1101
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Call ME, Wucherpfennig KW, Chou JJ. The structural basis for intramembrane assembly of an activating immunoreceptor complex. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:1023-9. [PMID: 20890284 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many receptors that activate cells of the immune system are multisubunit membrane protein complexes in which ligand recognition and signaling functions are contributed by separate protein modules. Receptors and signaling subunits assemble through contacts among basic and acidic residues in their transmembrane domains to form the functional complexes. Here we report the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the membrane-embedded, heterotrimeric assembly formed by association of the DAP12 signaling module with the natural killer (NK) cell-activating receptor NKG2C. The main intramembrane contact site is formed by a complex electrostatic network involving five hydrophilic transmembrane residues. Functional mutagenesis demonstrated that similar polar intramembrane motifs are also important for assembly of the NK cell-activating NKG2D-DAP10 complex and the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-invariant signaling protein CD3 complex. This structural motif therefore lies at the core of the molecular organization of many activating immunoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Call
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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1102
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Transcriptional analysis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells shows that PD-1 inhibits T cell function by upregulating BATF. Nat Med 2010; 16:1147-51. [PMID: 20890291 PMCID: PMC3326577 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells in chronic viral infections such as HIV develop functional defects including loss of interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion and decreased proliferative potential that are collectively termed 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells express increased amounts of multiple inhibitory receptors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), that contribute to impaired virus-specific T cell function. Although reversing PD-1 inhibition is therefore an attractive therapeutic strategy, the cellular mechanisms by which PD-1 ligation results in T cell inhibition are not fully understood. PD-1 is thought to limit T cell activation by attenuating T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. It is not known whether PD-1 also acts by upregulating genes in exhausted T cells that impair their function. Here we analyzed gene expression profiles from HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in individuals with HIV and show that PD-1 coordinately upregulates a program of genes in exhausted CD8(+) T cells from humans and mice. This program includes upregulation of basic leucine transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF), a transcription factor in the AP-1 family. Enforced expression of BATF was sufficient to impair T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion, whereas BATF knockdown reduced PD-1 inhibition. Silencing BATF in T cells from individuals with chronic viremia rescued HIV-specific T cell function. Thus, inhibitory receptors can cause T cell exhaustion by upregulating genes--such as BATF--that inhibit T cell function. Such genes may provide new therapeutic opportunities to improve T cell immunity to HIV.
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1103
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Pyzik M, Gendron-Pontbriand EM, Fodil-Cornu N, Vidal SM. Self or nonself? That is the question: sensing of cytomegalovirus infection by innate immune receptors. Mamm Genome 2010; 22:6-18. [PMID: 20882286 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) are ubiquitous, opportunistic DNA viruses that have mastered the art of immune evasion through their ability to mimic host proteins or to inhibit antiviral responses. The study of the host response against CMV infection has illuminated many facets of the complex interaction between host and pathogen. Here, we review evidence derived from the animal models and human studies that supports the central role played by innate immune receptors in the recognition of virus infection and their participation in the many layers of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Department of Human Genetics and Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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1104
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Abstract
Lymphoid differentiation and activation critically depend on cytokine stimulation and the interleukin-7 (IL-7) signaling in particular. Although it has been demonstrated that IL-7 may play a role in natural killer (NK) cell maturation, the effect of IL-7 stimulation on mature human NK cells has not been studied. We, therefore, investigated the expression and functional activity of IL-7Ralpha on mature NK populations from adult blood. In this article, we demonstrate that IL-7Ralpha is specifically expressed in the CD56bright noncytotoxic cytokine-producing NK subset. Importantly, this expression is thymus independent, contrary to what is observed in mice. In addition, we show that IL-7Ralpha is expressed at higher levels on NKG2A+CD56bright NK cells. In contrast to IL-15 stimulation, IL-7 does not increase NK cell cytotoxicity, interferon-gamma production, or the expression of activation markers, indicating that these cytokines play different functions in NK homeostasis and activation. However, IL-7 promotes the survival of the CD56bright NK subset and inhibits apoptosis by increasing BCL2 expression. These data should be taken into account when considering the clinical use of IL-7, particularly after stem cell transplantation.
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1105
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Elsner L, Flügge PF, Lozano J, Muppala V, Eiz-Vesper B, Demiroglu SY, Malzahn D, Herrmann T, Brunner E, Bickeböller H, Multhoff G, Walter L, Dressel R. The endogenous danger signals HSP70 and MICA cooperate in the activation of cytotoxic effector functions of NK cells. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:992-1002. [PMID: 20569278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells are often described as first line defence against infected or malignant cells which act without the need of prior activation, it is known now that the NK cell activity is tightly regulated by other cells and soluble factors. We show here that the stress-inducible heat shock protein (HSP) 70 activates human NK cells to kill target cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecule A (MICA) in a natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D-) dependent manner. The HSP70-derived peptide TKD (TKDNNLLGRFELSG) was able to replace the full-length HSP70 and to exert the same function. Interestingly, the expression of the cytotoxic effector protease granzyme B in NK cells was increased after TKD stimulation. When MICA and MICB expression was induced in human tumour cells by a histone deacetylase inhibitor and NK cells were activated by HSP70 or TKD, both treatments jointly improved the killing of the tumour cells. Thus, the synergistic activity of two stress-inducible immunological danger signals, HSP70 and MICA/B, leads to activation and enhanced cytotoxicity of human NK cells against tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Elsner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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1106
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Elsner L, Flügge PF, Lozano J, Muppala V, Eiz-Vesper B, Demiroglu SY, Malzahn D, Herrmann T, Brunner E, Bickeböller H, Multhoff G, Walter L, Dressel R. The endogenous danger signals HSP70 and MICA cooperate in the activation of cytotoxic effector functions of NK cells. J Cell Mol Med 2010. [PMID: 20569278 PMCID: PMC3823130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells are often described as first line defence against infected or malignant cells which act without the need of prior activation, it is known now that the NK cell activity is tightly regulated by other cells and soluble factors. We show here that the stress-inducible heat shock protein (HSP) 70 activates human NK cells to kill target cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecule A (MICA) in a natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D-) dependent manner. The HSP70-derived peptide TKD (TKDNNLLGRFELSG) was able to replace the full-length HSP70 and to exert the same function. Interestingly, the expression of the cytotoxic effector protease granzyme B in NK cells was increased after TKD stimulation. When MICA and MICB expression was induced in human tumour cells by a histone deacetylase inhibitor and NK cells were activated by HSP70 or TKD, both treatments jointly improved the killing of the tumour cells. Thus, the synergistic activity of two stress-inducible immunological danger signals, HSP70 and MICA/B, leads to activation and enhanced cytotoxicity of human NK cells against tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Elsner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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1107
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Stanietsky N, Mandelboim O. Paired NK cell receptors controlling NK cytotoxicity. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4895-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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1108
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Höglund P, Brodin P. Current perspectives of natural killer cell education by MHC class I molecules. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:724-34. [PMID: 20818413 DOI: 10.1038/nri2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
From the early days of natural killer (NK) cell research, it was clear that MHC genes controlled the specificity of mouse NK cell-dependent responses, such as the ability to reject transplanted allogeneic bone marrow and to kill tumour cells. Although several mechanisms that are involved in this 'education' process have been clarified, most of the mechanisms have still to be identified. Here, we review the current understanding of the processes that are involved in NK cell education, including how the host MHC class I molecules regulate responsiveness and receptor repertoire formation in NK cells and the signalling pathways that are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Höglund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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1109
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major human hepatotropic pathogens responsible for a large number of chronic infections worldwide. Their persistence is thought to result from inefficiencies of innate and adaptive immune responses; however, very little information is available on the former. Natural killer (NK) cells are a major component of innate immunity and their activity is tightly regulated by several inhibitory and activating receptors. DESIGN In this review, we examine controversial findings regarding the role of NK cells in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver disease caused by HCV and HBV. RESULTS Recent studies built up on technical advances to identify NK receptors and their functional correlates in this setting. While NK cells seem to behave correctly during acute hepatitis, it would appear that the NK cytotoxic potential is generally conserved in chronic hepatitis, if not increased in the case of HCV. In contrast, their ability to secrete antiviral cytokines such as interferon ex vivo or after cytokine stimulation is severely impaired. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests the existence of an NK cell functional dichotomy, which may contribute to virus persistence, while maintaining low-level chronic liver inflammation. The study of liver-infiltrating NK cells is still at the very beginning, but it is likely that it will shed more light on the role of this simple and at the same time complex innate immune cell in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario U Mondelli
- Molecular Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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1110
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Zhang R, Shah MV, Loughran TP. The root of many evils: indolent large granular lymphocyte leukaemia and associated disorders. Hematol Oncol 2010; 28:105-17. [PMID: 19645074 PMCID: PMC4377226 DOI: 10.1002/hon.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) leukaemia can arise from either natural killer (NK) cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The T-cell form of LGL leukaemia has significant overlap with other haematological disorders and autoimmune diseases. Here we provide an overview of LGL biology. We also focus discussion on the indolent LGL leukaemia related disorders and their causal relationships. We then discuss the potential relationships and distinctions between indolent LGL leukaemia and non-malignant clonal lymphocyte expansion that occur in otherwise healthy individuals, especially elder people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhang
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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1111
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Robert J. Comparative study of tumorigenesis and tumor immunity in invertebrates and nonmammalian vertebrates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:915-25. [PMID: 20553753 PMCID: PMC2900388 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite intense study in mammals, the different roles played by the immune system in detecting (immunosurveillance), controlling and remodeling (immunoediting) neoplasia, and perhaps in metastasis are not fully understood. In this review, I will present evidence of neoplasia and invasive malignancy, as well as tumor immunity in invertebrates and nonmammalian vertebrates. I will also present a comparative and evolutionary view of the complex interactions between neoplasia and the host immune system. Overall, I wish to go beyond the too simplistic dichotomy between invertebrates with innate immunity that are only affected with benign neoplasia and vertebrates with adaptive immunity that are affected by metastatic malignancies or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. jacques
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1112
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Bezman NA, Cedars E, Steiner DF, Blelloch R, Hesslein DGT, Lanier LL. Distinct requirements of microRNAs in NK cell activation, survival, and function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3835-46. [PMID: 20805417 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that have recently emerged as critical regulators of gene expression within the immune system. In this study, we used mice with conditional deletion of Dicer and DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8 (Dgcr8) to dissect the roles of miRNAs in NK cell activation, survival, and function during viral infection. We developed a system for deletion of either Dicer or Dgcr8 in peripheral NK cells via drug-induced Cre activity. We found that Dicer- and Dgcr8-deficient NK cells were significantly impaired in survival and turnover, and had impaired function of the ITAM-containing activating NK cell receptors. We further demonstrated that both Dicer- and Dgcr8-dependent pathways were indispensable for the expansion of Ly49H(+) NK cells during mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Our data indicate similar phenotypes for Dicer- and Dgcr8-deficient NK cells, which strongly suggest that these processes are regulated by miRNAs. Thus, our findings indicate a critical role for miRNAs in controlling NK cell homeostasis and effector function, with implications for miRNAs regulating diverse aspects of NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Bezman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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1113
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Natural killer cells in NOD.NK1.1 mice acquire cytolytic function during viral infection and provide protection against cytomegalovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:15844-9. [PMID: 20733071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010685107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting natural killer (NK) cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice have impaired immune functions compared with NK cells from other mouse strains. Here we investigated how NOD NK cells respond after mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, using NOD mice congenic for the protective NK gene complex from C57BL/6 mice. Compared with C57BL/6 mice congenic for the H2 gene complex from NOD mice (B6.g7), NOD.NK1.1 mice fail to control early infection with MCMV. After MCMV infection, however, NOD.NK1.1 NK cells demonstrate increased cytolytic function, associated with higher expression of granzyme B, and undergo robust expansion. One week after infection, NOD.NK1.1 NK cells control MCMV replication as effectively as B6.g7 NK cells, even in the absence of T cells and B cells. Thus, the impaired cytotoxic function of NK cells in NOD mice is alleviated by viral infection, which enables NOD NK cells to efficiently control MCMV infection.
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1114
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1115
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Hao J, Liu R, Piao W, Zhou Q, Vollmer TL, Campagnolo DI, Xiang R, La Cava A, Van Kaer L, Shi FD. Central nervous system (CNS)-resident natural killer cells suppress Th17 responses and CNS autoimmune pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1907-21. [PMID: 20696699 PMCID: PMC2931174 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells of the innate immune system can profoundly impact the development of adaptive immune responses. Inflammatory and autoimmune responses in anatomical locations such as the central nervous system (CNS) differ substantially from those found in peripheral organs. We show in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis that NK cell enrichment results in disease amelioration, whereas selective blockade of NK cell homing to the CNS results in disease exacerbation. Importantly, the effects of NK cells on CNS pathology were dependent on the activity of CNS-resident, but not peripheral, NK cells. This activity of CNS-resident NK cells involved interactions with microglia and suppression of myelin-reactive Th17 cells. Our studies suggest an organ-specific activity of NK cells on the magnitude of CNS inflammation, providing potential new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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1116
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Qiu F, Maniar A, Diaz MQ, Chapoval AI, Medvedev AE. Activation of cytokine-producing and antitumor activities of natural killer cells and macrophages by engagement of Toll-like and NOD-like receptors. Innate Immun 2010; 17:375-87. [PMID: 20682587 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910372000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells are important antitumor effectors by virtue of their ability to produce cytokines, chemokines and interferons (IFNs) and to mediate tumor cytotoxicity. Little is known about the impact of Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) pathways on NK cell functions, and the role of TLRs and NLRs in macrophage activation is incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the capacities of expressed TLRs and NLRs to elicit cytokine production in human NK cells and THP1 macrophages, and to activate NK cytotoxicity against the squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck cell line Tu167 and erythroleukemia K562 cells. We found that NK cells express high levels of NOD2, NLRP3, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9, while NOD1 was expressed at low levels. All tested NLR and TLR agonists potentiated NK cytotoxicity against Tu167 cells, whereas only poly (I:C) increased NK cytotoxicity against K562 cells. Poly (I:C) and Escherichia coli RNA markedly up-regulated TNF-α and IFN-γ expression in the NK92 cell line and human CD56(+)CD3(-) primary NK cells. High levels of NOD2, TLR7 and TLR9 proteins were observed in human THP1 cells, followed by TLR3, NOD1, and NLRP3. Stimulation of NLRP3 with E. coli RNA led to the highest induction of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40, RANTES and IFN-β, whereas TLR7, TLR3, TLR9, NOD1 and NOD2 agonists had lower effects. Our data reveal involvement of TLRs and NLRs in potentiation of antitumor cytotoxicity and cytokine-producing activities of human NK cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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1117
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Flavell RA, Sanjabi S, Wrzesinski SH, Licona-Limón P. The polarization of immune cells in the tumour environment by TGFbeta. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:554-67. [PMID: 20616810 PMCID: PMC3885992 DOI: 10.1038/nri2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) is an immunosuppressive cytokine produced by tumour cells and immune cells that can polarize many components of the immune system. This Review covers the effects of TGFbeta on natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, CD8(+) and CD4(+) effector and regulatory T cells, and NKT cells in animal tumour models and in patients with cancer. Collectively, many recent studies favour the hypothesis that blocking TGFbeta-induced signalling in the tumour microenvironment enhances antitumour immunity and may be beneficial for cancer therapy. An overview of the current drugs and reagents available for inhibiting TGFbeta-induced signalling and their phase in clinical development is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Flavell
- Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S-569, PO BOX 208011, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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1118
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Yindom LM, Leligdowicz A, Martin MP, Gao X, Qi Y, Zaman SMA, van der Loeff MS, van Tienen C, Jaye A, Aveika A, Worwui A, Diatta M, Vincent T, Whittle HC, Rowland-Jones SL, Walton R, Carrington M. Influence of HLA class I and HLA-KIR compound genotypes on HIV-2 infection and markers of disease progression in a Manjako community in West Africa. J Virol 2010; 84:8202-8. [PMID: 20519398 PMCID: PMC2916551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00116-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overall, the time to AIDS after HIV-2 infection is longer than with HIV-1, and many individuals infected with HIV-2 virus remain healthy throughout their lives. Multiple HLA and KIR gene products have been implicated in the control of HIV-1, but the effect of variation at these loci on HIV-2 disease is unknown. We show here for the first time that HLA-B*1503 is associated significantly with poor prognosis after HIV-2 infection and that HLA-B*0801 is associated with susceptibility to infection. Interestingly, previous data indicate that HLA-B*1503 is associated with low viral loads in HIV-1 clade B infection but has no significant effect on viral load in clade C infection. In general, alleles strongly associated with HIV-1 disease showed no effect in HIV-2 disease. These data emphasize the unique nature of the effects of HLA and HLA/KIR combinations on HIV-2 immune responses relative to HIV-1, which could be related to their distinct clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Marie Yindom
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Maureen P. Martin
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Xiaojiang Gao
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Ying Qi
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Syed M. A. Zaman
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Maarten Schim van der Loeff
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Carla van Tienen
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Assan Jaye
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Akum Aveika
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Archibald Worwui
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Mathurin Diatta
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Tim Vincent
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Hilton C. Whittle
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Sarah L. Rowland-Jones
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Robert Walton
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Mary Carrington
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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1119
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Prod'homme V, Sugrue DM, Stanton RJ, Nomoto A, Davies J, Rickards CR, Cochrane D, Moore M, Wilkinson GWG, Tomasec P. Human cytomegalovirus UL141 promotes efficient downregulation of the natural killer cell activating ligand CD112. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2034-2039. [PMID: 20410314 PMCID: PMC3052539 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.021931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL141 induces protection against natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis by downregulating cell surface expression of CD155 (nectin-like molecule 5; poliovirus receptor), a ligand for the activating receptor DNAM-1 (CD226). However, DNAM-1 is also recognized to bind a second ligand, CD112 (nectin-2). We now show that HCMV targets CD112 for proteasome-mediated degradation by 48 h post-infection, thus removing both activating ligands for DNAM-1 from the cell surface during productive infection. Significantly, cell surface expression of both CD112 and CD155 was restored when UL141 was deleted from the HCMV genome. While gpUL141 alone is sufficient to mediate retention of CD155 in the endoplasmic reticulum, UL141 requires assistance from additional HCMV-encoded functions to suppress expression of CD112.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Prod'homme
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Daniel M. Sugrue
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Akio Nomoto
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - James Davies
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Carole R. Rickards
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Daniel Cochrane
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Melanie Moore
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gavin W. G. Wilkinson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Tomasec
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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1120
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with the capacity to produce cytokines and kill target cells upon activation. NK cells have long been categorized as members of the innate immune system and as such have been thought to follow the 'rules' of innate immunity, including the principle that they have no immunologic memory, a property thought to be strictly limited to adaptive immunity. However, recent studies have suggested that NK cells have the capacity to alter their behavior based on prior activation. This property is analogous to adaptive immune memory; however, some NK cell memory-like functions are not strictly antigen dependent and can be demonstrated following cytokine stimulation. Here, we discuss the recent evidence that NK cells can exhibit properties of immunologic memory, focusing on the ability of cytokines to non-specifically induce memory-like NK cells with enhanced responses to restimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Cooper
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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1121
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with the capacity to produce cytokines and kill target cells upon activation. NK cells have long been categorized as members of the innate immune system and as such have been thought to follow the 'rules' of innate immunity, including the principle that they have no immunologic memory, a property thought to be strictly limited to adaptive immunity. However, recent studies have suggested that NK cells have the capacity to alter their behavior based on prior activation. This property is analogous to adaptive immune memory; however, some NK cell memory-like functions are not strictly antigen dependent and can be demonstrated following cytokine stimulation. Here, we discuss the recent evidence that NK cells can exhibit properties of immunologic memory, focusing on the ability of cytokines to non-specifically induce memory-like NK cells with enhanced responses to restimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Cooper
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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1122
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with the capacity to produce cytokines and kill target cells upon activation. NK cells have long been categorized as members of the innate immune system and as such have been thought to follow the 'rules' of innate immunity, including the principle that they have no immunologic memory, a property thought to be strictly limited to adaptive immunity. However, recent studies have suggested that NK cells have the capacity to alter their behavior based on prior activation. This property is analogous to adaptive immune memory; however, some NK cell memory-like functions are not strictly antigen dependent and can be demonstrated following cytokine stimulation. Here, we discuss the recent evidence that NK cells can exhibit properties of immunologic memory, focusing on the ability of cytokines to non-specifically induce memory-like NK cells with enhanced responses to restimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Cooper
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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1123
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Brunetta E, Hudspeth KL, Mavilio D. Pathologic natural killer cell subset redistribution in HIV-1 infection: new insights in pathophysiology and clinical outcomes. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1119-30. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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1124
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Bostik P, Takahashi Y, Mayne AE, Ansari AA. Innate immune natural killer cells and their role in HIV and SIV infection. HIV THERAPY 2010; 4:483-504. [PMID: 20730028 PMCID: PMC2922771 DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The findings that early events during HIV-1 and SIV infection of Asian rhesus macaques dictate the levels of viremia and rate of disease progression prior to the establishment of mature and effective adaptive immune responses strongly suggest an important role for innate immune mechanisms. In addition, the fact that the major target of HIV and SIV during this period of acute infection is the gastrointestinal tissue suggests that whatever role the innate immune system plays must either directly and/or indirectly focus on the GI tract. The object of this article is to provide a general overview of the innate immune system with a focus on natural killer (NK) cells and their role in the pathogenesis of lentivirus infection. The studies summarized include our current understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity, the putative functions ascribed to the subsets, the maturation/differentiation of NK cells, the mechanisms by which their function is mediated and regulated, the studies of these NK-cell subsets, with a focus on killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in nonhuman primates and humans, and finally, how HIV and SIV infection affects these NK cells in vivo. Clearly much has yet to be learnt on how the innate immune system influences the interaction between lentiviruses and the host within the GI tract, knowledge of which is reasoned to be critical for the formulation of effective vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bostik
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense & Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles University School of Medicine, Hradec-Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann E Mayne
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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1125
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Advances in cellular therapy for the treatment of thyroid cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:179491. [PMID: 20671939 PMCID: PMC2910457 DOI: 10.1155/2010/179491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, there are no curative therapies available for the subset of metastasized undifferentiated/anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. This review describes the possible use of immunocompetent cells which may help to restore the antitumor immune recognition for treating an existing tumor or preventing its recurrence. The most prominent experimental strategy is the use of dendritic cells (DCs) which are highly potent in presenting tumor antigens. Activated DCs subsequently migrate to draining lymph nodes where they present antigens to naïve lymphocytes and induce cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Alternatively to DC therapy, adoptive cell transfer may be performed by either using natural killer cells or ex vivo maturated CTLs. Within this review article we will focus on recent advances in the understanding of anti-tumor immune responses, for example, in thyroid carcinomas including the advances which have been made for the identification of potential tumor antigens in thyroid malignancies.
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1126
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Pegram HJ, Andrews DM, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Activating and inhibitory receptors of natural killer cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:216-24. [PMID: 20567250 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent immune effector cells that can respond to infection and cancer, as well as allowing maternal adaptation to pregnancy. In response to malignant transformation or pathogenic invasion, NK cells can secrete cytokine and may be directly cytolytic, as well as exerting effects indirectly through other cells of the immune system. To recognize and respond to inflamed or infected tissues, NK cells express a variety of activating and inhibitory receptors including NKG2D, Ly49 or KIR, CD94-NKG2 heterodimers and natural cytotoxicity receptors, as well as co-stimulatory receptors. These receptors recognize cellular stress ligands as well as major histocompatibility complex class I and related molecules, which can lead to NK cell responses. Importantly, NK cells must remain tolerant of healthy tissue, and some of these receptors can also prevent activation of NK cells. In this review, we describe the expression of prominent NK cell receptors, as well as expression of their ligands and their role in immune responses. In addition, we describe the main signaling pathways used by NK cell receptors. Although we now appreciate that NK cell biology is more complicated than first thought, there are still facets of their biology that remain unclear. These will be highlighted and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie J Pegram
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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1127
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1128
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Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the NKG2D ligand cluster on the long arm of chromosome 6: Extensive polymorphisms and evidence of diversity between human populations. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:610-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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1129
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Kerrigan AM, Brown GD. Syk-coupled C-type lectin receptors that mediate cellular activation via single tyrosine based activation motifs. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:335-52. [PMID: 20193029 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Different dendritic cell (DC) subsets have distinct specialized functions contributed in part by their differential expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a group of PRRs expressed by DCs and other myeloid cells that can recognize endogenous ligands as well as a wide range of exogenous structures present on pathogens. Dual roles in homeostasis and immunity have been demonstrated for some members of this receptor family. Largely due to their endocytic ability and subset specific expression, DC-expressed CLRs have been the focus of significant antigen-targeting studies. A number of CLRs function on the basis of signaling via association with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adapter proteins. Others contain ITAM-related motifs or immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tails. Here we review CLRs that induce intracellular signaling via a single tyrosine-based ITAM-like motif and highlight their relevance in terms of DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Kerrigan
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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1130
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Lee SH, Biron CA. Here today--not gone tomorrow: roles for activating receptors in sustaining NK cells during viral infections. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:923-32. [PMID: 20209503 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The conclusive evidence supporting a role for NK cells in defense against viruses has been obtained under conditions of NK cell deficiencies prior to infections. NK cell proliferation can be induced during infections, but the advantages of resulting expansion have been unclear because NK cell basal frequency is already high. However, NK cell decreases are also observed during certain conditions of viral infection. Given the range of potent antiviral and immunoregulatory functions of NK cells, such "disappearance" dramatically changes the resources available to the host. New studies demonstrate that proliferation dependent on activating receptors for virus-induced ligands is key for NK cell maintenance, and allows their continued availability for control of adaptive immune responses and immunopathology. This pathway for sustaining NK cells may represent a system used generally to select subsets for rescue during homeostatic purging. In the case of NK cells, though, nonselection limits continued access to the many beneficial functions of NK cells. The observations resolve the long-standing conundrum of reported NK cell increases and decreases during viral infections. Moreover, they demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for activating receptors, i.e. to keep NK cells here today and also tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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1131
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Martinet L, Jean C, Dietrich G, Fournié JJ, Poupot R. PGE2 inhibits natural killer and gamma delta T cell cytotoxicity triggered by NKR and TCR through a cAMP-mediated PKA type I-dependent signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:838-45. [PMID: 20470757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and unconventional gammadelta T cells, by their ability to sense ligands induced by oncogenic stress on cell surface and to kill tumor cells without a need for clonal expansion, show a great therapeutic interest. They use numerous activating and inhibitory receptors which can function with some independence to trigger or inhibit destruction of target cells. Previous reports demonstrated that PGE(2) is able to suppress the destruction of some tumor cell lines by NK and gammadelta T cells but it remained uncertain if PGE(2) interferes with the different activating receptors governing the cytolytic responses of NK and gammadelta T cells. In this report, using the model of specific redirected lysis of the mouse FcgammaR(+) cell line P815, we clearly demonstrate that the major NK receptors (NKR): NKG2D, CD16 and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR: NKp30, NKp44, NKp46) and gammadelta T cell receptors TCR Vgamma9Vdelta2, NKG2D and CD16 are all inhibited by PGE(2). As is the case with gammadelta T cells, we show that PGE(2) binds on E-prostanoid 2 (EP2) and EP4 receptors on NK cells. Finally, we delineate that the signaling of the blockade by PGE(2) is mediated through a cAMP-dependent activation of PKA type I which inhibits early signaling protein of cytotoxic cells. In the discussion, we focused on how these data should impact particular approaches in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinet
- INSERM, U.563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France.
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1132
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Alter G, Kavanagh D, Rihn S, Luteijn R, Brooks D, Oldstone M, van Lunzen J, Altfeld M. IL-10 induces aberrant deletion of dendritic cells by natural killer cells in the context of HIV infection. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1905-13. [PMID: 20440075 DOI: 10.1172/jci40913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent levels of IL-10 play a central role in progressive immune dysfunction associated with chronic viral infections such as HIV, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Because IL-10 affects the phenotypic and functional properties of DCs, which are responsible for initiating adaptive immune responses, we investigated whether IL-10 induces changes in DC phenotype and function in the context of HIV infection. Here, we show that IL-10 treatment of immature and mature human DCs in culture induced contrasting phenotypic changes in these populations: immature DCs exhibited aberrant resistance to NK cell-mediated elimination, whereas mature DCs exhibited increased susceptibility to NKG2D-dependent NK elimination. Treatment of immature and mature DCs with HIV resulted in potent IL-10 secretion and the same phenotypic and functional changes observed in the IL-10-treated cells. Consistent with these in vitro data, LNs isolated from individuals infected with HIV exhibited aberrant accumulation of a partially "immature" DC population. Together, these data suggest that the progressive immune dysfunction observed in chronic viral infections might be caused in part by IL-10-induced reversal of DC susceptibility to NK cell-mediated elimination, resulting in the accumulation of poorly immunogenic DCs in LNs, the sites of adaptive immune response induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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1133
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1134
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Kavan D, Kubíčková M, Bílý J, Vaněk O, Hofbauerová K, Mrázek H, Rozbeský D, Bojarová P, Křen V, Žídek L, Sklenář V, Bezouška K. Cooperation between Subunits Is Essential for High-Affinity Binding of N-Acetyl-d-hexosamines to Dimeric Soluble and Dimeric Cellular Forms of Human CD69. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4060-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kubíčková
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bílý
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hofbauerová
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Mrázek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rozbeský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Žídek
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Sklenář
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Bezouška
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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1135
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Kim TJ, Kim N, Kim EO, Choi JR, Bluestone JA, Lee KM. Suppression of human anti-porcine natural killer cell xenogeneic responses by combinations of monoclonal antibodies specific to CD2 and NKG2D and extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor. Immunology 2010; 130:545-55. [PMID: 20406306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells can destroy xenogeneic tissues by antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) and direct lysis. Unlike ADCC, activating interactions between human NK receptors and their cognate ligands in pigs are not fully elucidated. We set up this study to identify human NK activating receptors recognizing porcine cells isolated from distinct organs, e.g., aorta, cornea and liver, and to provide a molecular basis for effective immunosuppressive regimens. Among the array of NK receptors tested, NKp46, 2B4, CD49d, CD48, CD2 and NKG2D, only CD2 and NKG2D were shown to be involved in both cytotoxicity and cytokine (interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha) production against porcine targets. Simultaneous blocking of CD2 and NKG2D by combining its monoclonal antibodies further suppressed xenogeneic NK responses. Moreover, addition of a suboptimal dose of PD98059, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase inhibitor, to those cells maximally reduced NK cytotoxicity, suggesting that ERK plays an important role in NK-mediated xenoreactivity. These impairments in NK cells were tightly associated with defective intracellular calcium mobilization and the subsequent degranulation process. Therefore, our data demonstrate a distinct role of CD2 and NKG2D on human NK cells in recognizing porcine grafts and further provide a potentially efficacious combinational regimen using anti-CD2 and anti-NKG2D monoclonal antibodies with PD98059 in a pig-to-human transplantation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Global Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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1136
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Vermijlen D, Brouwer M, Donner C, Liesnard C, Tackoen M, Van Rysselberge M, Twité N, Goldman M, Marchant A, Willems F. Human cytomegalovirus elicits fetal gammadelta T cell responses in utero. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:807-21. [PMID: 20368575 PMCID: PMC2856038 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The fetus and infant are highly susceptible to viral infections. Several viruses, including human cytomegalovirus (CMV), cause more severe disease in early life compared with later life. It is generally accepted that this is a result of the immaturity of the immune system. gammadelta T cells are unconventional T cells that can react rapidly upon activation and show major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted activity. We show that upon CMV infection in utero, fetal gammadelta T cells expand and become differentiated. The expansion was restricted to Vgamma9-negative gammadelta T cells, irrespective of their Vdelta chain expression. Differentiated gammadelta T cells expressed high levels of IFN-gamma, transcription factors T-bet and eomes, natural killer receptors, and cytotoxic mediators. CMV infection induced a striking enrichment of a public Vgamma8Vdelta1-TCR, containing the germline-encoded complementary-determining-region-3 (CDR3) delta1-CALGELGDDKLIF/CDR3gamma8-CATWDTTGWFKIF. Public Vgamma8Vdelta1-TCR-expressing cell clones produced IFN-gamma upon coincubation with CMV-infected target cells in a TCR/CD3-dependent manner and showed antiviral activity. Differentiated gammadelta T cells and public Vgamma8Vdelta1-TCR were detected as early as after 21 wk of gestation. Our results indicate that functional fetal gammadelta T cell responses can be generated during development in utero and suggest that this T cell subset could participate in antiviral defense in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermijlen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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1137
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Amadei B, Urbani S, Cazaly A, Fisicaro P, Zerbini A, Ahmed P, Missale G, Ferrari C, Khakoo SI. Activation of natural killer cells during acute infection with hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1536-45. [PMID: 20080094 PMCID: PMC4183834 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Natural killer (NK) cells are essential early after infection, not only for viral containment but also for timely and efficient induction of adaptive responses. An inhibitory effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-E2 proteins on NK cells has been reported, but the features of NK cell responses in the acute phase of hepatitis C are still largely undefined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the function and phenotype of NK cells in the acute phase of infection and compare individuals with chronic and self-limited outcomes. METHODS Twenty-two individuals with acute HCV infection, 14 with chronic evolution, and 8 with self-limited infection, were studied using NK phenotypic and functional assays. RESULTS An increased expression of NKG2D on both CD56(bright) and CD56(dim) NK cells was detected in patients with acute HCV, irrespective of the outcome, as compared with healthy controls. Also, interferon gamma production and cytotoxicity by NK cells were higher in individuals with acute HCV infection than in healthy controls. Subset analysis showed increased interferon gamma production in both NK cell subsets carrying group 1 and group 2 HLA-C-specific killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors. However, increased CD107a was noted only on NK cells expressing the group 1 HLA-C-specific killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor and was maximal in self-limited infection. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that in the acute phase of HCV infection, NK cells are activated regardless of outcome, with no evidence of a suppressive effect of HCV on NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Amadei
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Urbani
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Angelica Cazaly
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zerbini
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Parvin Ahmed
- Department of Hepatology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Missale
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Department of Hepatology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
,Address for correspondence: Salim I Khakoo, Department of Hepatology,10th Floor QEQM building, Imperial College (St Mary’s Campus), South Wharf Road, London, W2 1PG, , tel: 44-207-886-6454; fax: 44-207-724-9369
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1138
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Humann J, Lenz LL. Activation of naive NK cells in response to Listeria monocytogenes requires IL-18 and contact with infected dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5172-8. [PMID: 20351186 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms for NK cell activation during infection by intracellular bacterial pathogens are not clearly defined. To dissect how Listeria monocytogenes infection elicits NK cell activation, we evaluated the requirements for activation of naive splenic NK cells by infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). We found that NK cell activation in this setting required infection of BMDCs by live wild type bacteria. NK cells were not activated when BMDCs were infected with a live hemolysin deficient (Deltahly) strain. Neutralization of IL-12, TNF-alpha, or caspase-1 each dramatically reduced NK cell IFN-gamma production in response to live wt L. monocytogenes infection. Addition of recombinant IL-18, but not IL-1beta, reversed the effects of caspase-1 inhibition. Recombinant IL-18 also restored NK cell activation by BMDCs infected with Deltahly L. monocytogenes, which produced IL-12 but not IL-18. IL-18 acted on NK cells because MyD88 expression was required in responding NK cells, but not infected BMDC. However, secreted cytokines were not sufficient for activation of naive NK cells by infected BMDCs. Rather, NK cell activation additionally required contact between infected BMDCs and NK cells. These data suggest that the activation of NK cells during L. monocytogenes infection requires both secreted cytokines and ligation of NK activating receptors during direct contact with infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Humann
- National Jewish Health and Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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1139
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Spreu J, Kuttruff S, Stejfova V, Dennehy KM, Schittek B, Steinle A. Interaction of C-type lectin-like receptors NKp65 and KACL facilitates dedicated immune recognition of human keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5100-5. [PMID: 20194751 PMCID: PMC2841919 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many well-known immune-related C-type lectin-like receptors (CTLRs) such as NKG2D, CD69, and the Ly49 receptors are encoded in the natural killer gene complex (NKC). Recently, we characterized the orphan NKC gene CLEC2A encoding for KACL, a further member of the human CLEC2 family of CTLRs. In contrast to the other CLEC2 family members AICL, CD69, and LLT1, KACL expression is mostly restricted to skin. Here we show that KACL is a non-disulfide-linked homodimeric surface receptor and stimulates cytotoxicity by human NK92MI cells. We identified the corresponding activating receptor on NK92MI cells that is encoded adjacently to the CLEC2A locus and binds KACL with high affinity. This CTLR, termed NKp65, stimulates NK cytotoxicity and release of proinflammatory cytokines upon engagement of cell-bound KACL. NKp65, a distant relative of the human activating NK receptor NKp80, possesses an amino-terminal hemITAM that is required for NKp65-mediated cytotoxicity. Finally, we show that KACL expression is mainly restricted to keratinocytes. Freshly isolated keratinocytes express KACL and are capable of stimulating NKp65-expressing cells in a KACL-dependent manner. Thus, we report a unique NKC-encoded receptor-ligand system that may fulfill a dedicated function in the immunobiology of human skin.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Degranulation
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disulfides/metabolism
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/immunology
- Keratinocytes/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/chemistry
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Spreu
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, and
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, and
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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1140
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Direct TLR2 signaling is critical for NK cell activation and function in response to vaccinia viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000811. [PMID: 20300608 PMCID: PMC2837413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in innate immune control of poxviral infections in vivo. However, the mechanism(s) underlying NK cell activation and function in response to poxviruses remains poorly understood. In a mouse model of infection with vaccinia virus (VV), the most studied member of the poxvirus family, we identified that the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-myeloid differentiating factor 88 (MyD88) pathway was critical for the activation of NK cells and the control of VV infection in vivo. We further showed that TLR2 signaling on NK cells, but not on accessory cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), was necessary for NK cell activation and that this intrinsic TLR2-MyD88 signaling pathway was required for NK cell activation and played a critical role in the control of VV infection in vivo. In addition, we showed that the activating receptor NKG2D was also important for efficient NK activation and function, as well as recognition of VV-infected targets. We further demonstrated that VV could directly activate NK cells via TLR2 in the presence of cytokines in vitro and TLR2-MyD88-dependent activation of NK cells by VV was mediated through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Taken together, these results represent the first evidence that intrinsic TLR signaling is critical for NK cell activation and function in the control of a viral infection in vivo, indicate that multiple pathways are required for efficient NK cell activation and function in response to VV infection, and may provide important insights into the design of effective strategies to combat poxviral infections. NK cells are an important component of innate immunity in fighting against poxviral infections in vivo. However, how NK cells are activated and exert their function in controlling poxviruses remains poorly understood. In this paper, we found that VV, the most studied member of the poxvirus family, could directly activate TLR2 on NK cells and that the direct TLR2 stimulation was critical for NK cell activation and function in the control of VV infection in vivo. We further showed that TLR2-dependent NK cell activation by VV was mediated through the PI3K-ERK pathway. In addition, we demonstrated that the activating receptor NKG2D was also required for efficient NK cell activation and function. Collectively, these results represent the first evidence that direct TLR signaling is crucial to NK cell activation and function in the control of a viral infection in vivo, indicate that multiple pathways are required for efficient NK cell activation, and may provide important insights into the design of effective strategies to combat poxviral infections.
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1141
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Membrane nanotubes facilitate long-distance interactions between natural killer cells and target cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5545-50. [PMID: 20212116 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910074107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane nanotubes are membranous tethers that physically link cell bodies over long distances. Here, we present evidence that nanotubes allow human natural killer (NK) cells to interact functionally with target cells over long distances. Nanotubes were formed when NK cells contacted target cells and moved apart. The frequency of nanotube formation was dependent on the number of receptor/ligand interactions and increased on NK cell activation. Most importantly, NK cell nanotubes contained a submicron scale junction where proteins accumulated, including DAP10, the signaling adaptor that associates with the activating receptor NKG2D, and MHC class I chain-related protein A (MICA), a cognate ligand for NKG2D, as occurs at close intercellular synapses between NK cells and target cells. Quantitative live-cell fluorescence imaging suggested that MICA accumulated at small nanotube synapses in sufficient numbers to trigger cell activation. In addition, tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and Vav-1 accumulated at such junctions. Functionally, nanotubes could aid the lysis of distant target cells either directly or by moving target cells along the nanotube path into close contact for lysis via a conventional immune synapse. Target cells moving along the nanotube path were commonly polarized such that their uropods faced the direction of movement. This is the opposite polarization than for normal cell migration, implying that nanotubes can specifically drive target cell movement. Finally, target cells that remained connected to an NK cell by a nanotube were frequently lysed, whereas removing the nanotube using a micromanipulator reduced lysis of these target cells.
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1142
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Cao W, Bover L. Signaling and ligand interaction of ILT7: receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms for plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:163-76. [PMID: 20193018 PMCID: PMC2919054 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized dendritic cells (DCs) that produce large amounts of type I interferon (IFN) after Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Human pDCs preferentially express immunoglobulin-like transcript 7 (ILT7; LILRA4), which couples with a signaling adapter to activate a prominent immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling pathway. ILT7 protein directly binds to and can be activated by bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2; CD317) protein, the expression of which is found on cells pre-exposed to IFN or on the surface of human cancer cells. The interaction between ILT7 and BST2 functions to assure an appropriate TLR response by pDCs during viral infection and likely participates in pDC-tumor crosstalk. Two opposing modes of receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms work jointly to fine tune the innate immunity of pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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1143
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Orr MT, Murphy WJ, Lanier LL. 'Unlicensed' natural killer cells dominate the response to cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:321-7. [PMID: 20190757 PMCID: PMC2842453 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells expressing inhibitory receptors that bind to self-MHC class I are “licensed” or rendered functionally more responsive to stimulation, whereas “unlicensed” NK cells lacking receptors for self-MHC class I are hyporesponsive. Here we show that, contrary to the licensing hypothesis, unlicensed NK cells were the primary mediators of NK cell-mediated control of mouse cytomegalovirus infection in vivo. Depletion of unlicensed, but not licensed, NK cells impaired control of viral titers. Transfer of unlicensed NK cells was more protective than licensed NK cells. SHP-1 signaling limited proliferation of licensed, but not unlicensed NK cells during infection. Thus, “unlicensed” NK cells are critical for protection against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Orr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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1144
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March ME, Gross CC, Long EO. Use of transfected Drosophila S2 cells to study NK cell activation. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 612:67-88. [PMID: 20033635 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-362-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Determining the contribution of individual receptors to natural killer (NK) cell function is complicated by the multiplicity of activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors. Mammalian target cells typically express a variety of ligands for NK cell receptors. Engagement of NK cell receptors by antibodies may not mimic activation by natural ligands. To define requirements for activation and dissect the contribution of receptors to NK cell function, we have generated Drosophila Schneider line 2 (S2) cell transfectants expressing ligands for NK cell receptors. The evolutionary distance between Drosophila and mammals greatly reduces the potential of recognition of insect cell molecules by mammalian NK cells. Here, we present methods for maintenance and transfection of S2 cells, as well as protocols for their use in NK cell assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E March
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
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1145
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Inhibition of human natural killer cell activity by influenza virions and hemagglutinin. J Virol 2010; 84:4148-57. [PMID: 20164232 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02340-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells keep viral infections under control at the early phase by directly killing infected cells. Influenza is an acute contagious respiratory viral disease transmitted from host-to-host in the first few days of infection. The evasion of host innate immune defenses including NK cells is important for its success as a viral pathogen of humans and animals. NK cells encounter influenza virus within the microenvironment of infected cells. It therefore is important to investigate the direct effects of influenza virus on NK cell activity. Recently we demonstrated that influenza virus directly infects human NK cells and induces cell apoptosis to counter their function (H. Mao, W. Tu, G. Qin, H. K. W. Law, S. F. Sia, P.-L. Chan, Y. Liu, K.-T. Lam, J. Zheng, M. Peiris, and Y.-L. Lau, J. Virol. 83:9215-9222, 2009). Here, we further demonstrated that both the intact influenza virion and free hemagglutinin protein inhibited the cytotoxicity of fresh and interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated primary human NK cells. Hemagglutinin bound and internalized into NK cells via the sialic acids. This interaction did not decrease NKp46 expression but caused the downregulation of the zeta chain through the lysosomal pathway, which caused the decrease of NK cell cytotoxicity mediated by NKp46 and NKp30. The underlying dysregulation of the signaling pathway involved zeta chain downregulation, leading to decreased Syk and ERK activation and granule exocytosis upon target cell stimulation, finally causing reduced cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that influenza virus developed a novel strategy to evade NK cell innate immune defense that is likely to facilitate viral transmission and also contribute to virus pathogenesis.
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1146
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Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their HLA-C ligands in two Iranian populations. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:65-73. [PMID: 19936734 PMCID: PMC2814031 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) gene frequencies vary between populations and contribute to functional variation in immune responses to viruses, autoimmunity and reproductive success. This study describes the frequency distribution of 12 variable KIR genes and their HLA-C ligands in two Iranian populations who have lived for many generations in different environments: the Azerbaijanis at high altitude and the Jonobi people at sea level. The results are compared with those published for other human populations and a large group of English Caucasians. Differences were seen in KIR and HLA-C group frequencies, in linkage disequilibrium and inhibitory/activating KIR ratios between the groups. Similarities with geographically close populations in the frequencies of the KIR A and B haplotypes and KIR AA genotype reflected their common ancestry. The extreme variability of the KIR gene family and their HLA-C ligands is highlighted and their importance in defining differences between geographically and culturally isolated communities subject to different environmental pressures who come from the same ethnic grouping.
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1147
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Kammerer R, Zimmermann W. Coevolution of activating and inhibitory receptors within mammalian carcinoembryonic antigen families. BMC Biol 2010; 8:12. [PMID: 20132533 PMCID: PMC2832619 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most rapidly evolving gene families are involved in immune responses and reproduction, two biological functions which have been assigned to the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family. To gain insights into evolutionary forces shaping the CEA gene family we have analysed this gene family in 27 mammalian species including monotreme and marsupial lineages. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis provided convincing evidence that the primordial CEA gene family in mammals consisted of five genes, including the immune inhibitory receptor-encoding CEACAM1 (CEA-related cell adhesion molecule) ancestor. Our analysis of the substitution rates within the nucleotide sequence which codes for the ligand binding domain of CEACAM1 indicates that the selection for diversification is, perhaps, a consequence of the exploitation of CEACAM1 by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens as their cellular receptor. Depending on the extent of the amplification of an ancestral CEACAM1, the number of CEACAM1-related genes varies considerably between mammalian species from less than five in lagomorphs to more than 100 in bats. In most analysed species, ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs) or ITAM-like motif-containing proteins exist which contain Ig-V-like, ligand binding domains closely related to that of CEACAM1. Human CEACAM3 is one such protein which can function as a CEACAM1 decoy receptor in granulocytes by mediating the uptake and destruction of specific bacterial pathogens via its ITAM-like motif. The close relationship between CEACAM1 and its ITAM-encoding relatives appears to be maintained by gene conversion and reciprocal recombination. Surprisingly, secreted CEACAMs resembling immunomodulatory CEACAM1-related trophoblast-specific pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) found in humans and rodents evolved only in a limited set of mammals. The appearance of PSG-like genes correlates with invasive trophoblast growth in these species. CONCLUSIONS These phylogenetic studies provide evidence that pathogen/host coevolution and a possible participation in fetal-maternal conflict processes led to a highly species-specific diversity of mammalian CEA gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kammerer
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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1148
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Although most children with cancer are cured, there remain significant limitations of standard treatment, most notably chemotherapy resistance and non-specific toxicities. Novel immune-based therapies that target pediatric malignancies offer attractive adjuncts and/or alternatives to commonly employed cytotoxic regimens of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Elucidation of the principles of tumor biology and the development of novel laboratory technologies over the last decade have led to substantial progress in bringing immunotherapies to the bedside. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Current immunotherapeutic clinical trials in pediatric oncology and the science behind their development are reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Most of the immune-based therapies studied to date have been well tolerated, and some have shown promise in the setting of refractory or high-risk malignancies, demonstrating that immunotherapy has the potential to overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapy. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Some immune-based therapies, such as ch14.18 and MTP-PE, have already been proven effective in phase III randomized trials. Further studies are needed to optimize and integrate other therapies into standard regimens, and to test them in randomized trials for patients with childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Capitini
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Pediatric Oncology Branch, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1104, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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1149
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1150
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RETRACTED: Carboxylated calixarenes bind strongly to CD69 and protect CD69+ killer cells from suicidal cell death induced by tumor cell surface ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1434-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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