 phyla and are dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The additive abundance of these four most dominant phyla was above 96% across all the samples. At the genus level, the sequences represented 150 genera. A set of 19 genera were present in all samples and considered as core gut microbiome. The top seven most abundant core genera were distributed in that four dominant phyla. Among them, four genera (Lactococcus, Bacillus, Solibacillus, and Streptococcus) belonged to Firmicutes, while for other three phyla, each containing one genus, such as Proteobacteria (genus Pseudomonas), Actinobacteria (genus Arthrobacter), and Bacteroidetes (genus Bacteroides). This broad survey represents the most in‐depth assessment, to date, of the gut microbes that associated with bar‐headed geese. These data create a baseline for future bar‐headed goose microbiology research, and make an original contribution to probiotics development for bar‐headed goose artificial breeding industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China.,Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101,, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101,, China
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Laixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810000, China
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1090
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Abstract
Animals share an intimate and life-long partnership with a myriad of resident microbial species, collectively referred to as the microbiota. Symbiotic microbes have been shown to regulate nutrition and metabolism and are critical for the development and function of the immune system. More recently, studies have suggested that gut bacteria can impact neurological outcomes--altering behavior and potentially affecting the onset and/or severity of nervous system disorders. In this review, we highlight emerging evidence that the microbiome extends its influence to the brain via various pathways connecting the gut to the central nervous system. While understanding and appreciation of a gut microbial impact on neurological function is nascent, unraveling gut-microbiome-brain connections holds the promise of transforming the neurosciences and revealing potentially novel etiologies for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Sampson
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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1091
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Moloney RD, Johnson AC, O'Mahony SM, Dinan TG, Greenwood‐Van Meerveld B, Cryan JF. Stress and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Visceral Pain: Relevance to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:102-17. [PMID: 26662472 PMCID: PMC6492884 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is a global term used to describe pain originating from the internal organs of the body, which affects a significant proportion of the population and is a common feature of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While IBS is multifactorial, with no single etiology to completely explain the disorder, many patients also experience comorbid behavioral disorders, such as anxiety or depression; thus, IBS is described as a disorder of the gut-brain axis. Stress is implicated in the development and exacerbation of visceral pain disorders. Chronic stress can modify central pain circuitry, as well as change motility and permeability throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. More recently, the role of the gut microbiota in the bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis, and subsequent changes in behavior, has emerged. Thus, stress and the gut microbiota can interact through complementary or opposing factors to influence visceral nociceptive behaviors. This review will highlight the evidence by which stress and the gut microbiota interact in the regulation of visceral nociception. We will focus on the influence of stress on the microbiota and the mechanisms by which microbiota can affect the stress response and behavioral outcomes with an emphasis on visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Moloney
- Laboratory of NeurogastroenterologyAPC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Present address:
Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Anthony C. Johnson
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Siobhain M. O'Mahony
- Laboratory of NeurogastroenterologyAPC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Laboratory of NeurogastroenterologyAPC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural ScienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Beverley Greenwood‐Van Meerveld
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- V.A. Medical CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - John F. Cryan
- Laboratory of NeurogastroenterologyAPC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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1092
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Jašarević E, Morrison KE, Bale TL. Sex differences in the gut microbiome-brain axis across the lifespan. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150122. [PMID: 26833840 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain has emerged as a factor that influences immunity, metabolism, neurodevelopment and behaviour. Cross-talk between the gut and brain begins early in life immediately following the transition from a sterile in utero environment to one that is exposed to a changing and complex microbial milieu over a lifetime. Once established, communication between the gut and brain integrates information from the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine and neuroimmune signals, and peripheral immune and metabolic signals. Importantly, the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiome undergoes many transitions that parallel dynamic periods of brain development and maturation for which distinct sex differences have been identified. Here, we discuss the sexually dimorphic development, maturation and maintenance of the gut microbiome-brain axis, and the sex differences therein important in disease risk and resilience throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldin Jašarević
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen E Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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1093
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Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010056. [PMID: 26805875 PMCID: PMC4728667 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonergic system forms a diffuse network within the central nervous system and plays a significant role in the regulation of mood and cognition. Manipulation of tryptophan levels, acutely or chronically, by depletion or supplementation, is an experimental procedure for modifying peripheral and central serotonin levels. These studies have allowed us to establish the role of serotonin in higher order brain function in both preclinical and clinical situations and have precipitated the finding that low brain serotonin levels are associated with poor memory and depressed mood. The gut-brain axis is a bi-directional system between the brain and gastrointestinal tract, linking emotional and cognitive centres of the brain with peripheral functioning of the digestive tract. An influence of gut microbiota on behaviour is becoming increasingly evident, as is the extension to tryptophan and serotonin, producing a possibility that alterations in the gut may be important in the pathophysiology of human central nervous system disorders. In this review we will discuss the effect of manipulating tryptophan on mood and cognition, and discuss a possible influence of the gut-brain axis.
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1094
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Benítez-Burraco A, Uriagereka J. The Immune Syntax Revisited: Opening New Windows on Language Evolution. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 8:84. [PMID: 26793054 PMCID: PMC4707268 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has added new dimensions to our understanding of classical evolution, according to which evolutionary novelties result from gene mutations inherited from parents to offspring. Language is surely one such novelty. Together with specific changes in our genome and epigenome, we suggest that two other (related) mechanisms may have contributed to the brain rewiring underlying human cognitive evolution and, specifically, the changes in brain connectivity that prompted the emergence of our species-specific linguistic abilities: the horizontal transfer of genetic material by viral and non-viral vectors and the brain/immune system crosstalk (more generally, the dialogue between the microbiota, the immune system, and the brain).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Uriagereka
- Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
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1095
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Kraneveld A, Szklany K, de Theije C, Garssen J. Gut-to-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:263-287. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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1096
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Miki T, Eguchi M, Kurotani K, Kochi T, Kuwahara K, Ito R, Kimura Y, Tsuruoka H, Akter S, Kashino I, Kabe I, Kawakami N, Mizoue T. Dietary fiber intake and depressive symptoms in Japanese employees: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Nutrition 2015; 32:584-9. [PMID: 26810963 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary fiber may play a favorable role in mood through gut microbiota, but epidemiologic evidence linking mood to dietary fiber intake is scarce in free-living populations. We investigated cross-sectionally the associations of dietary intakes of total, soluble, insoluble, and sources of fiber with depressive symptoms among Japanese workers. METHODS Participants were 1977 employees ages 19-69 y. Dietary intake was assessed via a validated, brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of depressive symptoms adjusted for a range of dietary and non-dietary potential confounders. RESULTS Dietary fiber intake from vegetables and fruits was significantly inversely associated with depressive symptoms. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the lowest through the highest tertile of vegetable and fruit fiber were 1.00 (reference), 0.80 (0.60-1.05), and 0.65 (0.45-0.95), respectively (P for trend = 0.03). Dietary intake of total, soluble, insoluble, and cereal fiber was not associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Higher dietary fiber intake from vegetables and fruits may be associated with lower likelihood of having depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Miki
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Eguchi
- Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayo Kurotani
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kochi
- Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuwahara
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Ito
- Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumi Kimura
- Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsuruoka
- Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shamima Akter
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kashino
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isamu Kabe
- Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizoue
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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1097
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Griggs JL, Sinnayah P, Mathai ML. Prader–Willi syndrome: From genetics to behaviour, with special focus on appetite treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:155-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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1098
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Evrensel A, Ceylan ME. The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 13:239-44. [PMID: 26598580 PMCID: PMC4662178 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is essential to human health and the immune system and plays a major role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Based on evidence, the gut microbiota is associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autistic disorders, anxiety disorders and major depressive disorders. In the past few years, neuroscientific research has shown the importance of the microbiota in the development of brain systems. Recent studies showed that the microbiota could activate the immune and central nervous systems, including commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microorganisms are capable of producing and delivering neuroactive substances such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid, which act on the gut-brain axis. Preclinical research in rodents suggested that certain probiotics have antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Effects may be mediated via the immune system or neuroendocrine systems. Herein, we present the latest literature examining the effects of the gut microbiota on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Evrensel
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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1099
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Marioni-Henry K, Rusbridge C, Volk HA. Clinical Features in Border Terrier Dogs with Paroxysmal Involuntary Movements. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 3:73-79. [PMID: 30713898 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There have been anecdotal reports of episodic involuntary movements in the Border Terrier dog breed for over a decade. Recently, it has been hypothesized that this condition may be a form of paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis. The aim of this study was to characterize the phenomenology and clinical course of this condition and compare it to known human movement disorders. Methods Data were collected retrospectively from clinical cases treated by veterinary neurologists and additional information was collected prospectively with an ad-hoc online survey directed to owners of affected dogs. Results The episodes are characterized by generalized dystonia, tremors, titubation, and, in some cases, autonomic signs, such as salivation and vomiting. The median age at onset of the episodes was 3 years and the interval between clusters of episodes could last several months. Most of the episodes occurred from rest, and 67% of the owners reported that the episodes were associated with a trigger, most often excitement. Some owners reported an improvement after changing their dog's diet. We hypothesize that the Border Terrier attacks represent a form of paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia. Conclusions The finding of a dystonia phenotype within an inbred population suggests a genetic predisposition, and elucidating the genetic cause could facilitate improved understanding of dystonia. This genetic predisposition and the effect of treatment with anticonvulsant drugs and dietary changes on the severity of the paroxysms warrant further investigation on this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Marioni-Henry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Hospital for Small Animals, Veterinary Center The University of Edinburgh Roslin United Kingdom
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Godalming United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences University of Surrey Guildford United Kingdom
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College Hatfield United Kingdom
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1100
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Go YM, Liang Y, Uppal K, Soltow QA, Promislow DEL, Wachtman LM, Jones DP. Metabolic Characterization of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142916. [PMID: 26581102 PMCID: PMC4651467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution metabolomics has created opportunity to integrate nutrition and metabolism into genetic studies to improve understanding of the diverse radiation of primate species. At present, however, there is very little information to help guide experimental design for study of wild populations. In a previous non-targeted metabolomics study of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), Rhesus macaques, humans, and four non-primate mammalian species, we found that essential amino acids (AA) and other central metabolites had interspecies variation similar to intraspecies variation while non-essential AA, environmental chemicals and catabolic waste products had greater interspecies variation. The present study was designed to test whether 55 plasma metabolites, including both nutritionally essential and non-essential metabolites and catabolic products, differ in concentration in common marmosets and humans. Significant differences were present for more than half of the metabolites analyzed and included AA, vitamins and central lipid metabolites, as well as for catabolic products of AA, nucleotides, energy metabolism and heme. Three environmental chemicals were present at low nanomolar concentrations but did not differ between species. Sex and age differences in marmosets were present for AA and nucleotide metabolism and warrant additional study. Overall, the results suggest that quantitative, targeted metabolomics can provide a useful complement to non-targeted metabolomics for studies of diet and environment interactions in primate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Quinlyn A. Soltow
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. L. Promislow
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States of America
| | - Lynn M. Wachtman
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard University, Southborough, Massachusetts, 01772, United States of America
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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