101
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Mardanova ES, Kotlyarov RY, Ravin NV. High-Yield Production of Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Linked to Bacterial Flagellin in Plants Using Self-Replicating Viral Vector pEff. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122682. [PMID: 34961153 PMCID: PMC8708900 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of recombinant vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is required to eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic. We reported the expression of a recombinant protein Flg-RBD comprising receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (RBD) fused to flagellin of Salmonella typhimurium (Flg), known as mucosal adjuvant, in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The fusion protein, targeted to the cytosol, was transiently expressed using the self-replicating vector pEff based on potato virus X genome. The recombinant protein Flg-RBD was expressed at the level of about 110-140 μg per gram of fresh leaf tissue and was found to be insoluble. The fusion protein was purified using metal affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions. To increase the yield of Flg-RBD, the flow-through fraction obtained after loading of the protein sample on the Ni-NTA resin was re-loaded on the sorbent. The yield of Flg-RBD after purification reached about 100 μg per gram of fresh leaf tissue and the purified protein remained soluble after dialysis. The control flagellin was expressed in a soluble form and its yield after purification was about 300 μg per gram of fresh leaf biomass. Plant-produced Flg-RBD protein could be further used for the development of intranasal recombinant mucosal vaccines against COVID-19.
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102
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Joshi G, Borah P, Thakur S, Sharma P, Mayank, Poduri R. Exploring the COVID-19 vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants: where do we stand and where do we go? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4714-4740. [PMID: 34856868 PMCID: PMC8726002 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1995283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As of September 2021, 117 COVID-19 vaccines are in clinical development, and 194 are in preclinical development as per the World Health Organization (WHO) published draft landscape. Among the 117 vaccines undergoing clinical trials, the major platforms include protein subunit; RNA; inactivated virus; viral vector, among others. So far, USFDA recognized to approve the Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty) COVID-19 vaccine for its full use in individuals of 16 years of age and older. Though the approved vaccines are being manufactured at a tremendous pace, the wealthiest countries have about 28% of total vaccines despite possessing only 10.8% of the total world population, suggesting an inequity of vaccine distribution. The review comprehensively summarizes the history of vaccines, mainly focusing on vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. The review also connects relevant topics, including measurement of vaccines efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, associated challenges, and limitations, as hurdles in global vaccination are also kept forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Pobitra Borah
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Shweta Thakur
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Mayank
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Ramarao Poduri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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103
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Lefebvre MN, Drewry LL, Pewe LL, Hancox LS, Reyes-Sandoval A, Harty JT. Cutting Edge: Subunit Booster Vaccination Confers Sterilizing Immunity against Liver-Stage Malaria in Mice Initially Primed with a Weight-Normalized Dose of Radiation-Attenuated Sporozoites. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2631-2635. [PMID: 34716185 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS) vaccination offers hope for global malaria control through induction of protective liver-stage-specific memory CD8 T cells. Effective RAS vaccination regimens exist; however, widespread implementation remains unfeasible. A key difficulty resides in the need to administer three or more doses i.v. to achieve sufficient immunity. Strategies to reduce the number of RAS doses are therefore desirable. Here we used mice to model human immune responses to a single, suboptimal weight-normalized RAS dose administered i.v. followed by subunit vaccination to amplify liver-stage-specific memory CD8 T cells. RAS+subunit prime-boost regimens increased the numbers of liver-stage-specific memory CD8 T cells to a level greater than is present after one RAS vaccination. Both i.v. and i.m. subunit vaccine delivery induced immunity in mice, and many vaccinated mice completely cleared liver infection. These findings are particularly relevant to human vaccine development because RAS+subunit prime-boost vaccination would reduce the logistical challenges of multiple RAS-only immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell N Lefebvre
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; and
| | - Lisa L Drewry
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; and
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104
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Stergiou N, Urschbach M, Gabba A, Schmitt E, Kunz H, Besenius P. The Development of Vaccines from Synthetic Tumor-Associated Mucin Glycopeptides and their Glycosylation-Dependent Immune Response. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3313-3331. [PMID: 34812564 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens are overexpressed as altered-self in most common epithelial cancers. Their glycosylation patterns differ from those of healthy cells, functioning as an ID for cancer cells. Scientists have been developing anti-cancer vaccines based on mucin glycopeptides, yet the interplay of delivery system, adjuvant and tumor associated MUC epitopes in the induced immune response is not well understood. The current state of the art suggests that the identity, abundancy and location of the glycans on the MUC backbone are all key parameters in the cellular and humoral response. This review shares lessons learned by us in over two decades of research in glycopeptide vaccines. By bridging synthetic chemistry and immunology, we discuss efforts in designing synthetic MUC1/4/16 vaccines and focus on the role of glycosylation patterns. We provide a brief introduction into the mechanisms of the immune system and aim to promote the development of cancer subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Stergiou
- Radionuclide Center, Radiology and Nuclear medicine Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085c, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Moritz Urschbach
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adele Gabba
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Horst Kunz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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105
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Losada Méndez J, Palomares F, Gómez F, Ramírez-López P, Ramos-Soriano J, Torres MJ, Mayorga C, Rojo J. Immunomodulatory Response of Toll-like Receptor Ligand-Peptide Conjugates in Food Allergy. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2651-2664. [PMID: 34761908 PMCID: PMC8609526 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Covalent conjugation
of allergens to toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists
appears to be a powerful strategy for the development of safety compounds
for allergen-specific immunomodulatory response toward tolerance in
allergy. In this work, we have synthesized two family of ligands,
an 8-oxoadenine derivative as a ligand for TLR7 and a pyrimido[5,4-b]indole as a ligand for TLR4, both conjugated with a T-cell
peptide of Pru p 3 allergen, the lipid transfer protein (LTP) responsible
for LTP-dependent food allergy. These conjugates interact with dendritic
cells, inducing their specific maturation, T-cell proliferation, and
cytokine production in peach allergic patients. Moreover, they increased
the Treg-cell frequencies in these patients and could induce the IL-10
production. These outcomes were remarkable in the case of the TLR7
ligand conjugated with Pru p 3, opening the door for the potential
application of these allergen–adjuvant systems in food allergy
immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Losada Méndez
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisca Palomares
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, 29009 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Gómez
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramírez-López
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ramos-Soriano
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Torres
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Nanostructures for Diagnosing and Treatment of Allergic Diseases Laboratory, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad de Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, 29009 Malaga, Spain
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Nanostructures for Diagnosing and Treatment of Allergic Diseases Laboratory, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
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106
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Du L, Hou L, Yu X, Cheng H, Chen J, Zheng Q, Hou J. Pattern-Recognition Receptor Agonist-Containing Immunopotentiator CVC1302 Boosts High-Affinity Long-Lasting Humoral Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697292. [PMID: 34867941 PMCID: PMC8637734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideally, a vaccine should provide life-long protection following a single administered dose. In our previous study, the immunopotentiator CVC1302, which contains pattern- recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, was demonstrated to prolong the lifetime of the humoral immune response induced by killed foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine. To elucidate the mechanism by which CVC1302 induces long-term humoral immunity, we used 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP)-OVA as a pattern antigen and administered it to mice along with CVC1302, emulsified together with Marcol 52 mineral oil (NP-CVC1302). From the results of NP-specific antibody levels, we found that CVC1302 could induce not only higher levels of NP-specific antibodies but also high-affinity NP-specific antibody levels. To detect the resulting NP-specific immune cells, samples were taken from the injection sites, draining lymph nodes (LNs), and bone marrow of mice injected with NP-CVC1302. The results of these experiments show that, compared with mice injected with NP alone, those injected with NP-CVC1302 had higher percentages of NP+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the injection sites and draining LNs, higher percentages of follicular helper T cells (TFH), germinal center (GC) B cells, and NP+ plasma-blasts in the draining LNs, as well as higher percentages of NP+ long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in the bone marrow. Additionally, we observed that the inclusion of CVC1302 in the immunization prolonged the lifetime of LLPCs in the bone marrow by improving the transcription expression of anti-apoptotic transcription factors such as Mcl-1, Bcl-2, BAFF, BCMA, Bax, and IRF-4. This research provides a blueprint for designing new generations of immunopotentiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Du
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Liting Hou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiwei Cheng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qisheng Zheng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jibo Hou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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107
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Transdermal vaccination via 3D-printed microneedles induces potent humoral and cellular immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102595118. [PMID: 34551974 PMCID: PMC8488660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102595118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an essential public health measure for infectious disease prevention. The exposure of the immune system to vaccine formulations with the appropriate kinetics is critical for inducing protective immunity. In this work, faceted microneedle arrays were designed and fabricated utilizing a three-dimensional (3D)-printing technique called continuous liquid interface production (CLIP). The faceted microneedle design resulted in increased surface area as compared with the smooth square pyramidal design, ultimately leading to enhanced surface coating of model vaccine components (ovalbumin and CpG). Utilizing fluorescent tags and live-animal imaging, we evaluated in vivo cargo retention and bioavailability in mice as a function of route of delivery. Compared with subcutaneous bolus injection of the soluble components, microneedle transdermal delivery not only resulted in enhanced cargo retention in the skin but also improved immune cell activation in the draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, the microneedle vaccine induced a potent humoral immune response, with higher total IgG (Immunoglobulin G) and a more balanced IgG1/IgG2a repertoire and achieved dose sparing. Furthermore, it elicited T cell responses as characterized by functional cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells secreting Th1 (T helper type 1)-cytokines. Taken together, CLIP 3D-printed microneedles coated with vaccine components provide a useful platform for a noninvasive, self-applicable vaccination.
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108
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Mohammadzadeh R, Soleimanpour S, Pishdadian A, Farsiani H. Designing and development of epitope-based vaccines against Helicobacter pylori. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:489-512. [PMID: 34559599 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1979934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the principal cause of serious diseases (e.g. gastric cancer and peptic ulcers). Antibiotic therapy is an inadequate strategy in H. pylori eradication because of which vaccination is an inevitable approach. Despite the presence of countless vaccine candidates, current vaccines in clinical trials have performed with poor efficacy which makes vaccination extremely challenging. Remarkable advancements in immunology and pathogenic biology have provided an appropriate opportunity to develop various epitope-based vaccines. The fusion of proper antigens involved in different aspects of H. pylori colonization and pathogenesis as well as peptide linkers and built-in adjuvants results in producing epitope-based vaccines with excellent therapeutic efficacy and negligible adverse effects. Difficulties of the in vitro culture of H. pylori, high genetic variation, and unfavourable immune responses against feeble epitopes in the complete antigen are major drawbacks of current vaccine strategies that epitope-based vaccines may overcome. Besides decreasing the biohazard risk, designing precise formulations, saving time and cost, and induction of maximum immunity with minimum adverse effects are the advantages of epitope-based vaccines. The present article is a comprehensive review of strategies for designing and developing epitope-based vaccines to provide insights into the innovative vaccination against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mohammadzadeh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Reference Tuberculosis Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Pishdadian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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109
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Virus-Like Particle Vaccines Against Respiratory Viruses and Protozoan Parasites. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 433:77-106. [PMID: 33650036 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of vaccinology underwent massive advances over the past decades with the introduction of virus-like particles (VLPs), a supra-molecular nanoparticle vaccine platform that resembles viral structures without the ability to replicate in hosts. This innovative approach has been remarkably effective, as evidenced by its profound immunogenicity and safety. These highly desirable intrinsic properties enabled their further development as vaccines against a multitude of diseases. To date, several VLP-based vaccines have already been commercialized and many more are undergoing clinical evaluation prior to FDA approval. However, efficacious vaccines against a plethora of pathogens are still lacking, which imposes a tremendous socioeconomic burden and continues to threaten public health throughout the globe. This is especially the case for several respiratory pathogens and protozoan parasites. In this review, we briefly describe the fundamentals of VLP vaccines and the unique properties that enable these to be such valuable vaccine candidates and summarize current advances in VLP-based vaccines targeting respiratory and parasitic diseases of global importance.
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110
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Verdecia M, Kokai-Kun JF, Kibbey M, Acharya S, Venema J, Atouf F. COVID-19 vaccine platforms: Delivering on a promise? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2873-2893. [PMID: 34033528 PMCID: PMC8381795 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1911204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has brought into sharp focus the need for a vaccine to prevent this disease. Vaccines have saved millions of lives since their introduction to the public over 200 years ago. The potential for vaccination reached new heights in the mid-20th century with the development of technologies that expanded the ability to create novel vaccines. Since then, there has been continued technological advancement in vaccine development. The resulting platforms provide the promise for solutions for many infectious diseases, including those that have been with us for decades as well as those just now emerging. Each vaccine platform represents a different technology with a unique set of advantages and challenges, especially when considering manufacturing. Therefore, it is essential to understand each platform as a separate product and process with its specific quality considerations. This review outlines the relevant platforms for developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Verdecia
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Maura Kibbey
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarita Acharya
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jaap Venema
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Fouad Atouf
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
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111
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Colombani T, Eggermont LJ, Rogers ZJ, McKay LGA, Avena LE, Johnson RI, Storm N, Griffiths A, Bencherif SA. Biomaterials and Oxygen Join Forces to Shape the Immune Response and Boost COVID-19 Vaccines. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100316. [PMID: 34580619 PMCID: PMC8209904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an unprecedented global health crisis, resulting in a critical need for effective vaccines that generate protective antibodies. Protein subunit vaccines represent a promising approach but often lack the immunogenicity required for strong immune stimulation. To overcome this challenge, it is first demonstrated that advanced biomaterials can be leveraged to boost the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit vaccines. Additionally, it is reported that oxygen is a powerful immunological co-adjuvant and has an ability to further potentiate vaccine potency. In preclinical studies, mice immunized with an oxygen-generating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cryogel-based vaccine (O2-CryogelVAX) exhibit a robust Th1 and Th2 immune response, leading to a sustained production of highly effective neutralizing antibodies against the virus. Even with a single immunization, O2-CryogelVAX achieves high antibody titers within 21 days, and both binding and neutralizing antibody levels are further increased after a second dose. Engineering a potent vaccine system that generates sufficient neutralizing antibodies after one dose is a preferred strategy amid vaccine shortage. The data suggest that this platform is a promising technology to reinforce vaccine-driven immunostimulation and is applicable to current and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Colombani
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Loek J. Eggermont
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Zachary J. Rogers
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Lindsay G. A. McKay
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases LaboratoriesBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA02118USA
| | - Laura E. Avena
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases LaboratoriesBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA02118USA
| | - Rebecca I. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases LaboratoriesBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA02118USA
| | - Nadia Storm
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases LaboratoriesBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA02118USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases LaboratoriesBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA02118USA
| | - Sidi A. Bencherif
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Department of BioengineeringNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering (BMBI)UTC CNRS UMR 7338University of Technology of CompiègneSorbonne UniversityCompiègne60203France
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112
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Deep survey for designing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and its new mutations. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021; 76:3465-3476. [PMID: 34421121 PMCID: PMC8369332 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has prompted worldwide vaccine development. Several vaccines have been authorized by WHO, FDA, or MOH of different countries. However, issues such as need for cold chain, price, and most importantly access problems have limited vaccine usage in some nations especially developing countries. Moreover, the vast global demand justifies further attempts for vaccine development. Multi-epitope polypeptide vaccines enjoy several key features including safety and lower production and transfer costs and could be designed by in silico tools. Spike protein (S), membrane protein (M), and nucleocapsid protein (N), the three major structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, are ideal candidates for epitope selection. ORF3a (open reading frame3a), a transmembrane protein with pro-apoptotic functions, could be another proper target. Thus, a novel multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was designed using these four proteins and LL37, a TLR3 agonist adjuvant, through different immunoinformatics and bioinformatics tools. The proposed multi-epitope vaccine is expected to induce robust humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 with a population coverage of 76.92 % due to containing different immunodominant epitopes and LL37 adjuvant. Selecting epitopes derived from one functional and three structural proteins suggests the protective ability of the vaccine irrespective of probable virus mutations. The computationally observed proper interaction of LL37 with TLR3 implies its ability to induce immune responses effectively. Besides, it showed acceptable structural and physicochemical properties. The in-silico cloning results predicted its high efficiency production in Escherichia coli. Future experimental studies could further confirm its immunological efficacy.
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3D printing technologies for in vitro vaccine testing platforms and vaccine delivery systems against infectious diseases. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:519-531. [PMID: 34342360 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in 3D printing (3DP) and tissue engineering approaches enable the potential application of these technologies to vaccine research. Reconstituting the native tissue or cellular microenvironment will be vital for successful evaluation of pathogenicity of viral infection and screening of potential vaccines. Therefore, establishing a reliable in vitro model to study the vaccine efficiency or delivery of viral disease is important. Here, this review summarizes two major ways that tissue engineering and 3DP strategies could contribute to vaccine research: (1) 3D human tissue models to study the response to virus can be served as a testbed for new potential therapeutics. Using 3D tissue platform attempts to explore alternative options to pre-clinical animal research for evaluating vaccine candidates. (2) 3DP technologies can be applied to improve the vaccination strategies which could replace existing vaccine delivery. Controlled antigen release using carriers that are generated with biodegradable biomaterials can further enhance the efficient development of immunity as well as combination of multiple-dose vaccines into a single injection. This mini review discusses the up-to-date report of current 3D tissue/organ models for potential vaccine potency and known bioengineered vaccine delivery systems.
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114
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Chen W, Jiang M, Yu W, Xu Z, Liu X, Jia Q, Guan X, Zhang W. CpG-Based Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5281-5299. [PMID: 34385817 PMCID: PMC8352601 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s317626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been a serious health hazard to the people all over the world with its high incidence and horrible mortality. In recent years, tumor vaccines in immunotherapy have become a hotspot in cancer therapy due to their many practical advantages and good therapeutic potentials. Among the various vaccines, nanovaccine utilized nanoparticles (NPs) as the carrier and/or adjuvant has presented significant therapeutic effect in cancer treatment. For tumor nanovaccines, unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) is a commonly used adjuvant. It has been reported that CpG ODN was the most effective immune stimulant among the currently known adjuvants. It could be recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) to activate humoral and cellular immunity for preventing or treating cancer. In this review, the topic of CpG-based nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy will be focused. The types and properties of different CpG will be introduced in detail first, and then some representative tumor nanovaccines will be reviewed according to the diverse loading modes of CpG, such as electrostatic adsorption, covalent bonding, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction, and DNA self-assembly, for summarizing the current progress of CpG-based tumor nanovaccines. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives will be discussed. It is hoped that this review will provide valuable references for the development of nanovaccines in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingmiao Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
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115
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Song SJ, Shin GI, Noh J, Lee J, Kim DH, Ryu G, Ahn G, Jeon H, Diao HP, Park Y, Kim MG, Kim WY, Kim YJ, Sohn EJ, Song CS, Hwang I. Plant-based, adjuvant-free, potent multivalent vaccines for avian influenza virus via Lactococcus surface display. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1505-1520. [PMID: 34051041 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Influenza epidemics frequently and unpredictably break out all over the world, and seriously affect the breeding industry and human activity. Inactivated and live attenuated viruses have been used as protective vaccines but exhibit high risks for biosafety. Subunit vaccines enjoy high biosafety and specificity but have a few weak points compared to inactivated virus or live attenuated virus vaccines, especially in low immunogenicity. In this study, we developed a new subunit vaccine platform for a potent, adjuvant-free, and multivalent vaccination. The ectodomains of hemagglutinins (HAs) of influenza viruses were expressed in plants as trimers (tHAs) to mimic their native forms. tHAs in plant extracts were directly used without purification for binding to inactivated Lactococcus (iLact) to produce iLact-tHAs, an antigen-carrying bacteria-like particle (BLP). tHAs BLP showed strong immune responses in mice and chickens without adjuvants. Moreover, simultaneous injection of two different antigens by two different formulas, tHAH5N6 + H9N2 BLP or a combination of tHAH5N6 BLP and tHAH9N2 BLP, led to strong immune responses to both antigens. Based on these results, we propose combinations of plant-based antigen production and BLP-based delivery as a highly potent and cost-effective platform for multivalent vaccination for subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Song
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Im Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | | | - Jiho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Gyeongryul Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Gyeongik Ahn
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 PLUS), Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hyungmin Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hai-Ping Diao
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Youngmin Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Bioapp, Inc., Pohang Technopark Complex, Pohang, 37668, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 PLUS), Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Sohn
- Bioapp, Inc., Pohang Technopark Complex, Pohang, 37668, Korea
| | - Chang Seon Song
- KCAV Inc., Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Korea
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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Chong WC, Chellappan DK, Shukla SD, Peterson GM, Patel RP, Jha NK, Eri RD, Dua K, Tambuwala MM, Shastri MD. An Appraisal of the Current Scenario in Vaccine Research for COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:1397. [PMID: 34372603 PMCID: PMC8310376 DOI: 10.3390/v13071397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has drawn global attention, affecting millions, disrupting economies and healthcare modalities. With its high infection rate, COVID-19 has caused a colossal health crisis worldwide. While information on the comprehensive nature of this infectious agent, SARS-CoV-2, still remains obscure, ongoing genomic studies have been successful in identifying its genomic sequence and the presenting antigen. These may serve as promising, potential therapeutic targets in the effective management of COVID-19. In an attempt to establish herd immunity, massive efforts have been directed and driven toward developing vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen. This review, in this direction, is aimed at providing the current scenario and future perspectives in the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chin Chong
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia;
| | - Dinesh K. Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Shakti D. Shukla
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (S.D.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Gregory M. Peterson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia; (G.M.P.); (R.P.P.)
| | - Rahul P. Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia; (G.M.P.); (R.P.P.)
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, UP, India;
| | - Rajaraman D. Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7248, Australia;
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (S.D.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Madhur D. Shastri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia; (G.M.P.); (R.P.P.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7248, Australia;
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117
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Polyacrylate-GnRH Peptide Conjugate as an Oral Contraceptive Vaccine Candidate. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071081. [PMID: 34371772 PMCID: PMC8308917 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Contraceptive vaccines are designed to elicit immune responses against major components of animal reproductive systems. These vaccines, which are most commonly administered via injection, typically target gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). However, the need to restrain animals for treatment limits the field applications of injectable vaccines. Oral administration would broaden vaccine applicability. We explored contraceptive vaccine candidates composed of GnRH peptide hormone, universal T helper PADRE (P), and a poly(methylacrylate) (PMA)-based delivery system. When self-assembled into nanoparticles, PMA-P-GnRH induced the production of high IgG titers after subcutaneous and oral administration in mice. PADRE was then replaced with pig T helper derived from the swine flu virus, and the vaccine was tested in pigs. High levels of systemic antibodies were produced in pigs after both injection and oral administration of the vaccine. In conclusion, we developed a simple peptide–polymer conjugate that shows promise as an effective, adjuvant-free, oral GnRH-based contraceptive vaccine.
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Abstract
![]()
The development of
lipopeptides (lipidated peptides) for vaccines
is discussed, including their role as antigens and/or adjuvants. Distinct
classes of lipopeptide architectures are covered including simple
linear and ligated constructs and lipid core peptides. The design,
synthesis, and immunological responses of the important class of glycerol-based
Toll-like receptor agonist lipopeptides such as Pam3CSK4, which contains three palmitoyl chains and a CSK4 hexapeptide sequence, and many derivatives of this model immunogenic
compound are also reviewed. Self-assembled lipopeptide structures
including spherical and worm-like micelles that have been shown to
act as vaccine agents are also described. The work discussed includes
examples of lipopeptides developed with model antigens, as well as
for immunotherapies to treat many infectious diseases including malaria,
influenza, hepatitis, COVID-19, and many others, as well as cancer
immunotherapies. Some of these have proceeded to clinical development.
The research discussed highlights the huge potential of, and diversity
of roles for, lipopeptides in contemporary and future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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119
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Ruseska I, Fresacher K, Petschacher C, Zimmer A. Use of Protamine in Nanopharmaceuticals-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1508. [PMID: 34200384 PMCID: PMC8230241 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular biomolecules are currently dethroning classical small molecule therapeutics because of their improved targeting and delivery properties. Protamine-a small polycationic peptide-represents a promising candidate. In nature, it binds and protects DNA against degradation during spermatogenesis due to electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged DNA-phosphate backbone and the positively charged protamine. Researchers are mimicking this technique to develop innovative nanopharmaceutical drug delivery systems, incorporating protamine as a carrier for biologically active components such as DNA or RNA. The first part of this review highlights ongoing investigations in the field of protamine-associated nanotechnology, discussing the self-assembling manufacturing process and nanoparticle engineering. Immune-modulating properties of protamine are those that lead to the second key part, which is protamine in novel vaccine technologies. Protamine-based RNA delivery systems in vaccines (some belong to the new class of mRNA-vaccines) against infectious disease and their use in cancer treatment are reviewed, and we provide an update on the current state of latest developments with protamine as pharmaceutical excipient for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.R.); (K.F.); (C.P.)
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120
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Nano-Microparticle Platforms in Developing Next-Generation Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060606. [PMID: 34198865 PMCID: PMC8228777 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first vaccines ever made were based on live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, either whole cells or fragments. Although these vaccines required the co-administration of antigens with adjuvants to induce a strong humoral response, they could only elicit a poor CD8+ T-cell response. In contrast, next-generation nano/microparticle-based vaccines offer several advantages over traditional ones because they can induce a more potent CD8+ T-cell response and, at the same time, are ideal carriers for proteins, adjuvants, and nucleic acids. The fact that these nanocarriers can be loaded with molecules able to modulate the immune response by inducing different effector functions and regulatory activities makes them ideal tools for inverse vaccination, whose goal is to shut down the immune response in autoimmune diseases. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and liposomes are biocompatible materials approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use and are, therefore, suitable for nanoparticle-based vaccines. Recently, another candidate platform for innovative vaccines based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been shown to efficiently co-deliver antigens and adjuvants. This review will discuss the potential use of PLGA-NPs, liposomes, and EVs as carriers of peptides, adjuvants, mRNA, and DNA for the development of next-generation vaccines against endemic and emerging viruses in light of the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
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121
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Lu L, Duong VT, Shalash AO, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Chemical Conjugation Strategies for the Development of Protein-Based Subunit Nanovaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:563. [PMID: 34071482 PMCID: PMC8228360 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of subunit nanovaccines relies heavily on the development of a vaccine delivery system that is safe and efficient at delivering antigens to the target site. Nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for vaccine delivery over the years, as they often possess self-adjuvanting properties. The conjugation of antigens to nanoparticles by covalent bonds ensures co-delivery of these components to the same subset of immune cells in order to trigger the desired immune responses. Herein, we review covalent conjugation strategies for grafting protein or peptide antigens onto other molecules or nanoparticles to obtain subunit nanovaccines. We also discuss the advantages of chemical conjugation in developing these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.L.); (V.T.D.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.L.); (V.T.D.); (A.O.S.)
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122
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Abbasi S, Uchida S. Multifunctional Immunoadjuvants for Use in Minimalist Nucleic Acid Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:644. [PMID: 34062771 PMCID: PMC8147386 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines based on antigen-encoding nucleic acids have shown great promise for antigen-specific immunization against cancer and infectious diseases. Vaccines require immunostimulatory adjuvants to activate the innate immune system and trigger specific adaptive immune responses. However, the incorporation of immunoadjuvants into nonviral nucleic acid delivery systems often results in fairly complex structures that are difficult to mass-produce and characterize. In recent years, minimalist approaches have emerged to reduce the number of components used in vaccines. In these approaches, delivery materials, such as lipids and polymers, and/or pDNA/mRNA are designed to simultaneously possess several functionalities of immunostimulatory adjuvants. Such multifunctional immunoadjuvants encode antigens, encapsulate nucleic acids, and control their pharmacokinetic or cellular fate. Herein, we review a diverse class of multifunctional immunoadjuvants in nucleic acid subunit vaccines and provide a detailed description of their mechanisms of adjuvanticity and induction of specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saed Abbasi
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
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123
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Guo Z, Kubiatowicz LJ, Fang RH, Zhang L. Nanotoxoids: Biomimetic Nanoparticle Vaccines against Infections. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Luke J. Kubiatowicz
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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124
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Pirolli NH, Bentley WE, Jay SM. Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and the Gut-Microbiota Brain Axis: Emerging Roles in Communication and Potential as Therapeutics. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000540. [PMID: 33857347 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) have emerged as candidate signaling vectors for long-distance interkingdom communication within the gut-microbiota brain axis. Most bacteria release these nanosized vesicles, capable of signaling to the brain via their abundant protein and small RNA cargo, possibly directly via crossing the blood-brain barrier. BEVs have been shown to regulate brain gene expression and induce pathology at most stages of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and thus they may play a causal role in diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and depression/anxiety. On the other hand, BEVs have intrinsic therapeutic properties that may be relevant to probiotic therapy and can also be engineered to function as drug delivery vehicles and vaccines. Thus, BEVs may be both a cause of and solution to neuropathological conditions. In this review, current knowledge of the physiological roles of BEVs as well as state of the art pertaining to the development of therapeutic BEVs in the context of the microbiome-gut-brain axis are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Pirolli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Robert E. Fischell Institute, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5120A A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, 3116 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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125
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Knight FC, Wilson JT. Engineering Vaccines for Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000230. [PMID: 33997268 PMCID: PMC8114897 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) have attracted significant attention in the field of vaccine development. Distinct from central and effector memory T cells, TRM cells take up residence in home tissues such as the lung or urogenital tract and are ideally positioned to respond quickly to pathogen encounter. TRM have been found to play a role in the immune response against many globally important infectious diseases for which new or improved vaccines are needed, including influenza and tuberculosis. It is also increasingly clear that TRM play a pivotal role in cancer immunity. Thus, vaccines that can generate this memory T cell population are highly desirable. The field of immunoengineering-that is, the application of engineering principles to study the immune system and design new and improved therapies that harness or modulate immune responses-is ideally poised to provide solutions to this need for next-generation TRM vaccines. This review covers recent developments in vaccine technologies for generating TRM and protecting against infection and cancer, including viral vectors, virus-like particles, and synthetic and natural biomaterials. In addition, it offers critical insights on the future of engineering vaccines for tissue-resident memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C. Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - John T. Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Site-specific antigen-adjuvant conjugation using cell-free protein synthesis enhances antigen presentation and CD8 + T-cell response. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6267. [PMID: 33737644 PMCID: PMC7973483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-adjuvant conjugation is known to enhance antigen-specific T-cell production in vaccine models, but scalable methods are required to generate site-specific conjugation for clinical translation of this technique. We report the use of the cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform as a rapid method to produce large quantities (> 100 mg/L) of a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), with site-specific incorporation of p-azidomethyl-l-phenylalanine (pAMF) at two solvent-exposed sites away from immunodominant epitopes. Using copper-free click chemistry, we conjugated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists to the pAMF sites on the mutant OVA protein. The OVA-CpG conjugates demonstrate enhanced antigen presentation in vitro and increased antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell production in vivo. Moreover, OVA-CpG conjugation reduced the dose of CpG needed to invoke antigen-specific T-cell production tenfold. These results highlight how site-specific conjugation and CFPS technology can be implemented to produce large quantities of covalently-linked antigen-adjuvant conjugates for use in clinical vaccines.
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Cho S, Kim SB, Lee Y, Song EC, Kim U, Kim HY, Suh JH, Goughnour PC, Kim Y, Yoon I, Shin NY, Kim D, Kim IK, Kang CY, Jang SY, Kim MH, Kim S. Endogenous TLR2 ligand embedded in the catalytic region of human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000277. [PMID: 32461342 PMCID: PMC7254149 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses is required for successful cancer vaccine therapy. In this regard, ligands of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been suggested to activate adaptive immune responses by modulating the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Despite their therapeutic potential, the development of TLR ligands for immunotherapy is often hampered due to rapid systemic toxicity. Regarding the safety concerns of currently available TLR ligands, finding a new TLR agonist with potent efficacy and safety is needed. Methods A unique structural domain (UNE-C1) was identified as a novel TLR2/6 in the catalytic region of human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (CARS1) using comprehensive approaches, including RNA sequencing, the human embryonic kidney (HEK)-TLR Blue system, pull-down, and ELISA. The potency of its immunoadjuvant properties was analyzed by assessing antigen-specific antibody and CTL responses. In addition, the efficacy of tumor growth inhibition and the presence of the tumor-infiltrating leukocytes were evaluated using E.G7-OVA and TC-1 mouse models. The combined effect of UNE-C1 with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, was also evaluated in vivo. The safety of UNE-C1 immunization was determined by monitoring splenomegaly and cytokine production in the blood. Results Here, we report that CARS1 can be secreted from cancer cells to activate immune responses via specific interactions with TLR2/6 of APCs. A unique domain (UNE-C1) inserted into the catalytic region of CARS1 was determined to activate dendritic cells, leading to the stimulation of robust humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo. UNE-C1 also showed synergistic efficacy with cancer antigens and checkpoint inhibitors against different cancer models in vivo. Further, the safety assessment of UNE-C1 showed lower systemic cytokine levels than other known TLR agonists. Conclusions We identified the endogenous TLR2/6 activating domain from human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase CARS1. This novel TLR2/6 ligand showed potent immune-stimulating activity with little toxicity. Thus, the UNE-C1 domain can be developed as an effective immunoadjuvant with checkpoint inhibitors or cancer antigens to boost antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Cho
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngjin Lee
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ee Chan Song
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Uijoo Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Yun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hun Suh
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Peter C Goughnour
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - YounHa Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ina Yoon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Na Young Shin
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Il-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yuil Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Song Yee Jang
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Loo KY, Letchumanan V, Ser HL, Teoh SL, Law JWF, Tan LTH, Ab Mutalib NS, Chan KG, Lee LH. COVID-19: Insights into Potential Vaccines. Microorganisms 2021; 9:605. [PMID: 33804162 PMCID: PMC8001762 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
People around the world ushered in the new year 2021 with a fear of COVID-19, as family members have lost their loved ones to the disease. Millions of people have been infected, and the livelihood of many has been jeopardized due to the pandemic. Pharmaceutical companies are racing against time to develop an effective vaccine to protect against COVID-19. Researchers have developed various types of candidate vaccines with the release of the genetic sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in January. These include inactivated viral vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and recombinant viral vector vaccines. To date, several vaccines have been authorized for emergency use and they have been administered in countries across the globe. Meanwhile, there are also vaccine candidates in Phase III clinical trials awaiting results and approval from authorities. These candidates have shown positive results in the previous stages of the trials, whereby they could induce an immune response with minimal side effects in the participants. This review aims to discuss the different vaccine platforms and the clinical trials of the candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yan Loo
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (K.-Y.L.); (V.L.); (H.-L.S.); (J.W.-F.L.); (L.T.-H.T.)
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (K.-Y.L.); (V.L.); (H.-L.S.); (J.W.-F.L.); (L.T.-H.T.)
| | - Hooi-Leng Ser
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (K.-Y.L.); (V.L.); (H.-L.S.); (J.W.-F.L.); (L.T.-H.T.)
| | - Siew Li Teoh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Jodi Woan-Fei Law
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (K.-Y.L.); (V.L.); (H.-L.S.); (J.W.-F.L.); (L.T.-H.T.)
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (K.-Y.L.); (V.L.); (H.-L.S.); (J.W.-F.L.); (L.T.-H.T.)
- Clinical School Johor Bahru, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Johor Bahru 80100, Malaysia
| | - Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (K.-Y.L.); (V.L.); (H.-L.S.); (J.W.-F.L.); (L.T.-H.T.)
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (K.-Y.L.); (V.L.); (H.-L.S.); (J.W.-F.L.); (L.T.-H.T.)
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Fuentes R, Ruiz‐de‐Angulo A, Sacristán N, Navo CD, Jiménez‐Osés G, Anguita J, Fernández‐Tejada A. Replacing the Rhamnose-Xylose Moiety of QS-21 with Simpler Terminal Disaccharide Units Attenuates Adjuvant Activity in Truncated Saponin Variants. Chemistry 2021; 27:4731-4737. [PMID: 33236801 PMCID: PMC7986102 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are key immunostimulatory components in vaccine formulations, which improve the immune response to the co-administered antigen. The saponin natural product QS-21 is one of the most promising immunoadjuvants in the development of vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases but suffers from limitations that have hampered its widespread human use. Previous structure-activity relationship studies have identified simplified saponin variants with truncated carbohydrate chains, but have not focused on the influence of the linear oligosaccharide domain of QS-21 in adjuvant activity. Herein, an expeditious 15-step synthesis of new linear trisaccharide variants of simplified QS-21-derived adjuvants is reported, in which the complex terminal xylose-rhamnose moiety has been replaced with commercially available, simpler lactose and cellobiose disaccharides in a β-anomeric configuration. In vivo immunological evaluation of the synthetic saponins showed attenuated antibody responses, highlighting the negative impact of such carbohydrate modifications on adjuvant activity, which could be associated with higher saponin conformational flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fuentes
- Chemical Immunology LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A48160DerioSpain
| | - Ane Ruiz‐de‐Angulo
- Chemical Immunology LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A48160DerioSpain
| | - Nagore Sacristán
- Chemical Immunology LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A48160DerioSpain
| | - Claudio Daniel Navo
- Computational Chemistry LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A48160DerioSpain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez‐Osés
- Computational Chemistry LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A48160DerioSpain
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A48160DerioSpain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
| | - Alberto Fernández‐Tejada
- Chemical Immunology LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A48160DerioSpain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
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130
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de Pinho RB, de Oliveira Silva MT, Bezerra FSB, Borsuk S. Vaccines for caseous lymphadenitis: up-to-date and forward-looking strategies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2287-2296. [PMID: 33651132 PMCID: PMC7923401 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is an infectious chronic disease responsible for economic losses in sheep and goat breeding worldwide. CLA has no effective treatment, evidencing the vaccination schedule as the best control strategy. Although some commercial vaccines have been available, none of them provides total protection, which is sometimes insufficient and does not reach the same efficiency when compared in sheep and goats. They also have questionable safety levels and side effects. In light of this, several experimental vaccines are in development in order to improve safety, reproducibility, and protective immune response against the etiologic agent of CLA, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. In this review, we discussed aspects as antigen, adjuvant, routes of administration, protection level, and animal models used in CLA vaccine development, as well the challenges and future perspectives. KEY POINTS: Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) does not have an appropriate commercial vaccine. Different experimental vaccines are in development aiming to protect against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. An ideal vaccine for CLA is necessary for the disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barros de Pinho
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-Parasitária, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Prédio 19-, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Mara Thais de Oliveira Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-Parasitária, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Prédio 19-, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silvestre Brilhante Bezerra
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Sibele Borsuk
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-Parasitária, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Prédio 19-, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil.
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131
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Utterström J, Naeimipour S, Selegård R, Aili D. Coiled coil-based therapeutics and drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:26-43. [PMID: 33378707 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coiled coils are characterized by an arrangement of two or more α-helices into a superhelix and one of few protein motifs where the sequence-to-structure relationship to a large extent have been decoded and understood. The abundance of both natural and de novo designed coil coils provides a rich molecular toolbox for self-assembly of elaborate bespoke molecular architectures, nanostructures, and materials. Leveraging on the numerous possibilities to tune both affinities and preferences for polypeptide oligomerization, coiled coils offer unique possibilities to design modular and dynamic assemblies that can respond in a predictable manner to biomolecular interactions and subtle physicochemical cues. In this review, strategies to use coiled coils in design of novel therapeutics and advanced drug delivery systems are discussed. The applications of coiled coils for generating drug carriers and vaccines, and various aspects of using coiled coils for controlling and triggering drug release, and for improving drug targeting and drug uptake are described. The plethora of innovative coiled coil-based molecular systems provide new knowledge and techniques for improving efficacy of existing drugs and can facilitate development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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132
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Sawant N, Kaur K, Holland DA, Hickey JM, Agarwal S, Brady JR, Dalvie NC, Tracey MK, Velez-Suberbie ML, Morris SA, Jacob SI, Bracewell DG, Mukhopadhyay TK, Love KR, Love JC, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Rapid Developability Assessments to Formulate Recombinant Protein Antigens as Stable, Low-Cost, Multi-Dose Vaccine Candidates: Case-Study With Non-Replicating Rotavirus (NRRV) Vaccine Antigens. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1042-1053. [PMID: 33285182 PMCID: PMC7884052 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A two-step developability assessment workflow is described to screen variants of recombinant protein antigens under various formulation conditions to rapidly identify stable, aluminum-adjuvanted, multi-dose vaccine candidates. For proof-of-concept, a series of sequence variants of the recombinant non-replicating rotavirus (NRRV) P[8] protein antigen (produced in Komagataella phaffii) were compared in terms of primary structure, post-translational modifications, antibody binding, conformational stability, relative solubility and preservative compatibility. Based on these results, promising P[8] variants were down-selected and the impact of key formulation conditions on storage stability was examined (e.g., presence or absence of the aluminum-adjuvant Alhydrogel and the preservative thimerosal) as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and antibody binding assays. Good correlations between rapidly-generated developability screening data and storage stability profiles (12 weeks at various temperatures) were observed for aluminum-adsorbed P[8] antigens. These findings were extended and confirmed using variants of a second NRRV antigen, P[4]. These case-study results with P[8] and P[4] NRRV variants are discussed in terms of using this vaccine formulation developability workflow to better inform and optimize formulation design with a wide variety of recombinant protein antigens, with the long-term goal of rapidly and cost-efficiently identifying low-cost vaccine formulations for use in low and middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David A Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sanjeev Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Joseph R Brady
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neil C Dalvie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mary Kate Tracey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Lourdes Velez-Suberbie
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen A Morris
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shaleem I Jacob
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tarit K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kerry R Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Høydahl LS, Frigstad T, Rasmussen IB, Øynebråten I, Schjetne KW, Andersen JT, Michaelsen TE, Lunde E, Bogen B, Sandlie I. Antibody-mediated delivery of T-cell epitopes to antigen-presenting cells induce strong CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Vaccine 2021; 39:1583-1592. [PMID: 33612340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of antigen to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) enhances antigen presentation and thus, is a potent strategy for making more efficacious vaccines. This can be achieved by use of antibodies with specificity for endocytic surface molecules expressed on the APC. We aimed to compare two different antibody-antigen fusion modes in their ability to induce T-cell responses; first, exchange of immunoglobulin (Ig) constant domain loops with a T-cell epitope (Troybody), and second, fusion of T-cell epitope or whole antigen to the antibody C-terminus. Although both strategies are well-established, they have not previously been compared using the same system. We found that both antibody-antigen fusion modes led to presentation of the T-cell epitope. The strength of the T-cell responses varied, however, with the most efficient Troybody inducing CD4 T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion at 10-100-fold lower concentration than the antibodies carrying antigen fused to the C-terminus, both in vitro and after intravenous injection in mice. Furthermore, we exchanged this loop with an MHCI-restricted T-cell epitope, and the resulting antibody enabled efficient cross-presentation to CD8 T cells in vivo. Targeting of antigen to APCs by use of such antibody-antigen fusions is thus an attractive vaccination strategy for increased activation of both CD4 and CD8 peptide-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene S Høydahl
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway.
| | - Terje Frigstad
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Ingunn B Rasmussen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline W Schjetne
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- Department of Infection Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Lunde
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
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Lin D, He H, Sun J, He X, Long W, Cui X, Sun Y, Zhao S, Zheng X, Zeng Z, Zhang K, Wang H. Co-delivery of PSMA antigen epitope and mGM-CSF with a cholera toxin-like chimeric protein suppressed prostate tumor growth via activating dendritic cells and promoting CTL responses. Vaccine 2021; 39:1609-1620. [PMID: 33612342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines derived from tumor antigens play a role in tumor therapy because of their unique advantages. However, because of the weak immunogenicity of peptides in subunit vaccines, it is difficult to trigger an effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, which is critical for cancer therapy. A requirement for the activation of CTL cells by exogenous antigens is the stimulation of antigen presenting cells (APC) with the help of adjuvants and cross-presentation to T lymphocytes. Standard nonconjugated adjuvant-peptide mixtures do not ensure co-targeting of the antigen and the adjuvant to the same APC, which limits the effects of adjuvants. In this study, a fusion protein consisting of murine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) fused with CTA2 (A2 subunit of cholera toxin) was generated and assembled with CTB-PSMA624-632 (prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) peptide 624-632 fused to CTB) to obtain a cholera toxin-like protein. The chimeric protein retained the biological activity of mGM-CSF and had stronger GM1 binding activity than (CTB-PSMA624-632)5. C57BL/6J mice immunized with the CT-like chimeric protein exhibited delayed tumor growth following challenge with human PSMA-EGFP-expressing RM-1 cells. Experiment results showed that the CT-like chimeric protein could induce the maturation of DC cells and improve CTL responses. Overall, these results indicate that the nasal administration of a CT-like chimeric protein vaccine results in the development of effective immunity against prostate tumor cells and might be useful for future clinical anti-tumoral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmin Lin
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huafeng He
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xianying He
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Long
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiping Cui
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunxiao Sun
- Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, PR China
| | - Suqing Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of Biotechnology and Health, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Huaqian Wang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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135
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Janitzek CM, Carlsen PHR, Thrane S, Khanna VM, Jakob V, Barnier-Quer C, Collin N, Theander TG, Salanti A, Nielsen MA, Sander AF. The Immunogenicity of Capsid-Like Particle Vaccines in Combination with Different Adjuvants Using Different Routes of Administration. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020131. [PMID: 33562114 PMCID: PMC7915698 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsid-like particle (CLP) displays can be used to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens, but a better understanding of how CLP vaccines are best formulated and delivered is needed. This study compared the humoral immune responses in mice elicited against two different vaccine antigens (a bacterial protein and a viral peptide) delivered on an AP205 CLP platform using six different adjuvant formulations. In comparison to antibody responses obtained after immunization with the unadjuvanted CLP vaccine, three of the adjuvant systems (neutral liposomes/monophosphoryl lipid A/quillaja saponaria 21, squalene-in-water emulsion, and monophosphoryl lipid A) caused significantly increased antibody levels, whereas formulation with the three other adjuvants (aluminum hydroxide, cationic liposomes, and cationic microparticles) resulted in similar or even decreased antibody responses. When delivering the soluble bacterial protein in a squalene-in-water emulsion, 4-log lower IgG levels were obtained compared to when the protein was delivered on CLPs without the adjuvant. The AP205 CLP platform promoted induction of both IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses, which could be skewed towards a higher production of IgG1 (aluminum hydroxide). Compared to other routes, intramuscular administration elicited the highest IgG levels. These results indicate that the effect of the external adjuvant does not always synergize with the adjuvant effect of the CLP display, which underscores the need for empirical testing of different extrinsic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph M. Janitzek
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip H. R. Carlsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Thrane
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vijansh M. Khanna
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Plan-Les-Ouates, 1228 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (C.B.-Q.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (C.B.-Q.); (N.C.)
| | - Thor G. Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten A. Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam F. Sander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (P.H.R.C.); (S.T.); (V.M.K.); (T.G.T.); (A.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-30111529
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136
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Guedes DC, Santiani MH, Carvalho J, Soccol CR, Minozzo JC, Machado de Ávila RA, de Moura JF, Ramos ELP, Castro GR, Chávez-Olórtegi C, Thomaz-Soccol V. In silico and in vitro Evaluation of Mimetic Peptides as Potential Antigen Candidates for Prophylaxis of Leishmaniosis. Front Chem 2021; 8:601409. [PMID: 33520931 PMCID: PMC7843434 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.601409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen formulation is the main feature for the success of leishmaniosis diagnosis and vaccination, since the disease is caused by different parasite species that display particularities which determine their pathogenicity and virulence. It is desirable that the antigens are recognized by different antibodies and are immunogenic for almost all Leishmania species. To overcome this problem, we selected six potentially immunogenic peptides derived from Leishmania histones and parasite membrane molecules obtained by phage display or spot synthesis and entrapped in liposome structures. We used these peptides to immunize New Zealand rabbits and determine the immunogenic capacity of the chimeric antigen. The peptides induced the production of antibodies as a humoral immune response against L. braziliensis or L. infantum. Next, to evaluate the innate response to induce cellular activation, macrophages from the peptide mix-immunized rabbits were infected in vitro with L. braziliensis or L. infantum. The peptide mix generated the IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4 and TGF-β that led to Th1 and Th2 cellular immune responses. Interestingly, this mix of peptides also induced high expression of iNOS. These results suggest that the mix of peptides derived from histone and parasites membrane molecules was able to mimic parasites proteins and induce cytokines important to CD4+ T cell Th1 and Th2 differentiation and effector molecule to control the parasite infection. Finally, this peptide induced an immune balance that is important to prevent immunopathological disorders, inflammatory reactions, and control the parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Carbonera Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Manuel Hospinal Santiani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Joyce Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobilógicos, Secretaria De Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Piraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Ferreira de Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Lucas Pires Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Raul Castro
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)-CONICET (CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina.,Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC), Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG), Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios (CEI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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137
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Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and represent a pandemic risk. With current vaccine methods struggling to protect populations against emerging strains, there is a demand for a next-generation flu vaccine capable of providing broad protection. Recombinant biotechnology, combined with nanomedicine techniques, could address this demand by increasing immunogenicity and directing immune responses toward conserved antigenic targets on the virus. Various nanoparticle candidates have been tested for use in vaccines, including virus-like particles, protein and carbohydrate nanoconstructs, antigen-carrying lipid particles, and synthetic and inorganic particles modified for antigen presentation. These methods have yielded some promising results, including protection in animal models against antigenically distinct influenza strains, production of antibodies with broad reactivity, and activation of potent T cell responses. Based on the evidence of current research, it is feasible that the next generation of influenza vaccines will combine recombinant antigens with nanoparticle carriers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Protein Engineering
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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138
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Powell A, Zhang K, Sanyal M, Tang S, Weidenbacher PA, Li S, Pham TD, Pak JE, Chiu W, Kim PS. A Single Immunization with Spike-Functionalized Ferritin Vaccines Elicits Neutralizing Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:183-199. [PMID: 33527087 PMCID: PMC7805605 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of a safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a public health priority. We designed subunit vaccine candidates using self-assembling ferritin nanoparticles displaying one of two multimerized SARS-CoV-2 spikes: full-length ectodomain (S-Fer) or a C-terminal 70 amino-acid deletion (SΔC-Fer). Ferritin is an attractive nanoparticle platform for production of vaccines, and ferritin-based vaccines have been investigated in humans in two separate clinical trials. We confirmed proper folding and antigenicity of spike on the surface of ferritin by cryo-EM and binding to conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies. After a single immunization of mice with either of the two spike ferritin particles, a lentiviral SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus assay revealed mean neutralizing antibody titers at least 2-fold greater than those in convalescent plasma from COVID-19 patients. Additionally, a single dose of SΔC-Fer elicited significantly higher neutralizing responses as compared to immunization with the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) monomer or spike ectodomain trimer alone. After a second dose, mice immunized with SΔC-Fer exhibited higher neutralizing titers than all other groups. Taken together, these results demonstrate that multivalent presentation of SARS-CoV-2 spike on ferritin can notably enhance elicitation of neutralizing antibodies, thus constituting a viable strategy for single-dose vaccination against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail
E. Powell
- Department
of Biochemistry & Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Department
of Bioengineering & James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department
of Biochemistry & Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shaogeng Tang
- Department
of Biochemistry & Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Payton A. Weidenbacher
- Department
of Biochemistry & Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department
of Bioengineering & James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tho D. Pham
- Department
of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford
Blood Center, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - John E. Pak
- Chan Zuckerberg
Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Wah Chiu
- Department
of Bioengineering & James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg
Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Division
of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Department
of Biochemistry & Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg
Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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139
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Isaacs A, Li Z, Cheung STM, Wijesundara DK, McMillan CLD, Modhiran N, Young PR, Ranasinghe C, Watterson D, Chappell KJ. Adjuvant Selection for Influenza and RSV Prefusion Subunit Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020071. [PMID: 33498370 PMCID: PMC7909420 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines exhibit favorable safety and immunogenicity profiles and can be designed to mimic native antigen structures. However, pairing with an appropriate adjuvant is imperative in order to elicit effective humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, we aimed to determine an optimal adjuvant pairing with the prefusion form of influenza haemagglutinin (HA) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) subunit vaccines in BALB/c mice in order to inform future subunit vaccine adjuvant selection. We tested a panel of adjuvants, including aluminum hydroxide (alhydrogel), QS21, Addavax, Addavax with QS21 (AdQS21), and Army Liposome Formulation 55 with monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21 (ALF55). We found that all adjuvants elicited robust humoral responses in comparison to placebo, with the induction of potent neutralizing antibodies observed in all adjuvanted groups against influenza and in AdQS21, alhydrogel, and ALF55 against RSV. Upon HA vaccination, we observed that none of the adjuvants were able to significantly increase the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ+ cells when compared to unadjuvanted antigen. The varying responses to antigens with each adjuvant highlights that those adjuvants most suited for pairing purposes can vary depending on the antigen used and/or the desired immune response. We therefore suggest that an adjuvant trial for different subunit vaccines in development would likely be necessary in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Isaacs
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Zheyi Li
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (Z.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Stacey T. M. Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Danushka K. Wijesundara
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Christopher L. D. McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Paul R. Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (Z.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keith J. Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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140
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Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Sharma G, Saha RP, Lee SS. Ongoing Clinical Trials of Vaccines to Fight against COVID-19 Pandemic. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e5. [PMID: 33728098 PMCID: PMC7937508 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has developed as a pandemic, and it created an outrageous effect on the current healthcare and economic system throughout the globe. To date, there is no appropriate therapeutics or vaccines against the disease. The entire human race is eagerly waiting for the development of new therapeutics or vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Efforts are being taken to develop vaccines at a rapid rate for fighting against the ongoing pandemic situation. Amongst the various vaccines under consideration, some are either in the preclinical stage or in the clinical stages of development (phase-I, -II, and -III). Even, phase-III trials are being conducted for some repurposed vaccines like Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, polio vaccine, and measles-mumps-rubella. We have highlighted the ongoing clinical trial landscape of the COVID-19 as well as repurposed vaccines. An insight into the current status of the available antigenic epitopes for SARS-CoV-2 and different types of vaccine platforms of COVID-19 vaccines has been discussed. These vaccines are highlighted throughout the world by different news agencies. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials for repurposed vaccines for COVID-19 and critical factors associated with the development of COVID-19 vaccines have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, India.,Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | | | - Garima Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Rudra P Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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141
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Liu CH, Huang HY, Tu YF, Lai WY, Wang CL, Sun JR, Chien Y, Lin TW, Lin YY, Chien CS, Huang CH, Chen YM, Huang PI, Wang FD, Yang YP. Highlight of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 vaccine development against COVID-19 pandemic. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:9-13. [PMID: 33186212 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has brought an unprecedented impact upon the global economy and public health. Although the SARS-CoV-2 virology has been gradually investigated, measures to combat this new threat in public health are still absent. To date, no certificated drug or vaccine has been developed for the treatment or prevention of coronavirus disease Extensive researches and international coordination has been conducted to rapidly develop novel vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Several major breakthroughs have been made through the identification of the genetic sequence and structural/non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, which enabled the development of RNA-, DNA-based vaccines, subunit vaccines, and attenuated viral vaccines. In this review article, we present an overview of the recent advances of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the challenges that may be encountered in the development process, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches that may help in effectively countering COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsuan-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Fang Tu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Lin Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jun-Ren Sun
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chian-Shiu Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Heng Huang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-I Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Der Wang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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142
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Abstract
In this opening chapter, we outline the basics of vaccine delivery and subsequent immune reactivity. Vaccine delivery is an augmentation to immunization more generally in that a delivery reagent is harnessed to improve administration of the key ingredient (i.e., the antigen) needed to provoke an immune response. In this chapter, we discuss the evolution of vaccine design and how such efforts evolved into targeted administration/delivery of key antigens. We then provide overview descriptions of vaccine immune responses and methods for assessment. More generally, the chapter sets the tone for the remainder of this book, which will focus upon each step of the vaccine process with a special emphasis on how vaccine delivery contributes to overall health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marie Beitelshees
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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143
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Wang HP, Wang ZG, Liu SL. Current status and future trends of vaccine development against viral infection and disease. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00996f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the classification and representative studies of viral vaccines and future directions of vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- and School of Medicine
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- and School of Medicine
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- and School of Medicine
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144
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Beijnen EMS, van Haren SD. Vaccine-Induced CD8 + T Cell Responses in Children: A Review of Age-Specific Molecular Determinants Contributing to Antigen Cross-Presentation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607977. [PMID: 33424857 PMCID: PMC7786054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are most common and most severe at the extremes of age, the young and the elderly. Vaccination can be a key approach to enhance immunogenicity and protection against pathogens in these vulnerable populations, who have a functionally distinct immune system compared to other age groups. More than 50% of the vaccine market is for pediatric use, yet to date vaccine development is often empiric and not tailored to molecular distinctions in innate and adaptive immune activation in early life. With modern vaccine development shifting from whole-cell based vaccines to subunit vaccines also comes the need for formulations that can elicit a CD8+ T cell response when needed, for example, by promoting antigen cross-presentation. While our group and others have identified many cellular and molecular determinants of successful activation of antigen-presenting cells, B cells and CD4+ T cells in early life, much less is known about the ontogeny of CD8+ T cell induction. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to the frequency and phenotype of newborn and infant CD8+ T cells, and any evidence of induction of CD8+ T cells by currently licensed pediatric vaccine formulations. In addition, we review the molecular determinants of antigen cross-presentation on MHC I and successful CD8+ T cell induction and discuss potential distinctions that can be made in children. Finally, we discuss recent advances in development of novel adjuvants and provide future directions for basic and translational research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M S Beijnen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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145
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Computational Analysis of African Swine Fever Virus Protein Space for the Design of an Epitope-Based Vaccine Ensemble. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121078. [PMID: 33371523 PMCID: PMC7767518 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus is the etiological agent of African swine fever, a transmissible severe hemorrhagic disease that affects pigs, causing massive economic losses. There is neither a treatment nor a vaccine available, and the only method to control its spread is by extensive culling of pigs. So far, classical vaccine development approaches have not yielded sufficiently good results in terms of concomitant safety and efficacy. Nowadays, thanks to advances in genomic and proteomic techniques, a reverse vaccinology strategy can be explored to design alternative vaccine formulations. In this study, ASFV protein sequences were analyzed using an in-house pipeline based on publicly available immunoinformatic tools to identify epitopes of interest for a prospective vaccine ensemble. These included experimentally validated sequences from the Immune Epitope Database, as well as de novo predicted sequences. Experimentally validated and predicted epitopes were prioritized following a series of criteria that included evolutionary conservation, presence in the virulent and currently circulating variant Georgia 2007/1, and lack of identity to either the pig proteome or putative proteins from pig gut microbiota. Following this strategy, 29 B-cell, 14 CD4+ T-cell and 6 CD8+ T-cell epitopes were selected, which represent a starting point to investigating the protective capacity of ASFV epitope-based vaccines.
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146
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Ebbers M, Hemmer CJ, Müller-Hilke B, Reisinger EC. Immunotherapy and vaccination against infectious diseases. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 133:714-720. [PMID: 33326055 PMCID: PMC7738774 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the overuse of antibiotics, infections, in particular those caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, are becoming more and more frequent. Despite the worldwide introduction of antibiotic therapy, vaccines and constant improvements in hygiene, the burden of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is increasing and is expected to rise in the future. The development of monoclonal therapeutic antibodies and specific immunomodulatory drugs represent new treatment options in the fight against infectious diseases. This article provides a brief overview of recent advances in immunomodulatory therapy and other strategies in the treatment of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meinolf Ebbers
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph J Hemmer
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C Reisinger
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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147
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Adeagbo BA, Akinlalu AO, Phan T, Guderian J, Boukes G, Willenburg E, Fenner C, Bolaji OO, Fox CB. Controlled Covalent Conjugation of a Tuberculosis Subunit Antigen (ID93) to Liposome Improved In Vitro Th1-Type Cytokine Recall Responses in Human Whole Blood. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31306-31313. [PMID: 33324841 PMCID: PMC7726955 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a foremost poverty-related disease with a high rate of mortality despite global immunization with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Several adjuvanted recombinant proteins are in clinical development for TB to protect against the disease in infants and adults. Nevertheless, simple mixing of adjuvants with antigens may not be optimal for enhancing the immune response due to poor association. Hence, co-delivery of adjuvants with antigens has been advocated for improved immune response. This report, therefore, presents a strategy of using chemical conjugation to co-deliver an adjuvanted recombinant protein TB vaccine (ID93 + GLA-LSQ). Chemical conjugation involving glutaraldehyde (GA) or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) was used to associate the antigen (ID93) to the modified liposome (mGLA-LSQ). The physicochemical stability of the formulations was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (adjuvant content), dynamic light scattering (DLS, particle size analysis), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (SDS) electrophoresis (protein analysis). The bioactivity was assessed by cytokine stimulation using fresh whole blood from 10 healthy donors. The conjugates of ID93 + mGLA_LSQ maintained liposomal and protein integrity with the two protein chemistries. The GLA and QS21 content of the vaccine were also stable for 3 months. However, only the glutaraldehyde conjugates provoked significant secretion of interleukin-2 (210.4 ± 11.45 vs 166.7 ± 9.15; p = 0.0059), interferon-gamma (210.5 ± 14.79 vs 144.1 ± 4.997; p = 0.0011), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (2075 ± 46.8 vs 1456 ± 144.8; p = 0.0082) compared to simple mixing. Conjugation of recombinant protein (ID93) to the liposome (mGLA_LSQ) through chemical conjugation resulted in a stable vaccine formulation, which could facilitate co-delivery of the subunit vaccine to promote a robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Ayodeji Adeagbo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, NG 220280, Nigeria
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Akintunde Oluseto Akinlalu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, NG 220280, Nigeria
| | - Tony Phan
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Jeff Guderian
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Gerhardt Boukes
- Afrigen
Biologics (Pty) Limited, South Africa Medical
Research Council Medicina Campus Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town, ZA 7500, South Africa
| | - Elize Willenburg
- Afrigen
Biologics (Pty) Limited, South Africa Medical
Research Council Medicina Campus Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town, ZA 7500, South Africa
| | - Caryn Fenner
- Afrigen
Biologics (Pty) Limited, South Africa Medical
Research Council Medicina Campus Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town, ZA 7500, South Africa
| | - Oluseye Oladotun Bolaji
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, NG 220280, Nigeria
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
- Department
of Global Health, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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148
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Russell RL, Pelka P, Mark BL. Frontrunners in the race to develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:189-212. [PMID: 33264067 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies continue to be published on the COVID-19 pandemic that is being caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Given the rapidly evolving global response to SARS-CoV-2, here we primarily review the leading COVID-19 vaccine strategies that are currently in Phase III clinical trials. Nonreplicating viral vector strategies, inactivated virus, recombinant protein subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccine platforms are all being pursued in an effort to combat the infection. Preclinical and clinal trial results of these efforts are examined as well as the characteristics of each vaccine strategy from the humoral and cellular immune responses they stimulate, effects of any adjuvants used, and the potential risks associated with immunization such as antibody-dependent enhancement. A number of promising advancements have been made toward the development of multiple vaccine candidates. Preliminary data now emerging from phase III clinical trials show encouraging results for the protective efficacy and safety of at least 3 frontrunning candidates. There is hope that one or more will emerge as potent weapons to protect against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Russell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Pelka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brian L Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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149
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Mudgal R, Nehul S, Tomar S. Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2921-2931. [PMID: 32931361 PMCID: PMC7544966 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1805992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The sudden emergence of a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 from China and its rapid global spread has posed an international health emergency. The rapid development of an effective vaccine is imperative to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. A number of concurrent efforts to find an effective therapeutic agent or vaccine for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) are being undertaken globally. Oral and nasal mucosal surfaces serve as the primary portal of entry for pathogens like coronaviruses in the human body. As evidenced by studies on similar coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), mucosal vaccination can provide a safe and effective means for the induction of long-lasting systemic and mucosal immunity to confer protection against SARS-CoV-2. This article summarizes the approaches to an effective mucosal vaccine formulation which can be a rewarding approach to combat the unprecedented threat posed by this emerging global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Mudgal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Sanketkumar Nehul
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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150
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Liu G, Carter B, Gifford DK. Predicted Cellular Immunity Population Coverage Gaps for SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccines and Their Augmentation by Compact Peptide Sets. Cell Syst 2020; 12:102-107.e4. [PMID: 33321075 PMCID: PMC7691134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines induce immunity to a pathogen by presenting a component of the pathogen and thus inherently limit the representation of pathogen peptides for cellular immunity-based memory. We find that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) subunit peptides may not be robustly displayed by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in certain individuals. We introduce an augmentation strategy for subunit vaccines that adds a small number of SARS-CoV-2 peptides to a vaccine to improve the population coverage of pathogen peptide display. Our population coverage estimates integrate clinical data on peptide immunogenicity in convalescent COVID-19 patients and machine learning predictions. We evaluate the population coverage of 9 different subunits of SARS-CoV-2, including 5 functional domains and 4 full proteins, and augment each of them to fill a predicted coverage gap. Clinical data and machine learning predict SARS-CoV-2 peptide-HLA immunogenicity Human population coverage gaps of COVID-19 subunit vaccines are predicted Subunit augmentation improves vaccine population coverage for cellular immunity Subunit-free peptide vaccines are predicted to have high population coverage
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liu
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brandon Carter
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David K Gifford
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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