Soluplus®-Based Pharmaceutical Formulations: Recent Advances in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications

Poor water solubility remains a significant challenge in the pharmaceutical industry that limits the therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability of many active pharmaceuticals. Soluplus® (SLP), an amphiphilic graft copolymer made of polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl caprolactam, and polyvinyl acetate, has been gaining interest in recent years as it addresses these limitations by acting as a versatile carrier. Its ability to form stable amorphous dispersions and enhance drug solubility, as well as its physicochemical properties, support its role as a key excipient in advanced drug delivery systems. Recent investigations have demonstrated the adaptability of SLP in addressing drug delivery requirements, offering controlled release, improved targeting, and superior therapeutic outcomes. This review examines some key formulation methods that make use of SLP, including hot-melt extrusion, spray drying, electrospinning, drug-polymer layering, and capsule and tablet formulations, highlighting the capacity of SLP to overcome formulation challenges. Biomedical applications of SLP have also been explored, with a focus on its role in improving the delivery of antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic drugs.

Nanotechnology-Based Therapeutics for Airway Inflammatory Diseases

Under the concept of "one airway, one disease", upper and lower airway inflammatory diseases share similar pathogenic mechanisms and are collectively referred to as airway inflammatory diseases. With industrial development and environmental changes, the incidence of these diseases has gradually increased. Traditional treatments, including glucocorticoids, antihistamines, and bronchodilators, have alleviated much of the discomfort experienced by patients. However, conventional drug delivery routes have inherent flaws, such as significant side effects, irritation of the respiratory mucosa, and issues related to drug deactivation. In recent years, nanomaterials have emerged as excellent carriers for drug delivery and are being increasingly utilized in the treatment of airway inflammatory diseases. These materials not only optimize the delivery of traditional medications but also facilitate the administration of various new drugs that target novel pathways, thereby enhancing the treatment outcomes of inflammatory diseases. This study reviews the latest research on nano-drug delivery systems used in the treatment of airway inflammatory diseases, covering traditional drugs, immunotherapy drugs, antimicrobial drugs, plant-derived drugs, and RNA drugs. The challenges involved in developing nano-delivery systems for these diseases are discussed, along with a future outlook. This review offers new insights that researchers can utilize to advance further research into the clinical application of nano-drug delivery systems for treating airway inflammatory diseases.

Polycarbonate-Based Polymersome Photosensitizers with Cell-Penetrating Properties for Improved Killing of Cancer Cells

Polymer-based photosensitizers have found various applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the absence of targeting ability commonly results in a substantial reduction in photosensitizer accumulation at the tumor site, significantly limiting the therapeutic efficacy of the system. In addition, the development of biodegradable polymeric photosensitizers is of critical importance for biological applications. In this work, we present the development of guanidine-functionalized biodegradable photosensitizers based on poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) block copolymers, which can self-assemble into polymersomes. The presence of guanidine groups on the surface of polymersomes can significantly enhance the cellular uptake efficiency of photosensitizers, thereby improving the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The in vitro study demonstrates that the guanidinylated polymersome photosensitizers can promote the killing of cancer cells compared to unfunctionalized polymersomes in the presence of light irradiation. The guanidine-functionalized PTMC-based polymersome photosensitizers, with the integration of cell-targeting ability and biodegradability, are anticipated to provide a novel strategy for developing advanced biomedical polymer systems for PDT.

Combination of Apigenin and Melatonin with nanostructured lipid carriers as anti-inflammatory ocular treatment

Ocular inflammation is a complex pathology with limited treatment options. While traditional therapies have side effects, novel approaches, such as natural compounds like Apigenin (APG) and Melatonin (MEL) offer promising solutions. APG and MEL, in combination with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), may provide a synergistic effect in treating ocular inflammation, potentially improving patient outcomes and reducing adverse effects. NLC could provide chemical protection of these compounds, while offering a sustained release into the ocular surface. Optimized NLC exhibited suitable physicochemical parameters, physical stability, sustained release of APG and MEL, and were biocompatible in vitro with a corneal cell line, and in ovo by using hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the NLC' ability to attenuate inflammation by reducing interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) cytokine levels and by decreasing inflammation in a rabbit model. These findings suggest that the co-encapsulation of APG and MEL into NLC could represent a promising strategy for managing ocular inflammatory conditions.

Extracellular vesicles-based vaccines: Emerging immunotherapies against cancer

Cancer vaccines are promising therapeutic approaches to enhance specific T-cell immunity against most solid tumors. By stimulating anti-tumor immunity, clearing minimal residual disease, and minimizing adverse effects, these vaccines target tumor cells and are effective when combined with immune checkpoint blockade or other immunotherapies. However, the development of tumor cell-based vaccines faces quality issues due to poor immunogenicity, tumor heterogeneity, a suppressive tumor immune microenvironment, and ineffective delivery methods. In contrast, extracellular vesicles (EVs), naturally released by cells, are considered the ideal drug carriers and vaccine platforms. EVs offer highly organ-specific targeting, induce broader and more effective immune responses, and demonstrate superior tissue delivery ability. The development of EV vaccines is crucial for advancing cancer immunotherapy. Compared to cell-based vaccines, EV vaccines produced under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) offer advantages such as high safety, ease of preservation and transport, and a wide range of sources. This review summarizes the latest research findings on EV vaccine and potential applications in this field. It also highlights novel neoantigens for the development of EV vaccines against cancer.

Polyelectrolyte Complex Dry Powder Formulations of Tobramycin with Hyaluronic Acid and Sodium Hyaluronate for Inhalation Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis-Associated Infections

Background/Objectives: Pulmonary delivered tobramycin (TOB) is a standard treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections, that, along with Staphylococcus aureus, is one of the most common bacteria causing recurring infections in CF patients. However, the only available formulation on the market containing tobramycin, TOBI®, is sold at a price that makes the access to the treatment difficult. Therefore, this work focuses on the development and characterization of an ionic complex between a polyelectrolyte, hyaluronic acid (HA) and its salt, sodium hyaluronate (NaHA), and TOB to be formulated as an inhalable dry powder. Methods: The solid state complex obtained by spray drying technique was physicochemically characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction, confirming an ionic interaction for both complexes. Results: The powder density, geometric size, and morphology along with the aerodynamic performance showed suitable properties for the powder formulations to reach the deep lung. Moisture uptake was found to be low, with the complex HA-TOB remaining physicochemically unchanged, while the NaHA-TOB required significant protection against humidity. The biopharmaceutical in vitro experiments showed a rapid dissolution which can have a positively impact in reducing side effects, while the drug release study demonstrated a reversible polyelectrolyte-drug interaction. Microbiological experiments against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus showed improved bacterial growth inhibition and bactericidal efficacy, as well as better inhibition and eradication of biofilms when compared with to TOB. Conclusions: A simple polyelectrolyte-drug complex technique represents a promising strategy for the development of antimicrobial dry powder formulations for pulmonary delivery in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infections.

Current Status and Future Prospects of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals as a Nanocarrier Delivery System for the Treatment of Cancer

Multidrug resistance (MDR) poses a significant challenge in cancer treatment by reducing the efficacy of therapies. This review highlights the potential of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) as innovative nanocarrier systems to overcome MDR. LLCs are characterized by their highly ordered internal structures, which can self-assemble into various phases, including lamellar, hexagonal, and cubic geometries. These structures allow LLCs to encapsulate and release cargo with diverse sizes and polarities, making them promising candidates for drug delivery applications. The phase of LLCs-whether cubic, hexagonal, or lamellar-can influence the physicochemical properties of encapsulated drugs, enabling tailored release profiles such as sustained, controlled, or targeted delivery. This review also explores the transitions in molecular geometry of amphiphilic compounds, additives, and hydrotrope molecules, which affect the formation and stability of LLC phases with varying pore sizes and water channels. The conclusion underscores the importance of ongoing research into LLCs for addressing cancer treatment challenges, including MDR. The versatility of LLCs extends beyond drug delivery to theranostic and diagnostic applications. By leveraging responsive smart drug delivery systems or incorporating natural compounds, LLCs offer a multifaceted approach to cancer therapy, highlighting their potential as a breakthrough in the field.

Impact of Co-Spray Drying with Leucine or Trileucine on Aerosol Performance, In Vitro Dissolution, and Cellular Uptake of Colistin Powder Formulations for Inhalation

Background/Objective: Surface enrichment of hydrophobic excipients via spray drying has been demonstrated as an efficient way to protect the dry powder inhaler formulations against moisture-induced deterioration in aerosol performance. However, the impact of such surface enrichment on dissolution and cellular uptake is less investigated, which can affect the safety and efficacy of dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Methods: In the present work, hygroscopic colistin was coated with leucine or trileucine, at different weight ratios during spray drying. All the powders were exposed to 75% relative humidity for one week. The aerosol performance was compared before and after the moisture exposure. Various solid-state characterizations, including particle size, particle morphology, crystallinity, water sorption/desorption, and surface composition, were conducted to evaluate the properties of spray-dried colistin with/without leucine or trileucine. Results: The results indicated that leucine or trileucine could protect the aerosol performance of spray-dried colistin against moisture deterioration. Leucine crystallized after spray drying with colistin, and such crystal leucine could further hinder water uptake when leucine was at a 20% or higher weight ratio. Trileucine did not crystallize after spray drying with colistin nor reduce the water uptake. Interestingly, trileucine showed a superior moisture protective effect to that of leucine, which could be attributed to its better surface enrichment efficiency than that of leucine due to its lower water solubility. Conclusions: Importantly, our results showed that the surface enrichment with leucine and trileucine did not significantly affect in vitro dissolution of colistin in the Franz cell test and cellular uptake of colistin in the H441 lung epithelium cell model, which could be attributed to small particle size and incomplete surface coverage by leucine or trileucine.

Formation Mechanisms of Protein Coronas on Food-Related Nanoparticles: Their Impact on Digestive System and Bioactive Compound Delivery

The rapid development of nanotechnology provides new approaches to manufacturing food-related nanoparticles in various food industries, including food formulation, functional foods, food packaging, and food quality control. Once ingested, nanoparticles will immediately adsorb proteins in the biological fluids, forming a corona around them. Protein coronas alter the properties of nanoparticles, including their toxicity, cellular uptake, and targeting characteristics, by altering the aggregation state. In addition, the conformation and function of proteins and enzymes are also influenced by the formation of protein coronas, affecting the digestion of food products. Since the inevitable application of nanoparticles in food industries and their subsequent digestion, a comprehensive understanding of protein coronas is essential. This systematic review introduces nanoparticles in food and explains the formation of protein coronas, with interactions between proteins and nanoparticles. Furthermore, the potential origin of nanoparticles in food that migrate from packaging materials and their fates in the gastrointestinal tract has been reviewed. Finally, this review explores the possible effects of protein coronas on bioactive compounds, including probiotics and prebiotics. Understanding the formation mechanisms of protein coronas is crucial, as it enables the design of tailored delivery systems to optimize the bioavailability of bioactive compounds.

Nanoparticle Association with Brain Cells Is Augmented by Protein Coronas Formed in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Neuronanomedicine harnesses nanoparticle technology for the treatment of neurological disorders. An unavoidable consequence of nanoparticle delivery to biological systems is the formation of a protein corona on the nanoparticle surface. Despite the well-established influence of the protein corona on nanoparticle behavior and fate, as well as FDA approval of neuro-targeted nanotherapeutics, the effect of a physiologically relevant protein corona on nanoparticle-brain cell interactions is insufficiently explored. Indeed, less than 1% of protein corona studies have investigated protein coronas formed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid surrounding the brain. Herein, we utilize two clinically relevant polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA and PLGA-PEG) to evaluate the formation of serum and CSF protein coronas. LC-MS analysis revealed distinct protein compositions, with selective enrichment/depletion profiles. Enhanced association of CSF precoated particles with brain cells demonstrates the importance of selecting physiologically relevant biological fluids to more accurately study protein corona formation and subsequent nanoparticle-cell interactions, paving the way for improved nanoparticle engineering for in vivo applications.

HIG-2 promotes glioma stemness and radioresistance mediated by IGFBP2-rich microparticles in hypoxia

Hypoxia can weaken the efficacy of radiotherapy and decrease tumor immunogenicity leading to immune escape. Thus, a thorough understanding of the key signaling pathways regulated by hypoxia is vitally important to enhance the radiosensitivity and improve immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma. In this study, we verified the crucial role of hypoxia-inducible gene 2 (HIG-2) in lipid droplet (LD) accumulation and demonstrated that HIG-2 binding to frizzled class receptor 10 (FZD10) activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and increased its downstream insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) level in microparticles (MPs) derived from glioma stem cells (GSCs), leading to decreased radiosensitivity and immunogenicity of MPs-receiving cells via the cross-talk between GSCs and non-stem glioma cells (GCs). These findings suggest that HIG-2 may be a promising target in glioma radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy.

Investigating the interaction between calcium signaling and ferroptosis for novel cancer treatment

BACKGROUND

Drug resistance in cancer is steadily rising, making the development of new therapeutic targets increasingly critical for improving treatment outcomes.

PURPOSE

The mutual regulation of ions is essential for cell growth. Based on this concept, ion interference strategies offer a highly effective approach for cancer treatment. Calcium ions (Ca2+), as major second messengers, are closely associated with ion exchange and homeostasis. Disruptions in this balance can lead to cell death. However, while iron ions are also crucial, the connection between Ca2+and iron-induced cell death (ferroptosis) has not been well established. Therefore, this study suggests that Ca2+ may play a role in the induction of ferroptosis, presenting a novel and efficient target for cancer therapy.

STUDY DESIGN

PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for articles published in the past 15 years on the mechanisms of calcium ion-induced ferroptosis in cancer and related drugs.

RESULTS

The analysis highlights how Ca2+regulate ferroptosis. The mechanisms by which Ca2+influence ferroptosis are summarized based on existing literature, and relevant drugs that act on Ca2+/ferroptosis axis are outlined.

CONCLUSION

Ca2+ regulate ferroptosis primarily through the modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels, a mechanism that applies to a wide range of cancer cells as well as paracancerous and normal cells in cancer treatment. Furthermore, plant-derived active compounds exhibit potent anticancer properties and often act on the Ca2+/ferroptosis axis. These natural compounds could play a significant role in the development of new cancer treatment strategies.

Development of paroxetine loaded nanotransferosomal gel for intranasal delivery with enhanced antidepressant activity in rats

The aim of this study was to develop paroxetine (PXT) loaded nanotransferosomal gel (PXT-NTFG) for intranasal brain delivery. The process involved fabricating PXT-NTFs (paroxetine-loaded nanotransferosomes) through a thin film hydration method and optimizing them based on parameters such as particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (EE). The optimized PXT-NTFs exhibited uniform morphology with a PS of 158.30 ± 2.73 nm, low PDI (0.142 ± 0.072), high ZP (21.00 ± 0.75 mV), and excellent EE (88.09 ± 3.40 %). Characterization through various techniques confirmed the incorporation of PXT into the nanotransferosomes and its conversion to amorphous state. Moreover, PXT-NTFG was formulated with suitable viscosity and mucoadhesive properties. In vitro release studies demonstrated sustained drug release from PXT-NTFG at different pH levels as compared to PXT-NTFs and NTF dispersion. Similarly, ex vivo experiments showed 4 folds enhanced drug permeation from PXT-NTFG when compared with PXT conventional gel. Stability studies indicated that the optimized PXT-NTFs remained stable for four months at 4°C and 25°C. Additionally, improved behavioral outcomes, increased neuronal survival rates, and upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression was observed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced depressed Sprague-Dawley rats after treatment with PXT-NTFG as compared to PXT-dispersion treated and untreated LPS-control groups. Notably, the formulation led to a significant reduction in brain and plasma TNF-α levels. In conclusion, intranasal PXT-NTFG is a promising formulation with sustained drug release, improved brain targeting and enhanced antidepressant activity.

Transition Metal Complex-Loaded Nanosystems: Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Cancer Therapies

Transition metal complex-loaded nanosystems (TMCNs) represent a cutting-edge platform for stimuli (light, ultrasound)-responsive cancer therapies. These nanosystems, incorporating metals such as manganese(II), zinc(II), ruthenium(II), rhenium(I), iridium(III), and platinum(IV), significantly enhance the efficacy of light-activated therapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), as well as ultrasound-activated treatments like sonodynamic therapy (SDT). TMCNs based on ruthenium(II), rhenium(I), and iridium(III) improve PDT, while manganese(II) and iridium(III) demonstrate exceptional sonosensitizing properties. In PTT, ruthenium(II) and iridium(III)-based TMCNs efficiently absorb light and generate heat. Emerging synergistic approaches that combine SDT, PTT, PDT, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy are demonstrated to be powerful strategies for precision cancer treatment. Zinc(II), ruthenium(II), iridium(III), and platinum(IV)-based TMCNs play a critical role in optimizing these therapies, enhancing tumor targeting, and reducing side effects. Furthermore, TMCNs can amplify immunotherapy by inducing immunogenic cell death, thus strengthening the immune response. These advances address key challenges such as tumor hypoxia and therapeutic resistance, opening new possibilities for innovative photosensitizer-based cancer treatments. This review highlights the latest progress in TMCNs design and applications, demonstrating their potential to revolutionize stimuli-responsive cancer therapies.

Potential of the Nano-Encapsulation of Antioxidant Molecules in Wound Healing Applications: An Innovative Strategy to Enhance the Bio-Profile

Naturally available antioxidants offer remarkable medicinal applications in wound healing. However, the encapsulation of these phytoactive moieties into suitable nano-scale drug delivery systems has always been challenging due to their inherent characteristics, such as low molecular weight, poor aqueous solubility, and inadequate skin permeability. Here, we provide a systematic review focusing on the major obstacles hindering the development of various lipid and polymer-based drug transporters to carry these cargos to the targeted site. Additionally, this review covers the possibility of combining the effects of a polymer and a lipid within one system, which could increase the skin permeability threshold. Moreover, the lack of suitable physical characterization techniques and the challenges associated with scaling up the progression of these nano-carriers limit their utility in biomedical applications. In this context, consistent progressive approaches for addressing these shortcomings are introduced, and their prospects are discussed in detail.

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

In the coming decades, the development of nanocarriers (NCs) for targeted drug delivery will mark a significant advance in the field of pharmacology. NCs can improve drug solubility, ensure precise distribution, and enable passage across biological barriers. Despite these potential advantages, the interaction with many biological matrices, particularly with existing macrophages, must be considered. In this review, we will explore the dual role of macrophages in NC delivery, highlighting their physiological functions, the challenges posed by the mononuclear phagocyte system, and innovative strategies to exploit macrophage interactions for therapeutic advantage. Recent advancements in treating liver and lung diseases, particularly focusing on macrophage polarization and RNA-based therapies, have highlighted the potential developments in macrophage-NC interaction. Furthermore, we will delve into the intriguing potential of nanomedicine in neurology and traumatology, associated with macrophage interaction, and the exciting possibilities it holds for the future.

Core-Shell Nanoparticles with Sequential Drug Release Depleting Cholesterol for Reverse Tumor Multidrug Resistance

Multidrug resistance (MDR) facilitates tumor recurrence and metastasis, which has become a main cause of chemotherapy failure in clinical. However, the current therapeutic effects against MDR remain unsatisfactory, mainly hampered by the rigid structure of drug-resistant cell membranes and the uncontrolled drug release. In this study, based on a sequential drug release strategy, we engineered a core-shell nanoparticle (DOX-M@CaP@ATV@HA) depleting cholesterol for reverse tumor MDR. DOX-M@CaP@ATV@HA could accurately target tumor cells due to the active targetability of hyaluronic acid (HA) toward CD44 receptors. The calcium phosphate (CaP) shell was cleaved in the lysosomal acidic environment so that the cholesterol-lowering drug atorvastatin (ATV) was rapidly released to diminish cholesterol and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) level on the membrane, thereby boosting tumor cell drug uptake. Next, doxorubicin (DOX) was gradually released from the hydrophobic core of the mPEG-DSPE micelle, inflicting irreversible DNA damage and triggering apoptosis. The nanosystem was proven both in vitro and in vivo to reverse MDR effectively and exhibited a remarkable therapeutic efficacy on drug-resistant tumors with high biosafety. In conclusion, DOX-M@CaP@ATV@HA effectively reverses MDR via cholesterol depletion, which provides an innovative strategy for tumor MDR treatment.

Targeting ferroptosis: a promising approach for treating lung carcinoma

Lung carcinoma incidence and fatality rates remain among the highest on a global scale. The efficacy of targeted therapies and immunotherapies is commonly compromised by the emergence of drug resistance and other factors, resulting in a lack of durable therapeutic benefits. Ferroptosis, a distinct pattern of cell death marked by the buildup of iron-dependent lipid peroxides, has been shown to be a novel and potentially more effective treatment for lung carcinoma. However, the mechanism and regulatory network of ferroptosis are exceptionally complex, and many unanswered questions remain. In addition, research on ferroptosis in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer has been growing exponentially. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a thorough summary of the latest advancements in the field of ferroptosis. Here, we comprehensively analyze the mechanisms underlying the preconditions of ferroptosis, the defense system, and the associated molecular networks. The potential strategies of ferroptosis in the treatment of lung carcinoma are also highlighted. Targeting ferroptosis improves tumor cell drug resistance and enhances the effectiveness of targeted drugs and immunotherapies. These findings may shed fresh light on the diagnosis and management of lung carcinoma, as well as the development of drugs related to ferroptosis.

Permeation enhancer decorated nanoparticles for oral delivery of insulin: manipulating the surface density of borneol and PEG for absorption barriers

Oral protein drugs' delivery faces challenges due to multiple absorption barriers for macromolecules. Co-administration with permeation enhancers and encapsulation in nano-carriers are two promising strategies to enhance their oral absorption. Herein, the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) are decorated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and a traditional Chinese medicine-derived permeation enhancer borneol (BO) for oral insulin delivery. Compared with a physical mixture of BO and PEG-decorated PLGA NPs, PLGA-PEG-BO NPs significantly facilitate insulin permeation across intestinal epithelia through various transcytosis pathways. The relationship among the BO surface density, physico-chemical properties and multiple barriers penetration ability is further investigated. Increasing the BO density boosts penetration through the epithelial cell layer but reduces enzyme and mucus barrier penetration. When the surface PEG density is at 90% and BO density is at 10%, the NPs possess the strongest overall ability to overcome both the mucus layer barrier and epithelial cell barrier, as illustrated by the highest permeation efficiency through Caco-2/HT29-MTX cell co-cultural monolayers. In diabetic rodents, PLGA-PEG90%-BO10% NPs exhibit high intestinal safety and a substantial hypoglycemic effect, with insulin availability at 6.22 ± 2.30%, double that of orally delivered insulin PLGA-PEG NPs and far superior to a physical mixture with BO. This study reveals the importance of tailored absorption enhancer decoration for oral protein delivery.

Inhalable Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Promising Delivery Platform for Pulmonary Diseases Treatment

Inhalation delivery, offering a direct pathway for administering drugs to the lungs in the form of dry powders or aerosols, stands out as an optimal approach for the localized treatment of pulmonary diseases. However, the intricate anatomical architecture of the lung often poses challenges in maintaining effective drug concentrations within the lungs over extended periods. This highlights the pressing need to develop rational inhalable drug delivery systems that can improve treatment outcomes for respiratory diseases. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) assembled from inorganic metal ions and organic ligands, characterized by customizable porous architecture and chemical composition, modifiable porosity, vast surface area, straightforward surface modification, and adjustable biocompatibility, have garnered extensive attention in the biomedical sphere. The introduction of MOFs into inhalation therapy represents a promising avenue to navigate past the hurdles associated with traditional inhalation methods. Therefore, this review summarizes the characteristics of inhalation delivery together with the latest advances, challenges, and opportunities in utilizing inhalable MOFs for treating lung diseases and discusses prospects in this field alongside the potential pathways for translating this strategy into clinic.

Dry Powder Inhalers for Delivery of Synthetic Biomolecules

This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of advancements in dry powder inhaler (DPI) technology for pulmonary and systemic drug delivery, focusing on proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and small molecules. Innovations in spray-drying (SD), spray freeze-drying (SFD), and nanocarrier engineering have led to enhanced stability, bioactivity, and aerosol performance. Studies reveal the critical role of excipients, particle morphology, and device design in optimizing deposition and therapeutic efficacy. Applications include asthma, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis (TB), and lung cancer, with emerging platforms such as ternary formulations and siRNA-loaded systems demonstrating significant clinical potential. Challenges such as stability, scalability, and patient adherence are addressed through novel strategies, including Quality by Design (QbD) approaches and advanced imaging tools. This work outlines pathways for future innovation in pulmonary drug delivery.

Aggregation-Caused Quenching Dyes as Potent Tools to Track the Integrity of Antitumor Nanocarriers: A Mini-Review

Cancer has become one of the major causes of death worldwide. Chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of cancer treatment. To enhance the tumor-targeting efficiency of chemotherapy agents, pharmaceutical scientists have developed nanocarriers. However, the in vivo structural integrity and dynamic changes in nanocarriers after administration are not well understood, which may significantly impact their tumor-targeting abilities. In this paper, we propose the use of environmentally responsive fluorescent probes to track the integrity of antitumor nanocarriers. We compare three main types of dyes: fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) dyes, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) dyes, and aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) dyes. Among them, ACQ dyes, possessing sensitive water-quenching properties and easily detected "on-off" switching behavior, are regarded as the most promising choice. We believe that ACQ dyes are suitable for investigating the in vivo fate of antitumor nanocarriers and can aid in designing improved nanoformulations for chemotherapy agents.

Co-exposure to polyethylene microplastics and house dust mites aggravates airway epithelial barrier dysfunction and airway inflammation via CXCL1 signaling pathway in a mouse model

BACKGROUND

Environmental pollutants have been found to contribute to the development and acute exacerbation of asthma. Microplastics (MPs) have received widespread attention as an emerging global pollutant. Airborne MPs can cause various adverse health effects. Due to their hydrophobicity, MPs can act as a carrier for other pollutants, pathogens, and allergens. This carrier effect of MPs may adsorb allergens and thus make the body exposed to MPs and a large number of allergens simultaneously. We hypothesized that co-exposure to inhaled MPs and aeroallergens may promote the development of airway inflammation of asthma by disrupting the airway epithelial barrier.

METHODS

The effects of co-exposure to Polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) and allergens on allergic airway inflammation and airway epithelial barrier were examined in a mouse model of asthma. The mice were divided into four groups: (i) Control group, treated only with PBS; (ii) MP group, exposed to PE-MPs and PBS; (iii) HDM group, mice were sensitized and challenged with HDM, and intranasally treated with PBS; (iv) HDM + MP group, mice were sensitized and challenged with HDM, and intranasally treated with PE-MPs. Histology and ELISA assays were used to evaluate the severity of airway inflammation. FITC-dextran permeability assay, immunofluorescence assay, and RT-PCR were used to evaluate the airway epithelial barrier function and the expression of relevant molecules. Transcriptomics analysis with lung tissue sequencing was conducted to identify possible pathways responsible for the effects of PE-MPs.

RESULTS

Co-exposure of mice to PE-MPs and HDM induced a higher degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, bronchial goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition, allergen sensitization, and Th2 immune bias than exposure to HDM alone. Co-exposure to PE-MPs and HDM aggravated oxidative stress injury in the lung and the production of cytokine IL-33 in the BALF. In addition, co-exposure of mice to PE-MPs and HDM resulted in a more pronounced decrease in the expression of relevant molecules of the airway epithelial barrier and more significant increase in the permeability of airway epithelia. Lung tissue transcriptomics analysis revealed that PE-MPs exposure was associated with CXCL1 signaling and neutrophil activation.

CONCLUSION

Co-exposure to MPs and HDM may promote airway inflammation and airway epithelial barrier disruption and induce immune responses characterized by CXCL1 signaling and neutrophilic inflammation.

Advances in Manganese-based nanomaterials for cancer therapy via regulating Non-Ferrous ferroptosis

Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death distinct from apoptosis, was first identified in 2012 and is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since its discovery, ferroptosis has been linked to various diseases, with recent studies highlighting its potential in cancer therapy, particularly for targeting cancer cells that are resistant to traditional treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While iron has historically been central to ferroptosis, emerging evidence indicates that non-ferrous ions, especially manganese (Mn), also play a crucial role in modulating this process. Mn-based nanomaterials have shown significant promise in cancer treatment by enhancing ROS production, depleting antioxidant defenses, and inducing ferroptosis. Additionally, these materials offer advantages in tumor imaging, immunotherapy, and catalyzing the Fenton-like reactions essential for ferroptosis. This review delves into the mechanisms of Mn-induced ferroptosis, focusing on recent advancements in Mn-based nanomaterials and their applications in chemodynamic therapy and immunotherapy. By leveraging non-ferrous ion-mediated ferroptosis, these approaches provide a novel avenue for cancer treatment. Furthermore, this review explores the potential role of Mn-based nanomaterials in the lipid metabolism pathways involved in ferroptosis and highlights the advantages of Mn ions over other metals in promoting ferroptosis. These insights offer new perspectives for the development of tumor therapies centered on Mn-based nanomaterials.

In situ forming gels as subcutaneous delivery systems of curcumin and piperine

In this study an in situ forming gel for curcumin and piperine delivery is investigated as a long-lasting strategy in the local treatment of inflammatory and degenerative joint disease, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Particularly glyceryl monooleate, in association with phosphatidylcholine and ethanol, were employed. Different ratios between excipients were tested, with the aim to obtain a liquid form suitable for subcutaneous injection, gaining a semisolid consistency in contact with biological fluids. A formulative study was conducted to assess the composition impact on the structural properties of the formulations, particularly focusing on injectability and phase transition. Curcumin and piperine were loaded, singularly or jointly, in selected in situ forming gels. Structural characterization, performed by X-ray scattering, revealed disordered reverse micellar phases, undergoing transition to hexagonal and cubic Pn3m phase upon hydration. In vitro dialysis release study demonstrated a sustained release of both drugs over 96 h, with a faster release in the case of jointly loaded drugs. Mechanistic analysis and water uptake studies indicated a drug release governed by both diffusion and swelling/erosion of the lipid supramolecular structure. Furthermore, an ex vivo release analysis performed using human skin explants suggested the formulation suitability for subcutaneous injection, indicating that the presence of piperine in the in situ formed gel allowed to double the curcumin release with respect to the simple curcumin loaded gel.

Advances in Radionuclide-Labeled Biological Carriers for Tumor Imaging and Treatment

Biological carriers have emerged as significant tools to deliver radionuclides in nuclear medicine, providing a meaningful perspective for tumor imaging and treatment. Various radionuclide-labeled biological carriers have been developed to meet the needs of biomedical applications. This review introduces the principles of radionuclide-mediated imaging and therapy and the selected criteria of them, as well as a comprehensive description of the characteristics and functions of representative biological carriers including bacteria, cells, viruses, and their biological derivatives, emphasizing the labeled strategies of biological carriers combined with radionuclides. Subsequently, we in-depth introduce the application of radionuclide-labeled biological carriers in tumor imaging and treatment, including the imaging of the behaviors of biological carriers in vivo and tumor metastasis and the tumor treatment by radionuclide therapy, plus other strategies and radiation-induced photodynamic therapy. Finally, the challenges and prospects of radionuclide-labeled biological carriers are discussed to improve the shortcomings of this innovative platform and promote clinical transformation in the field of medical imaging.

Impact of Glycosylation of Apolipoprotein D on Its Interaction with Gold Nanoparticles: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Efficient delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers for biochemical substances is crucial in various biomedical applications. In this study, we systematically investigate the interactions between glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms of Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with different polymer coatings, including polyethylene glycol (PEG) and zwitterionic polymers. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that glycosylation significantly enhances the adsorption behavior of ApoD on AuNP surfaces, with the extent of this enhancement being dependent on the type (especially the charge property) of the polymer coatings. Notably, while zwitterionic polymers exhibit strong resistance to protein adsorption in their nonglycosylated form, this antifouling capability is diminished when glycosylation is present. Further, our findings reveal that glycosylation not only strengthens the binding energy of proteins but also alters the hydration dynamics at the NP-protein interface. Overall, this study provides a deeper understanding of the role of glycosylation in modulating protein-nanoparticle interactions, which is essential for the design of more effective nanomaterials for precision medicine.

Membrane-Active Singlet Oxygen Photogenerators as a Paradigm for Broad-Spectrum Antivirals: The Case of Halogenated (BOron)-DIPYrromethenes

Enveloped viruses, such as flaviviruses and coronaviruses, are pathogens of significant medical concern that cause severe infections in humans. Some photosensitizers are known to possess virucidal activity against enveloped viruses, targeting their lipid bilayer. Here we report a series of halogenated difluoroboron-dipyrromethene (BODIPYs) photosensitizers with strong virus-inactivating activity. Our structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that BODIPY scaffolds with a heavy halogen atom demonstrate significant efficacy against both tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV; Flaviviridae family) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronaviridae family) along with high singlet oxygen quantum yields. Moreover, select compounds also inactivated other enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 and monkeypox virus. The nature and length of the alkyl side chain notably influenced the virus-inactivating activity of BODIPY molecules. Furthermore, molecular dynamics studies highlighted the critical importance of the positioning of the chromophore moiety within the lipid bilayer. As membrane-targeting photosensitizers, BODIPYs interact directly with virus particles, causing damage to the viral envelope membranes. Thus, TBEV pretreated with BODIPY was completely noninfective for lab mice. Consequently, BODIPY-based photosensitizers hold potential either as broad-spectrum virus-inactivating antivirals against a variety of phylogenetically unrelated enveloped viruses or as potent inactivators of viruses for the development of vaccines for preventing life-threatening emerging viral diseases.

Comprehensive reanalysis of light fluence distribution in pleural photodynamic therapy using standardized anatomical coordinates

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown promise as an adjuvant treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma when combined with surgical resection. Accurate light dosimetry is critical for treatment efficacy. This study presents an improved method for analyzing light fluence distribution in pleural PDT using a standardized anatomical coordinate system and advanced computational modeling. We utilized an infrared navigation system with an improved treatment delivery wand to track light delivery in real-time. The human chest cavity geometry was reconstructed and the pleura was mapped to a standardized coordinate system, allowing for direct comparisons across patients. Light fluence was calculated using both primary and scattered components, with a novel dual correction method applied to match measured values at detector locations. The standardized approach allowed for statistical analysis of light fluence distribution across anatomical regions in a cohort of 11 patients. Results showed acceptable light fluence uniformity with a standard deviation of 6.6% from the prescribed dose across patients. This comprehensive analysis provides insights for optimizing treatment protocols and lays the groundwork for future studies on singlet oxygen generation and its correlation with treatment outcomes in pleural PDT.

Development and Evaluation of Aloperine-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Objective

This study focuses on the development and evaluation of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with aloperine as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Methods

The NLCs were designed to enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of aloperine, a compound with vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Through a series of experiments including single-factor experimentation, transmission electron microscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution studies, we assessed the physicochemical properties, drug release profiles, and in vitro and in vivo performance of this novel nanocarrier.

Results

The prepared aloperine-loaded NLCs exhibited a milky white and translucent suspension appearance, presenting a quasi-spherical shape under a transmission electron microscope, with an average particle size of (509.48±30.04) nm and an entrapment efficiency of (64.18±1.14)%. The drug release profile demonstrated good sustained-release characteristics in vitro, and the formulation remained stable for up to 15 days when stored at 4°C. Compared to the aloperine solution group, the t1/2, AUC(0→t), AUC(0→∞), MRT(0→t), and clearance rate of the aloperine-loaded NLCs were 2.3, 2.96, 3.06, 3.03, and 0.22 times higher, respectively. This indicates that formulating aloperine into NLCs can prolong its circulation time in the body. Furthermore, the concentrations of aloperine in the lungs of the NLCs group were 1.79, 3.78, and 2.30 times higher than those in the solution group at three time points (0.25 h, 1.5 h, 4 h), suggesting that NLCs can increase the accumulation of aloperine in the lungs.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that NLCs loaded with aloperine could offer a promising strategy for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Exploring the Potential of Nanocarriers for Cancer Immunotherapy: Insights into Mechanism, Nanocarriers, and Regulatory Perspectives

Immunotherapy is a cutting-edge approach that leverages sophisticated technology to target tumor-specific antibodies and modulate the immune system to eradicate cancer and enhance patients' quality of life. Bioinformatics and genetic science advancements have made it possible to diagnose and treat cancer patients using immunotherapy technology. However, current immunotherapies against cancer have limited clinical benefits due to cancer-associated antigens, which often fail to interact with immune cells and exhibit insufficient therapeutic targeting with unintended side effects. To surmount this challenge, nanoparticle systems have emerged as a potential strategy for transporting immunotherapeutic agents to cancer cells and activating immune cells to combat tumors. Consequently, this process potentially generates an antigen-specific T cells response that effectively suppresses cancer growth. Furthermore, nanoplatforms have high specificity, efficacy, diagnostic potential, and imaging capabilities, making them promising tools for cancer treatment. However, this informative paper delves into the various available immunotherapies, including CAR T cells therapy and immune checkpoint blockade, cytokines, cancer vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, the paper delves into the concept of theragnostic nanotechnology, which integrates therapy and diagnostics for a more personalized treatment approach for cancer therapy. Additionally, the paper covers the potential benefits of different nanocarrier systems, including marketed immunotherapy products, clinical trials, regulatory considerations, and future prospects for cancer immunotherapy.

A novel small molecule NJH-13 induces pyroptosis via the Ca2+ driven AKT-FOXO1-GSDME signaling pathway in NSCLC by targeting TRPV5

INTRODUCTION

Pyroptosis represents a mode of programmed necrotic cell death (PCD), mediated by members of gasdermin family (GSDMs), such as GSDME. It is emerging as a promising approach for combating cancer. Notably, GSDME is the key modulator for the switch between apoptosis and pyroptosis in cells. However, GSDME is often downregulated in many malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE

To identify novel pyroptosis inducers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and dissect the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

Pyroptosis was examined by live cell imaging, PI/Hoechst/Annexin V staining, LDH release assay, ELISA, and western blot assays. DARTS, CETSA, molecular docking was used to identify the target of NJH-13. RNA-seq, qPCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), dual luciferase assays were used elucidate the mechanism.

RESULTS

In this study, NJH-13, an N-containing heterocycle, was screened out and identified to possess the ability to activate GSDME, consequently triggering pyroptosis in NSCLC cells. By using the DARTS strategy, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 (TRPV5) was identified as a potential target of NJH-13. NJH-13 increased intracellular calcium level and triggered oxidative stress, both of which are critical events leading to pyroptosis mediated by GSDME. Mechanistically, NJH-13 enhanced the transcription of GSDME via the protein kinase B (AKT)/forkhead box transcription factor O1 (FOXO1) signaling pathway. ChIP revealed that FOXO1 bound directly to the promoter region of GSDME, thus triggering the GSDME-mediated pyroptosis. Pharmacological and genetic activation of AKT or inhibition of FOXO1 partially rescued NJH-13-induced pyroptotic cell death. Moreover, NJH-13 treatment suppressed tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our results revealed that TRPV5 is a distinctive target for manipulating pyroptosis and provided evidence that NJH-13 functions as a potential anti-cancer agent capable of triggering pyroptosis in NSCLC cells.

Localized Drug Delivery in Different Gastrointestinal Cancers: Navigating Challenges and Advancing Nanotechnological Solutions

Different types of cancers affect the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), starting from the oral cavity and extending to the colon. In general, most of the current research focuses on the systemic delivery of the therapeutic agents, which leads to undesired side effects and a limited enhancement in the therapeutic outcomes. As a result, localized delivery within gastrointestinal (GI) cancers is favorable in overcoming these limitations. However, the localized delivery via oral administration faces many challenges related to the complex structure of GIT (varied pH levels and transit times) as well as the harsh environment within tumor cells (hypoxia, efflux pumps, and acidity). To overcome these obstacles, nano-drug delivery systems (NDDs) have been designed and proved their potential by exploiting these challenges in favor of offering a specific delivery to the desired target. The current review begins with an overview of different GI cancers and their impact globally. Then, it discusses the current treatment approaches and their corresponding limitations. Additionally, the different challenges associated with localized drug delivery for GI cancers are summarized. Finally, the review discusses in detail the recent therapeutic and diagnostic applications of NDDs that have been conducted in oral, esophageal, gastric, colon, and liver cancers, aiming to offer valuable insights into the current and future state of utilizing NDDs for the local treatment of GI cancers.

Cannabidiol and Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin for the Development of Deflated Spherical-Shaped Inhalable Powder

In addition to the known therapeutic indications for cannabidiol, its administration by inhalation appears to be of great interest. Indeed, there is evidence of cannabidiol's efficacy in several physiological pathways, suggesting its potential for a wide range of applications for both local and systemic pulmonary administration like cancers. Significant advances in pulmonary drug delivery have led to innovative strategies to address the challenges of increasing the respirable fraction of drugs and standardizing inhalable products. Among different devices, dry powder inhalers offer significant advantages including high stability and ease of use. Particle engineering using techniques such as spray drying is now the focus of research and is expected to improve upon, rather than completely replace, traditional carrier-based formulations. The development of carrier-free powders (without lactose-carrier) is mainly used for medicines with low active ingredient doses, which limits the technology. Previously, we demonstrated the benefits of using a cyclodextrin to obtain deflated spherical-shaped powders by spray drying. In this study the potential of this excipient with a very poorly water-soluble active molecule was investigated. Inhalable cannabidiol powders were developed by spray drying, using the solubility enhancers hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and ethanol to optimize cannabidiol water-solubility. Electron microscopy images revealed consistent deflated spherical shapes, while particle size analysis showed low polydispersity and suitable sizes for deep lung deposition (2 µm). The selected engineered powders (without ethanol) had very high fine particle fractions (> 60%) due to their deflated surface. Finally, the powder was instantly solubilized leading to drug dissolution, which is important for therapeutic efficacy. In conclusion, this study successfully develops a cannabidiol inhalation powder by particle engineering having suitable aerosolization behavior. Due to the speed of the process and the performance of the finished product, this work opens the door for future studies. It has been shown that active molecules that are only slightly soluble in water can be formulated effectively as a powder for inhalation. Other molecules could be tested and subsequent in vivo studies conducted to demonstrate correlation with these in vitro results.

Ferroptosis: a novel pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease: A review

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and its incidence is climbing every year, but there is still a lack of effective clinical treatments. In recent years, many studies have shown that ferroptosis plays a key role in the progression of PD. Most importantly, many cellular and animal studies and clinical trials have shown that episodes of PD can be alleviated by inhibiting the ferroptosis process, such as utilizing inhibitors, chelating agents, and others. Here, we review the role of ferroptosis, a new form of cell death, in the pathogenesis of PD, and summarize the therapeutic strategies for targeting ferroptosis in PD, hoping to provide new thinking for the study of PD pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies.

Molecular mechanisms of cis-oxygen bridge neonicotinoids to Apis mellifera Linnaeus chemosensory protein: Surface plasmon resonance, multiple spectroscopy techniques, and molecular modeling

Honeybees, essential pollinators for maintaining biodiversity, are experiencing a sharp population decline, which has become a pressing environmental concern. Among the factors implicated in this decline, neonicotinoid pesticides, particularly those belonging to the fourth generation, have been the focus of extensive scrutiny due to their potential risks to honeybees. This study investigates the molecular basis of these risks by examining the binding interactions between Apis mellifera L. chemosensory protein 3 (AmelCSP3) and neonicotinoids with a cis-oxygen bridge heterocyclic structure. Employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in conjunction with multispectral techniques and molecular modeling, this study meticulously analyzed the binding affinity, specificity, and kinetics under conditions that simulate real-world exposure scenarios. Key parameters such as the number of binding sites (n), binding constants (Ka), dissociation constants (KD), and binding distances (r) were quantitatively assessed. The findings revealed that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions serve as the primary forces driving the binding process, with fluorescence quenching mechanisms involving both dynamic and static interactions. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations further illustrated the stability of these interactions within the active site of the protein. Of particular interest, cis-structured neonicotinoids demonstrated distinct binding characteristics compared to their trans-structured counterparts, including an inverse relationship between the binding constant and temperature. These findings offer critical insights for the design of cis-structured neonicotinoid compounds that are safer for pollinators, thus reducing the impact on non-target organisms such as bees. Furthermore, this research enhances the understanding of the interaction mechanisms between cis-structured neonicotinoid substances and honeybee proteins, providing a foundation for future studies on the environmental safety of these compounds.

Nebulized inhalation drug delivery: clinical applications and advancements in research

Nebulized inhalation administration refers to the dispersion of drugs into small droplets suspended in the gas through a nebulized device, which are deposited in the respiratory tract by inhalation, to achieve the local therapeutic effect of the respiratory tract. Compared with other drug delivery methods, nebulized inhalation has the advantages of fast effect, high local drug concentration, less dosage, convenient application and less systemic adverse reactions, and has become one of the main drug delivery methods for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In this review, we first discuss the characteristics of nebulized inhalation, including its principles and influencing factors. Next, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of different types of nebulizers. Finally, we explore the clinical applications and recent research developments of nebulized inhalation therapy. By delving into these aspects, we aim to gain a deeper understanding of its pivotal role in contemporary medical treatment.

Protein nanoparticles as potent delivery vehicles for polycytosine RNA-binding protein one

Ma et al recently reported in the World Journal of Diabetes that ferroptosis occurs in osteoblasts under high glucose conditions, reflecting diabetes pathology. This condition could be protected by the upregulation of the gene encoding polycytosine RNA-binding protein 1 (PCBP1). Additionally, Ma et al used a lentivirus infection system to express PCBP1. As the authors' method of administration can be improved in terms of stability and cost, we propose delivering PCBP1 to treat type 2 diabetic osteoporosis by encapsulating it in protein nanoparticles. First, PCBP1 is small and druggable. Second, intravenous injection can help deliver PCBP1 across the mucosa while avoiding acid and enzyme-catalyzed degradation. Furthermore, incorporating PCBP1 into nanoparticles prevents its interaction with water or oxygen and protects PCBP1's structure and activity. Notably, the safety of the protein materials and the industrialization techniques for large-scale production of protein nanoparticles must be comprehensively investigated before clinical application.

Global research trends and emerging hotspots in nano-drug delivery systems for lung cancer: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis (1998-2024)

PURPOSE

Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) have become a promising alternative and adjunctive strategy for lung cancer (LC) treatment. However, comprehensive bibliometric analyses examining global research efforts on NDDS in LC are scarce. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying key research trends, emerging hotspots, and collaboration networks within the field of NDDS and LC.

METHODS

A total of 2452 publications, spanning from 1998 to 2024, were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection. The data were analyzed using tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package 'bibliometrix'.

RESULTS

The analysis covered contributions from 12,539 researchers affiliated with 2689 institutions across 55 countries, with their work published in 551 different journals. Research output has increased steadily, with China and the United States leading in both publication volume and impact. Major contributors include the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The International Journal of Nanomedicine published the most articles, while Journal of Controlled Release ranked highest in co-citations. Kamal Dua authored the most papers, and Maeda, H. was the most frequently co-cited author. Key research areas encompass "active targeting", "drug delivery optimization", "overcoming drug resistance", "nanocarriers", and "pulmonary drug delivery". Emerging hotspots include "epithelial mesenchymal transition", "mucus penetration", "lipid nanoparticles", "hydrogels", and "immune checkpoint inhibitors".

CONCLUSION

This bibliometric analysis, the first comprehensive study on NDDS in LC, identifies China and the United States as leading contributors in publication volume and impact. Key research areas include "active targeting" and "drug delivery optimization", with emerging hotspots such as "lipid nanoparticles" and "immune checkpoint inhibitors". These findings provide essential insights to guide future research and optimize treatment strategies.

Prolonged Immunomodulator Delivery Boosts Monocyte Exosome Secretion and Elevates Cathelicidin/LL-37 Content

Human cathelicidin LL-37 offers significant benefits to the immune system and in treating various diseases, but its therapeutic potential is hindered by low activity and instability in physiological environments. Here, we introduce a strategy to boost LL-37 levels in exosomes derived from THP-1 monocytes by incubating cells with electrospun nanofibers containing immunomodulators (e.g., 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and VID400). Notably, the incubation with immunomodulator-loaded nanofibers not only increased LL-37 content in exosomes but also significantly enhanced the production of engineered exosomes. Moreover, these engineered exosomes demonstrated multiple biological activities, including promoting skin cell proliferation and migration, enhancing endothelial cell tube formation, and exhibiting antibacterial properties. Collectively, this study presents an approach to increasing both the yield of engineered exosomes and their LL-37 content, potentially offering a promising therapeutic option for wound healing, tissue regeneration, and infectious disease treatment.

Posaconazole nanocrystals dry powder inhalers for the local treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis poses a significant threat to immunocompromised patients, characterized by high mortality rates. Posaconazole (PSZ), a second-generation triazole antifungal, exhibits broad-spectrum activity but suffers from limited pulmonary concentrations and notable systemic side effects when administered orally or intravenously. This study focuses on optimizing PSZ nanocrystals-agglomerated particles for dry powder inhalers (DPIs) to enhance solubility, dissolution rates, and pulmonary deposition, ultimately improving therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic adverse effects. We employed wet medium milling and spray-drying techniques to formulate PSZ nanocrystals-agglomerated DPIs. Various stabilizers including HPMC, HPC, Soluplus, and PVPK30, were systematically evaluated to optimize physicochemical properties. Aerosolization performance was assessed using the Next Generation Impactor, while antifungal efficacy was evaluated through in vitro and in vivo studies. The optimized PSZ DPIs demonstrated significant enhancements in solubility and dissolution rates, with a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 78.58 ± 3.21%, ensuring optimal lung delivery. In vitro experiments revealed potent effects with minimal cytotoxicity to lung cells. In vivo studies indicated that the optimized formulation achieved a Cmax/AUC0→∞ ratio in lung tissues that was 27.32 and 6.76-fold higher than that of the oral suspension, highlighting increased local drug concentrations. This approach presents a scalable, cost-effective strategy for the pulmonary delivery of PSZ, ensuring high drug loading and promising clinical outcomes in treating pulmonary fungal infections.

Elucidating the uptake and trafficking of nanostructured lipid carriers as delivery systems for miRNA

Cationic nanostructured lipid carriers (cNLCs) represent promising non-viral carriers for nucleic acids, such as miRNAs, forming stable self-assembled miRNA complexes due to electrostatic interactions. Prepared by high-pressure homogenization, cNLC formulations, both with and without Nile Red dye demonstrated stable particle sizes in the range of 100-120 nm and positive surface charges (>30 mV), which are necessary for effective cellular uptake. The miRNA complexes formed at mass ratios of 1:2.5 and 1:5 showed similar stability and size, with positive zeta potentials, as well as high cell viability (> 80 %) in 3T3-L1 and MCF-7 cell lines. The cellular uptake studies of miRNA:cNLC complexes in both cell lines revealed that uptake was time- and concentration-dependent, with rapid initial uptake in 30 min and a zig-zag pattern over 24 h. To elucidate the endocytosis mechanism of miRNA:cNLC complexes, 3T3-L1 and MCF-7 cells were incubated with different inhibitors (chlorpromazine, 5-[N-ethyl-N-isopropyl] amiloride, dynasore, nystatin, or sodium azide with 2-deoxy-d-glucose). Results showed significant inhibition of uptake at low temperatures and with ATP depletion, suggesting endocytosis, particularly macropinocytosis, as the main uptake mechanism in 3T3-L1 cells. In MCF-7 cells, the uptake was less inhibited by the substances, indicating the need for more specific methods to fully decipher the endocytic mechanisms involved. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that the complexes are internalized in vesicles, and are primarily localized in the juxtanuclear region, suggesting trafficking through the endolysosomal system. Colocalization study with LysoTracker™ Green DND-26 showed significant colocalization of miRNA:cNLC complexes with lysosomes in 3T3-L1 cells, indicating trafficking through the endolysosomal system. In MCF-7 cells, colocalization was lower, suggesting macropinocytosis as the primary uptake mechanism. Additional studies showed partial colocalization between labeled NLCs and miRNA, indicating that about 50 % of miRNA is released from NLCs within 30 min post-transfection.

Nanoformula Design for Inducing Non-Apoptotic Cell Death Regulation: A Powerful Booster for Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer treatment has witnessed revolutionary advancements marked by the emergence of immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, the inherent low immunogenicity of tumor cells and the intricate immunosuppressive network within the tumor microenvironment (TME) pose significant challenges to the further development of immunotherapy. Nanotechnology has ushered in unprecedented opportunities and vast prospects for tumor immunotherapy. Nevertheless, traditional nano-formulations often rely on inducing apoptosis to kill cancer cells, which encounters the issue of immune silencing, hindering effective tumor immune activation. The non-apoptotic modes of regulated cell death (RCD), including pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and cuproptosis, have gradually garnered attention. These non-apoptotic cell death pathways can induce effective immunogenic cell death (ICD), enhancing cancer immunotherapy. This review comprehensively explores advanced nano-formulation design strategies and their applications in enhancing cancer immunotherapy by promoting non-apoptotic RCD in recent years. It also discusses the potential advantages of these strategies in inducing tumor-specific non-apoptotic RCD. By deeply understanding the significance of non-apoptotic RCD in synergistic cancer immunotherapy, this article provides valuable insights for developing more advanced nano-delivery systems that can robustly induce highly immunogenic non-apoptotic modes, offering novel research and development avenues to address the clinical challenges encountered by immunotherapy represented by ICB.

Mechanistic Insights into Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Bridging Theory and Practice in Drug Delivery

Improving the bioavailability  of poorly water-soluble drugs presents a significant challenge in pharmaceutical development. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have garnered substantial attention for their capability to augment the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs, thereby markedly enhancing their bioavailability. ASDs, characterized by a metastable equilibrium where the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is molecularly dispersed, offer enhanced absorption compared to crystalline forms. This review explores recent research advancements in ASD, emphasizing dissolution mechanisms, phase separation phenomena, and the importance of drug loading and congruency limits on ASD performance. Principal occurrences such as liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and supersaturation are discussed, highlighting their impact on drug solubility, absorption and subsequent bioavailability. Additionally, it addresses the role of polymers in controlling supersaturation, stabilizing drug-rich nanodroplets, and inhibiting recrystallization. Recent advancements and emerging technologies offer new avenues for ASD characterization and production and demonstrate the potential of ASDs to enhance bioavailability and reduce variability, making possible for more effective and patient-friendly pharmaceutical formulations. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on advanced computational models for predicting ASD stability, use of novel polymeric carriers, and methods for successful preparations.

Next-generation pediatric care: nanotechnology-based and AI-driven solutions for cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal disorders

BACKGROUND

Global pediatric healthcare reveals significant morbidity and mortality rates linked to respiratory, cardiac, and gastrointestinal disorders in children and newborns, mostly due to the complexity of therapeutic management in pediatrics and neonatology, owing to the lack of suitable dosage forms for these patients, often rendering them "therapeutic orphans". The development and application of pediatric drug formulations encounter numerous challenges, including physiological heterogeneity within age groups, limited profitability for the pharmaceutical industry, and ethical and clinical constraints. Many drugs are used unlicensed or off-label, posing a high risk of toxicity and reduced efficacy. Despite these circumstances, some regulatory changes are being performed, thus thrusting research innovation in this field.

DATA SOURCES

Up-to-date peer-reviewed journal articles, books, government and institutional reports, data repositories and databases were used as main data sources.

RESULTS

Among the main strategies proposed to address the current pediatric care situation, nanotechnology is specially promising for pediatric respiratory diseases since they offer a non-invasive, versatile, tunable, site-specific drug release. Tissue engineering is in the spotlight as strategy to address pediatric cardiac diseases, together with theragnostic systems. The integration of nanotechnology and theragnostic stands poised to refine and propel nanomedicine approaches, ushering in an era of innovative and personalized drug delivery for pediatric patients. Finally, the intersection of drug repurposing and artificial intelligence tools in pediatric healthcare holds great potential. This promises not only to enhance efficiency in drug development in general, but also in the pediatric field, hopefully boosting clinical trials for this population.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the long road ahead, the deepening of nanotechnology, the evolution of tissue engineering, and the combination of traditional techniques with artificial intelligence are the most recently reported strategies in the specific field of pediatric therapeutics.

The importance of surface composition and wettability on the dissolution performance of high drug loading amorphous dispersion formulations

One of the limitations with an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation strategy is low drug loading. Hydrophobic drugs have poor wettability and require a substantial amount of polymer to stabilize the amorphous drug and facilitate release. Using grazoprevir and hypromellose acetate succinate as model drug and polymer, respectively, the interplay between particle surface composition, particle wettability, and release performance was investigated. A hierarchical particle approach was used where the surfaces of high drug loading ASDs generated by either solvent evaporation or co-precipitation were further modified with a secondary excipient (i.e., polymer or wetting agent). The surface-modified particles were characterized for drug release, wettability, morphology, and surface composition using two-stage dissolution studies, contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Despite surface modification with hydrophilic polymers, the hierarchical particles did not consistently exhibit good release performance. Contact angle measurements showed that the secondary excipient had a profound impact on particle wettability. Particles with good wettability showed improved drug release relative to particles that did not wet well, even with similar drug loadings. These observations underscore the intricate interplay between particle wettability and performance in amorphous dispersion formulations and illustrate a promising hierarchical particle approach to formulate high drug loading amorphous dispersions with improved dissolution performance.

Quality by design empowered preparation of itraconazole albumin nanoparticles for prostate cancer

The current advent explores the potential of itraconazole (ITR) in prostate cancer (PCa), by its incorporation into albumin nanoparticles (NP). ITR as a repurposed moiety has displayed tremendous potential in various cancers. However, poor aqueous solubility poses hurdles towards its clinical translation. Amorphisation of ITR was observed post-incorporation within NP matrix which could prevent its precipitation in aqueous media. ITR NP was developed using quality by design and multivariate analysis and evaluated for cellular uptake, cell proliferation inhibition and the mechanism of PCa cell inhibition. Time and concentration-dependent serum stability and hemolytic potential revealed safety of ITR NP. Morphological changes and nuclear staining studies revealed the efficacy of ITR and ITR NP in promoting growth inhibition of PC-3 cells. Superior qualitative and quantitative uptake, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial impairment for ITR NP in comparison with ITR and control group was observed. Cell cycle study revealed remarkable G2/M phase inhibition in PC-3 cells. ITR NP demonstrated superior anticancer potential in 3D tumoroids mimicking the micro-metastatic lesions compared to control and ITR. Hence, ITR NP can be a favorable alternative therapeutic alternative in PCa.

Uncovering the Emerging Prospects of Lipid-based Nanoparticulate Vehicles in Lung Cancer Management: A Recent Perspective

Lung cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, is gaining research interest more than ever before. Owing to the burden of pathogenesis on the quality of life of patients and subsequently the healthcare system, research efforts focus on its management and amelioration. In an effort to improve bioavailability, enhance stability, minimize adverse effects and reduce the incidence of resistance, nanotechnological platforms have been harnessed for drug delivery and improving treatment outcomes. Lipid nanoparticles, in particular, offer an interesting clinical opportunity with respect to the delivery of a variety of agents. These include synthetic chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapeutic molecules, as well as phytoconstituents with promising anticancer benefits. In addition to this, these systems are being studied for their usage in conjunction with other treatment strategies. However, their applications remain limited owing to a number of challenges, chiefly clinical translation. There is a need to address the scalability of such technologies, in order to improve accessibility. The authors aim to offer a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of lipid nanoparticles and their application in lung cancer, the interplay of disease pathways and their mechanism of action and the potential for delivery of a variety of agents. Additionally, a discussion with respect to results from preclinical studies has also been provided. The authors have also provided a well-rounded insight into the limitations and future perspectives. While the possibilities are endless, there is a need to undertake focused research to expedite clinical translation and offer avenues for wider applications in disease management.