1101
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Ting TT, Huang SY, Chen KH, Tseng CI, Lin KM, Chen CY, Chen WJ. Effects of genetic variants of ADH1B and ALDH2 and social network on continued alcohol drinking among young adolescents in Taiwan. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 147:38-45. [PMID: 25573768 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed (i) to evaluate the effects of genetic variants of ADH1B and ALDH2 and social network position on continued alcohol use in early adolescence, and (ii) to explore possible moderating role of pubertal development on genetic effects. METHODS The sample comprised 496 children who ever drank alcohol before the ages of 10-12. Information pertaining to sociodemographic background, pubertal development, parental drinking, alcohol and tobacco use, alcohol-metabolizing genes, and nominated best friends was collected in four waves of assessment. Polymorphisms of ADH1B (rs1229984) and ALDH2 (rs671) were genotyped. The latent class analysis was first used to characterize longitudinal alcohol use pattern, followed by the multinomial logistic regression analyses to assess its association with genes, pubertal development, and social network. RESULTS Three distinct classes of alcohol users (i.e. ex-drinkers, sporadic drinkers, and continued drinkers) were derived from alcohol-experienced children. Both alcohol-metabolizing genes appear to have protective effects, yet such relationships were only significant for youngsters in pre-to-early pubertal stage: the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of ADH1B fast-genotype for sporadic drinkers was 0.46 and that of ALDH2 slow-genotype for both sporadic and continued drinkers was 0.47 and 0.42, respectively. Children having the bridge position in their peer network were more likely to be sporadic drinkers (aOR=4.15) and continued drinkers (aOR=3.16). CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate a potential moderating effect of pubertal development on the protective influence of alcohol-metabolizing genes on subsequent alcohol use among alcohol-experienced children as well as the independent contribution of early life's social network to their alcohol involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Tien Ting
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Center of Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Yun Huang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Chen
- Center of Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ing Tseng
- Genetic Epidemiologic Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, 2 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Ming Lin
- Center of Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yu Chen
- Center of Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Wei J Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Genetic Epidemiologic Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, 2 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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1102
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Abstract
Human development reportedly includes critical and sensitive periods during which environmental stressors can affect traits that persist throughout life. Controversy remains over which of these periods provides an opportunity for such stressors to affect health and longevity. The elaboration of reproductive biology and its behavioral sequelae during adolescence suggests such a sensitive period, particularly among males. We test the hypothesis that life expectancy at age 20 among males exposed to life-threatening stressors during early adolescence will fall below that among other males. We apply time-series methods to cohort mortality data in France between 1816 and 1919, England and Wales between 1841 and 1919, and Sweden between 1861 and 1919. Our results indicate an inverse association between cohort death rates at ages 10-14 and cohort life expectancy at age 20. Our findings imply that better-informed and more strategic management of the stressors encountered by early adolescents may improve population health.
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1103
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Berenbaum SA, Beltz AM, Corley R. The importance of puberty for adolescent development: conceptualization and measurement. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 48:53-92. [PMID: 25735941 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
How and why are teenagers different from children and adults? A key question concerns the ways in which pubertal development shapes psychological changes in adolescence directly through changes to the brain and indirectly through the social environment. Empirical work linking pubertal development to adolescent psychological function draws from several different perspectives, often with varying approaches and a focus on different outcomes and mechanisms. The main themes concern effects of atypical pubertal timing on behavior problems during adolescence, effects of pubertal status (and associated hormones) on normative changes in behaviors that can facilitate or hinder development (especially risk-taking, social reorientation, and stress responsivity), and the role of puberty in triggering psychopathology in vulnerable individuals. There is also interest in understanding the ways in which changes in the brain reflect pubertal processes and underlie psychological development in adolescence. In this chapter, we consider the ways that puberty might affect adolescent psychological development, and why this is of importance to developmentalists. We describe the processes of pubertal development; summarize what is known about pubertal influences on adolescent development; consider the assumptions that underlie most work and the methodological issues that affect the interpretation of results; and propose research directions to help understand paths from puberty to behavior. Throughout, we emphasize the importance of pubertal change in all aspects of psychological development, and the ways in which puberty represents an opportunity to study the interplay of biological and social influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri A Berenbaum
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Adriene M Beltz
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robin Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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1104
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Fuligni AJ, Tsai KM. Developmental Flexibility in the Age of Globalization: Autonomy and Identity Development Among Immigrant Adolescents. Annu Rev Psychol 2015; 66:411-31. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The socioeconomic and cultural changes that result from an increasingly interconnected world have been speculated to have important implications for the nature of adolescent development. Unfortunately, the historical time necessary for these changes to take place means that definitive research on the impact of globalization necessarily will be slow in forthcoming. Adolescents from immigrant families, however, already experience the social and cultural shifts thought to typify globalization, and an analysis of their experiences could shed light on what to expect as existing national barriers become more permeable. The value of flexibility in the face of great social and cultural change appears to be the dominant theme from research on immigrant youth, although that flexibility can be constrained by socioeconomic, ethnic, and racial stratification systems in host societies. This review highlights the implications of these findings for what may lie ahead for teenagers as globalization continues to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Fuligni
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior,
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024;,
| | - Kim M. Tsai
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior,
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024;,
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1105
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Fu X, Du Y, Au S, Lau JYF. Single-Session Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretations Training in High-Anxious Adolescents. J Cogn Psychother 2015; 29:253-272. [PMID: 32755951 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.29.3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders in youths are globally prevalent and carry impairing, long-lasting effects. Interpreting ambiguous cues negatively may be causally related to adolescent anxiety. Extending cognitive bias modification of interpretations (CBM-I) training, which counters anxiety by encouraging positive interpretations, to anxious adolescents could inform the design of new interventions. The study investigates whether single-session CBM-I training (a) altered interpretation biases and negative mood in adolescents selected for high anxiety and (b) whether these training-associated changes were larger than those reported in low-anxious adolescents. Seventy-seven Chinese adolescents received either positive or control training. Positive training encouraged endorsement of positive interpretations of ambiguous scenarios while on control training trials, half of the scenarios were resolved positively and half negatively. A single session of CBM-I altered interpretation biases across all individuals, F(1, 52) = 10.63, p < .01, η2 = .17. However, no training effects on mood measures emerged (all ps > .05). Training effects were not consistently moderated by baseline trait anxiety. Multisession CBM-I may be needed for mood changes to occur.
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1106
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Moran P, Coffey C, Romaniuk H, Degenhardt L, Borschmann R, Patton GC. Substance use in adulthood following adolescent self-harm: a population-based cohort study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 131:61-8. [PMID: 24954250 PMCID: PMC4293154 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether adolescents who self-harm are at increased risk of heavy and dependent substance use in adulthood. METHOD Fifteen-year prospective cohort study of a random sample of 1943 adolescents recruited from secondary schools across the state of Victoria, Australia. Data pertaining to self-harm and substance use was obtained at seven waves of follow-up, from mean age 15.9 years to mean age 29.1 years. RESULTS Substance use and self-harm were strongly associated during the adolescent years (odds ratio (OR): 3.3, 95% CI 2.1-5.0). Moreover, adolescent self-harmers were at increased risk of substance use and dependence syndromes in young adulthood. Self-harm predicted a four-fold increase in the odds of multiple dependence syndromes (sex- and wave-adjusted OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 2.7-6.6). Adjustment for adolescent anxiety/depression attenuated but did not eliminate most associations. Adolescent substance use confounded all associations, with the exception of multiple dependence syndromes, which remained robustly associated with adolescent self-harm (fully adjusted odds ratio: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2-3.2). CONCLUSION Adolescent self-harm is an independent risk factor for multiple dependence syndromes in adulthood. This level of substance misuse is likely to contribute substantially to the premature mortality and disease burden experienced by individuals who self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moran
- King's College London, Health Services & Population Research Department, Institute of PsychiatryLondon, UK
| | - C Coffey
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - H Romaniuk
- Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics Unit and Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - L Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia,School of Population and Global Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - R Borschmann
- King's College London, Health Services & Population Research Department, Institute of PsychiatryLondon, UK
| | - G C Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkville, Vic., Australia
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1107
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Marchetti R, Forte R, Borzacchini M, Vazou S, Tomporowski PD, Pesce C. Physical and Motor Fitness, Sport Skills and Executive Function in Adolescents: A Moderated Prediction Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2015.614189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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1108
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Twisk D, Commandeur JJF, Bos N, Shope JT, Kok G. Quantifying the influence of safe road systems and legal licensing age on road mortality among young adolescents: steps towards system thinking. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 74:306-313. [PMID: 25113418 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on existing literature, a system thinking approach was used to set up a conceptual model on the interrelationships among the components influencing adolescent road mortality, distinguishing between components at the individual level and at the system level. At the individual level the role of risk behaviour (sometimes deliberate and sometimes from inexperience or other non-deliberate causes) in adolescent road mortality is well documented. However, little is known about the extent to which the 'road system' itself may also have an impact on younger adolescents' road mortality. This, by providing a safe or unsafe road environment for all road users (System-induced exposure) and by allowing access to high-risk vehicles at a young or older age through the legal licensing age. This study seeks to explore these relationships by analysing the extent to which the road mortality of 10 to 17 year olds in various jurisdictions can be predicted from the System-induced Exposure (SiE) in a jurisdiction and from its legal licensing age to drive motor vehicles. SiE was operationalized as the number of road fatalities per 10(5) inhabitants/all ages together, but excluding the 10 to 17 year olds. Data on road fatalities during the years 2001 through 2008 were obtained from the OECD International Road Traffic Accident Database (IRTAD) and from the USA NHTSA's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database for 29 early and 10 late licensing jurisdictions. Linear mixed models were fitted with annual 'Adolescent road mortality per capita' for 2001 through 2008 as the dependent variable, and time-dependent 'SiE' and time-independent 'Licensing system' as predictor variables. To control for different levels of motorisation, the time-dependent variable 'Annual per capita vehicle distance travelled' was used as a covariate. Licensing system of a jurisdiction was entered as a categorical predictor variable with late licensing countries as a baseline group. The study found support for the protective effects of SiE on adolescent safety. If SiE increased by one unit, the mortality rate of 10 to 17 year olds increased by 0.487 units. No support was found for a protective effect of late licensing for this age group. Thus, compared to young adolescents who are allowed to drive motor vehicles in early licensing jurisdictions, late licensing does not provide extra protection for pre-license adolescents. This finding is probably the result of the high risks associated with alternative transport modes, such as moped riding and bicycling. Also, the fact that the study only included risks to young adolescents themselves and did not include the risks they might pose to other road users and passengers may have contributed to this finding, because such risks are greater when driving a motor vehicle than riding a moped or a bicycle. Therefore, to advance our understanding of the impact of licensing systems, more study is needed into the benefits of early or late licensing, thereby considering these wider effects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divera Twisk
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Bezuidenhoutseweg, 62, 2594 AW, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacques J F Commandeur
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Bezuidenhoutseweg, 62, 2594 AW, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Niels Bos
- SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Bezuidenhoutseweg, 62, 2594 AW, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Jean T Shope
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150, United States.
| | - Gerjo Kok
- Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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1109
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Pavuluri M, May A. I Feel, Therefore, I am: The Insula and Its Role in Human Emotion, Cognition and the Sensory-Motor System. AIMS Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2015.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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1110
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Henderson HA, Pine DS, Fox NA. Behavioral inhibition and developmental risk: a dual-processing perspective. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:207-24. [PMID: 25065499 PMCID: PMC4262899 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition (BI) is an early-appearing temperament characterized by strong reactions to novelty. BI shows a good deal of stability over childhood and significantly increases the risk for later diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Despite these general patterns, many children with high BI do not go on to develop clinical, or even subclinical, anxiety problems. Therefore, understanding the cognitive and neural bases of individual differences in developmental risk and resilience is of great importance. The present review is focused on the relation of BI to two types of information processing: automatic (novelty detection, attention biases to threat, and incentive processing) and controlled (attention shifting and inhibitory control). We propose three hypothetical models (Top-Down Model of Control; Risk Potentiation Model of Control; and Overgeneralized Control Model) linking these processes to variability in developmental outcomes for BI children. We argue that early BI is associated with an early bias to quickly and preferentially process information associated with motivationally salient cues. When this bias is strong and stable across development, the risk for SAD is increased. Later in development, children with a history of BI tend to display normative levels of performance on controlled attention tasks, but they demonstrate exaggerated neural responses in order to do so, which may further potentiate risk for anxiety-related problems. We conclude by discussing the reviewed studies with reference to the hypothetical models and make suggestions regarding future research and implications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Intramural Research Program, The National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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1111
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Larsen B, Luna B. In vivo evidence of neurophysiological maturation of the human adolescent striatum. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 12:74-85. [PMID: 25594607 PMCID: PMC4385446 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of the striatum has been posited to play a primary role in observed increases in adolescent sensation-seeking. However, evidence of neurophysiological maturation in the human adolescent striatum is limited. We applied T2*-weighted imaging, reflecting indices of tissue-iron concentration, to provide direct in vivo evidence of neurophysiological development of the human adolescent striatum. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of striatal T2*-weighted signal generated age predictions that accounted for over 60% of the sample variance in 10-25 year olds, using both task-related and resting state fMRI. Dorsal and ventral striatum showed age related increases and decreases respectively of striatal neurophysiology suggesting qualitative differences in the maturation of limbic and executive striatal systems. In particular, the ventral striatum was found to show the greatest developmental differences and contribute most heavily to the multivariate age predictor. The relationship of the T2*-weighted signal to the striatal dopamine system is discussed. Together, results provide evidence for protracted maturation of the striatum through adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Larsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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1112
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Michalska KJ, Decety J, Zeffiro TA, Lahey BB. Association of regional gray matter volumes in the brain with disruptive behavior disorders in male and female children. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 7:252-7. [PMID: 25610787 PMCID: PMC4300012 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because the disruptive behavior disorders are highly impairing conditions, it is important to determine if structural variations in brain are associated early in life with these problems among children. Structural MRI data were acquired from 111 9-11 year olds (58 girls and 53 boys), 43 who met diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder and 68 healthy controls. Voxel-based morphometry was used to examine associations of behavioral measures with gray matter volumes in whole-brain analyses. Unlike previous studies, variation in gray matter volume was not found to be associated with a disruptive behavior disorder diagnosis in any brain region at p < .05 with FWE correction. Nonetheless, an inverse nonlinear association of the number of conduct disorder (CD) symptoms with gray matter volume along the left superior temporal sulcus was significant in the full sample (p < .05 with FWE correction), with a trend in the right hemisphere (p < 0.001 uncorrected). There also was a trend toward a stronger association of the number of CD symptoms with gray matter volume along the left superior temporal sulcus in girls than boys. The present findings did not replicate previous findings of reduced gray matter volumes in the anterior insula, amygdala, and frontal cortex in youth with CD, but are consistent with previous findings of reduced gray matter volumes in temporal regions, particularly in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas A. Zeffiro
- Neural Systems Group, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Lahey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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1113
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Giuliani NR, Pfeifer JH. Age-related changes in reappraisal of appetitive cravings during adolescence. Neuroimage 2014; 108:173-81. [PMID: 25536500 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regulate temptation and manage appetitive cravings is an important aspect of healthy adolescent development, but the neural systems underlying this process are understudied. In the present study, 60 healthy females evenly distributed from 10 to 23years of age used reappraisal to regulate the desire to consume personally-craved and not craved unhealthy foods. Reappraisal elicited activity in common self-regulation regions including the dorsal and ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (specifically superior and inferior frontal gyri), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior parietal lobule. Viewing personally-craved foods (versus not craved foods) elicited activity in regions including the ventral striatum, as well as more rostral and ventral anterior cingulate cortex extending into the orbitofrontal cortex. Age positively correlated with regulation-related activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus, and negatively correlated with reactivity-related activity in the right superior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Age-adjusted BMI negatively correlated with regulation-related activity in the predominantly left lateralized frontal and parietal regions. These results suggest that the age-related changes seen in the reappraisal of negative emotion may not be as pronounced in the reappraisal of food craving. Therefore, reappraisal of food craving in particular may be an effective way to teach teenagers to manage cravings for other temptations encountered in adolescence, including alcohol, drugs, and unhealthy food.
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1114
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Cousijn J, Koolschijn PCMP, Zanolie K, Kleibeuker SW, Crone EA. The relation between gray matter morphology and divergent thinking in adolescents and young adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114619. [PMID: 25514366 PMCID: PMC4267782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence and early adulthood are developmental time periods during which creative cognition is highly important for adapting to environmental changes. Divergent thinking, which refers to generating novel and useful solutions to open-ended problems, has often been used as a measure of creative cognition. The first goal of this structural neuroimaging study was to elucidate the relationship between gray matter morphology and performance in the verbal (AUT; alternative uses task) and visuo-spatial (CAT; creative ability test) domain of divergent thinking in adolescents and young adults. The second goal was to test if gray matter morphology is related to brain activity during AUT performance. Neural and behavioral data were combined from a cross-sectional study including 25 adolescents aged 15-17 and 20 young adults aged 25-30. Brain-behavior relationships were assessed without a priori location assumptions and within areas that were activated during an AUT-scanner task. Gray matter volume and cortical thickness were not significantly associated with verbal divergent thinking. However, visuo-spatial divergent thinking (CAT originality and fluency) was positively associated with cortical thickness of the right middle temporal gyrus and left brain areas including the superior frontal gyrus and various occipital, parietal, and temporal areas, independently of age. AUT brain activity was not associated with cortical thickness. The results support an important role of a widespread brain network involved in flexible visuo-spatial divergent thinking, providing evidence for a relation between cortical thickness and visuo-spatial divergent thinking in adolescents and young adults. However, studies including visuo-spatial divergent thinking tasks in the scanner are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Cousijn
- Brain and Development Lab, Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Developmental and Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P Cédric M P Koolschijn
- Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Zanolie
- Brain and Development Lab, Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sietske W Kleibeuker
- Brain and Development Lab, Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Brain and Development Lab, Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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1115
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Jiang P, Tokariev M, Aronen ET, Salonen O, Ma Y, Vuontela V, Carlson S. Responsiveness and functional connectivity of the scene-sensitive retrosplenial complex in 7–11-year-old children. Brain Cogn 2014; 92C:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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1116
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Crone EA, Elzinga BM. Changing brains: how longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging studies can inform us about cognitive and social‐affective growth trajectories. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2014; 6:53-63. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline A. Crone
- Department of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenand Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), the Netherlands
| | - Bernet M. Elzinga
- Department of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenand Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), the Netherlands
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1117
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Brain structural correlates of risk-taking behavior and effects of peer influence in adolescents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112780. [PMID: 25389976 PMCID: PMC4229230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents are characterized by impulsive risky behavior, particularly in the presence of peers. We discriminated high and low risk-taking male adolescents aged 18-19 years by assessing their propensity for risky behavior and vulnerability to peer influence with personality tests, and compared structural differences in gray and white matter of the brain with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), respectively. We also compared the brain structures according to the participants' actual risk-taking behavior in a simulated driving task with two different social conditions making up a peer competition situation. There was a discrepancy between the self-reported personality test results and risky driving behavior (running through an intersection with traffic lights turning yellow, chancing a collision with another vehicle). Comparison between high and low risk-taking adolescents according to personality test results revealed no significant difference in gray matter volume and white matter integrity. However, comparison according to actual risk-taking behavior during task performance revealed significantly higher white matter integrity in the high risk-taking group, suggesting that increased risky behavior during adolescence is not necessarily attributed to the immature brain as conventional wisdom says.
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1118
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Mol SE, Jolles J. Reading enjoyment amongst non-leisure readers can affect achievement in secondary school. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1214. [PMID: 25386154 PMCID: PMC4209810 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate determinants of differences in leisure reading behavior and school achievement. We specifically examined reading enjoyment, mental imagery, and sex as predictors in a large, age-homogeneous sample of Dutch secondary school students (N = 1,071). Results showed that the prevalence of leisure reading was low in both the lower, pre-vocational track (19.5%) and the higher, pre-academic track (32.5%). Boys read even less than girls. Almost all leisure readers enjoyed reading and engaged in mental imagery, i.e., the propensity "to see images" of a written story in the mind's eye. Overall, boys who did not like to read for leisure had the poorest school performance. Non-leisure readers who reported that they enjoyed reading got higher school grades in the higher educational track. In the lower track, this was the case for girls. Our study findings imply that reading promotion programs should take into account individual differences in sex, achievement level, and reading enjoyment when aiming to decrease the academic achievement gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Mol
- Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jelle Jolles
- Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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1119
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Helms SW, Choukas-Bradley S, Widman L, Giletta M, Cohen GL, Prinstein MJ. Adolescents misperceive and are influenced by high-status peers' health risk, deviant, and adaptive behavior. Dev Psychol 2014; 50:2697-714. [PMID: 25365121 DOI: 10.1037/a0038178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most peer influence research examines socialization between adolescents and their best friends. Yet, adolescents also are influenced by popular peers, perhaps due to misperceptions of social norms. This research examined the extent to which out-group and in-group adolescents misperceive the frequencies of peers' deviant, health risk, and adaptive behaviors in different reputation-based peer crowds (Study 1) and the prospective associations between perceptions of high-status peers' and adolescents' own substance use over 2.5 years (Study 2). Study 1 examined 235 adolescents' reported deviant (vandalism, theft), health risk (substance use, sexual risk), and adaptive (exercise, studying) behavior, and their perceptions of jocks', populars', burnouts', and brains' engagement in the same behaviors. Peer nominations identified adolescents in each peer crowd. Jocks and populars were rated as higher status than brains and burnouts. Results indicated that peer crowd stereotypes are caricatures. Misperceptions of high-status crowds were dramatic, but for many behaviors, no differences between populars'/jocks' and others' actual reported behaviors were revealed. Study 2 assessed 166 adolescents' substance use and their perceptions of popular peers' (i.e., peers high in peer perceived popularity) substance use. Parallel process latent growth analyses revealed that higher perceptions of popular peers' substance use in Grade 9 (intercept) significantly predicted steeper increases in adolescents' own substance use from Grade 9 to 11 (slope). Results from both studies, utilizing different methods, offer evidence to suggest that adolescents misperceive high-status peers' risk behaviors, and these misperceptions may predict adolescents' own risk behavior engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Helms
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Laura Widman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Matteo Giletta
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University
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1120
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Silk JS, Siegle GJ, Lee KH, Nelson EE, Stroud LR, Dahl RE. Increased neural response to peer rejection associated with adolescent depression and pubertal development. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:1798-807. [PMID: 24273075 PMCID: PMC4221220 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity to social evaluation has been proposed as a potential marker or risk factor for depression, and has also been theorized to increase with pubertal maturation. This study utilized an ecologically valid paradigm to test the hypothesis that adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) would show altered reactivity to peer rejection and acceptance relative to healthy controls in a network of ventral brain regions implicated in affective processing of social information. A total of 48 adolescents (ages 11-17), including 21 with a current diagnosis of MDD and 27 age- and gender-matched controls, received rigged acceptance and rejection feedback from fictitious peers during a simulated online peer interaction during functional neuroimaging. MDD youth showed increased activation to rejection relative to controls in the bilateral amygdala, subgenual anterior cingulate, left anterior insula and left nucleus accumbens. MDD and healthy youth did not differ in response to acceptance. Youth more advanced in pubertal maturation also showed increased reactivity to rejection in the bilateral amygdala/parahippocampal gyrus and the caudate/subgenual anterior cingulate, and these effects remained significant when controlling for chronological age. Findings suggest that increased reactivity to peer rejection is a normative developmental process associated with pubertal development, but is particularly enhanced among youth with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Silk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA, and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA, and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Greg J Siegle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA, and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA, and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kyung Hwa Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA, and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA, and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laura R Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA, and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA, and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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1121
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Stevenson CE, Kleibeuker SW, de Dreu CKW, Crone EA. Training creative cognition: adolescence as a flexible period for improving creativity. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:827. [PMID: 25400565 PMCID: PMC4212808 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Creativity commonly refers to the ability to generate ideas, solutions, or insights that are novel yet feasible. The ability to generate creative ideas appears to develop and change from childhood to adulthood. Prior research, although inconsistent, generally indicates that adults perform better than adolescents on the alternative uses task (AUT), a commonly used index of creative ideation. The focus of this study was whether performance could be improved by practicing alternative uses generation. We examined the effectiveness of creative ideation training in adolescents (13-16 years, N = 71) and adults (23-30 years, N = 61). Participants followed one of three types of training, each comprising eight 20-min practice sessions within 2 week time: (1) alternative uses generation (experimental condition: creative ideation); (2) object characteristic generation (control condition: general ideation); (3) rule-switching (control condition: rule-switching). Progression in fluency, flexibility, originality of creative ideation was compared between age-groups and training conditions. Participants improved in creative ideation and cognitive flexibility, but not in general ideation. Participants in all three training conditions became better in fluency and originality on the AUT. With regard to originality, adolescents benefitted more from training than adults, although this was not specific for the creative ideation training condition. These results are interpreted in relation to (a) the different underlying processes targeted in the three conditions and (b) developmental differences in brain plasticity with increased sensitivity to training in adolescents. In sum, the results show that improvement can be made in creative ideation and supports the hypothesis that adolescence is a developmental stage of increased flexibility optimized for learning and explorative behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Stevenson
- Brain and Development Lab, Developmental and Educational Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands ; Methodology and Statistics Department, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sietske W Kleibeuker
- Brain and Development Lab, Developmental and Educational Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Eveline A Crone
- Brain and Development Lab, Developmental and Educational Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
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1122
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Lee KH, Siegle GJ, Dahl RE, Hooley JM, Silk JS. Neural responses to maternal criticism in healthy youth. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:902-12. [PMID: 25338632 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental criticism can have positive and negative effects on children's and adolescents' behavior; yet, it is unclear how youth react to, understand and process parental criticism. We proposed that youth would engage three sets of neural processes in response to parental criticism including the following: (i) activating emotional reactions, (ii) regulating those reactions and (iii) social cognitive processing (e.g. understanding the parent's mental state). To examine neural processes associated with both emotional and social processing of parental criticism in personally relevant and ecologically valid social contexts, typically developing youth were scanned while they listened to their mother providing critical, praising and neutral statements. In response to maternal criticism, youth showed increased brain activity in affective networks (e.g. subcortical-limbic regions including lentiform nucleus and posterior insula), but decreased activity in cognitive control networks (e.g. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudal anterior cingulate cortex) and social cognitive networks (e.g. temporoparietal junction and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus). These results suggest that youth may respond to maternal criticism with increased emotional reactivity but decreased cognitive control and social cognitive processing. A better understanding of children's responses to parental criticism may provide insights into the ways that parental feedback can be modified to be more helpful to behavior and development in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Greg J Siegle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jill M Hooley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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1123
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Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development. Neuroimage 2014; 104:347-54. [PMID: 25234119 PMCID: PMC4330550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is associated with quickly changing environmental demands which require excellent adaptive skills and high cognitive flexibility. Feedback-guided adaptive learning and cognitive flexibility are driven by reward prediction error (RPE) signals, which indicate the accuracy of expectations and can be estimated using computational models. Despite the importance of cognitive flexibility during adolescence, only little is known about how RPE processing in cognitive flexibility deviates between adolescence and adulthood. In this study, we investigated the developmental aspects of cognitive flexibility by means of computational models and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We compared the neural and behavioral correlates of cognitive flexibility in healthy adolescents (12–16 years) to adults performing a probabilistic reversal learning task. Using a modified risk-sensitive reinforcement learning model, we found that adolescents learned faster from negative RPEs than adults. The fMRI analysis revealed that within the RPE network, the adolescents had a significantly altered RPE-response in the anterior insula. This effect seemed to be mainly driven by increased responses to negative prediction errors. In summary, our findings indicate that decision making in adolescence goes beyond merely increased reward-seeking behavior and provides a developmental perspective to the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility in the context of reinforcement learning. Adolescents and adults show differences in processing RPEs. Adolescents learn faster from negative prediction errors. The anterior insula activation may cause altered sensitivity to RPEs.
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1124
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Unger K, Greulich B, Kray J. "Trick or treat": the influence of incentives on developmental changes in feedback-based learning. Front Psychol 2014; 5:968. [PMID: 25249989 PMCID: PMC4158774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental researchers have suggested that adolescents are characterized by stronger reward sensitivity than both children and younger adults. However, at this point, little is known about the extent to which developmental differences in incentive processing influence feedback-based learning. In this study, we applied an incentivized reinforcement learning task, in which errors resulted in losing money (loss condition), failure to gain money (gain condition), or neither (no-incentive condition). Children (10–11 years), younger adolescents (13–14 years), and older adolescents (15–17 years) performed this task while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. We focused our analyses on two ERP correlates of error processing, the error negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe) that are thought to reflect a rapid preconscious performance monitoring mechanism (Ne/ERN) and conscious detection and/or evaluation of response errors (Pe). Behaviorally, participants in all age groups responded more quickly and accurately to stimuli in gain and loss conditions than to those in the no-incentive condition. The performance data thus did not support the idea that incentives generally have a greater behavioral impact in adolescents than in children. While the Ne/ERN was not modulated by the incentive manipulation, both children and adolescents showed a larger Pe to errors in the gain condition compared to loss and no-incentive conditions. This is in contrast to results from adult studies, in which the Ne/ERN but not the Pe was enhanced for high-value errors, raising the possibility that motivational influences on performance monitoring might be reflected in the activity of separable neural systems in children and adolescents vs. adults. In contrast to the idea of higher reward/incentive sensitivity in adolescents, our findings suggest that incentives have similar effects on feedback-based learning from late childhood into late adolescence with no changes in preferences for “trick over treat.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Unger
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab/Cognitive Neuroscience of Cognitive Control and Memory Lab, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | - Berit Greulich
- Development of Language, Learning, and Action, Department of Psychology, Saarland University Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jutta Kray
- Development of Language, Learning, and Action, Department of Psychology, Saarland University Saarbrücken, Germany
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1125
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Lydon DM, Wilson SJ, Child A, Geier CF. Adolescent brain maturation and smoking: what we know and where we're headed. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:323-42. [PMID: 25025658 PMCID: PMC4451244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Smoking initiation often occurs during adolescence. This paper reviews and synthesizes adolescent development and nicotine dependence literatures to provide an account of adolescent smoking from onset to compulsive use. We extend neurobiological models of adolescent risk-taking, that focus on the interplay between incentive processing and cognitive control brain systems, through incorporating psychosocial and contextual factors specific to smoking, to suggest that adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to cigarette use generally, but that individual differences exist placing some adolescents at increased risk for smoking. Upon smoking, adolescents are more likely to continue smoking due to the increased positive effects induced by nicotine during this period. Continued use during adolescence, may be best understood as reflecting drug-related changes to neural systems underlying incentive processing and cognitive control, resulting in decision-making that is biased towards continued smoking. Persistent changes following nicotine exposure that may underlie continued dependence are described. We highlight ways that interventions may benefit from a consideration of cognitive-neuroscience findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lydon
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 Health and Human Development - East, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The College of the Liberal Arts, The Pennsylvania State University, 311 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Amanda Child
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 Health and Human Development - East, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Charles F Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 Health and Human Development - East, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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1126
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Porter JN, Roy AK, Benson B, Carlisi C, Collins PF, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Luciana M, Ernst M. Age-related changes in the intrinsic functional connectivity of the human ventral vs. dorsal striatum from childhood to middle age. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 11:83-95. [PMID: 25257972 PMCID: PMC6310902 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal resting state iFC in 106 healthy individuals ranging from 9 to 44 years. Findings cohere with a dorsal–ventral functional dissociation of the striatum. Ventral striatal (VS) iFC with insula and anterior cingulate decreased with age. Dorsal striatal (DS) iFC with posterior cingulate increased with age.
The striatum codes motivated behavior. Delineating age-related differences within striatal circuitry can provide insights into neural mechanisms underlying ontogenic behavioral changes and vulnerabilities to mental disorders. To this end, a dual ventral/dorsal model of striatal function was examined using resting state intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) imaging in 106 healthy individuals, ages 9–44. Broadly, the dorsal striatum (DS) is connected to prefrontal and parietal cortices and contributes to cognitive processes; the ventral striatum (VS) is connected to medial orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, and contributes to affective valuation and motivation. Findings revealed patterns of age-related changes that differed between VS and DS iFCs. We found an age-related increase in DS iFC with posterior cingulate cortex (pCC) that stabilized after the mid-twenties, but a decrease in VS iFC with anterior insula (aIns) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) that persisted into mid-adulthood. These distinct developmental trajectories of VS vs. DS iFC might underlie adolescents’ unique behavioral patterns and vulnerabilities to psychopathology, and also speaks to changes in motivational networks that extend well past 25 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Porter
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Neurology, USA
| | - Amy K Roy
- Fordham University, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Brenda Benson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Christina Carlisi
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | | | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- University of Minnesota Department of Psychology, USA; University of Minnesota Center for Neurobehavioral Development, USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA.
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1127
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Cassotti M, Aïte A, Osmont A, Houdé O, Borst G. What have we learned about the processes involved in the Iowa Gambling Task from developmental studies? Front Psychol 2014; 5:915. [PMID: 25191295 PMCID: PMC4138612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental studies using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) or child-friendly adaptations of the IGT converged in showing that children and adolescents exhibit a strong bias in favor of disadvantageous choices whereas adults learn to decide advantageously during the course of the task. In the present article, we reviewed developmental studies that used the IGT or child-friendly adaptations of the IGT to show how these findings provide a better understanding of the processes involved in decision-making under uncertainty. For instance, developmental studies have underlined that until late adolescence, the dominant strategy is to focus only on the frequency of punishment and to choose among options with infrequent losses. Indeed, school-aged children and adolescents' choices in the IGT seem to be guided by the loss frequency leading them to fail in distinguishing between advantageous and disadvantageous options. In addition, recent developmental studies revealed that adults switch less often after losses than school-aged children and adolescents. These findings suggest that psychological tolerance to loss may facilitate learning the characteristics of each option, which in turn improves the ability to choose advantageously. In conclusion, developmental studies help us refine our understanding of decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cassotti
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France
| | - Ania Aïte
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Osmont
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France
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1128
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Schel MA, Ridderinkhof KR, Crone EA. Choosing not to act: neural bases of the development of intentional inhibition. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 10:93-103. [PMID: 25198093 PMCID: PMC6987865 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intentional inhibition shows an early development. Intentional inhibition is associated with fronto-basal ganglia network activation. Fronto-basal ganglia activity is stronger in children than adults. Self-reported impulsivity and intentional inhibition are positively correlated.
Choosing not to act, or the ability to intentionally inhibit your actions lies at the core of self-control. Even though most research has focused on externally primed inhibition, an important question concerns how intentional inhibition develops. Therefore, in the present study children (aged 10–12) and adults (aged 18–26) performed the marble task, in which they had to choose between acting on and inhibiting a prepotent response, while fMRI data were collected. Intentional inhibition was associated with activation of the fronto-basal ganglia network. Activation in the subthalamic nucleus and dorsal fronto-median cortex, regions which have previously been associated with intentional inhibition, did not differ between intentional inhibition and intentional action. Even though both children and adults intentionally inhibited their actions to a similar extent, children showed more activation in the fronto-basal ganglia network during intentional inhibition, but not in the subthalamic nucleus and dorsal fronto-median cortex. Furthermore, a positive relation between self-reported impulsivity and intentional inhibition was observed. These findings have important implications for our understanding of disorders of impulsivity, such as ADHD, which are associated with poor self-control abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot A Schel
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands
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1129
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Dumontheil I. Development of abstract thinking during childhood and adolescence: the role of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 10:57-76. [PMID: 25173960 PMCID: PMC6987955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC) supports self-generated, abstract thought processing. Flexibly attending towards and processing abstract thoughts develop in adolescence. RPFC activation becomes more specific to relational integration during development. Prospective memory development remains to be further studied using neuroimaging. Training of abstract thinking, e.g. reasoning, may have implication for education.
Rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC) has increased in size and changed in terms of its cellular organisation during primate evolution. In parallel emerged the ability to detach oneself from the immediate environment to process abstract thoughts and solve problems and to understand other individuals’ thoughts and intentions. Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) is thought to play an important role in supporting the integration of abstract, often self-generated, thoughts. Thoughts can be temporally abstract and relate to long term goals, or past or future events, or relationally abstract and focus on the relationships between representations rather than simple stimulus features. Behavioural studies have provided evidence of a prolonged development of the cognitive functions associated with RLPFC, in particular logical and relational reasoning, but also episodic memory retrieval and prospective memory. Functional and structural neuroimaging studies provide further support for a prolonged development of RLPFC during adolescence, with some evidence of increased specialisation of RLPFC activation for relational integration and aspects of episodic memory retrieval. Topics for future research will be discussed, such as the role of medial RPFC in processing abstract thoughts in the social domain, the possibility of training abstract thinking in the domain of reasoning, and links to education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iroise Dumontheil
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK.
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1130
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Weller JA, Moholy M, Bossard E, Levin IP. Preadolescent Decision-Making Competence Predicts Interpersonal Strengths and Difficulties: A 2-Year Prospective Study. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Weller
- Idaho State University; Pocatello ID USA
- Decision Research; Eugene OR USA
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1131
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Van Dijk ML, De Groot RHM, Van Acker F, Savelberg HHCM, Kirschner PA. Active commuting to school, cognitive performance, and academic achievement: an observational study in Dutch adolescents using accelerometers. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:799. [PMID: 25096713 PMCID: PMC4129118 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current study examined the associations between active commuting to school, cognitive performance, and academic achievement in Dutch adolescents. In addition, it was explored whether these associations were moderated by sex and mediated by depressive symptoms. Methods Students in grades 7 and 9 (N = 270; mean age 13.4 years; 53% boys) were included. Active commuting to school was measured objectively by an ActivPAL3™ accelerometer. Cognitive performance was measured by the d2 Test of attention (key components of executive functioning) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (information-processing speed). Academic achievement was determined by the mean of the school grades obtained in Dutch, mathematics and English. Depressive symptoms were self-reported. Results Active commuting to school constituted 28% of the total amount of time spent moving per week. Active commuting to school was not significantly associated with cognitive performance and academic achievement, overall. However, active commuting to school was positively associated with performance on the d2 Test of attention in girls (β = .17, p = .037), but not in boys (β = −.03, p = .660). The associations were not mediated by depressive symptoms. Conclusions The associations between active commuting to school and cognitive performance and academic achievement are weak and might be moderated by sex, while the greatest benefits on cognition due to active commuting to school might be with regard to executive functioning. Future studies might make use of experimental designs, because causal relations between active commuting to school and cognitive performance or academic achievement would provide important implications for both education and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Van Dijk
- Welten Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, the Netherlands.
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1132
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Strang NM, Pollak SD. Developmental continuity in reward-related enhancement of cognitive control. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 10:34-43. [PMID: 25160678 PMCID: PMC4332542 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
22 children, 20 adolescents, and 23 adults tested on rewarded cognitive control task using fMRI. Behaviorally all participants demonstrated better cognitive control performance when they were provided with a reward. The improvement in cognitive control was facilitated by an increase in sustained brain activity within the cognitive control network. The increase in sustained activation reflects a shift to proactive cognitive control strategy.
Adolescents engage in more risky behavior than children or adults. The most prominent hypothesis for this phenomenon is that brain systems governing reward sensitivity and brain systems governing self-regulation mature at different rates. Those systems governing reward sensitivity mature in advance of those governing self-control. This hypothesis has substantial empirical support, however, the evidence supporting this theory has been exclusively derived from contexts where self-control systems are required to regulate reward sensitivity in order to promote adaptive behavior. In adults, reward promotes a shift to a proactive control strategy and better cognitive control performance. It is unclear whether children and adolescents will respond to reward in the same way. Using fMRI methodology, we explored whether children and adolescents would demonstrate a shift to proactive control in the context of reward. We tested 22 children, 20 adolescents, and 23 adults. In contrast to our hypothesis, children, adolescents, and adults all demonstrated a shift to proactive cognitive control in the context of reward. In light of the results, current neurobiological theories of adolescent behavior need to be refined to reflect that in certain contexts there is continuity in the manner reward and cognitive control systems interact across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Strang
- Center for Addictions and Mental Health Addictions Research, 100 Stokes St., Rum 3165, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada.
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1133
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Mennigen E, Rodehacke S, Müller KU, Ripke S, Goschke T, Smolka MN. Exploring adolescent cognitive control in a combined interference switching task. Neuropsychologia 2014; 61:175-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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1134
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Lenow JK, Steele JS, Smitherman S, Kilts CD, Cisler JM. Attenuated behavioral and brain responses to trust violations among assaulted adolescent girls. Psychiatry Res 2014; 223:1-8. [PMID: 24811608 PMCID: PMC4219349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Physical and sexual assault during adolescence is a potent risk factor for mental health and psychosocial problems, as well as revictimization, especially among female victims. To better understand this conferred risk, we conducted an exploratory study comparing assaulted and non-assaulted girls׳ behavioral and brain responses during a trust learning task. Adolescent girls (14 assaulted, 16 non-assaulted) performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging task that manipulated the percentages of which three different faces delivered positive and negative outcomes. Analyses focused on comparing unexpected to expected outcomes. We found that assaulted adolescent girls demonstrated less behavioral slowing in response to unexpected negative social outcomes, or trust violations (i.e., when a presumably trustworthy face delivered a negative outcome), relative to control girls. Trust violations were also associated with less activation in anterior insular and anterior cingulate regions among the assaulted group compared to the control group. Furthermore, we found that the severity of participants׳ exposure to assaultive events scaled negatively with recruitment of these regions. These preliminary results suggest that assault victims may engage differential learning processes upon unexpected negative social outcomes. These findings have implications for understanding impaired trust learning and social functioning among assault victims.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Scott Steele
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sonet Smitherman
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Clinton D. Kilts
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Josh M. Cisler
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,To whom correspondence should be directed: Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, #554, Little Rock, AR 72205, , phone: (501) 526-8343
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1135
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Orón Semper JV. Toward a new conception of habit and self-control in adolescent maturation. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:525. [PMID: 25120444 PMCID: PMC4110407 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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1136
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Scheres A, Tontsch C, Thoeny AL, Sumiya M. Temporal reward discounting in children, adolescents, and emerging adults during an experiential task. Front Psychol 2014; 5:711. [PMID: 25071675 PMCID: PMC4085649 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine age effects on the ability/willingness to wait for large rewards in a real temporal reward discounting task from childhood to adulthood. Therefore, a real temporal discounting (TD) task was administered to children aged 6–12 (n = 39), adolescents aged 13–17 (n = 28), and young adults aged 18–19 (n = 55). Findings indicated that the cross-sectional development of TD followed a quadratic pattern across age groups, with adolescents choosing more often than children and adults to wait for the large delayed reward, resulting in reward-maximization. Various interpretations of this finding were offered, including a focus on reward maximization despite an immature ability to exert self-control, and flexible self-control which was high during this task as a result of strong motivation to maximize financial gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Scheres
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA ; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chandra Tontsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Motofumi Sumiya
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA ; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
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1137
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Ewing SWF, Sakhardande A, Blakemore SJ. The effect of alcohol consumption on the adolescent brain: A systematic review of MRI and fMRI studies of alcohol-using youth. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 5:420-37. [PMID: 26958467 PMCID: PMC4749850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background A large proportion of adolescents drink alcohol, with many engaging in high-risk patterns of consumption, including binge drinking. Here, we systematically review and synthesize the existing empirical literature on how consuming alcohol affects the developing human brain in alcohol-using (AU) youth. Methods For this systematic review, we began by conducting a literature search using the PubMED database to identify all available peer-reviewed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of AU adolescents (aged 19 and under). All studies were screened against a strict set of criteria designed to constrain the impact of confounding factors, such as co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Results Twenty-one studies (10 MRI and 11 fMRI) met the criteria for inclusion. A synthesis of the MRI studies suggested that overall, AU youth showed regional differences in brain structure as compared with non-AU youth, with smaller grey matter volumes and lower white matter integrity in relevant brain areas. In terms of fMRI outcomes, despite equivalent task performance between AU and non-AU youth, AU youth showed a broad pattern of lower task-relevant activation, and greater task-irrelevant activation. In addition, a pattern of gender differences was observed for brain structure and function, with particularly striking effects among AU females. Conclusions Alcohol consumption during adolescence was associated with significant differences in structure and function in the developing human brain. However, this is a nascent field, with several limiting factors (including small sample sizes, cross-sectional designs, presence of confounding factors) within many of the reviewed studies, meaning that results should be interpreted in light of the preliminary state of the field. Future longitudinal and large-scale studies are critical to replicate the existing findings, and to provide a more comprehensive and conclusive picture of the effect of alcohol consumption on the developing brain. A large proportion of adolescents drink alcohol. Studies show how alcohol affects human adolescent brain development. This includes a systematic review of MRI and fMRI studies in alcohol-using youth. Changes in structure and function are observed in the brain in alcohol-using youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Sakhardande
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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1138
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Turkstra LS, Abbeduto L, Meulenbroek P. Social cognition in adolescent girls with fragile x syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 119:319-39. [PMID: 25007297 PMCID: PMC4285382 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.4.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize social cognition, executive functions (EFs), and everyday social functioning in adolescent girls with fragile X syndrome, and identify relationships among these variables. Participants were 20 girls with FXS and 20 age-matched typically developing peers. Results showed significant between-groups differences in social cognition, accounted for by differences in IQ and language. Within the FXS group, IQ and language were related to social cognition; parent-reported social functioning was related to language and EFs; and self-reported social functioning was generally good and not related to cognitive or social cognition variables. Results suggest that intervention might focus on managing language and cognitive contributions to social functioning, rather than social cognition, and underscore the importance of considering parent and adolescent perspectives.
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1139
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Stankovic A, Fairchild G, Aitken MR, Clark L. Effects of psychosocial stress on psychophysiological activity during risky decision-making in male adolescents. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 93:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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1140
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Bazargani N, Hillebrandt H, Christoff K, Dumontheil I. Developmental changes in effective connectivity associated with relational reasoning. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:3262-76. [PMID: 25050424 PMCID: PMC6869537 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) is part of a frontoparietal network of regions involved in relational reasoning, the mental process of working with relationships between multiple mental representations. RLPFC has shown functional and structural changes with age, with increasing specificity of left RLPFC activation for relational integration during development. Here, we used dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to investigate changes in effective connectivity during a relational reasoning task through the transition from adolescence into adulthood. We examined fMRI data of 37 healthy female participants (11–30 years old) performing a relational reasoning paradigm. Comparing relational integration to the manipulation of single relations revealed activation in five regions: the RLPFC, anterior insula, dorsolateral PFC, inferior parietal lobe, and medial superior frontal gyrus. We used a new exhaustive search approach and identified a full DCM model, which included all reciprocal connections between the five clusters in the left hemisphere, as the optimal model. In line with previous resting state fMRI results, we showed distinct developmental effects on the strength of long-range frontoparietal versus frontoinsular short-range fixed connections. The modulatory connections associated with relational integration increased with age. Gray matter volume in left RLPFC, which decreased with age, partly accounted for changes in fixed PFC connectivity. Finally, improvements in relational integration performance were associated with greater modulatory and weaker fixed PFC connectivity. This pattern provides further evidence of increasing specificity of left PFC function for relational integration compared to the manipulation of single relations, and demonstrates an association between effective connectivity and performance during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Bazargani
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3ARUnited Kingdom
| | - Hauke Hillebrandt
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3ARUnited Kingdom
| | - Kalina Christoff
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Iroise Dumontheil
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3ARUnited Kingdom
- Department of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonWC1E 7HXUnited Kingdom
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1141
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Galván A. Insights about Adolescent Behavior, Plasticity, and Policy from Neuroscience Research. Neuron 2014; 83:262-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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1142
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Mills KL, Goddings AL, Clasen LS, Giedd JN, Blakemore SJ. The Developmental Mismatch in Structural Brain Maturation during Adolescence. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:147-60. [DOI: 10.1159/000362328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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1143
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Sommer M, Meinhardt J, Rothmayr C, Döhnel K, Hajak G, Rupprecht R, Sodian B. Me or you? Neural correlates of moral reasoning in everyday conflict situations in adolescents and adults. Soc Neurosci 2014; 9:452-70. [PMID: 24971880 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2014.933714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Throughout adolescence, progress in the understanding of the moral domain as well as changes in moral behavior is observable. We tested 16 adolescents (14-16 years of age) and 16 healthy adults (22-31 years of age) on the developmental changes in everyday moral decision making using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using verbal stories describing everyday moral conflict situations, subjects had to decide between a moral standard or a personal desire. In the moral conflict situations, adolescents not only chose significantly more often the hedonistic alternative than adults, but they also reported higher certainty ratings. Contrasted with everyday social conflict situations that required a decision between a social-oriented behavior and a personal need, moral conflict situations induced an activity increase in frontal areas, the middle temporal gyrus, the thalamus, and the parahippocampal gyrus in adolescents compared to adults. Moreover, a closer look at the moral conflict situations revealed that adolescents showed more activity than adults in brain areas that are also centrally involved in theory of mind (ToM) during morally oriented decisions in contrast to personal-oriented decisions. This indicated that the development of moral reasoning may be strongly correlated with the development of ToM reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sommer
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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1144
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Crone EA. The role of the medial frontal cortex in the development of cognitive and social-affective performance monitoring. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:943-50. [PMID: 24942498 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of many cognitive and social-affective changes that are important for rapid behavioral adjustment to a variety of environmental demands and social contexts. Performance monitoring is one of the most important processes for behavioral adjustment; it allows individuals to evaluate outcomes of actions and change behavior accordingly. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that dorsal and ventral subregions of the medial frontal cortex are differentially engaged in performance monitoring, depending on the cognitive or social-affective dimensions of a task. Based on a review of neuroimaging, ERP, and heart rate studies, the implications of these modality-dependent contributions are discussed for the development of performance monitoring in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline A Crone
- Brain and Development Lab, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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1145
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Hostinar CE, Johnson AE, Gunnar MR. Parent support is less effective in buffering cortisol stress reactivity for adolescents compared to children. Dev Sci 2014; 18:281-97. [PMID: 24942038 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate developmental differences in the effectiveness of parent support to alleviate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress responses of children (ages 9-10, N = 40) and adolescents (ages 15-16, N = 41). We experimentally manipulated the provision of parent support during the speech preparation period before a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and examined its effect on levels of salivary cortisol secreted in response to this laboratory stressor. Analyses revealed a significant interaction of condition and age group such that social support from the parent (versus a stranger) significantly eliminated the cortisol stress response in children, but had no effect on the response among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia E Hostinar
- Cells to Society - The Center on Social Disparities and Health, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, USA; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, USA
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1146
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Qin S, Young CB, Duan X, Chen T, Supekar K, Menon V. Amygdala subregional structure and intrinsic functional connectivity predicts individual differences in anxiety during early childhood. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:892-900. [PMID: 24268662 PMCID: PMC3984386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood anxiety has been linked to an increased risk for developing mood and anxiety disorders. Little, however, is known about its effect on the brain during a period in early childhood when anxiety-related traits begin to be reliably identifiable. Even less is known about the neurodevelopmental origins of individual differences in childhood anxiety. METHODS We combined structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging with neuropsychological assessments of anxiety based on daily life experiences to investigate the effects of anxiety on the brain in 76 young children. We then used machine learning algorithms with balanced cross-validation to examine brain-based predictors of individual differences in childhood anxiety. RESULTS Even in children as young as ages 7 to 9, high childhood anxiety is associated with enlarged amygdala volume and this enlargement is localized specifically to the basolateral amygdala. High childhood anxiety is also associated with increased connectivity between the amygdala and distributed brain systems involved in attention, emotion perception, and regulation, and these effects are most prominent in basolateral amygdala. Critically, machine learning algorithms revealed that levels of childhood anxiety could be reliably predicted by amygdala morphometry and intrinsic functional connectivity, with the left basolateral amygdala emerging as the strongest predictor. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in anxiety can be reliably detected with high predictive value in amygdala-centric emotion circuits at a surprisingly young age. Our study provides important new insights into the neurodevelopmental origins of anxiety and has significant implications for the development of predictive biomarkers to identify children at risk for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozheng Qin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Christina B Young
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Xujun Duan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Tianwen Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304,Program in Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304
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1147
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Happé F, Frith U. Annual research review: Towards a developmental neuroscience of atypical social cognition. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:553-7. [PMID: 24963529 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As a starting point for our review we use a developmental timeline, starting from birth and divided into major developmental epochs defined by key milestones of social cognition in typical development. For each epoch, we highlight those developmental disorders that diverge from the normal developmental pattern, what is known about these key milestones in the major disorders affecting social cognition, and any available research on the neural basis of these differences. We relate behavioural observations to four major networks of the social brain, that is, Amygdala, Mentalizing, Emotion and Mirror networks. We focus on those developmental disorders that are characterized primarily by social atypicality, such as autism spectrum disorder, social anxiety and a variety of genetically defined syndromes. The processes and aspects of social cognition we highlight are sketched in a putative network diagram, and include: agent identification, emotion processing and empathy, mental state attribution, self-processing and social hierarchy mapping involving social ‘policing’ and in-group/out-group categorization. Developmental disorders reveal some dissociable deficits in different components of this map of social cognition. This broad review across disorders, ages and aspects of social cognition leads us to some key questions: How can we best distinguish primary from secondary social disorders? Is social cognition especially vulnerable to developmental disorder, or surprisingly robust? Are cascading notions of social development, in which early functions are essential stepping stones or building bricks for later abilities, necessarily correct?
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Happé
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London UK
| | - Uta Frith
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London London UK
- Interacting Minds Centre Aarhus University Århus C Denmark
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Cascio CN, Konrath SH, Falk EB. Narcissists' social pain seen only in the brain. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:335-41. [PMID: 24860084 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcissism is a complex phenomenon, involving a level of defensive self-enhancement. Narcissists have avoidant attachment styles, maintain distance in relationships and claim not to need others. However, they are especially sensitive to others' evaluations, needing positive reflected appraisals to maintain their inflated self-views, and showing extreme responses (e.g. aggression) when rejected. The current study tested the hypothesis that narcissists also show hypersensitivity in brain systems associated with distress during exclusion. We measured individual differences in narcissism (Narcissistic Personality Inventory) and monitored neural responses to social exclusion (Cyberball). Narcissism was significantly associated with activity in an a priori anatomically defined social pain network (anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex) during social exclusion. Results suggest hypersensitivity to exclusion in narcissists may be a function of hypersensitivity in brain systems associated with distress, and suggests a potential pathway that connects narcissism to negative consequences for longer-term physical and mental health-findings not apparent with self-report alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Cascio
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 48106, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sara H Konrath
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 48106, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily B Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 48106, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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1149
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Smith AR, Steinberg L, Chein J. The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:196-209. [PMID: 24853135 PMCID: PMC5544351 DOI: 10.1159/000358918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Much recent research on adolescent decision making has sought to characterize the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the proclivity of adolescents to engage in risky behavior. One class of influential neurodevelopmental models focuses on the asynchronous development of neural systems, particularly those responsible for self-regulation and reward seeking. While this work has largely focused on the development of prefrontal (self-regulation) and striatal (reward processing) circuitry, the present article explores the significance of a different region, the anterior insular cortex (AIC), in adolescent decision making. Although the AIC is known for its role as a cognitive-emotional hub, and is included in some models of adult self-regulation and reward seeking, the importance of the AIC and its maturation in adolescent risk taking has not been extensively explored. In this article we discuss evidence on AIC development, and consider how age-related differences in AIC engagement may contribute to heightened risk taking during adolescence. Based on this review, we propose a model in which the engagement of adolescents in risk taking may be linked in part to the maturation of the AIC and its connectivity to the broader brain networks in which it participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Smith
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
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1150
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Preller KH, Hulka LM, Vonmoos M, Jenni D, Baumgartner MR, Seifritz E, Dziobek I, Quednow BB. Impaired emotional empathy and related social network deficits in cocaine users. Addict Biol 2014; 19:452-66. [PMID: 23800218 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cocaine users consistently display neurochemical and functional alterations in brain areas involved in social cognition (e.g. medial and orbitofrontal cortex). Although social functioning plays a crucial role in the development and treatment of drug dependence, studies investigating social cognition in cocaine users are lacking. Therefore, we investigated mental perspective taking ('theory of mind') and emotional and cognitive empathy in recreational (RCU) and dependent (DCU) cocaine users. Furthermore, we related these measures to real-life indicators of social functioning. One-hundred cocaine users (69 RCU, 31 DCU) and 68 stimulant-naïve healthy controls were tested with the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET), Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). The Social Network Questionnaire was conducted to assess social network size. Furthermore, participants provided information on committed criminal offenses. RCU and DCU showed less emotional empathy compared to controls (MET), whereas cognitive empathy was not impaired (MET, RMET). Additionally, DCU made more errors in mental perspective taking (MASC). Notably, cocaine users committed more criminal offenses and displayed a smaller social network and higher cocaine use was correlated with less social contacts. Diminished mental perspective taking was tentatively correlated with more intense cocaine use as well. Finally, younger age of onset of cocaine use was associated with more pronounced empathy impairment. In conclusion, social cognition impairments in cocaine users were related to real-life social functioning and should therefore be considered in therapy and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin H. Preller
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; University Hospital of Psychiatry; Switzerland
| | - Lea M. Hulka
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; University Hospital of Psychiatry; Switzerland
| | - Matthias Vonmoos
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; University Hospital of Psychiatry; Switzerland
| | - Daniela Jenni
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; University Hospital of Psychiatry; Switzerland
| | - Markus R. Baumgartner
- Center of Forensic Hairanalytics; Institute of Forensic Medicine; University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; University Hospital of Psychiatry; Switzerland
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Cluster Languages of Emotion; Freie Universität Berlin; Germany
| | - Boris B. Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; University Hospital of Psychiatry; Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; University of Zurich; Switzerland
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