Post-translational modifications drive the effects of HMGB1 in alcohol-associated liver disease

BACKGROUND

We previously identified that high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is increased and undergoes post-translational modifications (PTMs) in response to alcohol consumption. Here, we hypothesized that specific PTMs, occurring mostly in hepatocytes and myeloid cells, could contribute to the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD).

METHODS

We used the Lieber-DeCarli (LD) model of early alcohol-induced liver injury, combined with engineered viral vectors and genetic approaches to regulate the expression of HMGB1, its PTMs (reduced [H], oxidized [O], acetylated [Ac], both [O + Ac]), and its receptors (RAGE, TLR4) in a cell-specific manner (hepatocytes and/or myeloid cells).

RESULTS

Hmgb1 ablation in hepatocytes or myeloid cells partially protected, while ablation in both prevented steatosis, inflammation, IL1B production, and alcohol-induced liver injury. Hepatocytes were a major source of [H], [O], and [Ac] HMGB1, whereas myeloid cells produced only [H] and [Ac] HMGB1. Neutralization of HMGB1 prevented, whereas injection of [H] HMGB1 increased AALD, which was worsened by injection of [O] HMGB1. While [O] HMGB1 induced liver injury, [Ac] HMGB1 protected and counteracted the effects of [O] HMGB1 in AALD. [O] HMGB1 stimulated macrophage (MF) migration, activation, IL1B production, and secretion. Ethanol-fed RageΔMye but not Tlr4ΔMye, RageΔHep, or Tlr4ΔHep mice were protected from AALD, indicating a crucial role of RAGE in myeloid cells for AALD. [O] HMGB1 recruited and activated myeloid cells through RAGE and contributed to steatosis, inflammation, and IL1B production in AALD.

CONCLUSIONS

These results provide evidence for targeting [O] HMGB1 of hepatocyte origin as a ligand for RAGE signaling in myeloid cells and a driver of steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and IL1B production in AALD. Importantly, we reveal that [Ac] HMGB1 offsets the noxious effects of [O] HMGB1 in AALD.

Integrated in silico analysis of transcriptomic alterations in nanoparticle toxicity across human and mouse models

Nanoparticles, due to their exceptional physicochemical properties are used in our day-to-day environment. They are currently not regulated which might lead to increased levels in the biological systems causing adverse effects. However, the overall mechanism behind nanotoxicity remains elusive. Previously, we analysed the transcriptome datasets of copper oxide nanoparticles using in silico tools and identified IL-17, chemokine signaling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction as the key pathways altered. Based on the findings, we hypothesized a common pathway could be involved in transition metal oxide nanoparticles toxicity irrespective of the variables. Further, there could be unique transcriptome changes between metal oxide nanoparticles and other nanoparticles. To accomplish this, the overall transcriptome datasets of nanoparticles consisting of microarray and RNA-Seq were obtained. >90 studies for 17 different nanoparticles, performed in humans, rats, and mice were assessed. After initial screening, 24 mouse studies (with 196 datasets) and 34 human studies (with 200 datasets) were used for further analyses. The common genes that are dysregulated upon NPs exposure were identified for human and mouse datasets separately. Further, an overrepresentation functional enrichment analysis was performed. The common genes, their gene ontology, gene-gene, and protein-protein interactions were assessed. The overall results suggest that IL-17 and its related pathways might be commonly altered in nanoparticle exposure with lung as one of the major organs affected.

Engineered mitochondria exert potent antitumor immunity as a cancer vaccine platform

The preferable antigen delivery profile accompanied by sufficient adjuvants favors vaccine efficiency. Mitochondria, which feature prokaryotic characteristics and contain various damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are easily taken up by phagocytes and simultaneously activate innate immunity. In the current study, we established a mitochondria engineering platform for generating antigen-enriched mitochondria as cancer vaccine. Ovalbumin (OVA) and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) were used as model antigens to synthesize fusion proteins with mitochondria-localized signal peptides. The lentiviral infection system was then employed to produce mitochondrial vaccines containing either OVA or TRP2. Engineered OVA- and TRP2-containing mitochondria (OVA-MITO and TRP2-MITO) were extracted and evaluated as potential cancer vaccines. Impressively, the engineered mitochondria vaccine demonstrated efficient antitumor effects when used as both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines in murine tumor models. Mechanistically, OVA-MITO and TRP2-MITO potently recruited and activated dendritic cells (DCs) and induced a tumor-specific cell-mediated immunity. Moreover, DC activation by mitochondria vaccine critically involves TLR2 pathway and its lipid agonist, namely, cardiolipin derived from the mitochondrial membrane. The results demonstrated that engineered mitochondria are natively well-orchestrated carriers full of immune stimulants for antigen delivery, which could preferably target local dendritic cells and exert strong adaptive cellular immunity. This proof-of-concept study established a universal platform for vaccine construction with engineered mitochondria bearing alterable antigens for cancers as well as other diseases.

Revisiting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in cardiovascular disease: Is too much of a good thing always a good thing?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a leading cause of global mortality and morbidity. Various established risk factors are linked to CVD, and modifying these risk factors is fundamental in CVD management. Clinical studies underscore the association between dyslipidemia and CVD, and therapeutic interventions that target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol elicit clear benefits. Despite the correlation between low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and heightened CVD risk, HDL-raising therapies have yet to showcase significant clinical benefits. Furthermore, evidence from epidemiological and genetic studies reveals that not only low HDL-C levels, but also very high levels of HDL-C are linked to increased risk of CVD. In this review, we focus on HDL metabolism and delve into the relationship between HDL and CVD, exploring HDL functions and the observed alterations in its roles in disease. Altogether, the results discussed herein support the conventional wisdom that "too much of a good thing is not always a good thing". Thus, our recommendation is that a careful reconsideration of the impact of high HDL-C levels is warranted, and shall be revisited in future research.

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) and Obesity-Induced Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and, subsequently, decreased insulin secretion. This condition is closely linked to obesity, a major risk factor that boosts the development of chronic systemic inflammation, which, in turn, is recognized for its crucial role in the onset of insulin resistance. Under conditions of obesity, adipose tissue, particularly visceral fat, becomes an active endocrine organ that releases a wide range of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and adipokines. These mediators, along with cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, contribute to the maintenance of systemic low-grade inflammation, promote cellular signaling and facilitate the infiltration of inflammatory cells into tissues. Emerging studies have indicated the accumulation of a new cell population in the adipose tissue in these conditions, known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells possess the ability to suppress the immune system, impacting obesity-related chronic inflammation. Given the limited literature addressing the role of MDSCs in the context of type 2 diabetes, this article aims to explore the complex interaction between inflammation, obesity, and MDSC activity. Identifying and understanding the role of these immature cells is essential not only for improving the management of type 2 diabetes but also for the potential development of targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at both glycemic control and the reduction in associated inflammation.

Immunogenic shift of arginine metabolism triggers systemic metabolic and immunological reprogramming to prevent HER2+ breast cancer

Arginine metabolism in tumors is often shunted into the pathway producing pro-tumor and immune suppressive polyamines (PAs), while downmodulating the alternative nitric oxide (NO) synthesis pathway. Aiming to correct arginine metabolism in tumors, arginine deprivation therapy and inhibitors of PA synthesis have been developed. Despite some therapeutic advantages, these approaches have often yielded severe side effects, making it necessary to explore an alternative strategy. We previously reported that supplementing SEP, the endogenous precursor of BH4 (the essential NO synthase cofactor), could correct arginine metabolism in tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and induce their metabolic and phenotypic reprogramming. We saw that oral SEP treatment effectively suppressed the growth of HER2-positive mammary tumors in animals. SEP also has no reported dose-dependent toxicity in clinical trials for metabolic disorders. In the present study, we report that a long-term use of SEP in animals susceptible to HER2-positive mammary tumors effectively prevented tumor occurrence. These SEP-treated animals had undergone reprogramming of the systemic metabolism and immunity, elevating total T cell counts in the circulation and bone marrow. Given that bone marrow-resident T cells are mostly memory T cells, it is plausible that chronic SEP treatment promoted memory T cell formation, leading to a potent tumor prevention. These findings suggest the possible roles of the SEP/BH4/NO axis in promoting memory T cell formation and its potential therapeutic utility for preventing HER2-positive breast cancer.

Overview of emerging therapies for demyelinating diseases

This paper provides an overview of autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system, specifically those caused by demyelination. We explore new research regarding potential therapeutic interventions, particularly those aimed at inducing remyelination. Remyelination is a detailed process, involving many cell types-oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), astrocytes, and microglia-and both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Our discussion of this process includes the differentiation potential of neural stem cells, the function of adult OPCs, and the impact of molecular mediators on myelin repair. Emerging therapies are also explored, with mechanisms of action including the induction of OPC differentiation, the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, and the use of molecular mediators. Further, we discuss current medical advancements in relation to many myelin-related disorders, including multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Beyond these emerging systemic therapies, we also introduce the dimethyl fumarate/silk fibroin nerve conduit and its potential role in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Despite these aforementioned scientific advancements, this paper maintains the need for ongoing research to deepen our understanding of demyelinating diseases and advance therapeutic strategies that enhance affected patients' quality of life.

LncRNA-mRNA co-expression analysis reveals aquaporin-9-promoted neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammatory activation in sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by an excessive inflammatory response to an infection. However, the precise regulatory mechanism of sepsis remains unclear. Using a strand-specific RNA-sequencing, we identified 115 hub differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 443 mRNAs in septic patients, primarily participated in crucial pathways including neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and toll-like receptor signaling. Notably, NETs related gene aquaporin-9 (AQP9) and its associated lncRNAs exhibited significant upregulation in septic neutrophils. Functional experiments revealed AQP9 interacts with its lncRNAs to augment the formation of neutrophil NETs. In murine sepsis models, AQP9 inhibition with phloretin reduced proinflammatory cytokine production and lung damage. These findings provide crucial insights into the regulatory role of AQP9 in sepsis, unraveling its interaction with associated lncRNAs in transmitting downstream signals, holding promise in informing the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at ameliorating the debilitating effects of sepsis.

Programmable bionanomaterials for revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy involves a cutting-edge method that utilizes the immune system to detect and eliminate cancer cells. It has shown substantial effectiveness in treating different types of cancer. As a result, its growing importance is due to its distinct benefits and potential for sustained recovery. However, the general deployment of this treatment is hindered by ongoing issues in maintaining minimal toxicity, high specificity, and prolonged effectiveness. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to these challenges due to its notable attributes, including expansive precise surface areas, accurate ability to deliver drugs and controlled surface chemistry. This review explores the current advancements in the application of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy, focusing on three primary areas: monoclonal antibodies, therapeutic cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell treatment. In adoptive cell therapy, nanomaterials enhance the expansion and targeting capabilities of immune cells, such as T cells, thereby improving their ability to locate and destroy cancer cells. For therapeutic cancer vaccines, nanoparticles serve as delivery vehicles that protect antigens from degradation and enhance their uptake by antigen-presenting cells, boosting the immune response against cancer. Monoclonal antibodies benefit from nanotechnology through improved delivery mechanisms and reduced off-target effects, which increase their specificity and effectiveness. By highlighting the intersection of nanotechnology and immunotherapy, we aim to underscore the transformative potential of nanomaterials in enhancing the effectiveness and safety of cancer immunotherapies. Nanoparticles' ability to deliver drugs and biomolecules precisely to tumor sites reduces systemic toxicity and enhances therapeutic outcomes.

Host Preferences and Impact of Climate on Blood Feeding in Anopheles funestus Group from South Africa

Anopheles vaneedeni and Anopheles parensis (members of the An. funestus group) are generally not considered malaria vectors. However, both species were recently identified as potential vectors in South Africa. A critical factor needed to determine their role in malaria transmission is their preference for human blood. The human blood index of An. vaneedeni and An. parensis and their potential role in the ongoing residual malaria transmission in South Africa is unknown. This study aimed to identify host blood meals from the wild-caught An. funestus group in a longitudinal study, and to establish the relationship between temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation on host feeding preferences. Anopheles leesoni, An. parensis, An. vaneedeni, and Anopheles rivulorum were collected, and females mainly fed on cattle. Climatic parameters did not influence the host feeding preferences of these four members of the An. funestus group, but impacted the proportion of females that took a blood meal. Significant changes in feeding proportions were driven by relative humidity, temperature, and precipitation. The role of these species in the ongoing residual malaria transmission in South Africa needs further investigation, as no human blood meals were identified. It is recommended that vector surveillance teams incorporate climatic monitoring and host blood meal identification into their routine activities. This information could provide the malaria vector control programmes with scientific evidence to evaluate the importance of the An. funestus group in residual malaria transmission.

Insights into CSF-1R Expression in the Tumor Microenvironment

The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) plays a pivotal role in orchestrating cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Although the CSF-1R has been extensively studied in myeloid cells, the expression of this receptor and its emerging role in other cell types in the TME need to be further analyzed. This review explores the multifaceted functions of the CSF-1R across various TME cellular populations, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), dendritic cells (DCs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (ECs), and cancer stem cells (CSCs). The activation of the CSF-1R by its ligands, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) and Interleukin-34 (IL-34), regulates TAM polarization towards an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype, promoting tumor progression and immune evasion. Similarly, CSF-1R signaling influences MDSCs to exert immunosuppressive functions, hindering anti-tumor immunity. In DCs, the CSF-1R alters antigen-presenting capabilities, compromising immune surveillance against cancer cells. CSF-1R expression in CAFs and ECs regulates immune modulation, angiogenesis, and immune cell trafficking within the TME, fostering a pro-tumorigenic milieu. Notably, the CSF-1R in CSCs contributes to tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance through interactions with TAMs and the modulation of stemness features. Understanding the diverse roles of the CSF-1R in the TME underscores its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment, aiming at disrupting pro-tumorigenic cellular crosstalk and enhancing anti-tumor immune responses.

Refined diet consumption increases neuroinflammatory signalling through bile acid dysmetabolism

Over recent decades, dietary patterns have changed significantly due to the increasing availability of convenient, ultra-processed refined foods. Refined foods are commonly depleted of key bioactive compounds, which have been associated with several deleterious health conditions. As the gut microbiome can influence the brain through a bidirectional communication system known as the 'microbiota-gut-brain axis', the consumption of refined foods has the potential to affect cognitive health. In this study, multi-omics approaches were employed to assess the effect of a refined diet on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, with a particular focus on bile acid metabolism. Mice maintained on a refined low-fat diet (rLFD), consisting of high sucrose, processed carbohydrates and low fibre content, for eight weeks displayed significant gut microbial dysbiosis, as indicated by diminished alpha diversity metrics (p < 0.05) and altered beta diversity (p < 0.05) when compared to mice receiving a chow diet. Changes in gut microbiota composition paralleled modulation of the metabolome, including a significant reduction in short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and n-butyrate; p < 0.001) and alterations in bile acid concentrations. Interestingly, the rLFD led to dysregulated bile acid concentrations across both the colon (p < 0.05) and the brain (p < 0.05) which coincided with altered neuroinflammatory gene expression. In particular, the concentration of TCA, TDCA and T-α-MCA was inversely correlated with the expression of NF-κB1, a key transcription factor in neuroinflammation. Overall, our results suggest a novel link between a refined low-fat diet and detrimental neuronal processes, likely in part through modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and bile acid dysmetabolism.

Proteomic Profiles of Maternal Plasma Extracellular Vesicles for Prediction of Preeclampsia

PROBLEM

Preeclampsia is a heterogeneous syndrome of diverse etiologies and molecular pathways leading to distinct clinical subtypes. Herein, we aimed to characterize the extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated and soluble fractions of the maternal plasma proteome in patients with preeclampsia and to assess their value for disease prediction.

METHOD OF STUDY

This case-control study included 24 women with term preeclampsia, 23 women with preterm preeclampsia, and 94 healthy pregnant controls. Blood samples were collected from cases on average 7 weeks before the diagnosis of preeclampsia and were matched to control samples. Soluble and EV fractions were separated from maternal plasma; EVs were confirmed by cryo-EM, NanoSight, and flow cytometry; and 82 proteins were analyzed with bead-based, multiplexed immunoassays. Quantile regression analysis and random forest models were implemented to evaluate protein concentration differences and their predictive accuracy. Preeclampsia subgroups defined by molecular profiles were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis. Significance was set at p < 0.05 or false discovery rate-adjusted q < 0.1.

RESULTS

In preterm preeclampsia, PlGF, PTX3, and VEGFR-1 displayed differential abundance in both soluble and EV fractions, whereas angiogenin, CD40L, endoglin, galectin-1, IL-27, CCL19, and TIMP1 were changed only in the soluble fraction (q < 0.1). The direction of changes in the EV fraction was consistent with that in the soluble fraction for nine proteins. In term preeclampsia, CCL3 had increased abundance in both fractions (q < 0.1). The combined EV and soluble fraction proteomic profiles predicted preterm and term preeclampsia with an AUC of 78% (95% CI, 66%-90%) and 68% (95% CI, 56%-80%), respectively. Three clusters of preeclampsia featuring distinct clinical characteristics and placental pathology were identified based on combined protein data.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings reveal distinct alterations of the maternal EV-associated and soluble plasma proteome in preterm and term preeclampsia and identify molecular subgroups of patients with distinct clinical and placental histopathologic features.

Oral Administration of Taurodeoxycholate, A GPCR19 Agonist, Effectively Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis in A Mouse Model

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disorder, characterised by intense pruritus and recurrent eczematous lesions. Recently, the US FDA has approved Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for oral treatment in AD patients. However, oral immunomodulatory agents have demonstrated adverse effects. In previous studies, we demonstrated the efficacy of topical taurodeoxycholate (TDCA), a G protein-coupled receptor 19 (GPCR19) agonist, on AD. In this study, we further evaluated the efficacy of orally administered TDCA on MC903- and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD mouse models. Oral administration of TDCA significantly ameliorated AD symptoms and reduced both epidermal and dermal thickness. Additionally, oral TDCA treatment inhibited the infiltration of myeloid and lymphoid cells into AD lesions. TDCA also suppressed the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-33, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 in the skin and blood. Given the previously demonstrated safety profiles of TDCA, oral TDCA may offer a beneficial and safer alternative for AD patients.

Mechanistic and therapeutic role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, has emerged as the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Several pathological hallmarks have been identified, including neuroinflammation. A comprehensive insight into the underlying mechanisms that can fuel the development of novel therapeutic approaches is necessary because of the alarmingly rapid increase in the frequency of incidence. Recently, NLRP3 inflammasome was identified as a critical mediator of neuroinflammation. Activation of nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by amyloid, neurofibrillary tangles, impaired autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress, triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. Subsequently, these cytokines can promote neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. It is well established that genetic or pharmacological ablation of NLRP3 alleviates AD-related pathological features in in vitro and in vivo models. Therefore, several synthetic and natural compounds have been identified that exhibit the potential to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviate AD-associated pathology. The current review article will highlight the various mechanisms by which activation of NLRP3 inflammation occurs during Alzheimer's disease, and how it influences neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Moreover, we will summarise the different small molecules that possess the potential to inhibit NLRP3 and can pave the path for developing novel therapeutic interventions for AD.

ATG10S promotes IFNL1 expression and autophagic degradation of multiple viral proteins mediated by IFNL1

ATG10S is a newly discovered subtype of the autophagy protein ATG10. It promotes complete macroautophagy/autophagy, degrades multiple viral proteins, and increases the expression of type III interferons. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of ATG10S cooperation with IFNL1 to degrade viral proteins from different viruses. Using western blot, immunoprecipitation (IP), tandem sensor RFP-GFP-LC3B and in situ proximity ligation assays, we showed that exogenous recombinant ATG10S protein (rHsATG10S) could enter into cells through clathrin, and ATG10S combined with ATG7 with IFNL1 assistance to facilitate ATG12-ATG5 conjugation, thereby contributing to the autophagosome formation in multiple cell lines containing different virions or viral proteins. The results of DNA IP and luciferase assays also showed that ATG10S was able to directly bind to a core motif (CAAGGG) within a binding site of transcription factor ZNF460 on the IFNL1 promoter, by which IFNL1 transcription was activated. These results clarified that ATG10S promoted autophagosome formation with the assistance of IFNL1 to ensure autophagy flux and autophagic degradation of multiple viral proteins and that ATG10S could also act as a novel transcription factor to promote IFNL1 gene expression. Importantly, this study further explored the antiviral mechanism of ATG10S interaction with type III interferon and provided a theoretical basis for the development of ATG10S into a new broad-spectrum antiviral protein drug.Abbreviation: ATG: autophagy related; ATG10S: the shorter isoform of autophagy-related 10; CC50: half cytotoxicity concentration; CCV: clathrin-coated transport vesicle; CLTC: clathrin heavy chain; CM: core motif; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CPZ: chlorpromazine; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HsCoV-OC43: Human coronavirus OC43; IFN: interferon; PLA: proximity ligation assay; rHsATG10S: recombinant human ATG10S protein; RLU: relative light unit; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ZNF: zinc finger protein.

Multiomic biomarkers after cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest is a sudden cessation of heart function, leading to an abrupt loss of blood flow and oxygen to vital organs. This life-threatening emergency requires immediate medical intervention and can lead to severe neurological injury or death. Methods and biomarkers to predict neurological outcome are available but lack accuracy. Such methods would allow personalizing healthcare and help clinical decisions. Extensive research has been conducted to identify prognostic omic biomarkers of cardiac arrest. With the emergence of technologies allowing to combine different levels of omics data, and with the help of artificial intelligence and machine learning, there is a potential to use multiomic signatures as prognostic biomarkers after cardiac arrest. This review article delves into the current knowledge of cardiac arrest biomarkers across various omic fields and suggests directions for future research aiming to integrate multiple omics data layers to improve outcome prediction and cardiac arrest patient's care.

TLR4 as a Potential Target of Me-PFOSA-AcOH Leading to Cardiovascular Diseases: Evidence from NHANES 2013-2018 and Molecular Docking

BACKGROUND

Concerns have been raised regarding the effects of perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but clear evidence linking PFAS exposure to CVD is lacking, and the mechanism remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

To study the association between PFASs and CVD in U.S. population, and to reveal the mechanism of PFASs' effects on CVD.

METHODS

To assess the relationships between individual blood serum PFAS levels and the risk of total CVD or its subtypes, multivariable logistic regression analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were conducted on all participants or subgroups among 3391 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The SuperPred and GeneCards databases were utilized to identify potential targets related to PFAS and CVD, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of intersection genes were performed using Metascape. Protein interaction networks were generated, and core targets were identified with STRING. Molecular docking was achieved using Autodock Vina 1.1.2.

RESULTS

There was a positive association between Me-PFOSA-AcOH and CVD (OR = 1.28, p = 0.022), especially coronary heart disease (CHD) (OR = 1.47, p = 0.007) and heart attack (OR = 1.58, p < 0.001) after adjusting for all potential covariates. Me-PFOSA-AcOH contributed the most to distinguishing between individuals in terms of CVD and non-CVD. Significant moderating effects for Me-PFOSA-AcOH were observed in the subgroup analysis stratified by sex, ethnicity, education level, PIR, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, and hypertension (p < 0.05). The potential intersection targets were mainly enriched in CVD-related pathways, including the inflammatory response, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, and arachidonic acid metabolism. TLR4 was identified as the core target for the effects of Me-PFOSA-AcOH on CVD. Molecular docking results revealed that the binding energy of Me-PFOSA-AcOH to the TLR4-MD-2 complex was -7.2 kcal/mol, suggesting that Me-PFOSA-AcOH binds well to the TLR4-MD-2 complex.

CONCLUSIONS

Me-PFOSA-AcOH exposure was significantly associated with CVD. Network toxicology and molecular docking uncovered novel molecular targets, such as TLR4, and identified the inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms underlying Me-PFOSA-AcOH-induced CVD.

Inorganic Nanoparticle Functionalization Strategies in Immunotherapeutic Applications

Nanotechnology has been increasingly utilized in anticancer treatment owing to its ability of engineering functional nanocarriers that enhance therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. Inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) are prevalent nanocarriers to be customized for a wide range of anticancer applications, including theranostics, imaging, targeted drug delivery, and therapeutics, because they are advantageous for their superior biocompatibility, unique optical properties, and capacity of being modified via versatile surface functionalization strategies. In the past decades, the high adaptation of INPs in this emerging immunotherapeutic field makes them good carrier options for tumor immunotherapy and combination immunotherapy. Tumor immunotherapy requires targeted delivery of immunomodulating therapeutics to tumor locations or immunological organs to provoke immune cells and induce tumor-specific immune response while regulating immune homeostasis, particularly switching the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. This review explores various INP designs and formulations, and their employment in tumor immunotherapy and combination immunotherapy. We also introduce detailed demonstrations of utilizing surface engineering tactics to create multifunctional INPs. The generated INPs demonstrate the abilities of stimulating and enhancing the immune response, specific targeting, and regulating cancer cells, immune cells, and their resident microenvironment, sometimes along with imaging and tracking capabilities, implying their potential in multitasking immunotherapy. Furthermore, we discuss the promises of INP-based combination immunotherapy in tumor treatments.

Oxidative stress modulating nanomaterials and their biochemical roles in nanomedicine

Many pathological conditions are predominantly associated with oxidative stress, arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS); therefore, the modulation of redox activities has been a key strategy to restore normal tissue functions. Current approaches involve establishing a favorable cellular redox environment through the administration of therapeutic drugs and redox-active nanomaterials (RANs). In particular, RANs not only provide a stable and reliable means of therapeutic delivery but also possess the capacity to finely tune various interconnected components, including radicals, enzymes, proteins, transcription factors, and metabolites. Here, we discuss the roles that engineered RANs play in a spectrum of pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and inflammation. We visualize the dual functions of RANs as both generator and scavenger of ROS, emphasizing their profound impact on diverse cellular functions. The focus of this review is solely on inorganic redox-active nanomaterials (inorganic RANs). Additionally, we deliberate on the challenges associated with current RANs-based approaches and propose potential research directions for their future clinical translation.

An injectable adhesive hydrogel for photothermal ablation and antitumor immune activation against bacteria-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma

Pathogenic bacteria are closely associated with the occurrence, development and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Antibacterial therapy has been considered an enhancement strategy to suppress bacteria-associated tumors and promote anti-tumor immune responses. Herein, we developed an injectable adhesive hydrogel, PNIPAM/DL@TIR, for the in situ photothermal ablation and robust stimulation of antitumor immunity against OSCC colonized by Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), one of the major oral pathogenic bacteria. PNIPAM/DL@TIR, composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), demethylated lignin, and TAT peptide-conjugated IR820, was prepared using a simple dissolve-dry-swell solvent exchange method. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, PNIPAM/DL@TIR exerted photothermal effects to ablate Pg-colonized OSCC and generate dual tumor and bacterial antigens. Owing to its large number of catechol groups, PNIPAM/DL@TIR efficiently captured these antigens to form an in situ antigen repository, thereby eliciting robust and durable antitumor immune responses. Proteomic analysis revealed that the captured antigens comprised both tumor neoantigens and bacterial antigens. The catechol groups endowed PNIPAM/DL@TIR with antioxidant activity, which was also conducive to stimulating antitumor immunity. Altogether, this study develops an injectable adhesive hydrogel and provides a combination strategy for treating bacteria-associated OSCC. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we developed an injectable adhesive hydrogel, PNIPAM/DL@TIR, for in situ photothermal ablation and robust stimulation of antitumor immunity against OSCC colonized by Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the major oral pathogenic bacteria. PNIPAM/DL@TIR, which consists of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), demethylated lignin, and TAT peptide-conjugated IR820 exhibited outstanding photothermal performance. Owing to the presence of catechol groups, PNIPAM/DL@TIR has good bioadhesive properties and can capture protein antigens to form in situ antigen repository, thus initiating robust and long-term antitumor immune responses. In addition, PNIPAM/DL@TIR exhibited strong antioxidant activity that is favorable for promoting antitumor immunity. In the mouse model of OSCC with bacterial infection, PNIPAM/DL@TIR not only ablated the primary tumors upon NIR laser irradiation, but also induced tumor and bacterial vaccination in situ to suppress distant tumors and lung metastasis.

Insights from multigene analysis: first report of a Southeast Asian Mosquito, Aedes (Mucidus) laniger (Diptera: Culicidae) on Jeju Island from Korea

BACKGROUND

Certain mosquitoes are known as dominant vectors worldwide, and transmit infectious diseases. The expansion of mosquito habitats due to climate change and increased human activities poses a significant health threat by facilitating the spread of various non-native infectious diseases. This study focused on the detection of the Southeast Asian mosquito species, Aedes (Mucidus) laniger (Wiedemann, 1820) on Jeju Island, the southernmost region of the Republic of Korea (ROK), highlighting the potential risks associated with the spread of vector-borne diseases, particularly emphasizing the elevated likelihood of invasion by Southeast Asian mosquitoes.

METHODS

Field surveys were conducted in August 2023 on Jeju Island. Adult mosquitoes were collected using BG-sentinel traps and identified to the species level using taxonomic keys. Morphological and molecular analyses were employed to confirm species designations. Molecular data, including mitochondrial and nuclear genes, were used for phylogenetic analysis, which was performed to compare and identify among recorded subgenera in ROK. Species distribution modeling for Ae. laniger was performed to predict potential habitats using R package 'BIOMOD2'.

RESULTS

The two specimens of Ae. laniger were collected for the first time on Jeju Island. Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed the identity of this species within the subgenus Mucidus and validated the first record of this species in the ROK. We employed a simple multigene phylogenetic analysis to confirm a new mosquito record at the genus and subgenus levels, finally validating the consistency between morphological identification and molecular phylogenetic outcomes. Furthermore, we have updated the taxonomic keys for the genus Aedes in the ROK, and revised mosquito lists for Jeju Island, incorporating the inclusion of Ae. laniger. On the basis of species distribution modeling, the area of suitable habitat for Ae. laniger is expected to expand due to climate change, but this change did not appear to be meaningful in East Asia.

CONCLUSIONS

This case offers the first report of the Southeast Asian mosquito, Ae. laniger, in the ROK. The detection of this species on Jeju Island suggests the potential establishment of a breeding population their habitat and raises concerns about further expansion into the Korean Peninsula. Considering the annual occurrence of mosquito-borne disease cases in the Southeast Asia, it is essential to conduct monitoring not only in Jeju Island, where Ae. laniger has been identified, but also across the entire Korean Peninsula.

Comparative analysis of bile acid composition and metabolism in the liver of Bufo gargarizans aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults

Bile acids are crucial for lipid metabolism and their composition and metabolism differ among species. However, there have been no data on the differences in the composition and metabolism of bile acids between aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults of amphibians. This study explored the differences in composition and metabolism of bile acid between Bufo gargarizans larvae and adults. The results demonstrated that adult liver had a lower total bile acid level and a higher conjugated/total bile acid ratio than larval liver. Meanwhile, histological analysis revealed that the larvae showed a larger cross-sectional area of bile canaliculi lumen compared with the adults. The transcriptomic analysis showed that B. gargarizans larvae synthesized bile acids through both the alternative and the 24-hydroxylase pathway, while adults only synthesized bile acids through the 24-hydroxylase pathway. Moreover, bile acid regulator-related genes FXR and RXRα were highly expressed in adult, whereas genes involved in bile acid synthesis (CYP27A1 and CYP46A1) were highly expressed in larvae. The present study will provide valuable insights into understanding metabolic disorders and exploring novel bile acid-based therapeutics.

Nanoparticle Targeting Strategies for Lipid and Polymer-Based Gene Delivery to Immune Cells In Vivo

Lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles are promising biomaterial platforms for robust intracellular DNA and mRNA delivery, highlighted by the widespread use of nanoparticle- (NP) based mRNA vaccines to help end the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent research has sought to adapt this nanotechnology to transfect and engineer immune cells in vivo. The immune system is an especially appealing target due to its involvement in many different diseases, and ex vivo-engineered immune cell therapies like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy have already demonstrated remarkable clinical success in certain blood cancers. Although gene delivery can potentially address some of the cost and manufacturing concerns associated with current autologous immune cell therapies, transfecting immune cells in vivo is challenging. Not only is extrahepatic NP delivery to lymphoid organs difficult, but immune cells like T cells have demonstrated particular resistance to transfection. Despite these challenges, the modular nature of NPs allows researchers to examine critical structure-function relationships between a particle's properties and its ability to specifically engineer immune cells in vivo. Herein, several nanomaterial components are outlined, including targeting ligands, nucleic acid cargo, chemical properties, physical properties, and the route of administration to specifically target NPs to immune cells for optimal in vivo transfection.

Predicting the immunomodulatory activity of probiotic lactic acid bacteria using supervised machine learning in a Cornu aspersum snail model

In the process of screening for probiotic strains, there are no clearly established bacterial phenotypic markers which could be used for the prediction of their in vivo mechanism of action. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that Machine Learning (ML) methods can be used for accurately predicting the in vivo immunomodulatory activity of probiotic strains based on their cell surface phenotypic features using a snail host-microbe interaction model. A broad range of snail gut presumptive probiotics, including 240 new lactic acid bacterial strains (Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Enterococcus), were isolated and characterized based on their capacity to withstand snails' gastrointestinal defense barriers, such as the pedal mucus, gastric mucus, gastric juices, and acidic pH, in association with their cell surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and biofilm formation ability. The implemented ML pipeline predicted with high accuracy (88 %) strains with a strong capacity to enhance chemotaxis and phagocytic activity of snails' hemolymph cells, while also revealed bacterial autoaggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity as the most important parameters that significantly affect host immune responses. The results show that ML approaches may be useful to derive a predictive understanding of host-probiotic interactions, while also highlighted the use of snails as an efficient animal model for screening presumptive probiotic strains in the light of their interaction with cellular innate immune responses.

Microglia-induced neuroinflammation in hippocampal neurogenesis following traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most causes of death and disability among people, leading to a wide range of neurological deficits. The important process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which includes the production, maturation and integration of new neurons, is affected by TBI due to microglia activation and the inflammatory response. During brain development, microglia are involved in forming or removing synapses, regulating the number of neurons, and repairing damage. However, in response to injury, activated microglia release a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other neurotoxic mediators that exacerbate post-TBI injury. These microglia-related changes can negatively affect hippocampal neurogenesis and disrupt learning and memory processes. To date, the intracellular signaling pathways that trigger microglia activation following TBI, as well as the effects of microglia on hippocampal neurogenesis, are poorly understood. In this review article, we discuss the effects of microglia-induced neuroinflammation on hippocampal neurogenesis following TBI, as well as the intracellular signaling pathways of microglia activation.

A role of gut microbiota metabolites in HLA-E and NKG2 blockage immunotherapy against tumors: new insights for clinical application

One of major breakthroughs in immunotherapy against tumor is from blocking immune checkpoint molecules on tumor and reactive T cells. The development of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockage antibodies has triggered to search for additional effective therapeutic strategies. This causes recent findings that blocking the interaction of checkpoint molecule NKG2A in NK and CD8 T cells with HLA-E in tumors is effective in defensing tumors. Interestingly, gut microbiota also affects this immune checkpoint immunotherapy against tumor. Gut microbiota such as bacteria can contribute to the regulation of host immune response and homeostasis. They not only promote the differentiation and function of immunosuppressive cells but also the inflammatory cells through the metabolites such as tryptophan (Trp) and bile acid (BA) metabolites as well as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These gut microbiota metabolites (GMMs) educated immune cells can affect the differentiation and function of effective CD8 and NK cells. Notably, these metabolites also directly affect the activity of CD8 and NK cells. Furthermore, the expression of CD94/NKG2A in the immune cells and/or their ligand HLA-E in the tumor cells is also regulated by gut microbiota associated immune factors. These findings offer new insights for the clinical application of gut microbiota in precise and/or personalized treatments of tumors. In this review, we will discuss the impacts of GMMs and GMM educated immune cells on the activity of effective CD8 and NK cells and the expression of CD94/NKG2A in immune cells and/or their ligand HLA-E in tumor cells.

Decoding the connection between SLE and DNA Sensors: A comprehensive review

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is recognized as a prevalent autoimmune disorder characterized by a multifaceted pathogenesis potentially influenced by a combination of environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and hormonal regulation. The continuous study of immune system activation is especially intriguing. Analysis of blood samples from individuals with SLE reveals an abnormal increase in interferon levels, along with the existence of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies. This evidence suggests that the development of SLE may be initiated by innate immunity. The presence of abnormal dsDNA fragments can activate DNA sensors within cells, particularly immune cells, leading to the initiation of downstream signaling cascades that result in the upregulation of relevant cytokines and the subsequent initiation of adaptive immune responses, such as B cell differentiation and T cell activation. The intricate pathogenesis of SLE results in DNA sensors exhibiting a wide range of functions in innate immune responses that are subject to variation based on cell types, developmental processes, downstream effector signaling pathways and other factors. The review aims to reorganize how DNA sensors influence signaling pathways and contribute to the development of SLE according to current studies, with the aspiration of furnishing valuable insights for future investigations into the pathological mechanisms of SLE and potential treatment approaches.

Arctiin Mitigates Neuronal Injury by Modulating the P2X7R/NLPR3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway

Depression, recognized globally as a primary cause of disability, has its pathogenesis closely related to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Arctiin (ARC), the major bioactive component of Fructus arctii, has various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Building on previous findings that highlighted ARC's capability to mitigate depression by dampening microglial hyperactivation and thereby reducing neuroinflammatory responses and cortical neuronal damage in mice, the current study delves deeper into ARC's therapeutic potential by examining its impact on hippocampal neuronal damage in depression. Utilizing both chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression model in mice and corticosterone (CORT)-stimulated PC12 cell model of neuronal damage, the techniques including Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, ELISA, lactate dehydrogenase assays, colony formation assays, immunofluorescence staining and molecular docking were employed to unravel the mechanisms behind ARC's neuroprotective effects. The findings revealed that ARC not only mitigates hippocampal neuropathological damage and reduces serum CORT levels in CUMS-exposed mice but also enhances cell activity while reducing lactate dehydrogenase release in CORT-stimulated PC12 cells. ARC attenuated neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting the overactivation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R)/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling pathway, similar to the effect of A438079 (P2X7R antagonist). Interestingly, pretreatment with A438079 blocked the neuroprotective effect of ARC. Computer modeling predicted that both ARC and A438079 have strong binding with P2X7R and they have the same binding site. These results suggested that ARC may exert a neuroprotective role by binding to P2X7R, thereby inhibiting the P2X7R/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.

The gut-retina axis: Uncovering the role of autoimmunity in glaucoma development

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve damage. While elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only known modifiable risk factor, normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) challenges this notion, suggesting other mechanisms beyond IOP may contribute to its development. Emerging evidence support the hypothesis that glaucoma may be an autoimmune disease. This review summarizes evidence for this hypothesis, focusing on the gut-retina axis. We discuss how antigens of gut bacterial prime peripheral T cells to breach the blood-retina barrier (BRB) and initiate cross-reactivity with ocular tissues via molecular mimicry, resulting in autoimmune RGC damage. Understanding these mechanisms may uncover new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies targeting immune pathways alongside conventional IOP-lowering treatments.

A comparison of super-resolution microscopy techniques for imaging tightly packed microcolonies of an obligate intracellular bacterium

Conventional optical microscopy imaging of obligate intracellular bacteria is hampered by the small size of bacterial cells, tight clustering exhibited by some bacterial species and challenges relating to labelling such as background from host cells, a lack of validated reagents, and a lack of tools for genetic manipulation. In this study we imaged intracellular bacteria from the species Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot) using five different fluorescence microscopy techniques: standard confocal, Airyscan confocal, instant Structured Illumination Microscopy (iSIM), three-dimensional Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM) and Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (STED). We compared the ability of each to resolve bacterial cells in intracellular clumps in the lateral (xy) axis, using full width half maximum (FWHM) measurements of a labelled outer membrane protein (ScaA) and the ability to detect small, outer membrane vesicles external to the cells. We next compared the ability of each technique to sufficiently resolve bacteria in the axial (z) direction and found 3D-STED to be the most successful method for this. We then combined this approach with a custom 3D cell segmentation and analysis pipeline using the open-source, deep learning software, Cellpose to segment the cells and subsequently the commercial software Imaris to analyze their 3D shape and size. Using this combination, we demonstrated differences in bacterial shape, but not their size, when grown in different mammalian cell lines. Overall, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of different super-resolution microscopy techniques for imaging this cytoplasmic obligate intracellular bacterium based on the specific research question being addressed.

A cross sectional study on molecular prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in household rat population of South India

This study aimed to assess the molecular prevalence of mite-borne zoonotic pathogen O. tsutsugamushi in household rats of South India through nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of O. tsutsugamushi 47-kDa htrA gene and to determine the most suitable sample type for screening of O. tsutsugamushi in rats. Out of 85 rats trapped in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Puducherry regions, 47 rats were found positive for the O. tsutsugamushi genome with prevalence of 55.29 %. Among different sample types screened, faecal samples exhibited the highest positivity rate, followed by liver, spleen, kidney, and blood samples. Agreement between faecal and spleen samples of rats for the presence of O. tsutsugamushi was the highest. Principal component analysis revealed a positive correlation between the spleen, liver, and faeces and a negative correlation between blood and faeces for the presence of O. tsutsugamushi genome. These findings underscore the varied distribution of O. tsutsugamushi among different samples and indicate that the faecal and liver samples of rats are an ideal choice of samples for epidemiological studies. This is the first study to report a high level of presence of O. tsutsugamushi in faecal samples of rats.

Severe Allergy as a Chronic Inflammatory Condition From a Systems Biology Perspective

Persistent and unresolved inflammation is a common underlying factor observed in several and seemingly unrelated human diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly, in atopic conditions, acute inflammatory responses such as those triggered by insect venom, food or drug allergies possess also a life-threatening potential. However, respiratory allergies predominantly exhibit late immune responses associated with chronic inflammation, that can eventually progress into a severe phenotype displaying similar features as those observed in other chronic inflammatory diseases, as is the case of uncontrolled severe asthma. This review aims to explore the different facets and systems involved in chronic allergic inflammation, including processes such as tissue remodelling and immune cell dysregulation, as well as genetic, metabolic and microbiota alterations, which are common to other inflammatory conditions. Our goal here was to deepen on the understanding of an entangled disease as is chronic allergic inflammation and expose potential avenues for the development of better diagnostic and intervention strategies.

Dendritic cells pulsed with penetratin-OLFM4 inhibit the growth and metastasis of melanoma in mice

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can self-renew and differentiate, contributing to tumor heterogeneity, metastasis, and recurrence. Their resistance to therapies, including immunotherapy, underscores the importance of targeting them for complete remission and relapse prevention. Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), a marker associated with various cancers such as colorectal cancer, is expressed on CSCs promoting immune evasion and tumorigenesis. However, its potential as a target for CSC-specific immunotherapy remains underexplored. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of targeting OLFM4 with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. To improve antigen delivery and immune response, OLFM4 was conjugated with a protein-transduction domain (PTD) from the antennapedia of Drosophila called penetratin, creating a fusion protein (P-OLFM4). The efficacy of DCs pulsed with P-OLFM4 (DCs [P-OLFM4]) was compared to DCs pulsed with OLFM4 (DCs [OLFM4]) and PBS (DCs [PBS]). DCs [P-OLFM4] inhibited tumor growth by 91.2 % and significantly reduced lung metastasis of OLFM4+ melanoma cells by 97 %, compared to the DCs [PBS]. DCs [OLFM4] also demonstrated a reduction in lung metastasis by 59.7 % compared to DCs [PBS]. Immunization with DCs [P-OLFM4] enhanced OLFM4-specific T-cell proliferation, interferon-γ production, and cytotoxic T cell activity in mice. The results indicate that OLFM4 is a viable target for CSC-focused immunotherapy. DC [P-OLFM4] vaccines can elicit robust immune responses, significantly inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. This strategy holds promise for developing more effective cancer treatments that specifically target CSCs, potentially leading to better patient outcomes by reducing the likelihood of tumor relapse and metastasis.

Revisiting the role of hypoxia-inducible factors and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in regulating macrophage inflammation and metabolism

The recent birth of the immunometabolism field has comprehensively demonstrated how the rewiring of intracellular metabolism is critical for supporting the effector functions of many immune cell types, such as myeloid cells. Among all, the transcriptional regulation mediated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) and Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) have been consistently shown to play critical roles in regulating the glycolytic metabolism, redox homeostasis and inflammatory responses of macrophages (Mφs). Although both of these transcription factors were first discovered back in the 1990s, new advances in understanding their function and regulations have been continuously made in the context of immunometabolism. Therefore, this review attempts to summarize the traditionally and newly identified functions of these transcription factors, including their roles in orchestrating the key events that take place during glycolytic reprogramming in activated myeloid cells, as well as their roles in mediating Mφ inflammatory responses in various bacterial infection models.

An atlas of human vector-borne microbe interactions reveals pathogenicity mechanisms

Vector-borne diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide and pose a substantial unmet medical need. Pathogens binding to host extracellular proteins (the "exoproteome") represents a crucial interface in the etiology of vector-borne disease. Here, we used bacterial selection to elucidate host-microbe interactions in high throughput (BASEHIT)-a technique enabling interrogation of microbial interactions with 3,324 human exoproteins-to profile the interactomes of 82 human-pathogen samples, including 30 strains of arthropod-borne pathogens and 8 strains of related non-vector-borne pathogens. The resulting atlas revealed 1,303 putative interactions, including hundreds of pairings with potential roles in pathogenesis, including cell invasion, tissue colonization, immune evasion, and host sensing. Subsequent functional investigations uncovered that Lyme disease spirochetes recognize epidermal growth factor as an environmental cue of transcriptional regulation and that conserved interactions between intracellular pathogens and thioredoxins facilitate cell invasion. In summary, this interactome atlas provides molecular-level insights into microbial pathogenesis and reveals potential host-directed targets for next-generation therapeutics.

Chitosan non-particulate vaccine delivery systems

Chitosan is an extensively used polymer for drug delivery applications in particulate and non-particulate carriers. Chitosan-based particulate, nano-, and microparticle, carriers have been the most extensively studied for the delivery of therapeutics and vaccines. However, chitosan has also been used in vaccine applications for its adjuvant properties in various hydrogels or as a carrier coating material. The focus of this review will be on the usage of chitosan as a vaccine adjuvant based on its intrinsic immunogenicity; the various forms of chitosan-based non-particulate delivery systems such as thermosensitive hydrogels, microneedles, and conjugates; and the advantages of its role as a coating material for vaccine carriers.

The causal role between circulating immune cells and diabetic nephropathy: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization with mediating insights

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a critical inflammatory condition linked to diabetes, affecting millions worldwide. This study employs Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the causal relationship between immune cell signatures and DN, analyzing over 731 immune signatures and incorporating data from 1400 metabolites to investigate potential mediators. Despite no statistically significant influence of DN on immunophenotypes after FDR correction, some phenotypes with unadjusted low P-values warranted mention, including CD34 on Hematopoietic Stem Cell (Myeloid cell Panel), CD45 on CD33- HLA DR- (Myeloid cell Panel). Furthermore, three immunophenotypes were identified to have a significant impact on DN risk: CD16-CD56 on HLA DR+ NK (TBNK Panel), CD45 on HLA DR+ T cell (TBNK Panel), and CD33dim HLA DR+ CD11b+ AC (Myeloid cell Panel). Our findings underscore the critical role of immune cells in DN, highlighting potential mediators and offering new insights into its underlying mechanisms.

The Comparative Field Evaluation of Four Different Traps for Mosquito Surveillance in the Republic of Korea

Monitoring mosquito populations is essential for controlling mosquito-borne diseases, and the selection of mosquito traps should be tailored to specific surveillance objectives. Here, we tested four mosquito traps for their efficiency and applicability: the Nozawa-style black light trap (BLT), BG-sentinel trap II (BGT), UV-LED Blackhole Plus Mosquito Buster trap (LED), and digital mosquito monitoring system (DMS). The traps were rotated weekly for a 24 h cycle at the same location for 13 weeks. Overall, 1649 female mosquitoes belonging to seven genera and sixteen species were collected by the traps. The traps exhibited differences in both the number of collected individuals and species composition. The BLT showed superior collection efficiency in terms of the number of collected individuals and species evenness, whereas the BGT showed the highest species diversity among all the traps. Thus, the BLT and BGT are the best choices for effective mosquito surveillance based on trap performance. Additionally, despite the relatively low efficiency of the LED and DMS observed in this study, the LED is known to be efficient when used for indoor conditions such as cowsheds, while the DMS has an advanced function that can automatically count the number of mosquitoes. Thus, our findings provide significant guidelines for planning new mosquito surveillance projects in the ROK.

Metal-based nanoparticle in cancer treatment: lessons learned and challenges

Cancer, being one of the deadliest diseases, poses significant challenges despite the existence of traditional treatment approaches. This has led to a growing demand for innovative pharmaceutical agents that specifically target cancer cells for effective treatment. In recent years, the use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) as a promising alternative to conventional therapies has gained prominence in cancer research. Metal NPs exhibit unique properties that hold tremendous potential for various applications in cancer treatment. Studies have demonstrated that certain metals possess inherent or acquired anticancer capabilities through their surfaces. These properties make metal NPs an attractive focus for therapeutic development. In this review, we will investigate the applicability of several distinct classes of metal NPs for tumor targeting in cancer treatment. These classes may include gold, silver, iron oxide, and other metals with unique properties that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes. Additionally, we will provide a comprehensive summary of the risk factors associated with the therapeutic application of metal NPs. Understanding and addressing these factors will be crucial for successful clinical translation and to mitigate any potential challenges or failures in the translation of metal NP-based therapies. By exploring the therapeutic potential of metal NPs and identifying the associated risk factors, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of cancer treatment strategies. The anticipated outcome of this review is to provide valuable insights and pave the way for the advancement of effective and targeted therapies utilizing metal NPs specifically for cancer patients.

Effectiveness and pregnancy outcomes of ultrasound-indicated and physical examination-indicated cervical cerclage: a retrospective study from a single centre

OBJECTIVE

Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, and cervical incompetence (CIC) is a significant contribution. Cervical cerclage (CC) is an effective obstetric intervention. However, many clinical factors affect the success rate of surgery. The objective was to investigate and compare the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of patients who underwent ultrasound- and physical examination-indicated cervical cerclage and to explore the influencing factors of preterm delivery before 34 weeks.

METHODS

The sociodemographic characteristics and clinical data of patients with a diagnosis of cervical incompetence who underwent ultrasound- and physical examination-indicated transvaginal cervical cerclage at Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of the patients were evaluated. Continuous variables were compared using Student's t test (for normally distributed data) or the Mann-Whitney U test (for nonnormally distributed data). Categorical variables were analysed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Additionally, logistic regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the associations of inflammatory markers with maternal and neonatal outcomes.

RESULTS

This study included 141 participants who underwent cervical cerclage, including 71 with ultrasound-indicated cerclage and 70 with physical examination-indicated cerclage. Compared to those in the ultrasound-indicated cerclage group, the duration from cerclage to delivery, birth weight, and APGAR score in the physical examination-indicated cerclage group were significantly lower, and the rates of delivery at < 28 weeks, < 32 weeks, < 34 weeks, and < 37 weeks of gestation and neonatal mortality were significantly higher (all P < 0.05). Compared to those in the physical ultrasound-indicated cerclage group, in the physical examination-indicated cerclage group, maternal blood inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Additionally, maternal blood inflammatory markers, such as the CRP, white blood cell count, platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), SII, and SIRI were significantly higher in the group with delivery before 34 weeks of gestation. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that twin pregnancy had the highest OR for preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation (OR = 3.829; 95% CI 1.413-10.373; P = 0.008), as well as the following: the SII level (OR = 1.001; 95% CI 1.000-1.002; P = 0.003) and CRP level (OR = 1.083; 95% CI 1.038-1.131; P = 0.022). The risk factors for preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation were twin gestation, an increased SII level and an increased CRP level, which had good combined predictive value.

CONCLUSION

In patients with cervical insufficiency, ultrasound-indicated cervical cerclage appears to lead to better pregnancy outcomes than physical examination-indicated cerclage. Twin pregnancy and maternal blood inflammatory markers, such as the CRP level and the SII, are associated with preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation.

JR14a: A novel antagonist of C3aR attenuates neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI), a prevalent stroke-related complication, can lead to severe brain damage. Inflammation is a crucial factor in CIRI pathogenesis, and the complement component 3a receptor (C3aR) could be a key mediator in the post-CIRI inflammatory cascade. In this study, the role of C3aR in CIRI was investigated utilizing a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in C3aR knockout (KO) mice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurofunctional assessments revealed that C3aR KO mice exhibited significantly diminished cerebral infarction and improved neurological impairments. Consequently, the focus shifted to searching for a small molecule antagonist of C3aR. JR14a, a new potent thiophene antagonist of C3aR, was injected intraperitoneally into mice 1-h post-MCAO model implementation. The mass spectrometry (MS) results indicated the ability of JR14a to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Subsequent TTC staining and neurofunctional assessments revealed the efficacy of JR14a in reducing cerebral infarct volume and neurological impairment following MCAO. In addition, immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated attenuated microglial activation, neutrophil infiltration, and blood-brain barrier disruption by JR14a in the MCAO model. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting supported the role of JR14a in downregulating the expression levels of C3aR, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as the phosphorylation of p65. In conclusion, the findings suggested that C3aR could be a potential therapeutic target for CIRI, and JR14a emerged as a promising treatment candidate.

What's new about the tumor microenvironment of urothelial carcinoma?

Urothelial carcinoma is a significant global health concern that accounts for a substantial part of cancer diagnoses and deaths worldwide. The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem composed of stromal cells, soluble factors, and altered extracellular matrix, that mutually interact in a highly immunomodulated environment, with a prominent role in tumor development, progression, and treatment resistance. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of the different cell populations that compose the tumor microenvironment of urothelial carcinoma, its main functions, and distinct interactions with other cellular and non-cellular components, molecular alterations and aberrant signaling pathways already identified. It also focuses on the clinical implications of these findings, and its potential to translate into improved quality of life and overall survival. Determining new targets or defining prognostic signatures for urothelial carcinoma is an ongoing challenge that could be accelerated through a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment.

Cholestasis-induced phenotypic transformation of neutrophils contributes to immune escape of colorectal cancer liver metastasis

BACKGROUND

Cholestasis is a common yet severe complication that occurs during the advancement of liver metastasis. However, how cholestasis impacts the development, treatment, and tumor microenvironment (TME) of liver metastasis remains to be elucidated.

METHODS

Extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholestatic mouse models with liver metastasis were established to detect the differential expression levels of genes, infiltration of immune cells and change in bile acid-associated metabolites by using RNA-Sequencing, flowcytometry, and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Western blot was applied to neutrophils under the stimulation of primary bile acids (BAs) in vitro to study the mechanism of phenotypic alteration. In vitro coculture of BA-treated neutrophils with CD8+ T cells were performed to study the immune-suppressive effect of phenotypic-altered neutrophils. Clinical samples collected from colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis and cholestasis were applied to RNA-Seq.

RESULTS

Compared to non-cholestatic mice, the progression of liver metastasis of cholestatic mice was significantly accelerated, which was associated with increased neutrophil infiltration and T-cell exclusion. Both neutrophils and T cells expressed higher immunosuppressive markers in the cholestatic mouse model, further indicating that an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment was induced during cholestasis. Although neutrophils deletion via anti-Ly6G antibody partially hindered liver metastasis progression, it reduced the overall survival of mice. Tauro-β-muricholic acid (Tβ-MCA) and Glycocholic acid (GCA), the two most abundant cholestasis-associated primary BAs, remarkably promoted the expression of Arg1 and iNOS on neutrophils via p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, BAs-pretreated neutrophils significantly suppressed the activation and cytotoxic effects of CD8+ T cells, indicating that the immunosuppressive phenotype of neutrophils was directly induced by BAs. Importantly, targeting BA anabolism with Obeticholic acid (OCA) under cholestasis effectively suppressed liver metastasis progression, enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, and prolonged survival of mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals the TME of cholestasis-associated liver metastasis and proposes a new strategy for such patients by targeting bile acid anabolism.

Early-Stage Protein Adsorption Sequence on Blood-Contacting Surfaces: Answer to Vroman's Question

Plasma protein adsorption on blood-contacting surfaces is the initiating significant event and modulates the subsequent coagulation response. Despite decades of research in this area, Vroman's questions in 1986 "Who gets there first?" and "When does the next protein arrive?" remain unanswered due to the lack of detection techniques with sufficient temporal resolution. In this work, we develop a droplet microfluidic technology to detect protein adsorption sequences on six typical blood-contacting surfaces in milliseconds. Apolipoproteins (Apo) are found to be the first proteins to adsorb onto the surfaces in a plasma droplet, and the specific type of apolipoprotein depends on the surface. Apo CI is the first protein adsorbed on gold, platinum, graphene, stainless steel, and polyvinyl chloride with the adsorption time varying from 0.01 to 1 s, while Apo CIII preferentially reaches the titanium alloy surface within 1 s. Subsequent to the initial adsorption, Apo AI, AII, and other proteins continue to adsorb until albumin arrives. Thus, the adsorption sequence is revealed, and Vroman's questions are answered. Moreover, this finding demonstrates the influence of the initial protein adsorption on subsequent coagulation at the surface, and it offers new insights into the development of anticoagulant surfaces.

Developing a comprehensive molecular subgrouping model for cervical cancer using machine learning

This study developed a molecular classification model for cervical cancer using machine learning, integrating prognosis related biomarkers with clinical features. Analyzing 281 specimens, 27 biomarkers were identified, associated with recurrence and treatment response. The model identified four molecular subgroups: group 1 (OALO) with Overexpression of ATP5H and LOw risk; group 2 (LASIM) with low expression of ATP5H and SCP, indicating InterMediate risk; group 3 (LASNIM) characterized by Low expression of ATP5H, SCP, and NANOG, also at InterMediate risk; and group 4 (LASONH), with Low expression of ATP5H, and SCP, Over expression of NANOG, indicating High risk, and potentially aggressive disease. This classification correlated with clinical outcomes such as tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and response to treatment, demonstrating that combining molecular and clinical factors could significantly enhance the prediction of recurrence and aid in personalized treatment strategies for cervical cancer.

Orientia tsutsugamushi: An Unusual Intracellular Bacteria-Adaptation Strategies, Available Antibiotics, and Alternatives for Treatment

During evolution Orientia tsutsugamushi became a smarter obligate bacterium to establish as intracellular pathogens. O. tsutsugamushi is a human pathogenic bacterium responsible for 1 billion infections of scrub typhus. Several novel mechanisms make this bacterium unique (cell wall, genetic constitutions, secretion system, etc.). In 2007, O. tsutsugamushi Boryong was pioneer strain for whole-genome sequencing. But the fundamental biology of this bacterial cell is a mystery till date. The unusual biology makes this organism as model for host cell interaction. Only a few antibiotics are effective against this intracellular pathogen but emergence of less susceptibility toward antibiotics make the situation alarming. The review was captivated to highlight the unusual aspects of adaptation, antibiotics, and drugs beyond antibiotics.

Epigenetic insights to pediatric uropathology: Celebrating the fundamental biology vision of Tony Khoury

INTRODUCTION

Many pediatric urology conditions affect putatively normal tissues or appear too commonly to be based solely on specific DNA mutations. Understanding epigenetic mechanisms in pediatric urology, therefore, has many implications that can impact cell and tissue responses to settings, such as environmental and hormonal influences on urethral development, uropathogenic infections, obstructive stimuli, all of which originate externally or extracellularly. Indeed, the cell's response to external stimuli is often mediated epigenetically. In this commentary, we highlight work on the critical role that epigenetic machinery, such as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), Enhancer of Zeste Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Subunit (EZH2), and others play in regulating gene expression and cellular functions in three urological contexts.

DESIGN

Animal and cellular constructs were used to model clinical pediatric uropathology. The hypertrophy, trabeculation, and fibrosis of the chronically obstructed bladder was explored using smooth muscle cell models employing disorganised vs. normal extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as a new animal model of chronic obstructive bladder disease (COBD) which retains its pathologic features even after bladder de-obstruction. Cell models from human and murine hypospadias or genital tubercles (GT) were used to illustrate developmental responses and epigenetic dependency of key developmental genes. Finally, using bladder urothelial and organoid culture systems, we examined activity of epigenetic machinery in response to non uropathogenic vs. uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC). DNMT and EZH2 expression and function were interrogated in these model systems.

RESULTS

Disordered ECM exerted a principal mitogenic and epigenetic role for on bladder smooth muscle both in vitro and in CODB in vivo. Key genes, e.g., BDNF and KCNB2 were under epigenetic regulation in actively evolving obstruction and COBD, though each condition showed distinct epigenetic responses. In models of hypospadias, estrogen strongly dysregulated WNT and Hox expression, which was normalized by epigenetic inhibition. Finally, DNA methylation machinery in the urothelium showed specific activation when challenged by uropathogenic E.coli. Similarly, UPEC induces hypermethylation and downregulation of the growth suppressor p16INK4A. Moreover, host cells exposed to UPEC produced secreted factors inducing epigenetic responses transmissible from one affected cell to another without ongoing bacterial presence.

DISCUSSION

Microenvironmental influences altered epigenetic activity in the three described urologic contexts. Considering that many obstructed bladders continue to display abnormal architecture and dysfunction despite relief of obstruction similar to after resection of posterior valves or BPH, the epigenetic mechanisms described highlight novel approaches for understanding the underlying smooth muscle myopathy of this crucial clinical problem. Similarly, there is evidence for an epigenetic basis of xenoestrogen on development of hypospadias, and UTI-induced pan-urothelial alteration of epigenetic marks and propensity for subsequent (recurrent) UTI. The impact of mechanical, hormonal, infectious triggers on genitourinary epigenetic machinery activity invite novel avenues for targeting epigenetic modifications associated with these non-cancer diseases in urology. This includes the use of deactivated CRISPR-based technologies for precise epigenome targeting and editing. Overall, we underscore the importance of understanding epigenetic regulation in pediatric urology for the development of innovative therapeutic and management strategies.