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Di Sotto A, Di Giacomo S, Amatore D, Locatelli M, Vitalone A, Toniolo C, Rotino GL, Lo Scalzo R, Palamara AT, Marcocci ME, Nencioni L. A Polyphenol Rich Extract from Solanum melongena L. DR2 Peel Exhibits Antioxidant Properties and Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Activity In Vitro. Molecules 2018; 23:E2066. [PMID: 30126139 PMCID: PMC6222547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DR2B and DR2C extracts, obtained by ethanolic maceration of peel from commercially and physiologically ripe aubergine berries, were studied for the antioxidative cytoprotective properties and anti-HSV-1 activity, in line with the evidence that several antioxidants can impair viral replication by maintaining reducing conditions in host cells. The antioxidative cytoprotective effects against tBOOH-induced damage were assessed in Caco2 cells, while antiviral activity was studied in Vero cells; polyphenolic fingerprints were characterized by integrated phytochemical methods. Results highlighted different compositions of the extracts, with chlorogenic acid and delphinidin-3-rutinoside as the major constituents; other peculiar phytochemicals were also identified. Both samples reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exhibited scavenging and chelating properties. DR2C partly counteracted the tBOOH-induced cytotoxicity, with a remarkable lowering of lactate metabolism under both normoxia and hypoxia; interestingly, it increased intracellular GSH levels. Furthermore, DR2C inhibited the HSV-1 replication when added for 24 h after viral adsorption, as also confirmed by the reduction of many viral proteins' expression. Since DR2C was able to reduce NOX4 expression during HSV-1 infection, its antiviral activity may be correlated to its antioxidant properties. Although further studies are needed to better characterize DR2C activity, the results suggest this extract as a promising new anti-HSV-1 agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Amatore
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Via Paullese 28, Lodi, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing (CREA-IT), Via Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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102
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Zhang J, Huang P, Wu C, Liang H, Li Y, Zhu L, Lu Y, Tang C, Xu R. Preliminary Observation about Alteration of Proteins and Their Potential Functions in Spinal Cord of SOD1 G93A Transgenic Mice. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1306-1320. [PMID: 30123078 PMCID: PMC6097476 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein abnormality participates in the development of ALS that meets with the widespread approval from major researchers. However, these currently found abnormal proteins aren't far enough to explain all pathogenesis of ALS. Therefore, the search of novel abnormal proteins participated in the pathogenesis of ALS is very necessary. In this study, we screened, compared and analyzed the differentially expressed proteins in the spinal cord of the SOD1 G93A transgenic and wild-type (WT) mice applying the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and the bioinformatics methods. The results revealed the details of significantly differentially expressed proteins between the SOD1 G93A transgenic and WT mice, and the damaged and/or regulated cellular components, molecular functions and biological processes and the significant enrichment pathways of these proteins. Our study comprehensively described the details of the possible abnormal proteins participated in the pathogenesis of SOD1 G93A transgenic mice, extensively explored their possible molecular mechanisms how to play the role in the development in this animal model, and provided some evidences and clues for further and deeply studying the relationship between the abnormal proteins and the pathogenesis of ALS in the other animal models and ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Nutrition, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chengsi Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiting Liang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Health Statistics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunyan Tang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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103
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Pierce ES. How did Lou Gehrig get Lou Gehrig's disease? Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in manure, soil, dirt, dust and grass and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease) clusters in football, rugby and soccer players. Med Hypotheses 2018; 119:1-5. [PMID: 30122477 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are several suspected infectious causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or motor neurone disease including HIV-1 and species of Brucella, Cyanobacteria and Schistosoma. The increased rates and clusters of ALS in amateur and professional outdoor sports players including rugby, football and soccer players suggest a microorganism present in the grass, dirt and dust they play on and in may be a causative factor. The probable zoonosis Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is heavily excreted in an infected domestic ruminant's feces or manure and is extensively distributed throughout the soil in countries where MAP infection of domestic livestock is longstanding. Like other zoonotic pathogens, MAP can be transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized pathogen-contaminated soil, by direct contact of pathogen-contaminated grass, dirt and dust with mucus membranes lining the nose or mouth or through abrasions and cuts in the skin. Outdoor sports players may develop ALS after multiple oral, nasal or subcutaneous doses of MAP present in the dirt, dust and grass of their playing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S Pierce
- 13212 East Blossey Avenue, Spokane Valley, Washington 99216-2807, USA.
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104
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Yashin AI, Fang F, Kovtun M, Wu D, Duan M, Arbeev K, Akushevich I, Kulminski A, Culminskaya I, Zhbannikov I, Yashkin A, Stallard E, Ukraintseva S. Hidden heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease: Insights from genetic association studies and other analyses. Exp Gerontol 2018; 107:148-160. [PMID: 29107063 PMCID: PMC5920782 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite evident success in clarifying many important features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) the efficient methods of its prevention and treatment are not yet available. The reasons are likely to be the fact that AD is a multifactorial and heterogeneous health disorder with multiple alternative pathways of disease development and progression. The availability of genetic data on individuals participated in longitudinal studies of aging health and longevity, as well as on participants of cross-sectional case-control studies allow for investigating genetic and non-genetic connections with AD and to link the results of these analyses with research findings obtained in clinical, experimental, and molecular biological studies of this health disorder. The objective of this paper is to perform GWAS of AD in several study populations and investigate possible roles of detected genetic factors in developing AD hallmarks and in other health disorders. The data collected in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Family Study (LOADFS) were used in these analyses. The logistic regression and Cox's regression were used as statistical models in GWAS. The results of analyses confirmed strong associations of genetic variants from well-known genes APOE, TOMM40, PVRL2 (NECTIN2), and APOC1 with AD. Possible roles of these genes in pathological mechanisms resulting in development of hallmarks of AD are described. Many genes whose connection with AD was detected in other studies showed nominally significant associations with this health disorder in our study. The evidence on genetic connections between AD and vulnerability to infection, as well as between AD and other health disorders, such as cancer and type 2 diabetes, were investigated. The progress in uncovering hidden heterogeneity in AD would be substantially facilitated if common mechanisms involved in development of AD, its hallmarks, and AD related chronic conditions were investigated in their mutual connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy I Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Fang Fang
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Mikhail Kovtun
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Deqing Wu
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Matt Duan
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Konstantin Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Igor Akushevich
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Alexander Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Irina Culminskaya
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Ilya Zhbannikov
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Arseniy Yashkin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Eric Stallard
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Svetlana Ukraintseva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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105
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The Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptide Temporin B Inhibits In Vitro Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02367-17. [PMID: 29483113 PMCID: PMC5923125 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02367-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is widespread in the population, and in most cases its infection is asymptomatic. The currently available anti-HSV-1 drugs are acyclovir and its derivatives, although long-term therapy with these agents can lead to drug resistance. Thus, the discovery of novel antiherpetic compounds deserves additional effort. Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent an interesting class of molecules with potential antiviral properties. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first demonstration of the in vitro anti-HSV-1 activity of temporin B (TB), a short membrane-active amphibian AMP. In particular, when HSV-1 was preincubated with 20 μg/ml TB, significant antiviral activity was observed (a 5-log reduction of the virus titer). Such an effect was due to the disruption of the viral envelope, as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, TB partially affected different stages of the HSV-1 life cycle, including the attachment and the entry of the virus into the host cell, as well as the subsequent postinfection phase. Furthermore, its efficacy was confirmed on human epithelial cells, suggesting TB as a novel approach for the prevention and/or treatment of HSV-1 infections.
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106
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Pozzi D, Menna E, Canzi A, Desiato G, Mantovani C, Matteoli M. The Communication Between the Immune and Nervous Systems: The Role of IL-1β in Synaptopathies. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:111. [PMID: 29674955 PMCID: PMC5895746 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, groundbreaking genetic progress has underlined a convergence onto coherent synaptic pathways for most psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, which are now collectively called “synaptopathies.” However, the modest size of inheritance detected so far indicates a multifactorial etiology for these disorders, underlining the key contribution of environmental effects to them. Inflammation is known to influence the risk and/or severity of a variety of synaptopathies. In particular, pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced and released in the brain by activated astrocytes and microglia, may play a pivotal role in these pathologies. Although the link between immune system activation and defects in cognitive processes is nowadays clearly established, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which inflammatory mediators specifically hit synaptic components implicated in synaptopathies is still in its infancy. This review summarizes recent evidence showing that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) specifically targets synaptopathy molecular substrate, leading to memory defects and pathological processes. In particular, we describe three specific pathways through which IL-1β affects (1) synaptic maintenance/dendritic complexity, (2) spine morphology, and (3) the excitatory/inhibitory balance. We coin the term immune synaptopathies to identify this class of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Canzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Genni Desiato
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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107
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de Bellis A, de Bellis M, Aloe L. Long-Term Non-Invasive Treatment via Intranasal Administration of Nerve Growth Factor Protects the Human Brain in Frontotemporal Dementia associated with Corticobasal Syndrome: A Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2018; 2:67-77. [PMID: 30480250 PMCID: PMC6159695 DOI: 10.3233/adr-180055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known for playing a critical protective role on a number of brain neurons in mammals, including humans. NGF can be delivered to the CNS via nasal route and has a neuroprotective action in case of neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate for the first time whether purified NGF can play a neuroprotective role on human brain neurons affected by neurodegenerative diseases when administered via nasal route. Methods: Two female patients, both affected by frontotemporal dementia (FTD) associated with corticobasal syndrome (CBS) at different stages of disease progression, received a daily intranasal NGF spray for one year. Clinical/neurological aspects were observed over time. The follow-up study was performed using 18 FDG PET. Results: This case study seems to demonstrate that IN-NGF slows down the common decline caused by FTD/CBS. Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential neuroprotective role of IN-NGF administered in case of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto de Bellis
- Maria Rosaria Maglione Foundation onlus, Naples/Morra De Sanctis, Italy
| | - Massimo de Bellis
- Maria Rosaria Maglione Foundation onlus, Naples/Morra De Sanctis, Italy
| | - Luigi Aloe
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, National Research Council (CNR) Rome, Italy
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108
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Brinkmeyer-Langford CL, Rech R, Amstalden K, Kochan KJ, Hillhouse AE, Young C, Welsh CJ, Threadgill DW. Host genetic background influences diverse neurological responses to viral infection in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12194. [PMID: 28939838 PMCID: PMC5610195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a model for neurological outcomes caused by virus infection because it leads to diverse neurological conditions in mice, depending on the strain infected. To extend knowledge on the heterogeneous neurological outcomes caused by TMEV and identify new models of human neurological diseases associated with antecedent infections, we analyzed the phenotypic consequences of TMEV infection in the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population. We evaluated 5 different CC strains for outcomes of long-term infection (3 months) and acute vs. early chronic infection (7 vs. 28 days post-infection), using neurological and behavioral phenotyping tests and histology. We correlated phenotypic observations with haplotypes of genomic regions previously linked to TMEV susceptibility to test the hypothesis that genomic diversity within CC mice results in variable disease phenotypes in response to TMEV. None of the 5 strains analyzed had a response identical to that of any other CC strain or inbred strain for which prior data are available, indicating that strains of the CC can produce novel models of neurological disease. Thus, CC strains can be a powerful resource for studying how viral infection can cause different neurological outcomes depending on host genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Kelli J Kochan
- Texas A&M Institute for Genomic Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Andrew E Hillhouse
- Texas A&M Institute for Genomic Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Colin Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - C Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Genomic Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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109
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Zeinolabediny Y, Caccuri F, Colombo L, Morelli F, Romeo M, Rossi A, Schiarea S, Ciaramelli C, Airoldi C, Weston R, Donghui L, Krupinski J, Corpas R, García-Lara E, Sarroca S, Sanfeliu C, Slevin M, Caruso A, Salmona M, Diomede L. HIV-1 matrix protein p17 misfolding forms toxic amyloidogenic assemblies that induce neurocognitive disorders. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10313. [PMID: 28871125 PMCID: PMC5583282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains an important neurological manifestation that adversely affects a patient’s quality of life. HIV-1 matrix protein p17 (p17) has been detected in autoptic brain tissue of HAND individuals who presented early with severe AIDS encephalopathy. We hypothesised that the ability of p17 to misfold may result in the generation of toxic assemblies in the brain and may be relevant for HAND pathogenesis. A multidisciplinary integrated approach has been applied to determine the ability of p17 to form soluble amyloidogenic assemblies in vitro. To provide new information into the potential pathogenic role of soluble p17 species in HAND, their toxicological capability was evaluated in vivo. In C. elegans, capable of recognising toxic assemblies of amyloidogenic proteins, p17 induces a specific toxic effect which can be counteracted by tetracyclines, drugs able to hinder the formation of large oligomers and consequently amyloid fibrils. The intrahippocampal injection of p17 in mice reduces their cognitive function and induces behavioral deficiencies. These findings offer a new way of thinking about the possible cause of neurodegeneration in HIV-1-seropositive patients, which engages the ability of p17 to form soluble toxic assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Zeinolabediny
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato 15, 25121, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Colombo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Morelli
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Romeo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Schiarea
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ciaramelli
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Airoldi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Ria Weston
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Liu Donghui
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Jerzy Krupinski
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.,Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Department of Neurology, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Corpas
- Institut d'Investigaciones Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa García-Lara
- Institut d'Investigaciones Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Sara Sarroca
- Institut d'Investigaciones Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigaciones Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Targu Mures, Romania.,Department of Pathology/Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato 15, 25121, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
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110
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Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5559. [PMID: 28717130 PMCID: PMC5514053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have advanced the idea that the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could be microbial in origin. In the present study, we tested the possibility that polymicrobial infections exist in tissue from the entorhinal cortex/hippocampus region of patients with AD using immunohistochemistry (confocal laser scanning microscopy) and highly sensitive (nested) PCR. We found no evidence for expression of early (ICP0) or late (ICP5) proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in brain sections. A polyclonal antibody against Borrelia detected structures that appeared not related to spirochetes, but rather to fungi. These structures were not found with a monoclonal antibody. Also, Borrelia DNA was undetectable by nested PCR in the ten patients analyzed. By contrast, two independent Chlamydophila antibodies revealed several structures that resembled fungal cells and hyphae, and prokaryotic cells, but most probably were unrelated to Chlamydophila spp. Finally, several structures that could belong to fungi or prokaryotes were detected using peptidoglycan and Clostridium antibodies, and PCR analysis revealed the presence of several bacteria in frozen brain tissue from AD patients. Thus, our results show that polymicrobial infections consisting of fungi and bacteria can be revealed in brain tissue from AD patients.
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111
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Nisticò R, Salter E, Nicolas C, Feligioni M, Mango D, Bortolotto ZA, Gressens P, Collingridge GL, Peineau S. Synaptoimmunology - roles in health and disease. Mol Brain 2017. [PMID: 28637489 PMCID: PMC5480158 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the nervous and immune systems are intricately linked. Many proteins first identified in the immune system have since been detected at synapses, playing different roles in normal and pathological situations. In addition, novel immunological functions are emerging for proteins typically expressed at synapses. Under normal conditions, release of inflammatory mediators generally represents an adaptive and regulated response of the brain to immune signals. On the other hand, when immune challenge becomes prolonged and/or uncontrolled, the consequent inflammatory response leads to maladaptive synaptic plasticity and brain disorders. In this review, we will first provide a summary of the cell signaling pathways in neurons and immune cells. We will then examine how immunological mechanisms might influence synaptic function, and in particular synaptic plasticity, in the healthy and pathological CNS. A better understanding of neuro-immune system interactions in brain circuitries relevant to neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders should provide specific biomarkers to measure the status of the neuroimmunological response and help design novel neuroimmune-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nisticò
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy. .,Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eric Salter
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Celine Nicolas
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marco Feligioni
- Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Dalila Mango
- Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Zuner A Bortolotto
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College, St Thomas' Campus, London, UK
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephane Peineau
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,INSERM-ERi 24 (GRAP), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
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112
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Tohidpour A, Morgun AV, Boitsova EB, Malinovskaya NA, Martynova GP, Khilazheva ED, Kopylevich NV, Gertsog GE, Salmina AB. Neuroinflammation and Infection: Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Dysfunction of Neurovascular Unit. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:276. [PMID: 28676848 PMCID: PMC5476750 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex inflammatory process in the central nervous system, which is sought to play an important defensive role against various pathogens, toxins or factors that induce neurodegeneration. The onset of neurodegenerative diseases and various microbial infections are counted as stimuli that can challenge the host immune system and trigger the development of neuroinflammation. The homeostatic nature of neuroinflammation is essential to maintain the neuroplasticity. Neuroinflammation is regulated by the activity of neuronal, glial, and endothelial cells within the neurovascular unit, which serves as a “platform” for the coordinated action of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species) by brain resident cells or cells migrating from the peripheral blood, results in the impairment of blood-brain barrier integrity, thereby further affecting the course of local inflammation. In this review, we analyzed the most recent data on the central nervous system inflammation and focused on major mechanisms of neurovascular unit dysfunction caused by neuroinflammation and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghasem Tohidpour
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Morgun
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia.,Department of Paediatrics, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Elizaveta B Boitsova
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia.,Department of Children Infectious Diseases, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Malinovskaya
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Galina P Martynova
- Department of Children Infectious Diseases, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Elena D Khilazheva
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V Kopylevich
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Galina E Gertsog
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alla B Salmina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
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113
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Blewett NH, Iben JR, Gaidamakov S, Maraia RJ. La Deletion from Mouse Brain Alters Pre-tRNA Metabolism and Accumulation of Pre-5.8S rRNA, with Neuron Death and Reactive Astrocytosis. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:e00588-16. [PMID: 28223366 PMCID: PMC5477551 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00588-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human La antigen (Sjögren's syndrome antigen B [SSB]) is an abundant multifunctional RNA-binding protein. In the nucleoplasm, La binds to and protects from 3' exonucleases, the ends of precursor tRNAs, and other transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase III and facilitates their maturation, while a nucleolar isoform has been implicated in rRNA biogenesis by multiple independent lines of evidence. We showed previously that conditional La knockout (La cKO) from mouse cortex neurons results in defective tRNA processing, although the pathway(s) involved in neuronal loss thereafter was unknown. Here, we demonstrate that La is stably associated with a spliced pre-tRNA intermediate. Microscopic evidence of aberrant nuclear accumulation of 5.8S rRNA in La cKO is supported by a 10-fold increase in a pre-5.8S rRNA intermediate. To identify pathways involved in subsequent neurodegeneration and loss of brain mass in the cKO cortex, we employed mRNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq), immunohistochemistry, and other approaches. This revealed robust enrichment of immune and astrocyte reactivity in La cKO cortex. Immunohistochemistry, including temporal analyses, demonstrated neurodegeneration, followed by astrocyte invasion associated with immune response and decreasing cKO cortex size over time. Thus, deletion of La from postmitotic neurons results in defective pre-tRNA and pre-rRNA processing and progressive neurodegeneration with loss of cortical brain mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Blewett
- Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - James R Iben
- Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergei Gaidamakov
- Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard J Maraia
- Commissioned Corps, U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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114
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Leheste JR, Ruvolo KE, Chrostowski JE, Rivera K, Husko C, Miceli A, Selig MK, Brüggemann H, Torres G. P. acnes-Driven Disease Pathology: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:81. [PMID: 28352613 PMCID: PMC5348501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the biology and behavior of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a dominant bacterium species of the skin biogeography thought to be associated with transmission, recurrence and severity of disease. More specifically, we discuss the ability of P. acnes to invade and persist in epithelial cells and circulating macrophages to subsequently induce bouts of sarcoidosis, low-grade inflammation and metastatic cell growth in the prostate gland. Finally, we discuss the possibility of P. acnes infiltrating the brain parenchyma to indirectly contribute to pathogenic processes in neurodegenerative disorders such as those observed in Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg R Leheste
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn E Ruvolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Joanna E Chrostowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Kristin Rivera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Husko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Miceli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Martin K Selig
- Molecular Pathology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - German Torres
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
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115
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Abstract
Nanostructures have been widely involved in changes in the drug delivery system. Nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties, e.g., ultrasmall size, large surface area, and the ability to target specific actions. Various nanomaterials, like Ag, ZnO, Cu/CuO, and Al2O3, have antimicrobial activity. Basically, six mechanisms are involved in the production of antimicrobial activity, i.e., (1) destruction of the peptidoglycan layer, (2) release of toxic metal ions, (3) alteration of cellular pH via proton efflux pumps, (4) generation of reactive oxygen species, (5) damage of nuclear materials, and (6) loss of ATP production. Nanomedicine contributes to various pharmaceutical applications, like diagnosis and treatment of various ailments including microbial diseases. Furthermore, nanostructured antimicrobial agents are also involved in the treatment of the neuroinfections associated with neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter focuses on the nanostructure and nanomedicine of antimicrobial agents and their prospects for the possible management of infections associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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116
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Costa AS, Agostini S, Guerini FR, Mancuso R, Zanzottera M, Ripamonti E, Racca V, Nemni R, Clerici M. Modulation of Immune Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 by IFNL3 and IRF7 Polymorphisms: A Study in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:1055-1063. [PMID: 28984602 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has long been suspected to play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. IFN-lambda (IFN-λ) is one of the key cytokine in innate antiviral defenses and, in particular, has an appreciable antiviral activity against HSV-1 infection. IFN-λ expression is regulated by the interaction between two different proteins: Mediator Complex 23 (MED23) and Interferon-Responsive Transcription Factor 7 (IRF7); single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes as well as in IFNL3 were shown to be differently distributed in AD patients. In this study, allelic discrimination analysis for IFNL3 rs12979860, MED23 rs3756784, and IRF7 rs6598008, as well as IFN-λ serum concentration and anti-HSV-1 antibody (Ab) titers were performed in 79 AD patients, 57 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) individuals, and 81 healthy controls (HC) who were HSV-1-seropositive. Results showed that INF-λ serum concentration was increased in AD and MCI carrying the IFNL3 T allele compared to HC (AD versus HC: p = 0.014; MCI versus HC: p = 0.029), with the highest anti-HSV-1 Ab titers seen in AD patients carrying the IFNL3 CC genotype (p = 0.012 versus HC). Notably, anti-HSV-1 Ab titers were higher in AD and MCI individuals carrying the IRF7 AA genotype compared to HC (p = 0.018 for both). MED23 polymorphisms did not show any statistical association either with serum IFN-λ or with anti-HSV-1 Ab. Data herein suggest that the IFNL3 rs12979860 and IRF7 rs6598008 polymorphisms modulate immune responses against HSV-1 via their effect on the IFN-λ pathway. These results help to clarify the possible role of HSV-1 infection in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vittorio Racca
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation - ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Nemni
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation - ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation - ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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117
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Itzhaki RF, Lathe R, Balin BJ, Ball MJ, Bearer EL, Braak H, Bullido MJ, Carter C, Clerici M, Cosby SL, Del Tredici K, Field H, Fulop T, Grassi C, Griffin WST, Haas J, Hudson AP, Kamer AR, Kell DB, Licastro F, Letenneur L, Lövheim H, Mancuso R, Miklossy J, Otth C, Palamara AT, Perry G, Preston C, Pretorius E, Strandberg T, Tabet N, Taylor-Robinson SD, Whittum-Hudson JA. Microbes and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:979-84. [PMID: 26967229 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth F Itzhaki
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian J Balin
- Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Melvyn J Ball
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Heiko Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria J Bullido
- Centro de Biologia Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, and Centro de Investigacion en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mario Clerici
- University of Milano and IRCCS SM Nascente, Don C Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - S Louise Cosby
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, Canada
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Universitá Cattolica, Rome; San Raffaele Pisana Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization, and Health Care, Rome, Italy
| | - W Sue T Griffin
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan P Hudson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Angela R Kamer
- NYU College of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Federico Licastro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Hugo Lövheim
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Judith Miklossy
- Prevention Alzheimer International Foundation, International Alzheimer Research Center, Martigny-Croix, Switzerland
| | - Carola Otth
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome; San Raffaele Pisana Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization, and Health Care, Rome, Italy
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Applied Morphology Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Timo Strandberg
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki; University of Oulu, Centre of Life Course Health Research, Oulu, Finland
| | - Naji Tabet
- Division of Old Age Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Judith A Whittum-Hudson
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), and Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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118
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Del Tredici K, Braak H. Review: Sporadic Parkinson's disease: development and distribution of α-synuclein pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:33-50. [PMID: 26662475 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of α-synuclein immunoreactive aggregates in selectively vulnerable neuronal types of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems is crucial for the pathogenesis of sporadic Parkinson's disease. The presence of these lesions persists into the end phase of the disease, a process that is not subject to remission. The initial induction of α-synuclein misfolding and subsequent aggregation probably occurs in the olfactory bulb and/or the enteric nervous system. Each of these sites is exposed to potentially hostile environmental factors. Once formed, the aggregates appear to be capable of propagating trans-synaptically from nerve cell to nerve cell in a virtually self-promoting pathological process. A regional distribution pattern of aggregated α-synuclein emerges that entails the involvement of only a few types of susceptible and axonally interconnected projection neurons within the human nervous system. One major route of disease progression may originate in the enteric nervous system and retrogradely reach the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve in the lower brainstem. From there, the disease process proceeds chiefly in a caudo-rostral direction through visceromotor and somatomotor brainstem centres to the midbrain, forebrain, and cerebral cortex. Spinal cord centres may become involved by means of descending projections from involved lower brainstem nuclei as well as by sympathetic projections connecting the enteric nervous system with postganglionic peripheral ganglia and preganglionic nuclei of the spinal cord. The development of experimental cellular and animal models is helping to explain the mechanisms of how abnormal α-synuclein can undergo aggregation and how transmission along axonal connectivities can occur, thereby encouraging the initiation of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for sporadic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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119
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De Chiara G, Racaniello M, Mollinari C, Marcocci ME, Aversa G, Cardinale A, Giovanetti A, Garaci E, Palamara AT, Merlo D. Herpes Simplex Virus-Type1 (HSV-1) Impairs DNA Repair in Cortical Neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:242. [PMID: 27803664 PMCID: PMC5067485 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several findings suggest that Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection plays a role in the neurodegenerative processes that characterize Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Here we show that HSV-1 productive infection in cortical neurons causes the accumulation of DNA lesions that include both single (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs), which are reported to be implicated in the neuronal loss observed in neurodegenerative diseases. We demonstrate that HSV-1 downregulates the expression level of Ku80, one of the main components of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), a major pathway for the repair of DSBs. We also provide data suggesting that HSV-1 drives Ku80 for proteasomal degradation and impairs NHEJ activity, leading to DSB accumulation. Since HSV-1 usually causes life-long recurrent infections, it is possible to speculate that cumulating damages, including those occurring on DNA, may contribute to virus induced neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration, further suggesting HSV-1 as a risk factor for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Chiara
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy; Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Mauro Racaniello
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Mollinari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy; Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Aversa
- Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Division of Health Technologies, Department of Sustainable Territorial and Production Systems, ENEA Casaccia Research Center Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Cardinale
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Pisana Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Giovanetti
- Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Division of Health Technologies, Department of Sustainable Territorial and Production Systems, ENEA Casaccia Research Center Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele PisanaRome, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
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120
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Bourgade K, Dupuis G, Frost EH, Fülöp T. Anti-Viral Properties of Amyloid-β Peptides. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 54:859-878. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bourgade
- Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Dupuis
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric H. Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamàs Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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121
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Wada N, Yamanaka S, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Hirako S, Iizuka Y, Kim H, Matsumoto A, Kimura A, Takenoya F, Yasunaga G, Shioda S. Behavioral and omics analyses study on potential involvement of dipeptide balenine through supplementation in diet of senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8. GENOMICS DATA 2016; 10:38-50. [PMID: 27672559 PMCID: PMC5030327 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates effects of dipeptide balenine, as a major component of whale meat extract (hereafter, WME), supplementation on senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8), an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model at level of learning and memory formation and brain expression profiles genome-wide in brain. Mice fed experimental balenine (+ WME) supplemented diet for 26 weeks were subjected to four behavioral tests – open field, Y-maze, novel object recognition, and water-filled multiple T-maze – to examine effects on learning and memory. Brain transcriptome of SAMP8 mice-fed the WME diet over control low-safflower oil (LSO) diet-fed mice was delineated on a 4 × 44 K mouse whole genome DNA microarray chip. Results revealed the WME diet not only induced improvements in the learning and memory formation but also positively modulated changes in the brain of the SAMP8 mouse; the gene inventories are publically available for analysis by the scientific community. Interestingly, the SAMP8 mouse model presented many genetic characteristics of AD, and numerous novel molecules (Slc2a5, Treh, Fbp1, Aldob, Ppp1r1a, DNase1, Agxt2l1, Cyp2e1, Acsm1, Acsm2, and Pah) were revealed over the SAMR1 (senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1) mouse, to be oppositely regulated/recovered under the balenine (+ WME) supplemented diet regime by DNA microarray and bioinformatics analyses. Our present study demonstrates an experimental strategy to understand the effects of dipeptide balenine, prominetly contained in meat diet, on SAMP8, providing new insight into whole brain transcriptome changes genome-wide. The gene expression data has been deposited into the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO): GSE76459. The data will be a valuable resource in examining the effects of natural products, and which could also serve as a human model for further functional analysis and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Wada
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Junko Shibato
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies (TIAS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirako
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Iizuka
- Department of Clinical Dietetics & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Hyounju Kim
- Department of Clinical Dietetics & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Akiyo Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Dietetics & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Ai Kimura
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Fumiko Takenoya
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Genta Yasunaga
- The Institute of Cetacean Research, Toyomi-cho 4-5, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Kim C, Lv G, Lee JS, Jung BC, Masuda-Suzukake M, Hong CS, Valera E, Lee HJ, Paik SR, Hasegawa M, Masliah E, Eliezer D, Lee SJ. Exposure to bacterial endotoxin generates a distinct strain of α-synuclein fibril. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30891. [PMID: 27488222 PMCID: PMC4973277 DOI: 10.1038/srep30891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A single amyloidogenic protein is implicated in multiple neurological diseases and capable of generating a number of aggregate "strains" with distinct structures. Among the amyloidogenic proteins, α-synuclein generates multiple patterns of proteinopathies in a group of diseases, such as Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). However, the link between specific conformations and distinct pathologies, the key concept of the strain hypothesis, remains elusive. Here we show that in the presence of bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), α-synuclein generated a self-renewable, structurally distinct fibril strain that consistently induced specific patterns of synucleinopathies in mice. These results suggest that amyloid fibrils with self-renewable structures cause distinct types of proteinopathies despite the identical primary structure and that exposure to exogenous pathogens may contribute to the diversity of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Guohua Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Jun Sung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Masami Masuda-Suzukake
- Department of Neuropathology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chul-Suk Hong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Elvira Valera
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung R. Paik
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Neuropathology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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123
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Vadakkan KI. Neurodegenerative disorders share common features of "loss of function" states of a proposed mechanism of nervous system functions. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:412-430. [PMID: 27424323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are highly heterogeneous for the locations affected and the nature of the aggregated proteins. Nearly 80% of the neurodegenerative disorders occur sporadically, indicating that certain factors must combine to initiate the degenerative changes. The contiguous extension of degenerative changes from cell to cell, the association with viral fusion proteins, loss of dendritic spines (postsynaptic terminals), and the eventual degeneration of cells indicate the presence of a unique mechanism for inter-cellular spread of pathology. It is not known whether the "loss of function" states of the still unknown normal nervous system operations can lead to neurodegenerative disorders. Here, the possible loss of function states of a proposed normal nervous system function are examined. A reversible inter-postsynaptic functional LINK (IPL) mechanism, consisting of transient inter-postsynaptic membrane (IPM) hydration exclusion and partial to complete IPM hemifusions, was proposed as a critical step necessary for the binding process and the induction of internal sensations of higher brain functions. When various findings from different neurodegenerative disorders are systematically organized and examined, disease features match the effects of loss of function states of different IPLs. Changes in membrane composition, enlargement of dendritic spines by dopamine and viral fusion proteins are capable of altering the IPLs to form IPM fusion. The latter can lead to the observed lateral spread of pathology, inter-neuronal cytoplasmic content mixing and abnormal protein aggregation. Since both the normal mechanism of reversible IPM hydration exclusion and the pathological process of transient IPM fusion can evade detection, testing their occurrence may provide preventive and therapeutic opportunities for these disorders.
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124
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Alonso R, Pisa D, Rábano A, Rodal I, Carrasco L. Cerebrospinal Fluid from Alzheimer's Disease Patients Contains Fungal Proteins and DNA. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:873-6. [PMID: 26401766 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease is important for patient management and to assess the effectiveness of clinical intervention. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers constitute a powerful tool for diagnosis and monitoring disease progression. We have analyzed the presence of fungal proteins and DNA in CSF from AD patients. Our findings reveal that fungal proteins can be detected in CSF with different anti-fungal antibodies using a slot-blot assay. Additionally, amplification of fungal DNA by PCR followed by sequencing distinguished several fungal species. The possibility that these fungal macromolecules could represent AD biomarkers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Pisa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Izaskun Rodal
- Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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125
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Entry Sites of Venezuelan and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses in the Mouse Central Nervous System following Peripheral Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:5785-96. [PMID: 27053560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03219-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Venezuelan and western equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV and WEEV; Alphavirus; Togaviridae) are mosquito-borne pathogens causing central nervous system (CNS) disease in humans and equids. Adult CD-1 mice also develop CNS disease after infection with VEEV and WEEV. Adult CD-1 mice infected by the intranasal (i.n.) route, showed that VEEV and WEEV enter the brain through olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In this study, we injected the mouse footpad with recombinant WEEV (McMillan) or VEEV (subtype IC strain 3908) expressing firefly luciferase (fLUC) to simulate mosquito infection and examined alphavirus entry in the CNS. Luciferase expression served as a marker of infection detected as bioluminescence (BLM) by in vivo and ex vivo imaging. BLM imaging detected WEEV and VEEV at 12 h postinoculation (hpi) at the injection site (footpad) and as early as 72 hpi in the brain. BLM from WEEV.McM-fLUC and VEEV.3908-fLUC injections was initially detected in the brain's circumventricular organs (CVOs). No BLM activity was detected in the olfactory neuroepithelium or OSNs. Mice were also injected in the footpad with WEEV.McM expressing DsRed (Discosoma sp.) and imaged by confocal fluorescence microscopy. DsRed imaging supported our BLM findings by detecting WEEV in the CVOs prior to spreading along the neuronal axis to other brain regions. Taken together, these findings support our hypothesis that peripherally injected alphaviruses enter the CNS by hematogenous seeding of the CVOs followed by centripetal spread along the neuronal axis. IMPORTANCE VEEV and WEEV are mosquito-borne viruses causing sporadic epidemics in the Americas. Both viruses are associated with CNS disease in horses, humans, and mouse infection models. In this study, we injected VEEV or WEEV, engineered to express bioluminescent or fluorescent reporters (fLUC and DsRed, respectively), into the footpads of outbred CD-1 mice to simulate transmission by a mosquito. Reporter expression serves as detectable bioluminescent and fluorescent markers of VEEV and WEEV replication and infection. Bioluminescence imaging, histological examination, and confocal fluorescence microscopy were used to identify early entry sites of these alphaviruses in the CNS. We observed that specific areas of the brain (circumventricular organs [CVOs]) consistently showed the earliest signs of infection with VEEV and WEEV. Histological examination supported VEEV and WEEV entering the brain of mice at specific sites where the blood-brain barrier is naturally absent.
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126
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Shen T, Pu J, Si X, Ye R, Zhang B. An update on potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease based on pathogenic mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:711-22. [PMID: 27138872 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1179112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder mainly caused by the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, of which the pathogenesis remains essentially unknown. Current therapeutic strategies help manage signs and symptoms but have no effect in disease modification. Over the past several decades, scientists have devoted a lot of effort to clarifying the pathological mechanism and searching for new targets for Parkinson's disease treatment. AREAS COVERED Treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Commentary: Illustrated in this review are newly found discoveries and evidence that contribute to the understanding of Parkinson's disease pathogenic mechanism. Also discussed are potential therapeutic strategies that are being studied, including disease-modifying and genetically mediated small molecule compounds, cell- and gene-based therapeutic strategies, immunization strategies and anti-diabetic therapy, which may be very promising therapeutic methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jiali Pu
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoli Si
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Rong Ye
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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Adam P, Křížková S, Heger Z, Babula P, Pekařík V, Vaculovičoá M, Gomes CM, Kizek R, Adam V. Metallothioneins in Prion- and Amyloid-Related Diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:637-56. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Křížková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Pekařík
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vaculovičoá
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - René Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
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128
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Redox Imbalance and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6547248. [PMID: 27110325 PMCID: PMC4826696 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6547248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential molecules for many physiological functions and act as second messengers in a large variety of tissues. An imbalance in the production and elimination of ROS is associated with human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In the last years the notion that neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by chronic viral infections, which may result in an increase of neurodegenerative diseases progression, emerged. It is known in literature that enhanced viral infection risk, observed during neurodegeneration, is partly due to the increase of ROS accumulation in brain cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of viral infection, occurring during the progression of neurodegeneration, remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the recent knowledge regarding the role of influenza, herpes simplex virus type-1, and retroviruses infection in ROS/RNS-mediated Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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129
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Bayoumi AS, Sayed A, Broskova Z, Teoh JP, Wilson J, Su H, Tang YL, Kim IM. Crosstalk between Long Noncoding RNAs and MicroRNAs in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:356. [PMID: 26978351 PMCID: PMC4813217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-coding genes account for only a small part of the human genome; in fact, the vast majority of transcripts are comprised of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and small ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRs). Accumulating evidence indicates that ncRNAs could play critical roles in regulating many cellular processes which are often implicated in health and disease. For example, ncRNAs are aberrantly expressed in cancers, heart diseases, and many other diseases. LncRNAs and miRs are therefore novel and promising targets to be developed into biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis as well as treatment options. The interaction between lncRNAs and miRs as well as its pathophysiological significance have recently been reported. Mechanistically, it is believed that lncRNAs exert “sponge-like” effects on various miRs, which subsequently inhibits miR-mediated functions. This crosstalk between two types of ncRNAs frequently contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent studies highlighting the interaction between these ncRNAs and the effects of this interaction on disease pathogenesis and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Bayoumi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Amer Sayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Zuzana Broskova
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Jian-Peng Teoh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - James Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Huabo Su
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Yao-Liang Tang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Il-Man Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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130
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Bourgade K, Le Page A, Bocti C, Witkowski JM, Dupuis G, Frost EH, Fülöp T. Protective Effect of Amyloid-β Peptides Against Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infection in a Neuronal Cell Culture Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:1227-41. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bourgade
- Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Le Page
- Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Bocti
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Gilles Dupuis
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric H. Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamás Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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131
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Suppression of Brain Mast Cells Degranulation Inhibits Microglial Activation and Central Nervous System Inflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:997-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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132
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DeVaughn S, Müller-Oehring EM, Markey B, Brontë-Stewart HM, Schulte T. Aging with HIV-1 Infection: Motor Functions, Cognition, and Attention--A Comparison with Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:424-38. [PMID: 26577508 PMCID: PMC5519342 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in their various combinations have dramatically increased the life expectancies of HIV-infected persons. People diagnosed with HIV are living beyond the age of 50 but are experiencing the cumulative effects of HIV infection and aging on brain function. In HIV-infected aging individuals, the potential synergy between immunosenescence and HIV viral loads increases susceptibility to HIV-related brain injury and functional brain network degradation similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. Although there are clear diagnostic differences in the primary pathology of both diseases, i.e., death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra in PD and neuroinflammation in HIV, neurotoxicity to dopaminergic terminals in the basal ganglia (BG) has been implied in the pathogenesis of HIV and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of PD. Similar to PD, HIV infection affects structures of the BG, which are part of interconnected circuits including mesocorticolimbic pathways linking brainstem nuclei to BG and cortices subserving attention, cognitive control, and motor functions. The present review discusses the combined effects of aging and neuroinflammation in HIV individuals on cognition and motor function in comparison with age-related neurodegenerative processes in PD. Despite the many challenges, some HIV patients manage to age successfully, most likely by redistribution of neural network resources to enhance function, as occurs in healthy elderly; such compensation could be curtailed by emerging PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DeVaughn
- Bioscience Division, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - E M Müller-Oehring
- Bioscience Division, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - B Markey
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - H M Brontë-Stewart
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T Schulte
- Bioscience Division, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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133
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Different Brain Regions are Infected with Fungi in Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15015. [PMID: 26468932 PMCID: PMC4606562 DOI: 10.1038/srep15015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a microbial aetiology has been proposed by several researchers. Here, we provide evidence that tissue from the central nervous system (CNS) of AD patients contain fungal cells and hyphae. Fungal material can be detected both intra- and extracellularly using specific antibodies against several fungi. Different brain regions including external frontal cortex, cerebellar hemisphere, entorhinal cortex/hippocampus and choroid plexus contain fungal material, which is absent in brain tissue from control individuals. Analysis of brain sections from ten additional AD patients reveals that all are infected with fungi. Fungal infection is also observed in blood vessels, which may explain the vascular pathology frequently detected in AD patients. Sequencing of fungal DNA extracted from frozen CNS samples identifies several fungal species. Collectively, our findings provide compelling evidence for the existence of fungal infection in the CNS from AD patients, but not in control individuals.
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134
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Savale SA, Pol CS, Khare R, Verma N, Gaikwad S, Mandal B, Behera BC. Radical scavenging, prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory, and antimicrobial potential of a cultured Himalayan lichen Cetrelia olivetorum. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:692-700. [PMID: 26429132 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1072567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lichens are source of natural bioactive compounds which are traditionally used to cure a variety of ailments. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess free radical scavenging, prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory (PEPI), and antimicrobial potential of a high altitude lichen species Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb (Parmeliaceae). MATERIALS AND METHODS Lichen C. olivetorum has been cultured in vitro, and optimized culture conditions were implemented in bioreactor to obtain high quantity of biomass for the study of radical scavenging, PEPI, and antimicrobial activities. Radical scavenging activity of methanol extract of Cetrelia olivetorum (MECO) was tested at 100 µg/mL, PEPI activity at 25 and 50 µg/mL, and antimicrobial activity at 5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL conc. All the biological activities of natural thallus extract and its derived culture extract were evaluated spectrophotometrically. RESULTS Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 3% glucose and 100 ppb indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) supported biomass growth at flask level and yielded 5.095 g biomass in bioreactor. MECO of both the cultured and the natural lichen exhibited half inhibiting concentration (IC50) for radical scavenging activities in the range of 50-60 µg/mL, whereas the IC50 value of standard antioxidants was found to be in the range of 12-29 µg/mL. The IC50 value of lichen extract for PEPI activity was 144-288 µg/mL, whereas the IC50 value of standard prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, Z-pro-prolinal, was 57.73 µg/mL. As far as the antimicrobial activity of MECO is concerned, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of lichen extracts against tested microorganisms was obtained in the range of 50-104 µg/mL and found to be more effective than commercially available standard erythromycin. DISCUSSION Murashige and Skoog medium containing IBA was found to be suitable for maximum biomass production of C. olivetorum under bioreactor conditions. The cultured lichen biomass extract also showed antioxidant, PEPI, and antimicrobial potential. CONCLUSION The present study indicates therapeutic potential of Himalayan lichen C. olivetorum against neurodegenerative diseases owing to its radical scavenging, PEPI, and antimicrobial activities. Further, the result encourages its commercial exploitation through mass culture for production of its bioactive components and their use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roshni Khare
- a Agharkar Research Institute , Pune , Maharashtra , India
| | - Neeraj Verma
- a Agharkar Research Institute , Pune , Maharashtra , India
| | | | - Bapi Mandal
- a Agharkar Research Institute , Pune , Maharashtra , India
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135
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The association between infectious burden and Parkinson's disease: A case-control study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:877-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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136
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Kell D, Potgieter M, Pretorius E. Individuality, phenotypic differentiation, dormancy and 'persistence' in culturable bacterial systems: commonalities shared by environmental, laboratory, and clinical microbiology. F1000Res 2015; 4:179. [PMID: 26629334 PMCID: PMC4642849 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6709.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For bacteria, replication mainly involves growth by binary fission. However, in a very great many natural environments there are examples of phenotypically dormant, non-growing cells that do not replicate immediately and that are phenotypically 'nonculturable' on media that normally admit their growth. They thereby evade detection by conventional culture-based methods. Such dormant cells may also be observed in laboratory cultures and in clinical microbiology. They are usually more tolerant to stresses such as antibiotics, and in clinical microbiology they are typically referred to as 'persisters'. Bacterial cultures necessarily share a great deal of relatedness, and inclusive fitness theory implies that there are conceptual evolutionary advantages in trading a variation in growth rate against its mean, equivalent to hedging one's bets. There is much evidence that bacteria exploit this strategy widely. We here bring together data that show the commonality of these phenomena across environmental, laboratory and clinical microbiology. Considerable evidence, using methods similar to those common in environmental microbiology, now suggests that many supposedly non-communicable, chronic and inflammatory diseases are exacerbated (if not indeed largely caused) by the presence of dormant or persistent bacteria (the ability of whose components to cause inflammation is well known). This dormancy (and resuscitation therefrom) often reflects the extent of the availability of free iron. Together, these phenomena can provide a ready explanation for the continuing inflammation common to such chronic diseases and its correlation with iron dysregulation. This implies that measures designed to assess and to inhibit or remove such organisms (or their access to iron) might be of much therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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137
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Kell D, Potgieter M, Pretorius E. Individuality, phenotypic differentiation, dormancy and 'persistence' in culturable bacterial systems: commonalities shared by environmental, laboratory, and clinical microbiology. F1000Res 2015; 4:179. [PMID: 26629334 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6709.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For bacteria, replication mainly involves growth by binary fission. However, in a very great many natural environments there are examples of phenotypically dormant, non-growing cells that do not replicate immediately and that are phenotypically 'nonculturable' on media that normally admit their growth. They thereby evade detection by conventional culture-based methods. Such dormant cells may also be observed in laboratory cultures and in clinical microbiology. They are usually more tolerant to stresses such as antibiotics, and in clinical microbiology they are typically referred to as 'persisters'. Bacterial cultures necessarily share a great deal of relatedness, and inclusive fitness theory implies that there are conceptual evolutionary advantages in trading a variation in growth rate against its mean, equivalent to hedging one's bets. There is much evidence that bacteria exploit this strategy widely. We here bring together data that show the commonality of these phenomena across environmental, laboratory and clinical microbiology. Considerable evidence, using methods similar to those common in environmental microbiology, now suggests that many supposedly non-communicable, chronic and inflammatory diseases are exacerbated (if not indeed largely caused) by the presence of dormant or persistent bacteria (the ability of whose components to cause inflammation is well known). This dormancy (and resuscitation therefrom) often reflects the extent of the availability of free iron. Together, these phenomena can provide a ready explanation for the continuing inflammation common to such chronic diseases and its correlation with iron dysregulation. This implies that measures designed to assess and to inhibit or remove such organisms (or their access to iron) might be of much therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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138
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Civitelli L, Marcocci ME, Celestino I, Piacentini R, Garaci E, Grassi C, De Chiara G, Palamara AT. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in neurons leads to production and nuclear localization of APP intracellular domain (AICD): implications for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:480-90. [PMID: 25925093 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several data indicate that neuronal infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes biochemical alterations reminiscent of Alzheimer's disease (AD) phenotype. They include accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), which originates from the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, which leads to neurofibrillary tangle deposition. HSV-1 infection triggers APP processing and drives the production of several fragments including APP intracellular domain (AICD) that exerts transactivating properties. Herein, we analyzed the production and intracellular localization of AICD following HSV-1 infection in neurons. We also checked whether AICD induced the transcription of two target genes, neprilysin (nep) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (gsk3β), whose products play a role in Aβ clearance and tau phosphorylation, respectively. Our data indicate that HSV-1 led to the accumulation and nuclear translocation of AICD in neurons. Moreover, results from chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that AICD binds the promoter region of both nep and gsk3β. Time course analysis of NEP and GSK3β expression at both mRNA and protein levels demonstrated that they are differently modulated during infection. NEP expression and enzymatic activity were initially stimulated but, with the progression of infection, they were down-regulated. In contrast, GSK3β expression remained nearly unchanged, but the analysis of its phosphorylation suggests that it was inactivated only at later stages of HSV-1 infection. Thus, our data demonstrate that HSV-1 infection induces early upstream events in the cell that may eventually lead to Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation and further suggest HSV-1 as a possible risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Civitelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ignacio Celestino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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139
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Miklossy J. Historic evidence to support a causal relationship between spirochetal infections and Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:46. [PMID: 25932012 PMCID: PMC4399390 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Following previous observations a statistically significant association between various types of spirochetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) fulfilled Hill's criteria in favor of a causal relationship. If spirochetal infections can indeed cause AD, the pathological and biological hallmarks of AD should also occur in syphilitic dementia. To answer this question, observations and illustrations on the detection of spirochetes in the atrophic form of general paresis, which is known to be associated with slowly progressive dementia, were reviewed and compared with the characteristic pathology of AD. Historic observations and illustrations published in the first half of the 20th Century indeed confirm that the pathological hallmarks, which define AD, are also present in syphilitic dementia. Cortical spirochetal colonies are made up by innumerable tightly spiraled Treponema pallidum spirochetes, which are morphologically indistinguishable from senile plaques, using conventional light microscopy. Local brain amyloidosis also occurs in general paresis and, as in AD, corresponds to amyloid beta. These historic observations enable us to conclude that chronic spirochetal infections can cause dementia and reproduce the defining hallmarks of AD. They represent further evidence in support a causal relationship between various spirochetal infections and AD. They also indicate that local invasion of the brain by these helically shaped bacteria reproduce the filamentous pathology characteristic of AD. Chronic infection by spirochetes, and co-infection with other bacteria and viruses should be included in our current view on the etiology of AD. Prompt action is needed as AD might be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Miklossy
- Prevention Alzheimer International Foundation, International Alzheimer Research CenterMartigny-Croix, Switzerland
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140
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Alonso R, Pisa D, Marina AI, Morato E, Rábano A, Rodal I, Carrasco L. Evidence for fungal infection in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:546-58. [PMID: 25892962 PMCID: PMC4400386 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among neurogenerative diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal illness characterized by a progressive motor neuron dysfunction in the motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. ALS is the most common form of motor neuron disease; yet, to date, the exact etiology of ALS remains unknown. In the present work, we have explored the possibility of fungal infection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in brain tissue from ALS patients. Fungal antigens, as well as DNA from several fungi, were detected in CSF from ALS patients. Additionally, examination of brain sections from the frontal cortex of ALS patients revealed the existence of immunopositive fungal antigens comprising punctate bodies in the cytoplasm of some neurons. Fungal DNA was also detected in brain tissue using PCR analysis, uncovering the presence of several fungal species. Finally, proteomic analyses of brain tissue demonstrated the occurrence of several fungal peptides. Collectively, our observations provide compelling evidence of fungal infection in the ALS patients analyzed, suggesting that this infection may play a part in the etiology of the disease or may constitute a risk factor for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Alonso
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Diana Pisa
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Marina
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Esperanza Morato
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- 2. Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid. Spain
| | - Izaskun Rodal
- 2. Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid. Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
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141
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van Riel D, Verdijk R, Kuiken T. The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system. J Pathol 2015; 235:277-87. [PMID: 25294743 DOI: 10.1002/path.4461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory nerve consists mainly of olfactory receptor neurons and directly connects the nasal cavity with the central nervous system (CNS). Each olfactory receptor neuron projects a dendrite into the nasal cavity on the apical side, and on the basal side extends its axon through the cribriform plate into the olfactory bulb of the brain. Viruses that can use the olfactory nerve as a shortcut into the CNS include influenza A virus, herpesviruses, poliovirus, paramyxoviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, adenoviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, chikungunya virus, La Crosse virus, mouse hepatitis virus, and bunyaviruses. However, mechanisms of transport via the olfactory nerve and subsequent spread through the CNS are poorly understood. Proposed mechanisms are either infection of olfactory receptor neurons themselves or diffusion through channels formed by olfactory ensheathing cells. Subsequent virus spread through the CNS could occur by multiple mechanisms, including trans-synaptic transport and microfusion. Viral infection of the CNS can lead to damage from infection of nerve cells per se, from the immune response, or from a combination of both. Clinical consequences range from nervous dysfunction in the absence of histopathological changes to severe meningoencephalitis and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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142
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Yildiz H, Wieërs G, Yombi JC, Marot JC. Liver granulomatosis: a case of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection. Acta Clin Belg 2015; 70:50-2. [PMID: 25176557 DOI: 10.1179/2295333714y.0000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
An 18-year-old man was referred to the Internal Medicine ward because of a 2-week history of intermittent high fever, weight loss and cough. Clinical examination revealed hepato-splenomegaly and multiple lymph nodes swelling while laboratory tests showed elevated C-reactive protein, gamma glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase. All serologic testes for auto-immune antibodies, viruses and bacteria were negative except for Chlamydophila pneumoniae. An 18-FDG PET computed tomography scanner showed hypermetabolism in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. We therefore conducted a liver biopsy that demonstrated non-necrotizing granulomas. We conclude to a C. pneumoniae infection associated with a granulomatous hepatitis. After treatment with Doxyciclin the patient had no more fever, hepatosplenomegaly resolved and blood testes normalized. This case report is to our knowledge the first report of a granulomatous hepatitis associated with C. pneumoniae respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yildiz
- Department of General Internal MedicineCliniques Saint-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - G. Wieërs
- Department of General Internal MedicineCliniques Saint-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
- Department of General Internal MedicineCliniques Universitaires St Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. C. Yombi
- Department of General Internal MedicineCliniques Universitaires St Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. C. Marot
- Department of General Internal MedicineCliniques Saint-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
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143
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Abstract
It has been determined that there is extensive communication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in this communication. There is an emerging realization that glia and microglia, in particular, (which are the brain’s resident macrophages), are an important source of inflammatory mediators and may have fundamental roles in CNS disorders. Microglia respond also to proinflammatory signals released from other non-neuronal cells, principally those of immune origin, such as mast cells. Mast cells reside in the CNS and are capable of migrating across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in situations where the barrier is compromised as a result of CNS pathology. Mast cells are both sensors and effectors in communication among nervous, vascular, and immune systems. In the brain, they reside on the brain side of the BBB, and interact with astrocytes, microglia, and blood vessels via their neuroactive stored and newly synthesized chemicals. They are first responders, acting as catalysts and recruiters to initiate, amplify, and prolong other immune and nervous responses upon activation. Mast cells both promote deleterious outcomes in brain function and contribute to normative behavioral functioning, particularly cognition and emotion. Mast cells may play a key role in treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signaling pathways from the periphery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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144
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate, intracellular parasite with a broad host range, including humans and rodents. In both humans and rodents, Toxoplasma establishes a lifelong persistent infection in the brain. While this brain infection is asymptomatic in most immunocompetent people, in the developing fetus or immunocompromised individuals such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, this predilection for and persistence in the brain can lead to devastating neurologic disease. Thus, it is clear that the brain-Toxoplasma interaction is critical to the symptomatic disease produced by Toxoplasma, yet we have little understanding of the cellular or molecular interaction between cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and the parasite. In the mouse model of CNS toxoplasmosis it has been known for over 30 years that neurons are the cells in which the parasite persists, but little information is available about which part of the neuron is generally infected (soma, dendrite, axon) and if this cellular relationship changes between strains. In part, this lack is secondary to the difficulty of imaging and visualizing whole infected neurons from an animal. Such images would typically require serial sectioning and stitching of tissue imaged by electron microscopy or confocal microscopy after immunostaining. By combining several techniques, the method described here enables the use of thick sections (160 µm) to identify and image whole cells that contain cysts, allowing three-dimensional visualization and analysis of individual, chronically infected neurons without the need for immunostaining, electron microscopy, or serial sectioning and stitching. Using this technique, we can begin to understand the cellular relationship between the parasite and the infected neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A Koshy
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona; Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona;
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145
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Fontes FL, Pinheiro DML, Oliveira AHSD, Oliveira RKDM, Lajus TBP, Agnez-Lima LF. Role of DNA repair in host immune response and inflammation. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 763:246-57. [PMID: 25795123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the understanding of how DNA repair contributes to the development of innate and acquired immunity has emerged. The DNA damage incurred during the inflammatory response triggers the activation of DNA repair pathways, which are required for host-cell survival. Here, we reviewed current understanding of the mechanism by which DNA repair contributes to protection against the oxidized DNA damage generated during infectious and inflammatory diseases and its involvement in innate and adaptive immunity. We discussed the functional role of DNA repair enzymes in the immune activation and the relevance of these processes to: transcriptional regulation of cytokines and other genes involved in the inflammatory response; V(D)J recombination; class-switch recombination (CSR); and somatic hypermutation (SHM). These three last processes of DNA damage repair are required for effective humoral adaptive immunity, creating genetic diversity in developing T and B cells. Furthermore, viral replication is also dependent on host DNA repair mechanisms. Therefore, the elucidation of the pathways of DNA damage and its repair that activate innate and adaptive immunity will be important for a better understanding of the immune and inflammatory disorders and developing new therapeutic interventions for treatment of these diseases and for improving their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrícia Lima Fontes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Maria Lopes Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Ana Helena Sales de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | | | - Tirzah Braz Petta Lajus
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil; Liga Contra o Cancer, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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146
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Eisen A, Kiernan M, Mitsumoto H, Swash M. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a long preclinical period? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:1232-8. [PMID: 24648037 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-307135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is conventionally considered as commencing with the recognition of clinical symptoms. We propose that, in common with other neurodegenerations, the pathogenic mechanisms culminating in ALS phenotypes begin much earlier in life. Animal models of genetically determined ALS exhibit pathological abnormalities long predating clinical deficits. The overt clinical ALS phenotype may develop when safety margins are exceeded subsequent to years of mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation or an imbalanced environment of excitation and inhibition in the neuropil. Somatic mutations, the epigenome and external environmental influences may interact to trigger a metabolic cascade that in the adult eventually exceeds functional threshold. A long preclinical and subsequent presymptomatic period pose a challenge for recognition, since it offers an opportunity for protective and perhaps even preventive therapeutic intervention to rescue dysfunctional neurons. We suggest, by analogy with other neurodegenerations and from SOD1 ALS mouse studies, that vulnerability might be induced in the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Eisen
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Hiroshi Mitsumoto
- Wesley J. Howe Professor of Neurology at CUMC, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig MDA/ALS Research Center, The Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Michael Swash
- Queen Mary University of London, UK Institute of Neuroscience, University of Lisbon, Portugal
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147
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Marreiros R, Müller-Schiffmann A, Bader V, Selvarajah S, Dey D, Lingappa VR, Korth C. Viral capsid assembly as a model for protein aggregation diseases: Active processes catalyzed by cellular assembly machines comprising novel drug targets. Virus Res 2014; 207:155-64. [PMID: 25451064 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Viruses can be conceptualized as self-replicating multiprotein assemblies, containing coding nucleic acids. Viruses have evolved to exploit host cellular components including enzymes to ensure their replicative life cycle. New findings indicate that also viral capsid proteins recruit host factors to accelerate their assembly. These assembly machines are RNA-containing multiprotein complexes whose composition is governed by allosteric sites. In the event of viral infection, the assembly machines are recruited to support the virus over the host and are modified to achieve that goal. Stress granules and processing bodies may represent collections of such assembly machines, readily visible by microscopy but biochemically labile and difficult to isolate by fractionation. We hypothesize that the assembly of protein multimers such as encountered in neurodegenerative or other protein conformational diseases, is also catalyzed by assembly machines. In the case of viral infection, the assembly machines have been modified by the virus to meet the virus' need for rapid capsid assembly rather than host homeostasis. In the case of the neurodegenerative diseases, it is the monomers and/or low n oligomers of the so-called aggregated proteins that are substrates of assembly machines. Examples for substrates are amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and tau in Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, prions in the prion diseases, Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) in subsets of chronic mental illnesses, and others. A likely continuum between virus capsid assembly and cell-to-cell transmissibility of aggregated proteins is remarkable. Protein aggregation diseases may represent dysfunction and dysregulation of these assembly machines analogous to the aberrations induced by viral infection in which cellular homeostasis is pathologically reprogrammed. In this view, as for viral infection, reset of assembly machines to normal homeostasis should be the goal of protein aggregation therapeutics. A key basis for the commonality between viral and neurodegenerative disease aggregation is a broader definition of assembly as more than just simple aggregation, particularly suited for the crowded cytoplasm. The assembly machines are collections of proteins that catalytically accelerate an assembly reaction that would occur spontaneously but too slowly to be relevant in vivo. Being an enzyme complex with a functional allosteric site, appropriated for a non-physiological purpose (e.g. viral infection or conformational disease), these assembly machines present a superior pharmacological target because inhibition of their active site will amplify an effect on their substrate reaction. Here, we present this hypothesis based on recent proof-of-principle studies against Aβ assembly relevant in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Marreiros
- Department Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller-Schiffmann
- Department Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Carsten Korth
- Department Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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148
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Fang P, Xu W, Wu C, Zhu M, Li X, Hong D. MAPT as a predisposing gene for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Chinese Han population. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:3116-23. [PMID: 25206632 PMCID: PMC4158701 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.33.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study of European Caucasian patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis demonstrated that a polymorphism in the microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) gene was significantly associated with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis. Here, we tested this association in 107 sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and 100 healthy controls from the Chinese Han population. We screened the mutation-susceptible regions of MAPT - the 3' and 5' untranslated regions as well as introns 9, 10, 11, and 12 - by direct sequencing, and identified 33 genetic variations. Two of these, 105788 A > G in intron 9 and 123972 T > A in intron 11, were not present in the control group. The age of onset in patients with the 105788 A > G and/or the 123972 T > A variant was younger than that in patients without either genetic variation. Moreover, the pa-tients with a genetic variation were more prone to bulbar palsy and breathing difficulties than those with the wild-type genotype. This led to a shorter survival period in patients with a MAPT genetic variant. Our study suggests that the MAPT gene is a potential risk gene for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Fang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wenyuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chengsi Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Daojun Hong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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149
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Xu W, Tan L, Yu JT. The Role of PICALM in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:399-413. [PMID: 25186232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly heritable disease (with heritability up to 76%) with a complex genetic profile of susceptibility, among which large genome-wide association studies (GWASs) pointed to the phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) gene as a susceptibility locus for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) incidence. Here, we summarize the known functions of PICALM and discuss its genetic polymorphisms and their potential physiological effects associated with LOAD. Compelling data indicated that PICALM affects AD risk primarily by modulating production, transportation, and clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, but other Aβ-independent pathways are discussed, including tauopathy, synaptic dysfunction, disorganized lipid metabolism, immune disorder, and disrupted iron homeostasis. Finally, given the potential involvement of PICALM in facilitating AD occurrence in multiple ways, it might be possible that targeting PICALM might provide promising and novel avenues for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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150
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Leonard CA, Borel N. Chronic Chlamydial Diseases: From Atherosclerosis to Urogenital Infections. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-014-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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