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Chauveau P, Moreau K, Lasseur C, Combe C, Aparicio M. [Common therapeutic approaches of sarcopenia in the elderly and uremic myopathy]. Nephrol Ther 2017; 13:511-517. [PMID: 28606408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The gradual loss of weight and function of muscle in patients with chronic kidney disease as in the elderly impacts the quality of life. Early management should help slow the functional limitation. Physical activity is the first therapy to propose that ensures stability of muscle mass and improved function. Resistance training programs have proven effective but are not yet widely available in nephrology units. The nutritional management should not be forgotten because there is a resistance to anabolism and protein intake should be involved in physical activity program. Associated treatments should not be neglected: vitamin D, anti-inflammatory, androgens. Some are still under evaluation. Therapeutic option, tomorrow, could be anti-myostatin antibodies and glitazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Chauveau
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Aurad-Aquitaine, 2, allée des Demoiselles, 33170 Gradignan, France.
| | - Karine Moreau
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Lasseur
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Aurad-Aquitaine, 2, allée des Demoiselles, 33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Christian Combe
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Unité INSERM 1026, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Aparicio
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Sontakova L, Tufano JJ, Shiells K, Holmerova I. Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:835-845. [PMID: 28553092 PMCID: PMC5441519 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s132940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) has been identified as beneficial for many diseases and health disorders, including sarcopenia. The positive influence of PA interventions on sarcopenia has been described previously on many occasions. Current reviews on the topic include studies with varied PA interventions for sarcopenia; nevertheless, no systematic review exploring the effects of PA in general on sarcopenia has been published. The main aim of this study was to explore the relationship between PA and sarcopenia in older people on the basis of cross-sectional and cohort studies. We searched PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect for articles addressing the relationship between PA and sarcopenia. Twenty-five articles were ultimately included in the qualitative and quantitative syntheses. A statistically significant association between PA and sarcopenia was documented in most of the studies, as well as the protective role of PA against sarcopenia development. Furthermore, the meta-analysis indicated that PA reduces the odds of acquiring sarcopenia in later life (odds ratio [OR] =0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37–0.55). The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis confirm the beneficial influence of PA in general for the prevention of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Steffl
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard W Bohannon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - Lenka Sontakova
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kate Shiells
- Faculty of Humanities, Centre of Gerontology, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Holmerova
- Faculty of Humanities, Centre of Gerontology, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Fougère B, Delrieu J, Del Campo N, Soriano G, Sourdet S, Vellas B. Cognitive Frailty: Mechanisms, Tools to Measure, Prevention and Controversy. Clin Geriatr Med 2017; 33:339-355. [PMID: 28689567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical frailty is often associated with cognitive impairment, possibly because of common underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. To stimulate research in this field, the concept cognitive frailty was proposed, emphasizing the important role of brain aging. Cognitive frailty was defined as the presence of cognitive deficits in physically frail older persons without dementia. This subtype of frailty is deemed important, as it may represent a prodromal phase for neurodegenerative diseases and is potentially a suitable target for early intervention. The aim of this report is to refine the framework for the definition and mechanisms of cognitive frailty and relevant screening tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Fougère
- Ge´rontopoˆ le, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR1027, Universite´ de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Delrieu
- Ge´rontopoˆ le, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Natalia Del Campo
- Ge´rontopoˆ le, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre of Exellence in Neurodegeneration, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaëlle Soriano
- Ge´rontopoˆ le, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Sourdet
- Ge´rontopoˆ le, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR1027, Universite´ de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Ge´rontopoˆ le, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR1027, Universite´ de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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104
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Wandrag L, Siervo M, Riley HL, Khosravi M, Fernandez BO, Leckstrom CA, Martin DS, Mitchell K, Levett DZH, Montgomery HE, Mythen MG, Stroud MA, Grocott MPW, Feelisch M. Does hypoxia play a role in the development of sarcopenia in humans? Mechanistic insights from the Caudwell Xtreme Everest Expedition. Redox Biol 2017; 13:60-68. [PMID: 28570949 PMCID: PMC5451185 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Sarcopenia refers to the involuntary loss of skeletal muscle and is a predictor of physical disability/mortality. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood, although roles for altered hypoxic signaling, oxidative stress, adipokines and inflammatory mediators have been suggested. Sarcopenia also occurs upon exposure to the hypoxia of high altitude. Using data from the Caudwell Xtreme Everest expedition we therefore sought to analyze the extent of hypoxia-induced body composition changes and identify putative pathways associated with fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) loss. Methods After baseline testing in London (75 m), 24 investigators ascended from Kathmandu (1300 m) to Everest base camp (EBC 5300 m) over 13 days. Fourteen investigators climbed above EBC, eight of whom reached the summit (8848 m). Assessments were conducted at baseline, during ascent and after one, six and eight week(s) of arrival at EBC. Changes in body composition (FM, FFM, total body water, intra- and extra-cellular water) were measured by bioelectrical impedance. Biomarkers of nitric oxide and oxidative stress were measured together with adipokines, inflammatory, metabolic and vascular markers. Results Participants lost a substantial, but variable, amount of body weight (7.3±4.9 kg by expedition end; p<0.001). A progressive loss of both FM and FFM was observed, and after eight weeks, the proportion of FFM loss was 48% greater than FM loss (p<0.008). Changes in protein carbonyls (p<0.001) were associated with a decline in FM whereas 4-hydroxynonenal (p<0.001) and IL-6 (p<0.001) correlated with FFM loss. GLP-1 (r=−0.45, p<0.001) and nitrite (r=−0.29, p<0.001) concentration changes were associated with FFM loss. In a multivariate model, GLP-1, insulin and nitrite were significant predictors of FFM loss while protein carbonyls were predicted FM loss. Conclusions The putative role of GLP-1 and nitrite as mediators of the effects of hypoxia on FFM is an intriguing finding. If confirmed, nutritional and pharmacological interventions targeting these pathways may offer new avenues for prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl Wandrag
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, UK; University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Heather L Riley
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, WC1B 6BT, UK
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Carl A Leckstrom
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel S Martin
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, 9th Floor, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Kay Mitchell
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Denny Z H Levett
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, UK
| | - Hugh E Montgomery
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK
| | - Monty G Mythen
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK
| | - Michael A Stroud
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, UK
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, UK.
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105
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11C-L-methyl methionine dynamic PET/CT of skeletal muscle: response to protein supplementation compared to L-[ring 13C 6] phenylalanine infusion with serial muscle biopsy. Ann Nucl Med 2017; 31:295-303. [PMID: 28260185 PMCID: PMC5397459 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-017-1157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to determine if clinical dynamic PET/CT imaging with 11C-L-methyl-methionine (11C-MET) in healthy older women can provide an estimate of tissue-level post-absorptive and post-prandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis that is consistent with the more traditional method of calculating fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of muscle protein synthesis from skeletal muscle biopsies obtained during an infusion of L-[ring 13C6] phenylalanine (13C6-Phe). Methods Healthy older women (73 ± 5 years) completed both dynamic PET/CT imaging with 11C-MET and a stable isotope infusion of 13C6-Phe with biopsies to measure the skeletal muscle protein synthetic response to 25 g of a whey protein supplement. Graphical estimation of the Patlak coefficient Ki from analysis of the dynamic PET/CT images was employed as a measure of incorporation of 11 C-MET in the mid-thigh muscle bundle. Results Post-prandial values [mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)] were higher than post-absorptive values for both Ki (0.0095 ± 0.001 vs. 0.00785 ± 0.001 min−1, p < 0.05) and FSR (0.083 ± 0.008 vs. 0.049 ± 0.006%/h, p < 0.001) in response to the whey protein supplement. The percent increase in Ki and FSR in response to the whey protein supplement was significantly correlated (r = 0.79, p = 0.015). Conclusions Dynamic PET/CT imaging with 11C-MET provides an estimate of the post-prandial anabolic response that is consistent with a traditional, invasive stable isotope, and muscle biopsy approach. These results support the potential future use of 11C-MET imaging as a non-invasive method for assessing conditions affecting skeletal muscle protein synthesis.
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106
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Locke JE, Carr JJ, Nair S, Terry JG, Reed RD, Smith GD, Segev DL, Kumar V, Lewis CE. Abdominal lean muscle is associated with lower mortality among kidney waitlist candidates. Clin Transplant 2017; 31. [PMID: 28075034 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Morphometric assessments, such as muscle density and body fat distribution, have emerged as strong predictors of cardiovascular risk and postoperative morbidity and mortality. To date, no study has examined morphometric mortality risk prediction among kidney transplant (KT) candidates. KT candidates, waitlisted 2008-2009, were identified (n=96) and followed to the earliest of transplant, death, or administrative end of study. Morphometric measures, including abdominal adipose tissue, paraspinous and psoas muscle composition, and aortic calcification, were measured from CTs. Risk of waitlist mortality was examined using Cox proportional hazard regression. On adjusted analyses, radiologic measures remained independently and significantly associated with lower waitlist mortality; the addition of radiologic measures significantly improved model predictive ability over models containing traditional risk factors alone (net reclassification index: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.31-0.75). Higher psoas muscle attenuation (indicative of leaner muscle) was associated with decreased risk of death (aHR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.91-0.96, P<.001), and for each unit increase in lean paraspinous volume, there was an associated 2% decreased risk for death (aHR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99, P=.03). Radiologic measures of lean muscle mass, such as psoas muscle attenuation and paraspinous lean volume, may improve waitlist mortality risk prediction and candidate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme E Locke
- Comprehensive Transplant Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Jeffrey Carr
- Department of Radiology and Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sangeeta Nair
- Department of Radiology and Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James G Terry
- Department of Radiology and Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rhiannon D Reed
- Comprehensive Transplant Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Grant D Smith
- Comprehensive Transplant Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dorry L Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vineeta Kumar
- Comprehensive Transplant Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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107
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Altered mitochondrial quality control signaling in muscle of old gastric cancer patients with cachexia. Exp Gerontol 2017; 87:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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108
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Kang SH, Jung DJ, Cho KH, Park JW, Lee KY, Do JY. Association between sarcopenia and hearing thresholds in postmenopausal women. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:470-476. [PMID: 28539823 PMCID: PMC5441039 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.18048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Given the association between metabolic disturbance and sarcopenia, sarcopenia may be intrinsically associated with the prevalence of HL. However, few studies describe the association between sarcopenia and HL. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical association between sarcopenia and HL in postmenopausal Korean women. Patients and Methods: A total of 4,038 women were ultimately included in this study. All participants were postmenopausal. Participants were divided into two groups based on criteria from the Foundation for the National Institute of Health Sarcopenia Project: a normal group (sarcopenia index ≥ 0.512) and a sarcopenia group (sarcopenia index < 0.512). Low-frequency (Low-Freq), mid-frequency (Mid-Freq), and high-frequency (High-Freq) values were obtained. The average hearing threshold (AHT) was calculated as the pure tone average at the 4 frequencies of 0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, and 3 kHz. Mild HL was as an AHT of 24 to 40 dB; moderate-to-profound HL was defined as an AHT of 40 dB or greater. Results: Of the 4,038 participants, 272 (6.7%) were allocated to the sarcopenia group, leaving 3,766 (93.3%) in the normal group. The groups differed significantly in terms of having hypertension (775 [20.6%] vs. 108 [39.7%]; P < 0.001) or metabolic syndrome (817 [21.7%] vs. 110 [40.4%]; P < 0.001) in the normal and sarcopenia groups, respectively. Visceral fat area (cm3) in the normal and sarcopenia groups was 99.0 ± 21.9 cm3 and 117.0 ± 21.8 cm3 , respectively (P < 0.001). The hsCRP level was higher in the sarcopenia group than in the normal group. For univariate and multivariate analyses, all 4 hearing thresholds were higher in the sarcopenia group than in the normal group. In addition, linear regression analyses showed Low-Freq, Mid-Freq, and High-Freq to be inversely correlated with the sarcopenia index. The unadjusted OR for mild HL was 2.692 (95% CI, 1.963-3.692; P < 0.001) in the sarcopenia group relative to the normal group, with an adjusted OR of 1.584 (95% CI, 1.131-2.217; P = 0.007). The unadjusted OR for moderate-to-profound HL in the sarcopenia group relative to the normal group was 6.246 (95% CI, 4.530-8.612; P < 0.001); the adjusted OR was 2.667 (95% CI, 1.866-3.812; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Sarcopenia may be associated with HL. It may be beneficial to perform screening audiometry in patients with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hui Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Jung Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyang Cho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Yup Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Do
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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South MA, Layne AS, Stuart CA, Triplett NT, Ramsey M, Howell ME, Sands WA, Mizuguchi S, Hornsby WG, Kavanaugh AA, Stone MH. Effects of Short-Term Free-Weight and Semiblock Periodization Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2682-96. [PMID: 27465635 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
South, MA, Layne, AS, Stuart, CA, Triplett, NT, Ramsey, MW, Howell, ME, Sands, WA, Mizuguchi, S, Hornsby, WG, Kavanaugh, AA, and Stone, MH. Effects of short-term free-weight and semiblock periodization resistance training on metabolic syndrome. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2682-2696, 2016-The effects of short-term resistance training on performance and health variables associated with prolonged sedentary lifestyle and metabolic syndrome (MS) were investigated. Resistance training may alter a number of health-related, physiological, and performance variables. As a result, resistance training can be used as a valuable tool in ameliorating the effects of a sedentary lifestyle including those associated with MS. Nineteen previously sedentary subjects (10 with MS and 9 with nonmetabolic syndrome [NMS]) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. Maximum strength was measured using an isometric midthigh pull and resulting force-time curve. Vertical jump height (JH) and power were measured using a force plate. The muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and type were examined using muscle biopsy and standard analysis techniques. Aerobic power was measured on a cycle ergometer using a ParvoMedics 2400 Metabolic system. Endurance was measured as time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. After training, maximum isometric strength, JH, jump power, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak increased by approximately 10% (or more) in both the metabolic and NMS groups (both male and female subjects). Over 8 weeks of training, body mass did not change statistically, but percent body fat decreased in subjects with the MS and in women, and lean body mass increased in all groups (p ≤ 0.05). Few alterations were noted in the fiber type. Men had larger CSAs compared those of with women, and there was a fiber-specific trend toward hypertrophy over time. In summary, 8 weeks of semiblock free-weight resistance training improved several performance variables and some cardiovascular factors associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A South
- 1Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; Departments of 2Applied Physiology and Kinesiology; 3Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; 4Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen School of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; 5Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina; and 6Department of Coaching and Teaching Studies, College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Baker TP, Candow DG, Farthing JP. Effect of Preexercise Creatine Ingestion on Muscle Performance in Healthy Aging Males. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1763-6. [PMID: 26562708 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preexercise creatine supplementation may have a beneficial effect on aging muscle performance. Using a double-blind, repeated measures, crossover design, healthy males (N = 9, 54.8 ± 4.3 years; 92.9 ± 11.5 kg; 179.2 ± 11.1 cm) were randomized to consume creatine (20 g) and placebo (20 g corn starch maltodextrin), on 2 separate occasions (7 days apart), 3 hours before performing leg press and chest press repetitions to muscle fatigue (3 sets at 70% 1-repetition maximum; 1 minute rest between sets). There was a set main effect (p ≤ 0.05) for the leg press and chest press with the number of repetitions performed decreasing similarly for creatine and placebo. These results suggest that a bolus ingestion of creatine consumed 3 hours before resistance exercise has no effect on upper or lower-body muscle performance in healthy aging males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor P Baker
- 1Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada; and2College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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111
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van Dijk M, Nagel J, Dijk FJ, Salles J, Verlaan S, Walrand S, van Norren K, Luiking Y. Sarcopenia in older mice is characterized by a decreased anabolic response to a protein meal. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 69:134-143. [PMID: 27918964 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with sarcopenia, a progressive decline of skeletal muscle mass, muscle quality and muscle function. Reduced sensitivity of older muscles to respond to anabolic stimuli, i.e. anabolic resistance, is part of the underlying mechanisms. Although, muscle parameters have been studied in mice of various ages/strains; the aim was to study if mice display similar deteriorating processes as human ageing. Therefore, 10,16,21 and 25 months-old C57BL6/6J male mice were studied to measure parameters of sarcopenia and factors contributing to its pathophysiology, with the aim of characterizing sarcopenia in old mice. Muscle mass of the hind limb was lower in 25 as compared to 10 month-old mice. A significant decrease in physical daily activity, muscle grip strength and ex vivo muscle maximal force production was observed in 25 compared to 10 month-old mice. The muscle anabolic response to a single protein meal showed increased muscle protein synthesis in young, but not in old mice, indicative to anabolic resistance. However, by increasing the protein content in meals, anabolic resistance could be overcome, similar as in human elderly. Additionally, aged mice showed higher fasted insulin and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (=marker oxidative stress). This study shows clear characteristics of sarcopenia that coincide with anabolic resistance, insulin resistance and oxidative stress in 25 month-old C57/BL6 male mice, similar to human ageing. Furthermore, similar decline in muscle mass, strength and function was observed in this aged-mice-model. These observations offer potential for the future to explore in old mice the effects of interventions targeting sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam van Dijk
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolanda Nagel
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Francina J Dijk
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jerôme Salles
- Unite de Nutrition Humaine, INRA-UdA, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Sjors Verlaan
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Yvette Luiking
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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112
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Springer J, Anker SD. Publication trends in cachexia and sarcopenia in elderly heart failure patients. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2016; 128:446-454. [PMID: 27885423 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-016-1126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The loss of skeletal mass - sarcopenia and cachexia - is considered to be a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure (CHF). Unfortunately, sarcopenia is generally considered to be a geriatric syndrome, but not necessarily seen as a comorbidity in CHF, even though it has a wide range of adverse health outcomes. While there were 15,574 publication with the title word "heart failure" in PubMed in the 5‑year period from 1 June 2011 to 31 May 2016, only 22 or 71 publications were found with the search combination "sarcopenia" or "cachexia" (title word) and "heart failure" (all fields), respectively. This shows very clearly that loss of muscle quality and function due to heart failure is still an underappreciated problem in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Springer
- Institute of Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Institute of Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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113
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Androga L, Sharma D, Amodu A, Abramowitz MK. Sarcopenia, obesity, and mortality in US adults with and without chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Rep 2016; 2:201-211. [PMID: 28439567 PMCID: PMC5399775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD), the association of muscle mass with mortality is poorly defined, and no study has examined outcomes related to the co-occurrence of low muscle mass and excess adiposity (sarcopenic obesity). Methods We examined abnormalities of muscle and fat mass in adult participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. We determined whether associations of body composition with all-cause mortality differed between participants with CKD compared to those without. Results CKD modified the association of body composition with mortality (P = 0.01 for interaction). In participants without CKD, both sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were independently associated with increased mortality compared with normal body composition (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07–1.93, and HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.26–2.13, respectively). These associations were not present among participants with CKD. Conversely, obese persons had the lowest adjusted risk of death, with an increased risk among those with sarcopenia (HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.05–1.95) but not sarcopenic-obesity (P = 0.003 for interaction by CKD status; HR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.89–1.65), compared with obesity. Discussion Sarcopenia associates with increased mortality regardless of estimated glomerular filtration rate, but excess adiposity modifies this association among persons with CKD. Future studies of prognosis and weight loss and exercise interventions in CKD patients should consider muscle mass and adiposity together rather than in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lagu Androga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Deep Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Afolarin Amodu
- Seton Hall University School of Health and Medical Sciences, St Francis Medical Center, Trenton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew K. Abramowitz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Correspondence: Matthew K. Abramowitz, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Ullmann 615, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.Albert Einstein College of Medicine1300 Morris Park AvenueUllmann 615BronxNew York 10461USA
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114
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Javadov S, Jang S, Rodriguez-Reyes N, Rodriguez-Zayas AE, Soto Hernandez J, Krainz T, Wipf P, Frontera W. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant preserves contractile properties and mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle in aged rats. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39469-81. [PMID: 26415224 PMCID: PMC4741839 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia associated with a loss of mass and activity of skeletal muscle. In addition to energy deprivation, increased mitochondrial ROS damage proteins and lipids in aged skeletal muscle. Therefore, prevention of mitochondrial ROS is important for potential therapeutic strategies to delay sarcopenia. This study elucidates the pharmacological efficiency of the new developed mitochondria-targeted ROS and electron scavenger, XJB-5-131 (XJB) to restore muscle contractility and mitochondrial function in aged skeletal muscle. Male adult (5-month old) and aged (29-month old) Fischer Brown Norway (F344/BN) rats were treated with XJB for four weeks and contractile properties of single skeletal muscle fibres and activity of mitochondrial ETC complexes were determined at the end of the treatment period. XJB-treated old rats showed higher muscle contractility associated with prevention of protein oxidation in both muscle homogenate and mitochondria compared with untreated counterparts. XJB-treated animals demonstrated a high activity of the respiratory complexes I, III, and IV with no changes in citrate synthase activity. These data demonstrate that mitochondrial ROS play a causal role in muscle weakness, and that a ROS scavenger specifically targeted to mitochondria can reverse age-related alterations of mitochondrial function and improve contractile properties in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Sehwan Jang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Ana E Rodriguez-Zayas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Jessica Soto Hernandez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Tanja Krainz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Walter Frontera
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a highly prevalent condition among the elderly and is associated with considerable morbidity, institutionalization and mortality. In its advanced stages, CHF is often accompanied by the loss of muscle mass and strength. Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome that has been actively studied in recent years due to its association with a wide range of adverse health outcomes. The goal of this review is to discuss the relationship between CHF and sarcopenia, with a focus on shared pathophysiological pathways and treatments. Malnutrition, systemic inflammation, endocrine imbalances, and oxidative stress appear to connect sarcopenia and CHF. At the muscular level, alterations of the ubiquitin proteasome system, myostatin signaling, and apoptosis have been described in both sarcopenia and CHF and could play a role in the loss of muscle mass and function. Possible therapeutic strategies to impede the progression of muscle wasting in CHF patients include protein and vitamin D supplementation, structured physical exercise, and the administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and β-blockers. Hormonal supplementation with growth hormone, testosterone, and ghrelin is also discussed as a potential treatment.
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116
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Identification of morphological markers of sarcopenia at early stage of aging in skeletal muscle of mice. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:22-30. [PMID: 27435496 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrocnemius muscle (GM) of young (3months) and aged (12months) female wild-type C57/BL6 mice was examined by light and electron microscopy, looking for the presence of structural changes at early stage of the aging process. Morphometrical parameters including body and gastrocnemius weights, number and type of muscle fibers, cross section area (CSA), perimeter, and Feret's diameter of single muscle fiber, were measured. Moreover, lengths of the sarcomere, A-band, I-band, H-zone, and number and CSA of intermyofibrillar mitochondria (IFM), were also determined. The results provide evidence that 12month-old mice had significant changes on skeletal muscle structure, beginning with the reduction of gastrocnemius weight to body weight ratio, compatible with an early loss of skeletal muscle function and strength. Moreover, light microscopy revealed increased muscle fibers size, with a significant increase on their CSA, perimeter, and diameter of both type I and type II muscle fibers, and a reduction in the percentage of muscle area occupied by type II fibers. Enhanced connective tissue infiltrations, and the presence of centrally nucleated muscle fibers, were also found in aged mice. These changes may underlie an attempt to compensate the loss of muscle mass and muscle fibers number. Furthermore, electron microscopy discovered a significant age-dependent increase in the length of sarcomeres, I and H bands, and reduction on the overlapped actin/myosin length, supporting contractile force loss with age. Electron microscopy also showed an increased number and CSA of IFM with age, which may reveal more endurance at 12months of age. Together, mice at early stage of aging already show significant changes in gastrocnemius muscle morphology and ultrastructure that are suggestive of the onset of sarcopenia.
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117
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van Lummel RC, Walgaard S, Maier AB, Ainsworth E, Beek PJ, van Dieën JH. The Instrumented Sit-to-Stand Test (iSTS) Has Greater Clinical Relevance than the Manually Recorded Sit-to-Stand Test in Older Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157968. [PMID: 27391082 PMCID: PMC4938439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to rise from sitting to standing is critical to an individual's quality of life, as it is a prerequisite for functional independence. The purpose of the current study was to examine the hypothesis that test durations as assessed with the instrumented repeated Sit-To-Stand (STS) show stronger associations with health status, functional status and daily physical activity of older adults than manually recorded test durations. METHODS In 63 older participants (mean age 83 ±6.9 years, 51 female), health status was assessed using the European Quality of Life questionnaire and functional status was assessed using the physical function index of the of the RAND-36. Physical performance was measured using a wearable sensor-based STS test. From this test, durations, sub-durations and kinematics of the STS movements were estimated and analysed. In addition, physical activity was measured for one week using an activity monitor and episodes of lying, sitting, standing and locomotion were identified. Associations between STS parameters with health status, functional status and daily physical activity were assessed. RESULTS The manually recorded STS times were not significantly associated with health status (p = 0.457) and functional status (p = 0.055), whereas the instrumented STS times were (both p = 0.009). The manually recorded STS durations showed a significant association to daily physical activity for mean sitting durations (p = 0.042), but not for mean standing durations (p = 0.230) and mean number of locomotion periods (p = 0.218). Furthermore, durations of the dynamic sit-to-stand phase of the instrumented STS showed more significant associations with health status, functional status and daily physical activity (all p = 0.001) than the static phases standing and sitting (p = 0.043-0.422). CONCLUSIONS As hypothesized, instrumented STS durations were more strongly associated with participant health status, functional status and physical activity than manually recorded STS durations in older adults. Furthermore, instrumented STS allowed assessment of the dynamic phases of the test, which were likely more informative than the static sitting and standing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob C. van Lummel
- McRoberts BV, Raamweg 43, 2596 HN, The Hague, The Netherlands
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Walgaard
- McRoberts BV, Raamweg 43, 2596 HN, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea B. Maier
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik Ainsworth
- McRoberts BV, Raamweg 43, 2596 HN, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Beek
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H. van Dieën
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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118
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Panza F, Seripa D, Solfrizzi V, Tortelli R, Greco A, Pilotto A, Logroscino G. Targeting Cognitive Frailty: Clinical and Neurobiological Roadmap for a Single Complex Phenotype. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:793-813. [PMID: 26401761 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Late-life cognitive disorders may be prevented by influencing age-related conditions such as frailty, characterized by decreased resistance to stressors and increased risk for adverse health outcomes. In the present review article, we examined clinical and epidemiological studies investigating the possible role of different frailty models in modulating the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia, vascular dementia (VaD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and late-life cognitive impairment/decline that have been published over the past 3 years. Both deficit accumulation and physical frailty models were associated with late-life cognitive impairment/decline, incident dementia, AD, MCI, VaD, non-AD dementias, and AD pathology, proposing cognitive frailty as a new clinical construct with coexisting physical frailty and cognitive impairment in nondemented older subjects. Two subtypes of this new clinical condition have been recently proposed: "potentially reversible" cognitive frailty and "reversible" cognitive frailty. The physical factors should be physical prefrailty and frailty, while the cognitive impairment of potentially reversible cognitive frailty should be MCI (Clinical Dementia rating Scale = 0.5), while the cognitive impairment of reversible cognitive frailty should be pre-MCI Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD), as recently proposed by the SCD Initiative Working Group. The mechanisms underlying the cognitive-frailty link are multifactorial and vascular, inflammatory, nutritional, and metabolic influences may be of major relevance. Considering both physical frailty and cognition as a single complex phenotype may be crucial in the prevention of dementia and its subtypes with secondary preventive trials on cognitive frail older subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy.,Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tortelli
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alberto Pilotto
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of OrthoGeriatrics, Rehabilitation and Stabilization, Frailty Area, Galliera Hospital NR-HS, Genova, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy
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119
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Li C, White SH, Warren LK, Wohlgemuth SE. Effects of aging on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of American American Quarter Horses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:299-311. [PMID: 27283918 PMCID: PMC5040552 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle function, aerobic capacity, and mitochondrial (Mt) function have been found to decline with age in humans and rodents. However, not much is known about age-related changes in Mt function in equine skeletal muscle. Here, we compared fiber-type composition and Mt function in gluteus medius and triceps brachii muscle between young (age 1.8 ± 0.1 yr, n = 24) and aged (age 17-25 yr, n = 10) American Quarter Horses. The percentage of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIX was lower in aged compared with young muscles (gluteus, P = 0.092; triceps, P = 0.012), while the percentages of MHC I (gluteus; P < 0.001) and MHC IIA (triceps; P = 0.023) were increased. Mass-specific Mt density, indicated by citrate synthase activity, was unaffected by age in gluteus, but decreased in aged triceps (P = 0.023). Cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) activity per milligram tissue and per Mt unit decreased with age in gluteus (P < 0.001 for both) and triceps (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase per milligram tissue was unaffected by age, but increased per Mt unit in aged gluteus and triceps (P = 0.023 and P < 0.001, respectively). Mt respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers per milligram tissue was unaffected by age in both muscles. Main effects of age appeared when respiration was normalized to Mt content, with increases in LEAK, oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and electron transport system capacity (P = 0.038, P = 0.045, and P = 0.007, respectively), independent of muscle. In conclusion, equine skeletal muscle aging was accompanied by a shift in fiber-type composition, decrease in Mt density and COX activity, but preserved Mt respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sarah H White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lori K Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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120
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Elliott JE, Greising SM, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Functional impact of sarcopenia in respiratory muscles. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 226:137-46. [PMID: 26467183 PMCID: PMC4838572 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk for respiratory complications and infections is substantially increased in old age, which may be due, in part, to sarcopenia (aging-related weakness and atrophy) of the diaphragm muscle (DIAm), reducing its force generating capacity and impairing the ability to perform expulsive non-ventilatory motor behaviors critical for airway clearance. The aging-related reduction in DIAm force generating capacity is due to selective atrophy of higher force generating type IIx and/or IIb muscle fibers, whereas lower force generating type I and IIa muscle fiber sizes are preserved. Fiber type specific DIAm atrophy is also seen following unilateral phrenic nerve denervation and in other neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, the effect of aging on DIAm function resembles that of neurodegeneration and suggests possible common mechanisms, such as the involvement of several neurotrophic factors in mediating DIAm sarcopenia. This review will focus on changes in two neurotrophic signaling pathways that represent potential mechanisms underlying the aging-related fiber type specific DIAm atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Elliott
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarah M Greising
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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121
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Mogi M, Kohara K, Nakaoka H, Kan-No H, Tsukuda K, Wang XL, Chisaka T, Bai HY, Shan BS, Kukida M, Iwanami J, Miki T, Horiuchi M. Diabetic mice exhibited a peculiar alteration in body composition with exaggerated ectopic fat deposition after muscle injury due to anomalous cell differentiation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:213-24. [PMID: 27493874 PMCID: PMC4864245 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic obesity, age-related muscle loss, which is compensated by an increase in fat mass, impairs quality of life in elderly people. Although the increase in intramuscular fat is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and increased metabolic risk factors, the origin of diabetes-associated intramuscular fat has not been elucidated. Here, we investigated intramuscular fat deposition using a muscle injury model in type 2 diabetic mice. METHODS Male 8-week-old C57BL/6 and 8-week-old and 26-week-old KKAy underwent intramuscular injection of cardiotoxin (Ctx) (100 μL/10 μM) into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. After 2 weeks, the muscles were removed and evaluated. RESULTS KKAy exhibited impaired muscle regeneration and ectopic fat deposition. Such impairment was more marked in older KKAy. These changes were also observed in another diabetic mouse model, db/db and diet-induced obese mice but not in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. Deposited fat was platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor alpha positive and its cytoskeleton was stained with Masson's trichrome, indicating it to be of fibro-adipocyte progenitor cell origin. Expression of a myogenic marker, myoD, was lower and that of PDGF receptor alpha and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CEBP) alpha was higher in Ctx-injured TA of KKAy compared with that of C57BL/6. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was highly expressed in fat-forming lesions in older KKAy. Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid prevented the formation of intramuscular fat; however, treatment with GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, increased the fibrotic change in muscle. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic mice showed impaired muscle regeneration with fat deposition, suggesting that diabetes may enhance sarcopenic obesity through a mechanism involving anomalous fibro-adipocyte progenitor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kohara
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nakaoka
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Harumi Kan-No
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Kana Tsukuda
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Chisaka
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan; Department of Pediatrics Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Hui-Yu Bai
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Bao-Shuai Shan
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kukida
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan; Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension and Nephrology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Jun Iwanami
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Miki
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Masatsugu Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine Tohon Ehime 791-0295 Japan
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122
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Cacciatore F, Della-Morte D, Basile C, Curcio F, Liguori I, Roselli M, Gargiulo G, Galizia G, Bonaduce D, Abete P. Butyryl-cholinesterase is related to muscle mass and strength. A new biomarker to identify elderly subjects at risk of sarcopenia. Biomark Med 2016; 9:669-78. [PMID: 26174841 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the relationship between Butyryl-cholinesterase (α-glycoprotein synthesized in the liver, b-CHE) and muscle mass and strength. METHODS Muscle mass by bioimpedentiometer and muscle strength by grip strength were evaluated in 337 elderly subjects (mean age: 76.2 ± 6.7 years) admitted to comprehensive geriatric assessment. RESULTS b-CHE levels were lower in sarcopenic than in nonsarcopenic elderly subjects (p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis demonstrated that b-CHE is linearly related with grip strength and muscular mass both in men and women (r = 0.45 and r = 0.33, p < 0.01; r = 0.55 and r = 0.39, p < 0.01; respectively). Multivariate analysis confirms this analysis. CONCLUSIONS b-CHE is related to muscle mass and strength in elderly subjects. Thus, b-CHE may be considered to be a fair biomarker for identifying elderly subjects at risk of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cacciatore
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy.,IRCCS Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Scientific Institute of Telese, Benevento, Italy
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Basile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Curcio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Liguori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Roselli
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Gargiulo
- Division of Geriatrics, AON SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Galizia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy.,IRCCS Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Novara, Italy
| | - Domenico Bonaduce
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Abete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
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123
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Abstract
This review will focus on findings from the few studies performed to date in humans to examine changes in muscle protein turnover, lean or muscle mass and physical function following fish oil-derived omega-3 fatty acid treatment. Although considerable gaps in our current knowledge exist, hypertrophic responses (e.g., improvements in the rate of muscle protein synthesis and mTOR signaling during increased amino acid availability and an increase in muscle volume) have been reported in older adults following prolonged (8 to 24 weeks) of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. There is also accumulating evidence that increased omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cells are positively related to strength and measures of physical function. As a result, increased omega-3 fatty acid consumption may prove to be a promising low-cost dietary approach to attenuate or prevent aging associated declines in muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon I Smith
- Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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124
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Vasconcelos KSDS, Dias JMD, Bastone ADC, Vieira RA, Andrade ACDS, Perracini MR, Guerra RO, Dias RC. Handgrip Strength Cutoff Points to Identify Mobility Limitation in Community-dwelling Older People and Associated Factors. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:306-15. [PMID: 26892580 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is defined as a progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. The specific threshold of muscle weakness that leads to mobility limitations has not been identified. OBJECTIVES To determine the best cutoff point of handgrip strength for identifying mobility limitation and to investigate the factors associated with muscle weakness and mobility limitation in community-dwelling older people. DESIGN Transversal study. SETTING Cities of Belo Horizonte, Barueri and Santa Cruz in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS 1374 community-dwelling older people from the Frailty study in Brazilian older people (FIBRA Study). MEASUREMENTS Outcomes included muscle weakness determined according to gender-specific handgrip strength cutoff points generated by Receiver Operating Characteristic curves, mobility limitation defined as a gait speed ≤ 0.8 m/s; and a combination of both muscle weakness and mobility limitation. Associated factors included socio-demographic variables, lifestyle, anthropometrics, health conditions, use of health services and disability. RESULTS The cutoff points of handgrip strength with the best balancing between sensitivity and specificity for mobility limitation were 25.8 kgf for men (sensitivity 69%, specificity 73%) and 17.4 kgf (sensitivity 60%, specificity 66%) for women. Age and disability in instrumental activities of daily living were associated with all outcomes. Women had greater odds of mobility limitation than men. Physical inactivity, body fat, diabetes, depression, sleeping disturbances, number of medications and occurrence of falls remained as significant associated factors in the final model. CONCLUSIONS Handgrip strength can be a useful tool to identify mobility limitation in clinical practice. Interventions to prevent or minimize impacts of sarcopenia should stimulate physical activity and improvement of body composition in addition to the management of chronic diseases and disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S de Souza Vasconcelos
- Karina Simone de Souza Vasconcelos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Physical Therapy, Rua Engenheiro Hermenegildo Campos de Almeida, 260, ap 31, Jundiaí - SP, Brasil, Jundiaí, São Paulo 13208640, Brazil, +55 11 45816347, mobile: +55 11 964339875,
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125
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Abstract
Hypertension is a highly prevalent condition with numerous health risks, and the incidence of hypertension is greatest among older adults. Traditional discussions of hypertension have largely focused on the risks for cardiovascular disease and associated events. However, there are a number of collateral effects, including risks for dementia, physical disability, and falls/fractures which are increasingly garnering attention in the hypertension literature. Several key mechanisms--including inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction--are common to biologic aging and hypertension development and appear to have key mechanistic roles in the development of the cardiovascular and collateral risks of late-life hypertension. The objective of the present review is to highlight the multi-dimensional risks of hypertension among older adults and discuss potential strategies for treatment and future areas of research for improving overall care for older adults with hypertension.
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126
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Prior SJ, Ryan AS, Blumenthal JB, Watson JM, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP. Sarcopenia Is Associated With Lower Skeletal Muscle Capillarization and Exercise Capacity in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 71:1096-101. [PMID: 26888434 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle capillary rarefaction limits the transcapillary transport of nutrients and oxygen to muscle and may contribute to sarcopenia and functional impairment in older adults. We tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle capillarization and exercise capacity (VO2max) are lower in sarcopenic than in nonsarcopenic older adults and that the degree of sarcopenia is related to lower skeletal muscle capillarization. METHODS Body composition, VO2max, and vastus lateralis capillarization were determined in 76 middle-aged and older men and women (age = 61±1 years, body mass index [BMI] = 30.7±0.5kg/m(2) [mean ± SEM]). Participants were classified as sarcopenic if appendicular lean mass divided by BMI (ALMBMI) was less than 0.789 for men or less than 0.512 for women. RESULTS Sarcopenic subjects (ALMBMI = 0.65±0.04, n = 16) had 20% lower capillary-to-fiber ratio, as well as 13% and 15% lower VO2max expressed as mL/kg/min or L/min, respectively, compared with sex-, race-, and age-matched participants without sarcopenia (ALMBMI = 0.81±0.05, n = 16; p < .05). In all 76 subjects, ALMBMI, thigh muscle cross-sectional area, and VO2max correlated directly with capillarization (r = .30-.37, p ≤ .05), after accounting for age, sex, and race. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that low skeletal muscle capillarization is one factor that may contribute to sarcopenia and reduced exercise capacity in older adults by limiting diffusion of substrates, oxygen, hormones, and nutrients. Strategies to prevent the aging-related decline in skeletal muscle capillarization may help to prevent or slow the progression of sarcopenia and its associated functional declines in generally healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Prior
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Alice S Ryan
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jacob B Blumenthal
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M Watson
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leslie I Katzel
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew P Goldberg
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, Maryland
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127
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Costagliola A, Wojcik S, Pagano TB, De Biase D, Russo V, Iovane V, Grieco E, Papparella S, Paciello O. Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle of Cattle. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:436-46. [PMID: 26869152 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815624495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, is a multifactorial condition that represents a major healthcare concern for the elderly population. Although its morphologic features have been extensively studied in humans, animal models, and domestic and wild animals, only a few reports about spontaneous sarcopenia exist in other long-lived animals. In this work, muscle samples from 60 healthy Podolica-breed old cows (aged 15-23 years) were examined and compared with muscle samples from 10 young cows (3-6 years old). Frozen sections were studied through standard histologic and histoenzymatic procedures, as well as by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis. The most prominent age-related myopathic features seen in the studied material included angular fiber atrophy (90% of cases), mitochondrial alterations (ragged red fibers, 70%; COX-negative fibers, 60%), presence of vacuolated fibers (75%), lymphocytic (predominantly CD8+) inflammation (40%), and type II selective fiber atrophy (40%). Immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression of major histocompatibility complex I in 36 cases (60%) and sarcoplasmic accumulations of β-amyloid precursor protein-positive material in 18 cases (30%). In aged cows, muscle atrophy was associated with accumulation of myostatin. Western blot analysis indicated increased amount of both proteins-myostatin and β-amyloid precursor protein-in muscles of aged animals compared with controls. These findings confirm the presence of age-related morphologic changes in cows similar to human sarcopenia and underline the possible role of amyloid deposition and subsequent inflammation in muscle senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S Wojcik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - T B Pagano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - D De Biase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - V Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - V Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - E Grieco
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale, Salerno, Italy
| | - S Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - O Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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128
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Abstract
Progeroid mouse models display phenotypes in multiple organ systems that suggest premature aging and resemble features of natural aging of both mice and humans. The prospect of a significant increase in the global elderly population within the next decades has led to the emergence of "geroscience," which aims at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in aging. Progeroid mouse models are frequently used in geroscience as they provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the highly complex process of natural aging. This review provides an overview of the most commonly reported nonneoplastic macroscopic and microscopic pathologic findings in progeroid mouse models (eg, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, intervertebral disc degeneration, kyphosis, sarcopenia, cutaneous atrophy, wound healing, hair loss, alopecia, lymphoid atrophy, cataract, corneal endothelial dystrophy, retinal degenerative diseases, and vascular remodeling). Furthermore, several shortcomings in pathologic analysis and descriptions of these models are discussed. Progeroid mouse models are valuable models for aging, but thorough knowledge of both the mouse strain background and the progeria-related phenotype is required to guide interpretation and translation of the pathology data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Harkema
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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129
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Kim TN, Choi KM. The implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on cardiometabolic disease. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1171-8. [PMID: 25545054 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The important changes in body composition associated with aging are a decline in skeletal muscle mass and an increase in body fat. Body fat distribution also changes with age; subcutaneous fat decreases and visceral abdominal fat increase, which contributes to numerous cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Sarcopenia often accompanied by an increase in body fat and vice versa, a scenario termed sarcopenic obesity (SO), which might lead to the cumulative risk of both sarcopenia and obesity. However, there is still no consensus regarding the definition and consequences of SO. The lack of a unified definition for SO might contribute to inconsistent findings about the association of SO with CMD. Complex etiologies are associated with development of SO. A vicious cycle between the loss of muscle and the accumulation of ectopic fat might be associated with CMD via an intricate interplay of factors including proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, dietary energy, physical activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and other factors that have yet to be identified. Moreover, recent epidemiological studies suggest that SO is related to CVD and mortality. This review focuses on the current literature with regard to the association between sarcopenia, dynapenia, and obesity, as well as their implications for CMD. The ultimate goal of this Prospects is to encourage conduct of well-designed future studies that elucidate the relationship among sarcopenia, SO, and CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Nyun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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130
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Meyer A, Salewsky B, Spira D, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Norman K, Demuth I. Leukocyte telomere length is related to appendicular lean mass: cross-sectional data from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II). Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:178-83. [PMID: 26675777 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related progressive loss of muscle mass is an increasing problem in our aging society, affecting physical ability, risk of falls, and need for health care. Telomere length has been recognized as a marker of biological age on the population level. The relation between muscle mass in advanced age and telomere length, however, has rarely been examined. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relation between appendicular lean mass (ALM) and relative leukocyte telomere length (rLTL) in 1398 participants of the Berlin Aging Study II (mean ± SD age: 68.2 ± 3.7 y; 49.6% men). DESIGN rLTL was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lean mass was estimated by dual X-ray absorptiometry and examined as leg lean mass (LLM), ALM, and the ratio of ALM to body mass index (ALMBMI). RESULTS Weak, but highly significant (P < 0.001), correlations of rLTL with ALM (r = 0.248), ALMBMI (r = 0.254), and LLM (r = 0.263) were found. In the fully adjusted model that included age, BMI, low-grade inflammation, lifestyle factors, and morbidities as potential confounders, rLTL was associated with ALM (β = 1.11, SEM = 0.46, P = 0.017), LLM (β = 1.20, SEM = 0.36, P = 0.001), and ALMBMI (β = 0.04, SEM = 0.02, P = 0.013) in men and with LLM in women (β = 0.78, SEM = 0.35, P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that short telomeres may be a risk factor for lower ALM, particularly for low LLM. To confirm the association between telomere attrition and loss of LLM and ALMBMI, which are highly relevant for physical ability, further research in a longitudinal context is needed. The medical portion of this trial was registered in the German Clinical Trials Registry (http://drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=start) as DRKS00009277.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bastian Salewsky
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics and Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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131
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Smith GI, Mittendorfer B. Sexual dimorphism in skeletal muscle protein turnover. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 120:674-82. [PMID: 26702024 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the major constituent of lean body mass and essential for the body's locomotor function. Women have less muscle mass (and more body fat) than men and are therefore not able to exert the same absolute maximal force as men. The difference in body composition between the sexes is evident from infancy but becomes most marked after puberty (when boys experience an accelerated growth spurt) and persists into old age. During early adulthood until approximately the fourth decade of life, muscle mass is relatively stable, both in men and women, but then begins to decline, and the rate of loss is slower in women than in men. In this review we discuss the underlying mechanisms responsible for the age-associated sexual dimorphism in muscle mass (as far as they have been elucidated to date) and highlight areas that require more research to advance our understanding of the control of muscle mass throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon I Smith
- Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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132
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Chauveau P, Moreau K, Lasseur C, Fouque D, Combe C, Aparicio M. [Sarcopenia or uremic myopathy in CKD patients]. Nephrol Ther 2015; 12:71-5. [PMID: 26598033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Often underestimated or misunderstood in chronic renal failure (CRF), muscle wasting is nevertheless common and concerns about 50% of dialysis patients. The consequences of this myopathy on quality of life and outcomes of patients are unfavorable, identical to those observed in sarcopenia in elderly subjects with sarcopenia. The similarities between the two situations also concern the symptoms, the underlying muscle damages and the pathogenic mechanisms and may be partly explained by the frequently high age of ESRD patients. Skeletal muscle involvement should be systematically investigated in the IRC patient as in the elderly with sarcopenia to propose as early as possible a treatment of which physical activity and nutritional interventions are the mainstay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Chauveau
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, CHU de Bordeaux, hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Aurad-Aquitaine, 2, allée des demoiselles, 33170 Gradignan, France.
| | - Karine Moreau
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, CHU de Bordeaux, hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Lasseur
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, CHU de Bordeaux, hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Aurad-Aquitaine, 2, allée des demoiselles, 33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Denis Fouque
- Service de néphrologie-dialyse-nutrition, centre hospitalier Lyon-sud, 165, chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex, France
| | - Christian Combe
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, CHU de Bordeaux, hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Aparicio
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, CHU de Bordeaux, hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Anton SD, Woods AJ, Ashizawa T, Barb D, Buford TW, Carter CS, Clark DJ, Cohen RA, Corbett DB, Cruz-Almeida Y, Dotson V, Ebner N, Efron PA, Fillingim RB, Foster TC, Gundermann DM, Joseph AM, Karabetian C, Leeuwenburgh C, Manini TM, Marsiske M, Mankowski RT, Mutchie HL, Perri MG, Ranka S, Rashidi P, Sandesara B, Scarpace PJ, Sibille KT, Solberg LM, Someya S, Uphold C, Wohlgemuth S, Wu SS, Pahor M. Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:304-27. [PMID: 26462882 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of 'successful aging' has long intrigued the scientific community. Despite this long-standing interest, a consensus definition has proven to be a difficult task, due to the inherent challenge involved in defining such a complex, multi-dimensional phenomenon. The lack of a clear set of defining characteristics for the construct of successful aging has made comparison of findings across studies difficult and has limited advances in aging research. A consensus on markers of successful aging is furthest developed is the domain of physical functioning. For example, walking speed appears to be an excellent surrogate marker of overall health and predicts the maintenance of physical independence, a cornerstone of successful aging. The purpose of the present article is to provide an overview and discussion of specific health conditions, behavioral factors, and biological mechanisms that mark declining mobility and physical function and promising interventions to counter these effects. With life expectancy continuing to increase in the United States and developed countries throughout the world, there is an increasing public health focus on the maintenance of physical independence among all older adults.
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134
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick O Hernández-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Camilo Vanegas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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135
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Frailty phenotype and chronic kidney disease: a review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:1801-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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136
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Gewandter JS, Dale W, Magnuson A, Pandya C, Heckler CE, Lemelman T, Roussel B, Ifthikhar R, Dolan J, Noyes K, Mohile SG. Associations between a patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure of sarcopenia and falls, functional status, and physical performance in older patients with cancer. J Geriatr Oncol 2015; 6:433-41. [PMID: 26365897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In older patients with cancer, we aimed to investigate associations between a patient-reported outcome measure for sarcopenia (SarcoPRO) and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), self-reported falls, and limitations in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Assessments were conducted as part of the initial evaluation of older, often frail, patients with cancer seen in the Specialized Oncology Care and Research in the Elderly (SOCARE) clinic. Univariate associations were evaluated using Spearman's correlation and Wilcoxon sign ranked tests. Logistic regressions were used to identify associations of clinical factors and SarcoPRO scores or SPPB scores with falls and IADL limitations. RESULTS In total, 174 older patients with cancer were evaluated. A moderate correlation was found between the SarcoPRO and the SPPB (ρ=0.62). After adjusting for multiple clinical factors, neither the SarcoPRO nor the SPPB were associated with falls. In contrast, both higher SarcoPRO (i.e., worse) and lower SPPB (i.e., worse) scores were associated with limitations in IADLs (odds ratio for one unit change in predictor: SarcoPRO: 1.06, p<0.0001; SPPB: 0.71, p=0.003, respectively). Models using the SarcoPRO and SPPB explained similar amounts of variability in association with IADL limitations (AUC: 0.88 vs. 0.87, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The SarcoPRO was moderately associated with the SPPB, an objective measure of physical performance, and was associated with limitations in IADLs. Thus, older patients with cancer who present with IADL limitations should be screened for sarcopenia. The SarcoPRO shows promise as a measure for screening as well as outcome assessment for research on sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Gewandter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Box 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - William Dale
- Section of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Allison Magnuson
- James Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Chintan Pandya
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Charles E Heckler
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tatyana Lemelman
- James Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Breton Roussel
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - James Dolan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Katia Noyes
- Departments Surgery and of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Supriya G Mohile
- James Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Barulli MR, Santamato A, Seripa D, Pilotto A, Logroscino G. Cognitive Frailty: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological and Neurobiological Evidence of an Age-Related Clinical Condition. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 18:389-412. [PMID: 25808052 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancing age is the focus of recent studies on familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting a prolonged pre-clinical phase several decades before the onset of dementia symptoms. Influencing some age-related conditions, such as frailty, may have an impact on the prevention of late-life cognitive disorders. Frailty reflects a nonspecific state of vulnerability and a multi-system physiological change with increased risk for adverse health outcomes in older age. In this systematic review, frailty indexes based on a deficit accumulation model were associated with late life cognitive impairment and decline, incident dementia, and AD. Physical frailty constructs were associated with late-life cognitive impairment and decline, incident AD and mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, non-AD dementias, and AD pathology in older persons with and without dementia, thus also proposing cognitive frailty as a new clinical condition with co-existing physical frailty and cognitive impairment in non-demented older subjects. Considering both physical frailty and cognitive impairment as a single complex phenotype may be central in the prevention of dementia and its subtypes with secondary preventive trials on cognitive frail older subjects. The mechanisms underlying the cognitive-frailty link are multi-factorial, and vascular, inflammatory, nutritional, and metabolic influences may be of major relevance. There is a critical need for randomized controlled trials of intervention investigating the role of nutrition and/or physical exercise on cognitive frail subjects with the progression to dementia as primary outcome. These preventive trials and larger longitudinal population-based studies targeting cognitive outcomes could be useful in further understanding the cognitive-frailty interplay in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- 1 Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics , Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- 2 Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Barulli
- 3 Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari, Italy .,4 Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro , "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Santamato
- 5 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,"OORR Hospital", University of Foggia , Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- 1 Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics , Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alberto Pilotto
- 1 Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics , Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy .,6 Geriatric Unit, Azienda ULSS 16 Padova, Hospital S. Antonio , Padova, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- 3 Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari, Italy .,4 Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro , "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy
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138
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Pagano TB, Wojcik S, Costagliola A, De Biase D, Iovino S, Iovane V, Russo V, Papparella S, Paciello O. Age related skeletal muscle atrophy and upregulation of autophagy in dogs. Vet J 2015; 206:54-60. [PMID: 26257260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the age related loss of muscle mass and strength, is a multifactorial condition that occurs in a variety of species and represents a major healthcare concern for older adults in human medicine. In veterinary medicine, skeletal muscle atrophy is often observed in dogs as they reach old age, but the process is not well understood. Autophagy is a mechanism for degradation and recycling of cellular constituents and is potentially involved in sarcopenia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of three markers of autophagy, Beclin 1, LC3 and p62, in muscle wasting of geriatric dogs, to establish whether the levels of autophagy change with increasing age. Muscle biopsies from 25 geriatric dogs were examined and compared with those from five healthy young dogs. Samples from older dogs, assessed by routine histology, histoenzymatic staining and immunohistochemistry, showed evidence of muscle atrophy, sarcoplasmic vacuolisation and mitochondrial alterations. Furthermore, in 80% of the muscle samples from the older dogs, marked intracytoplasmic staining for Beclin 1 and LC3 was observed. Significantly greater expression of LC3 II and Beclin 1, but lower expression of p62, was found by Western blotting, comparing muscle samples from old vs. young dogs. The results of the study suggest that enhanced autophagy might be one of the factors underlying muscle atrophy in dogs as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa B Pagano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Slawomir Wojcik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alessandro Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Salvatore Iovino
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Valentina Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Laboratory of Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
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139
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Abstract
Given our rapidly aging world-wide population, the loss of skeletal muscle mass with healthy aging (sarcopenia) represents an important societal and public health concern. Maintaining or adopting an active lifestyle alleviates age-related muscle loss to a certain extent. Over time, even small losses of muscle tissue can hinder the ability to maintain an active lifestyle and, as such, contribute to the development of frailty and metabolic disease. Considerable research focus has addressed the application of dietary protein supplementation to support exercise-induced gains in muscle mass in younger individuals. In contrast, the role of dietary protein in supporting the maintenance (or gain) of skeletal muscle mass in active older persons has received less attention. Older individuals display a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to dietary protein ingestion. However, this reduced anabolic response can largely be overcome when physical activity is performed in close temporal proximity to protein consumption. Moreover, recent evidence has helped elucidate the optimal type and amount of dietary protein that should be ingested by the older adult throughout the day in order to maximize the skeletal muscle adaptive response to physical activity. Evidence demonstrates that when these principles are adhered to, muscle maintenance or hypertrophy over prolonged periods can be further augmented in active older persons. The present review outlines the current understanding of the role that dietary protein occupies in the lifestyle of active older adults as a means to increase skeletal muscle mass, strength and function, and thus support healthier aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Wall
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
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140
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Greising SM, Medina-Martínez JS, Vasdev AK, Sieck GC, Mantilla CB. Analysis of muscle fiber clustering in the diaphragm muscle of sarcopenic mice. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:76-82. [PMID: 25808550 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcopenia likely comprises muscle fiber denervation and re-innervation, resulting in clustering of muscle fibers of the same type (classified by myosin heavy chain isoform composition). Development of methodology to quantitatively evaluate clustering of muscle fibers according to fiber type is necessary. METHODS Fiber type specific immunofluorescence histology was used to quantify fiber clustering in murine diaphragm muscle (n = 15) at ages 6 and 24 months. RESULTS With age, fiber type clustering is evidenced by fiber type specific changes in distances between fibers, specifically a 14% decrease to the closest fiber for type I and 24% increase for type IIx and/or IIb fibers (P < 0.001). Additionally, a 34% increase to the 3 closest type IIx and/or IIb fibers was found (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This novel method of analyzing fiber type clustering may be useful in examining pathophysiological conditions of motor unit loss in neuromuscular disorders, myopathies, dystrophies, injuries, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Greising
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, SMH Jo 4-184, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Juan S Medina-Martínez
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, SMH Jo 4-184, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Amrit K Vasdev
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, SMH Jo 4-184, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, SMH Jo 4-184, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, SMH Jo 4-184, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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141
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Greising SM, Mantilla CB, Medina-Martínez JS, Stowe JM, Sieck GC. Functional impact of diaphragm muscle sarcopenia in both male and female mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L46-52. [PMID: 25934669 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00064.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To perform a range of ventilatory and nonventilatory behaviors, the diaphragm muscle (DIAm) must be able to generate sufficient forces throughout the lifespan. We hypothesized that sarcopenia impacts DIAm force generation and thus limits performance of expulsive, higher force, nonventilatory behaviors. Male and female mice (n = 79) at 6 and 24 mo of age (100 vs. 70-75% survival, respectively) were used to examine transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generation across motor behaviors in vivo and in vitro DIAm specific force. We found a significant effect of age on maximum Pdi (20-41% decline during tracheal occlusion and bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation), maximum DIAm specific force (30% decline), and DIAm fatigue resistance (15% increase). There were no differences between sexes in these age effects on DIAm performance. These results support our hypothesis that sarcopenia primarily impacts higher force, nonventilatory motor behaviors of the DIAm. Such functional limitations may have negative implications in the ability of the DIAm to generate forces needed for airway clearance in old age and thereby contribute to age-related respiratory complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Greising
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Juan S Medina-Martínez
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Jessica M Stowe
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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142
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Spira D, Norman K, Nikolov J, Demuth I, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Eckardt R. Prevalence and definition of sarcopenia in community dwelling older people. Data from the Berlin aging study II (BASE-II). Z Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 49:94-9. [PMID: 25877773 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-015-0886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia describes the age-associated loss of muscle mass, strength and function. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of sarcopenia in a cohort of community dwelling elderly people living in Berlin, Germany, according to the criteria proposed by current consensus statements and to study the respective impact on self-reported physical performance. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study included 1405 participants from the Berlin aging study II (BASE-II). The appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), muscle strength was measured by hand grip strength and the timed up and go" test (TUG) was performed as a functional parameter to reflect mobility. RESULTS The prevalence of sarcopenia was 24.3 % in terms of reduced SMI only and considerably lower for sarcopenia with reduced grip strength (4.1 %) and sarcopenia with limited mobility (2.4 %). Only 0.6 % of the participants fulfilled all three criteria. Of the subjects with a normal SMI, 8.6 % had reduced grip strength and 5.1 % had limited mobility, whereas 1.3 % subjects fulfilled both criteria. Participants with reduced strength or function reported severe difficulties in performing physical tasks significantly more often than participants with normal or reduced SMI alone (p <0.029-p <0.0001). CONCLUSION In BASE-II low skeletal muscle mass was much more frequent than reduced grip strength or poor function. Reduced strength and function were found to be associated with a greater impact on physical performance than reduced muscle mass. Low SMI does not seem to be a prerequisite for low strength or limitations in mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spira
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany.
| | - K Norman
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Nikolov
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Demuth
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Steinhagen-Thiessen
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Eckardt
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Reinickendorfer Str. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany
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143
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Soffe Z, Radley-Crabb HG, McMahon C, Grounds MD, Shavlakadze T. Effects of loaded voluntary wheel exercise on performance and muscle hypertrophy in young and old male C57Bl/6J mice. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:172-88. [PMID: 25653015 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the capacity of young and old male C57Bl/6J mice to exercise with increasing resistance over 10 weeks, and its impact on muscle mass. Young mice (aged 15-25 weeks) were subjected to low (LR) and high (HR) resistance exercise, whereas only LR was used for old mice (107-117 weeks). Weekly patterns of voluntary wheel activity, food consumption and body weights were measured. Running patterns changed over time and with age, with two peaks of activity detected for young, but only one for old mice: speed and distance run was also less for old mice. The mass for six limb muscles was measured at the end of the experiment. The most pronounced increase in mass in response to exercise was for the soleus in young and old mice, and also quadriceps and gastrocnemius in young mice. Soleus and quadriceps muscles were analyzed histologically for myofiber number and size. A striking feature was the many small myofibers in response to exercise in young (but not old) soleus, whereas these were not present after exercise in young or old quadriceps. Overall, there was a striking difference in response to exercise between muscles and this was influenced by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Soffe
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - H G Radley-Crabb
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C McMahon
- Developmental Biology Group, Agresearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - M D Grounds
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T Shavlakadze
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Developmental Biology Group, Agresearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand
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144
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Kuroiwa Y, Miyano I, Nishinaga M, Takata J, Shimizu Y, Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Ozawa T, Kitaoka H, Doi Y, Yasuda N. Association between level of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and onset of activities of daily living impairment in community-dwelling older individuals. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 15:840-7. [PMID: 25406937 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the present study was to clarify the longitudinal association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and the onset of impairment in activities of daily living (ADL) among community-dwelling individuals. METHODS Deaths and the onsets of ADL impairment during 3 years were followed for 450 individuals without ADL impairment at entry who were aged 65 years or older (men : women 181:269; mean age 77 years). They were dichotomized on the median baPWV value at entry. RESULTS Within 3 years, 28 died and 60 had an onset of ADL impairment. The high baPWV group had a higher incidence of deaths (high baPWV group vs low baPWV group, 9.3% vs 3.1%) and ADL impairment (high baPWV group vs low baPWV group, 20.7% vs 9.3%). After adjustment for age, sex and systolic blood pressure, as compared with the low baPWV group, the high baPWV group had increased risk for mortality (adjusted odds ratio 3.22; 95% confidence interval 1.26-8.22) and the onset of ADL impairment (adjusted odds ratio 1.94; 95% confidence interval 1.03-3.63). When the onset of ADL impairment was grouped according to medical conditions that preceded/accompanied the onset of ADL impairment, elevated baPWV was associated with increased risk for the onset of ADL impairment after/accompanying fall/fracture. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of arterial stiffness by baPWV contributes to identifying functionally independent community-dwelling older individuals at risk for ADL impairment, in particular ADL impairment associated with fall/fracture, as well as for mortality. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 840-847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Kuroiwa
- Department of Public Health, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Ichiro Miyano
- Department of Public Health, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Masanori Nishinaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Memorial Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Takata
- The Center to Promote Creativity in Medical Education, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | | | - Kozo Matsubayashi
- The Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Ozawa
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitaoka
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Doi
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Nobufumi Yasuda
- Department of Public Health, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
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145
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Regmi SG, Rolland SG, Conradt B. Age-dependent changes in mitochondrial morphology and volume are not predictors of lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 6:118-30. [PMID: 24642473 PMCID: PMC3969280 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of skeletal muscle degeneration during aging. One mechanism through which mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused is through changes in mitochondrial morphology. To determine the role of mitochondrial morphology changes in age-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction, we studied mitochondrial morphology in body wall muscles of the nematode C. elegans. We found that in this tissue, animals display a tubular mitochondrial network, which fragments with increasing age. This fragmentation is accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial volume. Mitochondrial fragmentation and volume loss occur faster under conditions that shorten lifespan and occur slower under conditions that increase lifespan. However, neither mitochondrial morphology nor mitochondrial volume of five- and seven-day old wild-type animals can be used to predict individual lifespan. Our results indicate that while mitochondria in body wall muscles undergo age-dependent fragmentation and a loss in volume, these changes are not the cause of aging but rather a consequence of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj G Regmi
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich - CIPSM, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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146
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Kalyani RR, Corriere M, Ferrucci L. Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:819-29. [PMID: 24731660 PMCID: PMC4156923 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 654] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The term sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass that occurs with ageing. On the basis of study results showing that muscle mass is only moderately related to functional outcomes, international working groups have proposed that loss of muscle strength or physical function should also be included in the definition. Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age. Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability. In this Review, we address both age-related and disease-related muscle loss, with a focus on diabetes and obesity but including other disease states, and potential common mechanisms and treatments. Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rastogi Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Corriere
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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147
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Cellular aging of skeletal muscle: telomeric and free radical evidence that physical inactivity is responsible and not age. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:415-21. [PMID: 24708050 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres play an essential role in maintaining chromosomal integrity in the face of physiological stressors. Although the age-related shortening of TL (telomere length) in highly proliferative tissue is predominantly due to the replication process, the mechanism for telomere shortening in skeletal muscle, which is minimally proliferative, is unclear. By studying TL in both the upper and lower limbs of the young, old-mobile and old-immobile subjects and by virtue of the bipedal nature of human locomotion, which declines with age, it may be possible to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for cellular aging of skeletal muscle. With this approach, we revealed that TL (~15 kb) in arm skeletal muscle is unaffected by age. In contrast TL fell progressively in the legs across the young (~15 kb), the old mobile (~13 kb) and old immobile (~11 kb) subjects. Interestingly, there was a reciprocal increase in leg muscle free radicals across these groups that was correlated with TL (r=0.7), with no such relationship in the arm (r=0.09). Our results document that chronological age does not affect the cellular aging of skeletal muscle, but reveals that physical inactivity, probably mediated by free radicals, has a profound effect upon this process.
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148
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Huang J, Hsu YH, Mo C, Abreu E, Kiel DP, Bonewald LF, Brotto M, Karasik D. METTL21C is a potential pleiotropic gene for osteoporosis and sarcopenia acting through the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1531-1540. [PMID: 24677265 PMCID: PMC4074268 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are important public health problems that occur concurrently. A bivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified METTL21c as a suggestive pleiotropic gene for both bone and muscle. The METTL21 family of proteins methylates chaperones involved in the etiology of both myopathy and inclusion body myositis with Paget's disease. To validate these GWAS results, Mettl21c mRNA expression was reduced with siRNA in a mouse myogenic C2C12 cell line and the mouse osteocyte-like cell line MLO-Y4. At day 3, as C2C12 myoblasts start to differentiate into myotubes, a significant reduction in the number of myocytes aligning/organizing for fusion was observed in the siRNA-treated cells. At day 5, both fewer and smaller myotubes were observed in the siRNA-treated cells as confirmed by histomorphometric analyses and immunostaining with myosin heavy chain (MHC) antibody, which only stains myocytes/myotubes but not myoblasts. Intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) measurements of the siRNA-treated myotubes showed a decrease in maximal amplitude peak response to caffeine, suggesting that less Ca(2+) is available for release due to the partial silencing of Mettl21c, correlating with impaired myogenesis. In siRNA-treated MLO-Y4 cells, 48 hours after treatment with dexamethasone there was a significant increase in cell death, suggesting a role of Mettl21c in osteocyte survival. To investigate the molecular signaling machinery induced by the partial silencing of Mettl21c, we used a real-time PCR gene array to monitor the activity of 10 signaling pathways. We discovered that Mettl21c knockdown modulated only the NF-κB signaling pathway (ie, Birc3, Ccl5, and Tnf). These results suggest that Mettl21c might exert its bone-muscle pleiotropic function via the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is critical for bone and muscle homeostasis. These studies also provide rationale for cellular and molecular validation of GWAS, and warrant additional in vitro and in vivo studies to advance our understanding of role of METTL21C in musculoskeletal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Muscle Biology Research Group, Schools of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chenglin Mo
- Muscle Biology Research Group, Schools of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO
| | - Eduardo Abreu
- Muscle Biology Research Group, Schools of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynda F. Bonewald
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Maxrco Brotto
- Muscle Biology Research Group, Schools of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Missouri Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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149
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Jana S, Leung M, Chang J, Zhang M. Effect of nano- and micro-scale topological features on alignment of muscle cells and commitment of myogenic differentiation. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035012. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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150
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Creatine supplementation post-exercise does not enhance training-induced adaptations in middle to older aged males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1321-32. [PMID: 24633488 PMCID: PMC4019834 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The present study evaluated the effects of creatine monohydrate (CrM) consumption post-exercise on body composition and muscle strength in middle to older males following a 12-week resistance training program. Methods In a double-blind, randomized trial, 20 males aged between 55 and 70 years were randomly assigned to consume either CrM-carbohydrate (CHO) [20 g days−1 CrM + 5 g days−1 CHO × 7 days, then 0.1 g kg−1 CrM + 5 g CHO on training days (average dosage of ~8.8 g)] or placebo CHO (20 g days−1 CHO × 7 days, then 5 g CHO on training days) while participating in a high intensity resistance training program [3 sets × 10 repetitions at 75 % of 1 repetition maximum (1RM)], 3 days weeks−1 for 12 weeks. Following the initial 7-day “loading” phase, participants were instructed to ingest their supplement within 60 min post-exercise. Body composition and muscle strength measurements, blood collection and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy were completed at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of the supplement and resistance training program. Results A significant time effect was observed for 1RM bench press (p = 0.016), leg press (p = 0.012), body mass (p = 0.03), fat-free mass (p = 0.005) and total myofibrillar protein (p = 0.005). A trend for larger muscle fiber cross-sectional area in the type II fibers compared to type I fibers was observed following the 12-week resistance training (p = 0.08). No supplement interaction effects were observed. Conclusion Post-exercise ingestion of creatine monohydrate does not provide greater enhancement of body composition and muscle strength compared to resistance training alone in middle to older males.
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