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Moore TM, Mortensen XM, Ashby CK, Harris AM, Kump KJ, Laird DW, Adams AJ, Bray JK, Chen T, Thomson DM. The effect of caffeine on skeletal muscle anabolic signaling and hypertrophy. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:621-629. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant with the potential to enhance physical performance through multiple mechanisms. However, recent in vitro findings have suggested that caffeine may block skeletal muscle anabolic signaling through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. This could negatively affect protein synthesis and the capacity for muscle growth. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effect of caffeine on in vivo AMPK and mTOR pathway signaling, protein synthesis, and muscle growth. In cultured C2C12 muscle cells, physiological levels of caffeine failed to impact mTOR activation or myoblast proliferation or differentiation. We found that caffeine administration to mice did not significantly enhance the phosphorylation of AMPK or inhibit signaling proteins downstream of mTOR (p70S6k, S6, or 4EBP1) or protein synthesis after a bout of electrically stimulated contractions. Skeletal muscle-specific knockout of LKB1, the primary AMPK activator in skeletal muscle, on the other hand, eliminated AMPK activation by contractions and enhanced S6k, S6, and 4EBP1 activation before and after contractions. In rats, the addition of caffeine did not affect plantaris hypertrophy induced by the tenotomy of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. In conclusion, caffeine administration does not impair skeletal muscle load-induced mTOR signaling, protein synthesis, or muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Moore
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Xavier M. Mortensen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Conrad K. Ashby
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Alexander M. Harris
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Karson J. Kump
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - David W. Laird
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Aaron J. Adams
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jeremy K. Bray
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - David M. Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Temple JL, Bernard C, Lipshultz SE, Czachor JD, Westphal JA, Mestre MA. The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:80. [PMID: 28603504 PMCID: PMC5445139 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. Natural sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, and chocolate. Synthetic caffeine is also added to products to promote arousal, alertness, energy, and elevated mood. Over the past decade, the introduction of new caffeine-containing food products, as well as changes in consumption patterns of the more traditional sources of caffeine, has increased scrutiny by health authorities and regulatory bodies about the overall consumption of caffeine and its potential cumulative effects on behavior and physiology. Of particular concern is the rate of caffeine intake among populations potentially vulnerable to the negative effects of caffeine consumption: pregnant and lactating women, children and adolescents, young adults, and people with underlying heart or other health conditions, such as mental illness. Here, we review the research into the safety and safe doses of ingested caffeine in healthy and in vulnerable populations. We report that, for healthy adults, caffeine consumption is relatively safe, but that for some vulnerable populations, caffeine consumption could be harmful, including impairments in cardiovascular function, sleep, and substance use. We also identified several gaps in the literature on which we based recommendations for the future of caffeine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Steven E. Lipshultz
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jason D. Czachor
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joslyn A. Westphal
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Miriam A. Mestre
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
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103
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Coffee, caffeine, and sleep: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 31:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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104
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Del-Ponte B, Santos IS, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Anselmi L, Munhoz TN, Matijasevich A. Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and ADHD at the age of 11 years: a birth cohort study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012749. [PMID: 27920084 PMCID: PMC5168652 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies evaluating caffeine intake during pregnancy and long-term outcomes, such as the child's neurobehaviour, are still scarce and their results are inconsistent. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between maternal consumption of caffeine during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at the age of 11 years. METHODOLOGY All children born in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, during the year 2004, were selected for a cohort study. The mothers were interviewed at birth to obtain information on coffee and yerba mate consumption during pregnancy, among other matters. At the age of 11 years, presence of ADHD was evaluated using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) questionnaire, applied to the mothers. The prevalence of ADHD was calculated, with 95% CIs. The association between caffeine consumption and ADHD was tested by means of logistic regression. RESULTS 3485 children were included in the analyses. The prevalence of ADHD was 4.1% (95% CI 3.4% to 4.7%): 5.8% (95% CI 4.7% to 6.9%) among boys and 2.3% (95% CI 1.5% to 3.0%) among girls. The prevalence of caffeine consumption during the entire pregnancy and in the first, second and third trimesters was 88.7% (87.7% to 89.7%), 86.5% (85.4% to 87.5%), 83.0% (81.8% to 84.2%) and 92.3% (91.4% to 93.1%), respectively. Caffeine consumption during the entire pregnancy and the first, second and third trimesters were not associated with ADHD in the crude or adjusted analysis. CONCLUSIONS The present study did not show any association between maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and ADHD at the age of 11 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Del-Ponte
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Iná S Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Anselmi
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Tiago N Munhoz
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Alicia Matijasevich
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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105
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Arazi H, Hoseinihaji M, Eghbali E. The effects of different doses of caffeine on performance, rating of perceived exertion and pain perception in teenagers female karate athletes. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502016000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
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106
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McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:294-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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107
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Caffeine plus nicotine improves motor function, spatial and non-spatial working memory and functional indices in BALB/c male mice. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2016; 23:251-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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108
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Kamely M, Karimi Torshizi MA, Rahimi S. Blood biochemistry, thyroid hormones, and performance in broilers with ascites caused by caffeine. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2673-2678. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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109
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Matthaei J, Tzvetkov MV, Strube J, Sehrt D, Sachse-Seeboth C, Hjelmborg JB, Möller S, Halekoh U, Hofmann U, Schwab M, Kerb R, Brockmöller J. Heritability of Caffeine Metabolism: Environmental Effects Masking Genetic Effects on CYP1A2 Activity but Not on NAT2. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:606-616. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Matthaei
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Göttingen; Georg-August University; Göttingen Germany
| | - MV Tzvetkov
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Göttingen; Georg-August University; Göttingen Germany
| | - J Strube
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Göttingen; Georg-August University; Göttingen Germany
| | - D Sehrt
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Göttingen; Georg-August University; Göttingen Germany
| | - C Sachse-Seeboth
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Göttingen; Georg-August University; Göttingen Germany
| | - JB Hjelmborg
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - S Möller
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - U Halekoh
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - U Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen; Stuttgart Germany
| | - M Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen; Stuttgart Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - R Kerb
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen; Stuttgart Germany
| | - J Brockmöller
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Göttingen; Georg-August University; Göttingen Germany
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110
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Muqaku B, Tahir A, Klepeisz P, Bileck A, Kreutz D, Mayer RL, Meier SM, Gerner M, Schmetterer K, Gerner C. Coffee consumption modulates inflammatory processes in an individual fashion. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2529-2541. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Besnik Muqaku
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna, Vienna; Austria
| | - Ammar Tahir
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna, Vienna; Austria
| | - Philip Klepeisz
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna, Vienna; Austria
| | - Dominique Kreutz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna, Vienna; Austria
| | - Rupert L. Mayer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna, Vienna; Austria
| | - Samuel M. Meier
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna, Vienna; Austria
| | - Marlene Gerner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Klaus Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna, Vienna; Austria
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111
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De Caterina R, El-Sohemy A. Moving towards Specific Nutrigenetic Recommendation Algorithms: Caffeine, Genetic Variation and Cardiovascular Risk. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2016; 9:106-115. [PMID: 27467525 DOI: 10.1159/000446801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has indicated that part of the interindividual variability in cardiovascular responses to caffeine has a genetic basis. Therefore, knowledge of the individual's genetic constitution may allow an individual tailoring of dietary advice for the use of caffeine-containing beverages, yielding an example of the potential of practical translation of nutrigenetic information. This paper reviews the basis for possible nutrigenetic recommendations on the consumption of caffeine, discussing the current gaps in knowledge but also proposing a mode of action in this research area, which may be transposed to other types of similar recommendations.
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112
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Musgrave IF, Farrington RL, Hoban C, Byard RW. Caffeine toxicity in forensic practice: possible effects and under-appreciated sources. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 12:299-303. [PMID: 27344159 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is considered a very safe stimulant and is widely consumed in a variety of forms, from pure caffeine to beverages and foods. Typically, death is only seen when gram quantities of caffeine are consumed, usually in suicide attempts. Even in this scenario, death is rare. However, there are special populations that need to be considered in forensic presentations, who may be at greater risk. These include poor metabolizers, people with liver disease, and people with cardiac conditions, who can die as a result of caffeine intake at levels well below what is ordinarily considered toxic. Also, caffeine intake may be hidden. For example, herbal medicines with substantial caffeine content may not disclose these concentrations on their product label. The role of caffeine in medicolegal deaths is yet to be defined, however, herbal medicines and herbal weight loss supplements may represent an underappreciated source of caffeine in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Musgrave
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Level 5 Medical School North Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. .,Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Level 3 Medical School North Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Rachael L Farrington
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Level 5 Medical School North Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Claire Hoban
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Level 5 Medical School North Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Roger W Byard
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Level 3 Medical School North Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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113
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Goodrich JK, Davenport ER, Beaumont M, Jackson MA, Knight R, Ober C, Spector TD, Bell JT, Clark AG, Ley RE. Genetic Determinants of the Gut Microbiome in UK Twins. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:731-43. [PMID: 27173935 PMCID: PMC4915943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mice and humans have revealed intriguing associations between host genetics and the microbiome. Here we report a 16S rRNA-based analysis of the gut microbiome in 1,126 twin pairs, a subset of which was previously reported. Tripling the sample narrowed the confidence intervals around heritability estimates and uncovered additional heritable taxa, some of which are validated in other studies. Repeat sampling of subjects showed heritable taxa to be temporally stable. A candidate gene approach uncovered associations between heritable taxa and genes related to diet, metabolism, and olfaction. We replicate an association between Bifidobacterium and the lactase (LCT) gene locus and identify an association between the host gene ALDH1L1 and the bacteria SHA-98, suggesting a link between formate production and blood pressure. Additional genes detected are involved in barrier defense and self/non-self recognition. Our results indicate that diet-sensing, metabolism, and immune defense are important drivers of human-microbiome co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Goodrich
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Emily R Davenport
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Michelle Beaumont
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Matthew A Jackson
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andrew G Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Ruth E Ley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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114
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Talanian JL, Spriet LL. Low and moderate doses of caffeine late in exercise improve performance in trained cyclists. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:850-5. [PMID: 27426699 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess if low and moderate doses of caffeine delivered in a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES) late in exercise improved time-trial (TT) performance. Fifteen (11 male, 4 female) cyclists (age, 22.5 ± 0.9 years; body mass, 69.3 ± 2.6 kg; peak oxygen consumption, 64.6 ± 1.9 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) completed 4 double-blinded randomized trials. Subjects completed 120 min of cycling at ∼60% peak oxygen consumption with 5 interspersed 120-s intervals at ∼82% peak oxygen consumption, immediately followed by 40-s intervals at 50 W. Following 80 min of cycling, subjects either ingested a 6% CES (PL), a CES with 100 mg (low dose, 1.5 ± 0.1 mg·kg body mass(-1)) of caffeine (CAF1), or a CES with 200 mg (moderate dose, 2.9 ± 0.1 mg·kg body mass(-1)) of caffeine (CAF2). Following the 120-min cycling challenge, cyclists completed a 6-kJ·kg body mass(-1) TT. There was no difference between respiratory, heart rate, glucose, free fatty acid, body mass, hematocrit, or urine specific gravity measurements between treatments. The CAF2 (26:36 ± 0:22 min:s) TT was completed faster than CAF1 (27:36 ± 0:32 min:s, p < 0.05) and both CAF1 and CAF2 TTs were completed faster than PL (28:41 ± 0:38 min:s, p < 0.05). Blood lactate was similar between trials and rose to a greater extent during the TT (p < 0.05). In summary, both doses of caffeine delivered late in exercise improved TT performance over the PL trial and the moderate dose (CAF2) improved performance to a greater extent than the low dose (CAF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Talanian
- a Exercise and Sports Science Department, 160 Pearl Street, EXSS Department, Fitchburg State University, Fitchburg, MA 01420, USA
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- b Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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115
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Shara M, Stohs SJ, Mukattash TL. Cardiovascular Safety of Oralp-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Cross-over Clinical Trial. Phytother Res 2016; 30:842-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shara
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - Sidney J. Stohs
- Dean Emeritus; Creighton University Medical Center; Omaha NE 68178 USA
| | - Tareq L. Mukattash
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
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116
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Turnbull D, Rodricks JV, Mariano GF. Neurobehavioral hazard identification and characterization for caffeine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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117
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Kapp RW, Mendes O, Roy S, McQuate RS, Kraska R. General and Genetic Toxicology of Guayusa Concentrate (Ilex guayusa). Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:222-42. [PMID: 26811391 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815625594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tea from the leaves of guayusa (Ilex guayusa) has a long history of consumption by Ecuadorian natives in regions where the plant is indigenous. The tea contains the methylxanthines caffeine and theobromine as well as chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and sugars. Various studies were performed to evaluate the general and genetic toxicology of a standardized liquid concentrate of guayusa (GC). Guayusa concentrate was found to be negative in in vitro genotoxicity tests including the Ames test and a chromosome aberration study in human lymphocytes. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of GC was >5,000 mg/kg for female rats. Guayusa concentrate was administered to male and female rats in a 90-day subchronic study at 1,200, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg/d of GC and a caffeine-positive control at 150 mg/kg/d corresponding to the amount of caffeine in the high-dose GC group. Effects observed in the GC-treated groups were comparable to those in the caffeine control group and included reductions in body weights, food efficiency, triglycerides values, and fat pad weights and increases in blood chemistry values for serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum alanine aminotransferase, and cholesterol and adaptive salivary gland hypertrophy. No signs of incremental toxicity due to any other components of guayusa were observed. The studies indicate no harmful effects of GC in these test systems.
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118
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Doepker C, Lieberman HR, Smith AP, Peck JD, El-Sohemy A, Welsh BT. Caffeine: Friend or Foe? Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:117-37. [PMID: 26735800 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The debate on the safety of and regulatory approaches for caffeine continues among various stakeholders and regulatory authorities. This decision-making process comes with significant challenges, particularly when considering the complexities of the available scientific data, making the formulation of clear science-based regulatory guidance more difficult. To allow for discussions of a number of key issues, the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) convened a panel of subject matter experts for a caffeine-focused session entitled "Caffeine: Friend or Foe?," which was held during the 2015 ILSI Annual Meeting. The panelists' expertise covered topics ranging from the natural occurrence of caffeine in plants and interindividual metabolism of caffeine in humans to specific behavioral, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects related to caffeine consumption. Each presentation highlighted the potential risks, benefits, and challenges that inform whether caffeine exposure warrants concern. This paper aims to summarize the key topics discussed during the session.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts 01760;
| | - Andrew Paul Smith
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AS, United Kingdom;
| | - Jennifer D Peck
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104;
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada;
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Abstract
One debate in contemporary bioethics centers on whether the development of cognitive enhancement technologies (CETs) will hasten the need for moral enhancement. In this article we provide a new argument in favor of pursuing these enhancement technologies together. The widespread availability of CETs will likely increase population-level cognitive diversity. Different people will choose to enhance different aspects of their cognition, and some won't enhance themselves at all. Although this has the potential to be beneficial for society, it could also result in harms as people become more different from one another. Aspects of our moral psychology make it difficult for people to cooperate and coordinate actions with those who are very different from themselves. These moral failings could be targeted by moral enhancement technologies, which may improve cooperation among individuals. Moral enhancement technologies will therefore help society maximize the benefits, and reduce the costs, associated with widespread access to cognitive enhancements.
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A single serving of caffeinated coffee impairs postprandial glucose metabolism in overweight men. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1218-25. [PMID: 26316273 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies regarding the acute effects of coffee on glycaemic control have used a single large dose of coffee, typically containing the caffeine equivalent of 2-4 servings of coffee. This study investigates whether the acute effects of coffee are dose-dependent, starting with a single serving. A total of ten healthy overweight males participated in a two-part randomised double-blind cross-over study. In the first part, they ingested 2, 4 or 8 g instant decaffeinated coffee (DC) dissolved in 400 ml water with caffeine added in proportion to the DC (total 100, 200 or 400 mg caffeine) or control (400 ml water) all with 50 g glucose. In the second part, they ingested the same amounts of DC (2, 4, 8 g) or control, but with a standard 100 mg caffeine added to each. Capillary blood samples were taken every 15 min for 2 h after each drink and glucose and insulin levels were measured. Repeated measures ANOVA on glucose results found an effect when caffeine was varied in line with DC (P=0·008). Post hoc analysis revealed that both 2 and 4 g DC with varied caffeine content increased the glycaemic response v. CONTROL There was no effect of escalating doses of DC when caffeine remained constant at 100 mg. These results demonstrate that one standard serving of coffee (2 g) is sufficient to affect glucose metabolism. Furthermore, the amount of caffeine found in one serving (100 mg) is sufficient to mask any potential beneficial effects of increasing other components. No dose-dependent effect was found.
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Chen Z, Kang Y, Zhang C, Tao J, Xue Y. Metabolic mechanisms of caffeine catalyzed by cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2: a theoretical study. Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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122
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Pataky MW, Womack CJ, Saunders MJ, Goffe JL, D'Lugos AC, El-Sohemy A, Luden ND. Caffeine and 3-km cycling performance: Effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:613-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. W. Pataky
- Department of Kinesiology; James Madison University; Harrisonburg VA USA
| | - C. J. Womack
- Department of Kinesiology; James Madison University; Harrisonburg VA USA
| | - M. J. Saunders
- Department of Kinesiology; James Madison University; Harrisonburg VA USA
| | - J. L. Goffe
- Department of Kinesiology; James Madison University; Harrisonburg VA USA
| | - A. C. D'Lugos
- Department of Kinesiology; James Madison University; Harrisonburg VA USA
| | - A. El-Sohemy
- Department of Kinesiology; James Madison University; Harrisonburg VA USA
| | - N. D. Luden
- Department of Kinesiology; James Madison University; Harrisonburg VA USA
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Renda G, Committeri G, Zimarino M, Di Nicola M, Tatasciore A, Ruggieri B, Ambrosini E, Viola V, Antonucci I, Stuppia L, De Caterina R. Genetic determinants of cognitive responses to caffeine drinking identified from a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:798-807. [PMID: 25819143 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The widely observed between-subject variability in cognitive responses to coffee may have a genetic basis. We evaluated cognitive responses to caffeine throughout three complex cognitive tasks assessing different subdomains of attention, namely Alerting and Orienting (Categorical Search Task) and Executive Control (Stroop Task and Eriksen Flanker Task). We explored whether they are influenced by gene variants affecting adenosine metabolism or catecholamine receptors. We recruited 106 healthy male subjects who were administered, in a double-blind design, 40mL of either a decaffeinated coffee preparation plus 3mg/kg caffeine (caf) or the corresponding vehicle (decaf). The protocol was repeated 24h later with the alternative preparation. Cognitive tasks were performed between 30min and 2h after caf or decaf administration. Each subject underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for 2h. Blood samples were collected for genetic evaluations and for plasma caffeine and catecholamines measures. We found a significant reduction of reaction times in two of the cognitive tasks (Categorical Search Task and Stroop Task) after caf compared with decaf, indicating that caffeine, on average, improved the attention level in the domains under investigation. We also found, however, a great inter-individual variability in the cognitive performance responses to caffeine. In exploring genetic sources for such variability, we found a relation between polymorphisms of adenosine A2A and the caffeine effects on the attentional domains of Orienting and Executive control. In conclusion, variability in the attentional response to coffee may be partly explained by genetic polymorphisms of adenosine and adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Renda
- Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgia Committeri
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Zimarino
- Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alfonso Tatasciore
- Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ruggieri
- Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ettore Ambrosini
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vanda Viola
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Psychological, Humanities and Territorial Sciences, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Psychological, Humanities and Territorial Sciences, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences - Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d׳Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; "G. Monasterio" Foundation, Pisa, Italy.
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Pané-Farré CA, Alius MG, Modeß C, Methling K, Blumenthal T, Hamm AO. Anxiety sensitivity and expectation of arousal differentially affect the respiratory response to caffeine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1931-9. [PMID: 25471197 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE This study aimed to test how expectations and anxiety sensitivity influence respiratory and autonomic responses to caffeine. OBJECTIVES The current study investigated the effects of expected vs. unexpected caffeine ingestion in a group of persons prone to the anxiety-provoking effect of caffeine (high anxiety sensitive persons, that is, persons scoring at least one SD above the mean on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Peterson and Reiss 1992)) as compared to low-anxious controls. METHODS Autonomic arousal (heart rate, skin conductance level), respiratory responding (expired CO2, minute ventilation), and subjective report were assessed in high and low anxiety sensitive participants immediately after beverage consumption and at absorption peak (30 min post-consumption) in four separate sessions during which either coffee (expectation of caffeine) or bitter lemon soda (no expectation of caffeine) was crossed with 4 mg/kg caffeine vs. no drug. RESULTS High and low anxiety sensitive persons showed comparable autonomic arousal and symptom reports to caffeine which was modulated by expectation, i.e., greater for coffee. Respiratory responding (CO2 decrease, minute ventilation increase) was more accentuated when caffeine was both expected and administered in the low anxiety sensitive group but more accentuated when caffeine was unexpectedly administered in the high anxiety sensitive group. Autonomic arousal and respiratory effects were observable within a few minutes after caffeine administration and were most pronounced at maximum absorption. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the modulating role of expectancies in respiratory responding to caffeine in low vs. high anxiety sensitive persons and might have important implications for the better understanding of unexpected panic attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane A Pané-Farré
- Department of Physiological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Franz-Mehring-Str. 47, 17487, Greifswald, Germany,
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125
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Loy BD, O'Connor PJ, Lindheimer JB, Covert SF. Caffeine Is Ergogenic for Adenosine A2A Receptor Gene (ADORA2A) T Allele Homozygotes: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Loy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | | | | | - Sarah F. Covert
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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126
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127
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Cornelis MC, Byrne EM, Esko T, Nalls MA, Ganna A, Paynter N, Monda KL, Amin N, Fischer K, Renstrom F, Ngwa JS, Huikari V, Cavadino A, Nolte IM, Teumer A, Yu K, Marques-Vidal P, Rawal R, Manichaikul A, Wojczynski MK, Vink JM, Zhao JH, Burlutsky G, Lahti J, Mikkilä V, Lemaitre RN, Eriksson J, Musani SK, Tanaka T, Geller F, Luan J, Hui J, Mägi R, Dimitriou M, Garcia ME, Ho WK, Wright MJ, Rose LM, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Couper D, Oostra BA, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Tiemeier HW, Uitterlinden AG, van Rooij FJA, Barroso I, Johansson I, Xue L, Kaakinen M, Milani L, Power C, Snieder H, Stolk RP, Baumeister SE, Biffar R, Gu F, Bastardot F, Kutalik Z, Jacobs DR, Forouhi NG, Mihailov E, Lind L, Lindgren C, Michaëlsson K, Morris A, Jensen M, Khaw KT, Luben RN, Wang JJ, Männistö S, Perälä MM, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Viikari J, Mozaffarian D, Mukamal K, Psaty BM, Döring A, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Dahmen N, Carithers T, Tucker KL, Ferrucci L, Boyd HA, Melbye M, Treur JL, Mellström D, Hottenga JJ, Prokopenko I, Tönjes A, Deloukas P, Kanoni S, Lorentzon M, Houston DK, Liu Y, Danesh J, Rasheed A, Mason MA, Zonderman AB, Franke L, Kristal BS, Karjalainen J, Reed DR, Westra HJ, Evans MK, Saleheen D, Harris TB, Dedoussis G, Curhan G, Stumvoll M, Beilby J, Pasquale LR, Feenstra B, Bandinelli S, Ordovas JM, Chan AT, Peters U, Ohlsson C, Gieger C, Martin NG, Waldenberger M, Siscovick DS, Raitakari O, Eriksson JG, Mitchell P, Hunter DJ, Kraft P, Rimm EB, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Loos RJF, Wareham NJ, Vollenweider P, Caporaso N, Grabe HJ, Neuhouser ML, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Hu FB, Hyppönen E, Järvelin MR, Cupples LA, Franks PW, Ridker PM, van Duijn CM, Heiss G, Metspalu A, North KE, Ingelsson E, Nettleton JA, van Dam RM, Chasman DI. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies six novel loci associated with habitual coffee consumption. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:647-656. [PMID: 25288136 PMCID: PMC4388784 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Coffee, a major dietary source of caffeine, is among the most widely consumed beverages in the world and has received considerable attention regarding health risks and benefits. We conducted a genome-wide (GW) meta-analysis of predominately regular-type coffee consumption (cups per day) among up to 91,462 coffee consumers of European ancestry with top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) followed-up in ~30 062 and 7964 coffee consumers of European and African-American ancestry, respectively. Studies from both stages were combined in a trans-ethnic meta-analysis. Confirmed loci were examined for putative functional and biological relevance. Eight loci, including six novel loci, met GW significance (log10Bayes factor (BF)>5.64) with per-allele effect sizes of 0.03-0.14 cups per day. Six are located in or near genes potentially involved in pharmacokinetics (ABCG2, AHR, POR and CYP1A2) and pharmacodynamics (BDNF and SLC6A4) of caffeine. Two map to GCKR and MLXIPL genes related to metabolic traits but lacking known roles in coffee consumption. Enhancer and promoter histone marks populate the regions of many confirmed loci and several potential regulatory SNPs are highly correlated with the lead SNP of each. SNP alleles near GCKR, MLXIPL, BDNF and CYP1A2 that were associated with higher coffee consumption have previously been associated with smoking initiation, higher adiposity and fasting insulin and glucose but lower blood pressure and favorable lipid, inflammatory and liver enzyme profiles (P<5 × 10(-8)).Our genetic findings among European and African-American adults reinforce the role of caffeine in mediating habitual coffee consumption and may point to molecular mechanisms underlying inter-individual variability in pharmacological and health effects of coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Enda M Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
,Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - Nina Paynter
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keri L Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frida Renstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julius S Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George Burlutsky
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Solomon K Musani
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jian’an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennie Hui
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Busselton, Australia
,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia
,School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
,School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weang-Kee Ho
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrik KE Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - David Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning W Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank JA van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
,University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, Center of Oral Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fangyi Gu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - François Bastardot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Majken Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia-Maria Perälä
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth Mukamal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Norbert Dahmen
- Department for Psychiatry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teresa Carithers
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Clinical Laboratory & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
,Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Germany
,IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denise K Houston
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Marc A Mason
- Health Disparities Research Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce S Kristal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele K Evans
- Health Disparities Research Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
,Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Pakistan
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Gary Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Germany
,IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Busselton, Australia
,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia
,School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jose M Ordovas
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
,Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
,The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Germany
| | | | - Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank B Hu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
,School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
,Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
,Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer A Nettleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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128
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Shearer J. Methodological and metabolic considerations in the study of caffeine-containing energy drinks. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:137-45. [PMID: 25293552 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine-containing energy drinks are popular and widely available beverages. Despite large increases in consumption, studies documenting the nutritional, metabolic, and health implications of these beverages are limited. This review provides some important methodological considerations in the examination of these drinks and highlights their potential impact on the gastrointestinal system, liver, and metabolic health. The gastrointestinal system is important as it comes into contact with the highest concentration of energy drink ingredients and initiates a chain of events to communicate with peripheral tissues. Although energy drinks have diverse compositions, including taurine, ginseng, and carnitine, the most metabolically deleterious ingredients appear to be simple sugars (such as glucose and fructose) and caffeine. In combination, these last two ingredients have the greatest metabolic impact and potential influence on overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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129
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of nutritional ergogenic aids in team sports such as soccer is now commonplace. Aligned with the primary aim of soccer, which is to score more goals than the opposition within the allotted time, the quality of performance of technical actions (i.e., skills) executed during soccer-specific exercise is likely to determine success. However, when seeking to maintain soccer skill performance, information about the efficacy of nutritional interventions is lacking and factors which might modulate the efficacy of such strategies are unclear. OBJECTIVE This review aimed (i) to systematically evaluate the current research that examines the efficacy of nutritional interventions on soccer skills, and (ii) to provide a qualitative commentary on factors that have the potential to modulate the efficacy of such strategies. DATA SOURCES Relevant databases (PubMed and SPORTDiscus) were searched up to and including 1 July, 2013 for studies that investigated the efficacy of acute nutritional interventions on soccer skill performances. STUDY SELECTION Overall, 279 records were retrieved. Articles were sequentially excluded from the review based on specific criteria, being: (A) articles that did not report outcomes directly relating to skilled performances in soccer, (B) articles that examined the influence of interventions that were not nutritional in origin and/or were nutritional in origin but provided >3 hours before skill testing commenced, (C) articles that were review papers, and (D) post-acceptance withdrawal of articles methods from database. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Articles were independently assessed for the quality of the methods employed based upon the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Records achieving a minimum PEDro score of 5 out of 10 were included in this review. Qualitative appraisal of 13 articles was performed after the application of exclusion criteria and quality assurance processes. The majority (n = 8) of articles examined the influence of carbohydrates on technical performance whereas fewer studies investigated the influence of caffeine ingestion (n = 2) and fluid provision (n = 3). RESULTS Findings were reported for a total of 171 participants and all but one of the included articles used cross-over study designs. Most participants (94 %) were male, highly trained (reported maximal aerobic capacity range 50-59 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and exercised in temperate environments (reported temperature range 13-25 °C). Six of the eight studies reported that carbohydrates, consumed in the form of a 6-8 % solution of glucose, sucrose or maltodextrin at rates of 30-60 g·h(-1), enhanced at least one aspect of skilled performance over the duration of exercise (75-90 min). Although some evidence exists to support the consumption of caffeine (6 mg·kg(-1) body mass [BM]) and prescribed fluid to preserve skills performed during soccer-specific exercise, findings from the small number of included studies were inconsistent. LIMITATIONS The outcome measures and methods used to quantify skilled performance were not consistent across studies; consequently, it was not possible to perform meta-analyses to produce pooled effect sizes in this review. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this systematic review suggest that nutritional interventions, which provide carbohydrate, caffeine and fluid, have potential to preserve skills performed under conditions that induce soccer-specific fatigue. The weight of current evidence supports the consumption of carbohydrate, but is less conclusive with respect to caffeine and fluid provision. It is likely that the efficacy of a nutritional intervention will be modulated by factors including the dose consumed, the mode of administration, individual responsiveness to the intervention and interactions with other physiological changes occurring during soccer-specific exercise. Consequently, these factors should be considered when using carbohydrates, caffeine and fluid provision to maintain skilled performances in soccer. Future research should seek to optimise the nutritional strategies employed to maintain technical performance throughout match-play.
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130
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Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, Caffeine-containing Dietary Supplements: History, Safety, and Efficacy. Clin Ther 2015; 37:275-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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131
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Twin studies advance the understanding of gene–environment interplay in human nutrigenomics. Nutr Res Rev 2014; 27:242-51. [DOI: 10.1017/s095442241400016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into the genetic architecture of diet–disease relationships are particularly relevant today with the global epidemic of obesity and chronic disease. Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic makeup plays a significant role in a multitude of dietary phenotypes such as energy and macronutrient intakes, dietary patterns, and specific food group intakes. Besides estimating heritability of dietary assessment, twins provide a naturally unique, case–control experiment. Due to their shared upbringing, matched genes and sex (in the case of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs), and age, twins provide many advantages over classic epidemiological approaches. Future genetic epidemiological studies could benefit from the twin approach particularly where defining what is ‘normal’ is problematic due to the high inter-individual variability underlying metabolism. Here, we discuss the use of twins to generate heritability estimates of food intake phenotypes. We then highlight the value of discordant MZ pairs to further nutrition research through discovery and validation of biomarkers of intake and health status in collaboration with cutting-edge omics technologies.
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132
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Baker LB, Nuccio RP, Jeukendrup AE. Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:790-802. [PMID: 25400063 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance in many sports is at least partially dependent on motor control, coordination, decision-making, and other cognitive tasks. This review summarizes available evidence about the ingestion of selected nutrients or isolated compounds (dietary constituents) and potential acute effects on motor skill and/or cognitive performance in athletes. Dietary constituents discussed include branched-chain amino acids, caffeine, carbohydrate, cocoa flavanols, Gingko biloba, ginseng, guarana, Rhodiola rosea, sage, L-theanine, theobromine, and tyrosine. Although this is not an exhaustive list, these are perhaps the most researched dietary constituents. Caffeine and carbohydrate have the greatest number of published reports supporting their ability to enhance acute motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. At this time, there is insufficient published evidence to substantiate the use of any other dietary constituents to benefit sports-related motor skill or cognitive performance. The optimal dose and timing of caffeine and carbohydrate intake promoting enhanced motor skill and cognitive performance remain to be identified. Valid, reliable, and sensitive batteries of motor skills and cognitive tests should be developed for use in future efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, Illinois, USA
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133
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Montgomery SL, Vorojeikina D, Huang W, Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH, Rand MD. Genome-wide association analysis of tolerance to methylmercury toxicity in Drosophila implicates myogenic and neuromuscular developmental pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110375. [PMID: 25360876 PMCID: PMC4215868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a persistent environmental toxin present in seafood that can compromise the developing nervous system in humans. The effects of MeHg toxicity varies among individuals, despite similar levels of exposure, indicating that genetic differences contribute to MeHg susceptibility. To examine how genetic variation impacts MeHg tolerance, we assessed developmental tolerance to MeHg using the sequenced, inbred lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP). We found significant genetic variation in the effects of MeHg on development, measured by eclosion rate, giving a broad sense heritability of 0.86. To investigate the influence of dietary factors, we measured MeHg toxicity with caffeine supplementation in the DGRP lines. We found that caffeine counteracts the deleterious effects of MeHg in the majority of lines, and there is significant genetic variance in the magnitude of this effect, with a broad sense heritability of 0.80. We performed genome-wide association (GWA) analysis for both traits, and identified candidate genes that fall into several gene ontology categories, with enrichment for genes involved in muscle and neuromuscular development. Overexpression of glutamate-cysteine ligase, a MeHg protective enzyme, in a muscle-specific manner leads to a robust rescue of eclosion of flies reared on MeHg food. Conversely, mutations in kirre, a pivotal myogenic gene identified in our GWA analyses, modulate tolerance to MeHg during development in accordance with kirre expression levels. Finally, we observe disruptions of indirect flight muscle morphogenesis in MeHg-exposed pupae. Since the pathways for muscle development are evolutionarily conserved, it is likely that the effects of MeHg observed in Drosophila can be generalized across phyla, implicating muscle as an additional hitherto unrecognized target for MeHg toxicity. Furthermore, our observations that caffeine can ameliorate the toxic effects of MeHg show that nutritional factors and dietary manipulations may offer protection against the deleterious effects of MeHg exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Montgomery
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Daria Vorojeikina
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Genetics Program, and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Genetics Program, and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert R. H. Anholt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Genetics Program, and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Rand
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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134
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Rosenfeld LS, Mihalov JJ, Carlson SJ, Mattia A. Regulatory status of caffeine in the United States. Nutr Rev 2014; 72 Suppl 1:23-33. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leah S Rosenfeld
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Office of Food Additive Safety; Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review; US Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Jeremy J Mihalov
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Office of Food Additive Safety; Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review; US Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Susan J Carlson
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Office of Food Additive Safety; Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review; US Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Antonia Mattia
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Office of Food Additive Safety; Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review; US Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA
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135
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Spaeth AM, Goel N, Dinges DF. Cumulative neurobehavioral and physiological effects of chronic caffeine intake: individual differences and implications for the use of caffeinated energy products. Nutr Rev 2014; 72 Suppl 1:34-47. [PMID: 25293542 PMCID: PMC4404626 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of caffeine-containing energy products has increased worldwide in recent years. All of the top-selling energy drinks contain caffeine, which is likely to be the primary psychoactive ingredient in these products. Research shows that caffeine-containing energy products can improve cognitive and physical performance. Presumably, individuals consume caffeine-containing energy products to counteract feelings of low energy in situations causing tiredness, fatigue, and/or reduced alertness. This review discusses the scientific evidence for sleep loss, circadian phase, sleep inertia, and the time-on-task effect as causes of low energy and summarizes research assessing the efficacy of caffeine to counteract decreased alertness and increased fatigue in such situations. The results of a placebo-controlled experiment in healthy adults who had 3 nights of total sleep deprivation (with or without 2-hour naps every 12 hours) are presented to illustrate the physiological and neurobehavioral effects of sustained low-dose caffeine. Individual differences, including genetic factors, in the response to caffeine and to sleep loss are discussed. The review concludes with future directions for research on this important and evolving topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Spaeth
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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136
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The use of energy drinks in sport: perceived ergogenicity and side effects in male and female athletes. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1494-502. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The use of caffeine containing energy drinks has dramatically increased in the last few years, especially in the sport context because of its reported ergogenic effect. The ingestion of low to moderate doses of caffeinated energy drinks has been associated with adverse side effects such as insomnia or increased nervousness. The aim of the present study was to assess psycho-physiological changes and the prevalence of side effects resulting from the ingestion of 3 mg caffeine/kg body mass in the form of an energy drink. In a double-blind and placebo controlled experimental design, ninety experienced and low-caffeine-consuming athletes (fifty-three male and thirty-seven female) in two different sessions were provided with an energy drink that contained 3 mg/kg of caffeine or the same decaffeinated energy drink (placebo; 0 mg/kg). At 60 min after the ingestion of the energy drink, participants completed a training session. The effects of ingestion of these beverages on psycho-physiological variables during exercise and the rate of adverse side effects were measured using questionnaires. The caffeinated energy drink increased self-perceived muscle power during exercise compared with the placebo beverage (6·41 (sd1·7)v.5·66 (sd1·51);P= 0·001). Moreover, the energy drink produced a higher prevalence of side effects such as insomnia (31·2v.10·4 %;P< 0·001), nervousness (13·2v.0 %;P= 0·002) and activeness (16·9v.3·9 %;P= 0·007) than the placebo energy drink. There were no sex differences in the incidence of side effects (P>0·05). The ingestion of an energy drink with 3 mg/kg of caffeine increased the prevalence of side effects. The presence of these side effects was similar between male and female participants.
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137
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138
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Thomson BM, Campbell DM, Cressey P, Egan U, Horn B. Energy drink consumption and impact on caffeine risk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1476-88. [PMID: 25010189 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.940608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of caffeine from energy drinks occurs against a background exposure from naturally occurring caffeine (coffee, tea, cocoa and foods containing these ingredients) and caffeinated beverages (kola-type soft drinks). Background caffeine exposure, excluding energy drinks, was assessed for six New Zealand population groups aged 15 years and over (n = 4503) by combining concentration data for 53 caffeine-containing foods with consumption information from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey (ANS). Caffeine exposure for those who consumed energy drinks (n = 138) was similarly assessed, with inclusion of energy drinks. Forty-seven energy drink products were identified on the New Zealand market in 2010. Product volumes ranged from 30 to 600 ml per unit, resulting in exposures of 10-300 mg caffeine per retail unit consumed. A small percentage, 3.1%, of New Zealanders reported consuming energy drinks, with most energy drink consumers (110/138) drinking one serving per 24 h. The maximum number of energy drinks consumed per 24 h was 14 (total caffeine of 390 mg). A high degree of brand loyalty was evident. Since only a minor proportion of New Zealanders reported consuming energy drinks, a greater number of New Zealanders exceeded a potentially adverse effect level (AEL) of 3 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1) for caffeine from caffeine-containing foods than from energy drinks. Energy drink consumption is not a risk at a population level because of the low prevalence of consumption. At an individual level, however, teenagers, adults (20-64 years) and females (16-44 years) were more likely to exceed the AEL by consuming energy drinks in combination with caffeine-containing foods.
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139
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Rothwell JA, Fillâtre Y, Martin JF, Lyan B, Pujos-Guillot E, Fezeu L, Hercberg S, Comte B, Galan P, Touvier M, Manach C. New biomarkers of coffee consumption identified by the non-targeted metabolomic profiling of cohort study subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93474. [PMID: 24713823 PMCID: PMC3979684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee contains various bioactives implicated with human health and disease risk. To accurately assess the effects of overall consumption upon health and disease, individual intake must be measured in large epidemiological studies. Metabolomics has emerged as a powerful approach to discover biomarkers of intake for a large range of foods. Here we report the profiling of the urinary metabolome of cohort study subjects to search for new biomarkers of coffee intake. Using repeated 24-hour dietary records and a food frequency questionnaire, 20 high coffee consumers (183–540 mL/d) and 19 low consumers were selected from the French SU.VI.MAX2 cohort. Morning spot urine samples from each subject were profiled by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Partial least-square discriminant analysis of multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data clearly distinguished high consumers from low via 132 significant (p-value<0.05) discriminating features. Ion clusters whose intensities were most elevated in the high consumers were annotated using online and in-house databases and their identities checked using commercial standards and MS-MS fragmentation. The best discriminants, and thus potential markers of coffee consumption, were the glucuronide of the diterpenoid atractyligenin, the diketopiperazine cyclo(isoleucyl-prolyl), and the alkaloid trigonelline. Some caffeine metabolites, such as 1-methylxanthine, were also among the discriminants, however caffeine may be consumed from other sources and its metabolism is subject to inter-individual variation. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis showed that the biomarkers identified could be used effectively in combination for increased sensitivity and specificity. Once validated in other cohorts or intervention studies, these specific single or combined biomarkers will become a valuable alternative to assessment of coffee intake by dietary survey and finally lead to a better understanding of the health implications of coffee consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Rothwell
- INRA, UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont University, Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yoann Fillâtre
- INRA, UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont University, Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-François Martin
- INRA, UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bernard Lyan
- INRA, UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Estelle Pujos-Guillot
- INRA, UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Leopold Fezeu
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Epidemiology and biostatistics Research Center, INSERM U1153, INRA U1125, CNAM, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Epidemiology and biostatistics Research Center, INSERM U1153, INRA U1125, CNAM, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France
| | - Blandine Comte
- INRA, UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont University, Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pilar Galan
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Epidemiology and biostatistics Research Center, INSERM U1153, INRA U1125, CNAM, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Epidemiology and biostatistics Research Center, INSERM U1153, INRA U1125, CNAM, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France
| | - Claudine Manach
- INRA, UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont University, Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
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140
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Ruxton CHS. The suitability of caffeinated drinks for children: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials, observational studies and expert panel guidelines. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013; 27:342-57. [PMID: 25099503 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased availability of caffeinated drinks raises questions about the level of caffeine that is appropriate for children, as well as the benefits and risks associated with their consumption. METHODS Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, this systematic review evaluates evidence from randomised controlled trials investigating the effects of caffeine on cognition, behaviour, mood and exercise performance in children. Observational studies and expert panel guidelines are also discussed. RESULTS One hundred and nine studies were found, with 11 randomised controlled trials and 13 observational studies meeting the criteria. High caffeine intakes (e.g. >5 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1)) were associated with an increased risk of anxiety and withdrawal symptoms. However, smaller amounts were not linked with such effects and may benefit cognitive function and sports performance based on adult studies. The evidence suggests that children and adolescents should limit daily caffeine consumption to 2.5 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), equating to one or two cups of tea or one small cup of coffee. Lower contributors of caffeine, such as tea, may be more appropriate for children because they contribute to daily fluid intakes and provide flavonoids. By contrast, caffeinated soft drinks may be less suitable options for children as a result of their acidity, higher caffeine content, presence of added sugar (in some cases) and absence of bioactive compounds. CONCLUSIONS More studies are needed to determine the intakes that represent a risk and whether there may be benefits for alertness and sports performance with moderate intakes of caffeine.
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141
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Franco R, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Martínez-Pinilla E. Health benefits of methylxanthines in cacao and chocolate. Nutrients 2013; 5:4159-73. [PMID: 24145871 PMCID: PMC3820066 DOI: 10.3390/nu5104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One may wonder why methylxanthines are so abundant in beverages used by humans for centuries, or in cola-drinks that have been heavily consumed since their appearance. It is likely that humans have stuck to any brew containing compounds with psychoactive properties, resulting in a better daily life, i.e., more efficient thinking, exploring, hunting, etc., however, without the serious side effects of drugs of abuse. The physiological effects of methylxanthines have been known for a long time and they are mainly mediated by the so-called adenosine receptors. Caffeine and theobromine are the most abundant methylxanthines in cacao and their physiological effects are notable. Their health-promoting benefits are so remarkable that chocolate is explored as a functional food. The consequences of adenosine receptor blockade by natural compounds present in cacao/chocolate are here reviewed. Palatability and health benefits of methylxanthines, in general, and theobromine, in particular, have further contributed to sustain one of the most innocuous and pleasant habits: chocolate consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, Navarra University, Pamplona 31008, Spain; E-Mails: (A.O.); (E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Oñatibia-Astibia
- Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, Navarra University, Pamplona 31008, Spain; E-Mails: (A.O.); (E.M.)
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, Navarra University, Pamplona 31008, Spain; E-Mails: (A.O.); (E.M.)
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142
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Meredith SE, Juliano LM, Hughes JR, Griffiths RR. Caffeine Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review and Research Agenda. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2013; 3:114-130. [PMID: 24761279 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2013.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most commonly used drug in the world. Although consumption of low to moderate doses of caffeine is generally safe, an increasing number of clinical studies are showing that some caffeine users become dependent on the drug and are unable to reduce consumption despite knowledge of recurrent health problems associated with continued use. Thus, the World Health Organization and some health care professionals recognize caffeine dependence as a clinical disorder. In this comprehensive literature review, we summarize published research on the biological evidence for caffeine dependence; we provide a systematic review of the prevalence of caffeine dependence and rates of endorsement of clinically meaningful indicators of distress and functional impairment among habitual caffeine users; we discuss the diagnostic criteria for Caffeine Use Disorder-a condition for further study included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.); and we outline a research agenda to help guide future clinical, epidemiological, and genetic investigations of caffeine dependence. Numerous controlled laboratory investigations reviewed in this article show that caffeine produces behavioral and physiological effects similar to other drugs of dependence. Moreover, several recent clinical studies indicate that caffeine dependence is a clinically meaningful disorder that affects a nontrivial proportion of caffeine users. Nevertheless, more research is needed to determine the reliability, validity, and prevalence of this clinically important health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Meredith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura M Juliano
- Department of Psychology, American University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John R Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont. ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | - Roland R Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland. ; Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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143
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Weng L, Zhang L, Peng Y, Huang RS. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: a bridge to individualized cancer therapy. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:315-24. [PMID: 23394393 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics (PGx) have gradually unveiled the genetic basis of interindividual differences in drug responses. A large portion of these advances have been made in the field of anticancer therapy. Currently, the US FDA has updated the package inserts of approximately 30 anticancer agents to include PGx information. Given the complexity of this genetic information (e.g., tumor mutation and gene overexpression, chromosomal translocation and germline variations), as well as the variable level of scientific evidence, the FDA recommendation and potential action needed varies among drugs. In this review, we have highlighted some of these PGx discoveries for their scientific values and utility in improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects. Furthermore, examples are also provided for the role of PGx in new anticancer drug development by revealing novel druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Weng
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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144
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Folwarczna J, Pytlik M, Zych M, Cegieła U, Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I, Nowińska B, Śliwiński L. Favorable effect of moderate dose caffeine on the skeletal system in ovariectomized rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1772-84. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Folwarczna
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Maria Pytlik
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Maria Zych
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Urszula Cegieła
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | | | - Barbara Nowińska
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Leszek Śliwiński
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
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145
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Kurtz AM, Leong J, Anand M, Dargush AE, Shah SA. Effects of caffeinated versus decaffeinated energy shots on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 2013; 33:779-86. [PMID: 23722481 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a caffeinated 5-hour Energy shot compared with a decaffeinated 5-hour Energy shot as assessed by changes in blood pressure and heart rate in healthy, nonhypertensive volunteers. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover study. SETTING University campus. SUBJECTS Twenty healthy volunteers. INTERVENTION Subjects were randomized to receive either the caffeinated 5-hour Energy shot or the decaffeinated 5-hour Energy shot; after a washout period of at least 6 days, subjects were given the alternate energy shot. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were recorded for each subject at baseline and at 1, 3, and 5 hours after consumption of the energy shot. Heart rate, adverse effects, and energy levels were also assessed. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) baseline SBP for all study subjects was 114.06 ± 11.30 mm Hg and DBP was 69.53 ± 7.63 mm Hg. Mean changes in SBP between the caffeinated arm and the decaffeinated arm at the 1- and 3-hour time points were significantly increased compared with baseline (mean ± SD 6.08 ± 7.71 mm Hg at 1 hour [p=0.001] vs 3.33 ± 6.99 mm Hg at 3 hours [p=0.042]). Similarly, mean DBP changes between the caffeinated arm and the decaffeinated arm were significantly increased at the 1- and 3-hour time points compared with baseline (mean ± SD 5.18 ± 8.38 mm Hg at 1 hour [p=0.007] and 5.43 ± 7.21 mm Hg at 3 hours [p=0.005]). Heart rate, adverse effects, and energy levels were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION Caffeinated energy shots significantly increased SBP and DBP over a 3-hour period compared with decaffeinated energy shots in healthy, nonhypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Kurtz
- Doctor of Pharmacy Program, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
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146
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Chen JF, Eltzschig HK, Fredholm BB. Adenosine receptors as drug targets--what are the challenges? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:265-86. [PMID: 23535933 PMCID: PMC3930074 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as caffeine have profound biological effects as antagonists at adenosine receptors. Moreover, drugs such as dipyridamole and methotrexate act by enhancing the activation of adenosine receptors. There is strong evidence that adenosine has a functional role in many diseases, and several pharmacological compounds specifically targeting individual adenosine receptors--either directly or indirectly--have now entered the clinic. However, only one adenosine receptor-specific agent--the adenosine A2A receptor agonist regadenoson (Lexiscan; Astellas Pharma)--has so far gained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Here, we focus on the biology of adenosine signalling to identify hurdles in the development of additional pharmacological compounds targeting adenosine receptors and discuss strategies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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147
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Kaats GR, Miller H, Preuss HG, Stohs SJ. A 60day double-blind, placebo-controlled safety study involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:358-62. [PMID: 23354394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are widely consumed in dietary supplements for weight management and sports performance. p-Synephrine is also present in foods derived from a variety of Citrus species. Bitter orange extract is commonly used in combination with multiple herbal ingredients. Most clinical studies conducted on bitter orange extract alone have involved single doses. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of bitter orange extract (approximately 49mg p-synephrine) alone or in combination with naringin and hesperidin twice daily given to 25 healthy subjects per group for 60days in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled protocol. No significant changes occurred in systolic or diastolic blood pressures, blood chemistries or blood cell counts in control or p-synephrine treated groups. Small, clinically insignificant differences in heart rates were observed between the p-synephrine plus naringin and hesperidin group and the p-synephrine alone as well as the placebo group. No adverse effects were reported in the three groups. Bitter orange extract and p-synephrine appear to be without adverse effects at a dose of up to 98mg daily for 60days based on the parameters measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert R Kaats
- Integrative Health Technologies, Inc., 5170 Broadway, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
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148
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Abstract
Research has shown that extraverts performing a working memory task benefit more from caffeine than do introverts. The present study aimed to replicate this and extend our knowledge by using a lower dose of caffeine (65 mg) and a range of tasks related to different components of working memory. In addition, tasks assessing psychomotor speed and the encoding of new information were included to determine whether caffeine-extraversion interactions were restricted to working memory tasks. A double-blind design was used, with 128 participants being randomly assigned to caffeinated or de-caffeinated coffee conditions. The results showed that caffeine interacted with extraversion in the predicted direction for serial recall and running memory tasks. Caffeine improved simple reaction time and the speed of encoding of new information, effects which were not modified by extraversion. These results suggest possible biological mechanisms underlying effects of caffeine on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Smith
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
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149
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Vanattou-Saïfoudine N, McNamara R, Harkin A. Caffeine provokes adverse interactions with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and related psychostimulants: mechanisms and mediators. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 167:946-59. [PMID: 22671762 PMCID: PMC3492978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant consumption of caffeine with recreational psychostimulant drugs of abuse can provoke severe acute adverse reactions in addition to longer term consequences. The mechanisms by which caffeine increases the toxicity of psychostimulants include changes in body temperature regulation, cardiotoxicity and lowering of the seizure threshold. Caffeine also influences the stimulatory, discriminative and reinforcing effects of psychostimulant drugs. In this review, we consider our current understanding of such caffeine-related drug interactions, placing a particular emphasis on an adverse interaction between caffeine and the substituted amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy'), which has been most recently described and characterized. Co-administration of caffeine profoundly enhances the acute toxicity of MDMA in rats, as manifested by high core body temperature, tachycardia and increased mortality. In addition, co-administration of caffeine enhances the long-term serotonergic neurotoxicity induced by MDMA. Observations to date support an interactive model of drug-induced toxicity comprising MDMA-related enhancement of dopamine release coupled to a caffeine-mediated antagonism of adenosine receptors in addition to inhibition of PDE. These experiments are reviewed together with reports of caffeine-related drug interactions with cocaine, d-amphetamine and ephedrine where similar mechanisms are implicated. Understanding the underlying mechanisms will guide appropriate intervention strategies for the management of severe reactions and potential for increased drug-related toxicity, resulting from concomitant caffeine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vanattou-Saïfoudine
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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150
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Common psychiatric disorders and caffeine use, tolerance, and withdrawal: an examination of shared genetic and environmental effects. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 15:473-82. [PMID: 22854069 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies examined caffeine use and caffeine dependence and risk for the symptoms, or diagnosis, of psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to determine if generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, phobias, major depressive disorder (MDD), anorexia nervosa (AN), or bulimia nervosa (BN) shared common genetic or environmental factors with caffeine use, caffeine tolerance, or caffeine withdrawal. METHOD Using 2,270 women from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders, bivariate Cholesky decomposition models were used to determine if any of the psychiatric disorders shared genetic or environmental factors with caffeine use phenotypes. RESULTS GAD, phobias, and MDD shared genetic factors with caffeine use, with genetic correlations estimated to be 0.48, 0.25, and 0.38, respectively. Removal of the shared genetic and environmental parameter for phobias and caffeine use resulted in a significantly worse fitting model. MDD shared unique environmental factors (environmental correlation=0.23) with caffeine tolerance; the genetic correlation between AN and caffeine tolerance and BN and caffeine tolerance were 0.64 and 0.49, respectively. Removal of the genetic and environmental correlation parameters resulted in significantly worse fitting models for GAD, phobias, MDD, AN, and BN, which suggested that there was significant shared liability between each of these phenotypes and caffeine tolerance. GAD had modest genetic correlations with caffeine tolerance, 0.24, and caffeine withdrawal, 0.35. CONCLUSIONS There was suggestive evidence of shared genetic and environmental liability between psychiatric disorders and caffeine phenotypes. This might inform us about the etiology of the comorbidity between these phenotypes.
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