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Bennett B, Helbling D, Meng H, Jarzembowski J, Geurts AM, Friederich MW, Van Hove JLK, Lawlor MW, Dimmock DP. Potentially diagnostic electron paramagnetic resonance spectra elucidate the underlying mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in the deoxyguanosine kinase deficient rat model of a genetic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 92:141-151. [PMID: 26773591 PMCID: PMC5047058 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel rat model for a well-characterized human mitochondrial disease, mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome with associated deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) deficiency, is described. The rat model recapitulates the pathologic and biochemical signatures of the human disease. The application of electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to the identification and characterization of respiratory chain abnormalities in the mitochondria from freshly frozen tissue of the mitochondrial disease model rat is introduced. EPR is shown to be a sensitive technique for detecting mitochondrial functional abnormalities in situ and, here, is particularly useful in characterizing the redox state changes and oxidative stress that can result from depressed expression and/or diminished specific activity of the distinct respiratory chain complexes. As EPR requires no sample preparation or non-physiological reagents, it provides information on the status of the mitochondrion as it was in the functioning state. On its own, this information is of use in identifying respiratory chain dysfunction; in conjunction with other techniques, the information from EPR shows how the respiratory chain is affected at the molecular level by the dysfunction. It is proposed that EPR has a role in mechanistic pathophysiological studies of mitochondrial disease and could be used to study the impact of new treatment modalities or as an additional diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bennett
- National Biomedical EPR Center, Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Daniel Helbling
- Human Molecular Genetics Center and Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Hui Meng
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Jason Jarzembowski
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Marisa W Friederich
- Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Mailstop 8400, 13121 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Mailstop 8400, 13121 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Michael W Lawlor
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - David P Dimmock
- Human Molecular Genetics Center and Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Wang Q, Guerrero F, Mazur A, Lambrechts K, Buzzacott P, Belhomme M, Theron M. Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitochondria, and Endothelial Cell Death during In Vitro Simulated Dives. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1362-71. [PMID: 25380471 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered a consequence of hyperoxia and a major contributor to diving-derived vascular endothelial damage and decompression sickness. The aims of this work were: 1) to directly observe endothelial ROS production during simulated air dives as well as its relation with both mitochondrial activity and cell survival; and 2) to determine which ambient factor during air diving (hydrostatic pressure or oxygen and/or nitrogen partial pressure) is responsible for the observed modifications. METHODS In vitro diving simulation was performed with bovine arterial endothelial cells under real-time observation. The effects of air diving, hydrostatic, oxygen and nitrogen pressures, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment on mitochondrial ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular survival during simulation were investigated. RESULTS Vascular endothelial cells performing air diving simulation suffered excessive mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial depolarization, and cell death. These effects were prevented by NAC: after NAC treatment, the cells presented no difference in damage from nondiving cells. Oxygen diving showed a higher effect on ROS generation but lower impacts on mitochondrial depolarization and cell death than hydrostatic or nitrogen diving. Nitrogen diving had no effect on the inductions of ROS, mito-depolarization, or cell death. CONCLUSION This study is the first direct observation of mitochondrial ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell survival during diving. Simulated air SCUBA diving induces excessive ROS production, which leads to mitochondrial depolarization and endothelial cell death. Oxygen partial pressure plays a crucial role in the production of ROS. Deleterious effects of hyperoxia-induced ROS are potentiated by hydrostatic pressure. These findings hold new implications for the pathogenesis of diving-derived endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Laboratory ORPHY, Department of UFR Sciences and Technologies, European University of Bretagne, University of Brest, Brest, FRANCE
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103
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Dang DK, Shin EJ, Nam Y, Ryoo S, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Nabeshima T, Hong JS, Kim HC. Apocynin prevents mitochondrial burdens, microglial activation, and pro-apoptosis induced by a toxic dose of methamphetamine in the striatum of mice via inhibition of p47phox activation by ERK. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 26780950 PMCID: PMC4717833 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of NADPH oxidase (PHOX) plays a critical role in mediating dopaminergic neuroinflammation. In the present study, we investigated the role of PHOX in methamphetamine (MA)-induced neurotoxic and inflammatory changes in mice. METHODS We examined changes in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), mitochondrial function [i.e., mitochondrial membrane potential, intramitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation, mitochondrial oxidative burdens, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase expression, and mitochondrial translocation of the cleaved form of protein kinase C delta type (cleaved PKCδ)], microglial activity, and pro-apoptotic changes [i.e., cytosolic cytochrome c release, cleaved caspase 3, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUDP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) positive populations] after a neurotoxic dose of MA in the striatum of mice to achieve a better understanding of the effects of apocynin, a non-specific PHOX inhibitor, or genetic inhibition of p47phox (by using p47phox knockout mice or p47phox antisense oligonucleotide) against MA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. RESULTS Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) was most pronounced out of MAPKs after MA. We observed MA-induced phosphorylation and membrane translocation of p47phox in the striatum of mice. The activation of p47phox promoted mitochondrial stresses followed by microglial activation into the M1 phenotype, and pro-apoptotic changes, and led to dopaminergic impairments. ERK activated these signaling pathways. Apocynin or genetic inhibition of p47phox significantly protected these signaling processes induced by MA. ERK inhibitor U0126 did not exhibit any additional positive effects against protective activity mediated by apocynin or p47phox genetic inhibition, suggesting that ERK regulates p47phox activation, and ERK constitutes the crucial target for apocynin-mediated inhibition of PHOX activation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the neuroprotective mechanism of apocynin against MA insult is via preventing mitochondrial burdens, microglial activation, and pro-apoptotic signaling process by the ERK-dependent activation of p47phox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Yunsung Nam
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Sungwoo Ryoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Regional Pharmaceutical Care and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan. .,NPO, Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
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104
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Cheng J, Liu M, Shao B, Zhang S, Li J, Hu Y, Li X, Zang Y. Development of a novel H2S and GSH detection cocktail for fluorescence imaging. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08998d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive fluorescent detection cocktail has been developed for the simultaneous imaging of H2S and GSH in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Baihao Shao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yongzhou Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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Aoyama E, Fuchida H, Oshikawa Y, Uchinomiya S, Ojida A. Intracellular delivery of chemical probes using a glutathione-responsive traceless tag. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7715-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new glutathione (GSH)-responsive traceless tag that facilitates intracellular delivery of small molecule chemical probes has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Aoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fuchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Yuji Oshikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Shohei Uchinomiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
| | - Akio Ojida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka
- Japan
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106
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Yin B, Barrionuevo G, Weber SG. Optimized real-time monitoring of glutathione redox status in single pyramidal neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices during oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1838-48. [PMID: 26291433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A redox-sensitive Grx1-roGFP2 fusion protein was introduced by transfection into single pyramidal neurons in the CA1 subfield of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). We assessed changes in the GSH system in neuronal cytoplasm and mitochondria during oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/RP), an in vitro model of stroke. Pyramidal cells in a narrow range of depths below the surface of the OHSC were transfected by gene gun or single-cell electroporation with cyto- or mito-Grx1-roGFP2. To mimic the conditions of acute stroke, we developed an optimized superfusion system with the capability of rapid and reproducible exchange of the solution bathing the OHSCs. Measurements of pO2 as a function of tissue depth show that in the region containing the transfected cells, the pO2 is well-controlled. We also found that the pO2 changes on the same time scale as changes in intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, and pO2 during acute stroke. Determining the reduction potential, EGSH, from the ratiometric fluorescence signal requires an absolute intensity measurement during calibration of the Grx1-roGFP2. Using the signal from cotransfected tdTomato as an internal standard during calibration improves quantitative measurements of Grx1-roGFP2 redox status and allows EGSH to be determined. EGSH becomes more reducing during OGD and more oxidizing during RP in mitochondria while changes in cytoplasm are not significant compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Germán Barrionuevo
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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107
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Driessen MD, Mues S, Vennemann A, Hellack B, Bannuscher A, Vimalakanthan V, Riebeling C, Ossig R, Wiemann M, Schnekenburger J, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Renard B, Luch A, Haase A. Proteomic analysis of protein carbonylation: a useful tool to unravel nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:36. [PMID: 26525058 PMCID: PMC4630844 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress, a commonly used paradigm to explain nanoparticle (NP)-induced toxicity, results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and detoxification. As one consequence, protein carbonyl levels may become enhanced. Thus, the qualitative and quantitative description of protein carbonylation may be used to characterize how biological systems respond to oxidative stress induced by NPs. Methods We investigated a representative panel of 24 NPs including functionalized amorphous silica (6), zirconium dioxide (4), silver (4), titanium dioxide (3), zinc oxide (2), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (3), barium sulfate and boehmite. Surface reactivities of all NPs were studied in a cell-free system by electron spin resonance (ESR). NRK-52E cells were treated with all NPs, analyzed for viability (WST-1 assay) and intracellular ROS production (DCFDA assay). Carbonylated proteins were assessed by 1D and/or 2D immunoblotting and identified by matrix assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF). In parallel, tissue homogenates from rat lungs intratracheally instilled with silver NPs were studied. Results Eleven NPs induced elevated levels of carbonylated proteins. This was in good agreement with the surface reactivity of the NPs as obtained by ESR and the reduction in cell viability as assessed by WST-1 assay. By contrast, results obtained by DCFDA assay were deviating. Each NP induced an individual pattern of protein carbonyls on 2D immunoblots. Affected proteins comprised cytoskeletal components, proteins being involved in stress response, or cytoplasmic enzymes of central metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, induction of carbonyls upon silver NP treatment was also verified in rat lung tissue homogenates. Conclusions Analysis of protein carbonylation is a versatile and sensitive method to describe NP-induced oxidative stress and, therefore, can be used to identify NPs of concern. Furthermore, detailed information about compromised proteins may aid in classifying NPs according to their mode of action. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0108-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Driessen
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sarah Mues
- Biomedical Technology Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Bryan Hellack
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e.V., Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Anne Bannuscher
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vishalini Vimalakanthan
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany. .,Robert-Koch-Institut (RKI), Junior Research Group Bioinformatics, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Riebeling
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rainer Ossig
- Biomedical Technology Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany.
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D gGmbH, Institute for Lung Health, Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e.V., Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology, Duisburg, Germany. .,Center for Nanointegration CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Renard
- Robert-Koch-Institut (RKI), Junior Research Group Bioinformatics, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
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108
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Lovera-Leroux M, Crobeddu B, Kassis N, Petit PX, Janel N, Baeza-Squiban A, Andreau K. The iron component of particulate matter is antiapoptotic: A clue to the development of lung cancer after exposure to atmospheric pollutants? Biochimie 2015; 118:195-206. [PMID: 26419736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The classification of outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic for humans strengthens the increasing concern about particulate matter (PM). We previously demonstrated that PM exposure produces an antiapoptotic effect resulting from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and water-soluble components. In this study, we investigated transition metallic compounds, particularly iron, in order to decipher their underlying molecular mechanisms that prevent apoptosis. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed for 4 h to different PM samples with established antiapoptotic effect (e.g. PM-AW) or not (e.g. PM-VS) or to their metallic components (Fe, Mn, Zn and Al) before apoptosis induction by the calcium ionophore A23187 or Staurosporine. PM-AW, Fe, Mn and Al significantly reduced induced apoptosis. The antiapoptotic effect of Fe was enhanced by benzo(a)pyrene, a typical PAH compound, but was totally reversed by the iron chelator, deferiprone. Furthermore, particles and iron triggered cellular ROS generation and prevented the depletion in glutathione levels observed during A23187-induced apoptosis. In contrast to benzo(a)pyrene, PM-AW and Fe rapidly activated NRF2, subsequently upregulated several target genes (HO1, NQO1 and GPX1) and modulated some genes which control cell death (BCL2, BAX and p53). The key role of the NRF2 pathway in the antiapoptotic effect mediated by Fe and PM was demonstrated using siRNA technology. Our results suggest that the iron component participates in the antiapoptotic effect of PM by activating a NRF2-dependent antioxidant process. As resisting to cell death is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, these findings provide additional clues for understanding the development of lung cancer after atmospheric pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lovera-Leroux
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Belinda Crobeddu
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Patrice X Petit
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Baeza-Squiban
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Karine Andreau
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France.
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Kalinina EV, Chernov NN, Novichkova MD. Role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in regulation of redox-dependent processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1562-83. [PMID: 25749165 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade fundamentally new features have been revealed for the participation of glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes (glutathione transferase and glutaredoxin) in cell proliferation, apoptosis, protein folding, and cell signaling. Reduced glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in maintaining cellular redox status by participating in thiol-disulfide exchange, which regulates a number of cell functions including gene expression and the activity of individual enzymes and enzyme systems. Maintaining optimum GSH/GSSG ratio is essential to cell viability. Decrease in the ratio can serve as an indicator of damage to the cell redox status and of changes in redox-dependent gene regulation. Disturbance of intracellular GSH balance is observed in a number of pathologies including cancer. Consequences of inappropriate GSH/GSSG ratio include significant changes in the mechanism of cellular redox-dependent signaling controlled both nonenzymatically and enzymatically with the participation of isoforms of glutathione transferase and glutaredoxin. This review summarizes recent data on the role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in the regulation of cellular redox-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kalinina
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198, Russia.
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110
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Gorka AP, Nani RR, Schnermann MJ. Cyanine polyene reactivity: scope and biomedical applications. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7584-98. [PMID: 26052876 PMCID: PMC7780248 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00788g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyanines are indispensable fluorophores that form the chemical basis of many fluorescence-based applications. A feature that distinguishes cyanines from other common fluorophores is an exposed polyene linker that is both crucial to absorption and emission and subject to covalent reactions that dramatically alter these optical properties. Over the past decade, reactions involving the cyanine polyene have been used as foundational elements for a range of biomedical techniques. These include the optical sensing of biological analytes, super-resolution imaging, and near-IR light-initiated uncaging. This review surveys the chemical reactivity of the cyanine polyene and the biomedical methods enabled by these reactions. The overarching goal is to highlight the multifaceted nature of cyanine chemistry and biology, as well as to point out the key role of reactivity-based insights in this promising area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gorka
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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111
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Brandhorst H, Theisinger B, Guenther B, Johnson PR, Brandhorst D. Pancreatic L-Glutamine Administration Protects Pig Islets From Cold Ischemic Injury and Increases Resistance Toward Inflammatory Mediators. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:531-8. [PMID: 26177261 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and transplantation of porcine islets represent a future option for the treatment of type 1 diabetic patients. Stringent product release criteria and limited availability of transgenic and specific pathogen-free pigs will essentially require processing of explanted pig pancreata in specialized, possibly remote isolation facilities, whereby pancreata are exposed to cold ischemia due to prolonged tissue transit time. In the present study we investigated whether pancreas oxygenation can be efficiently combined with an antioxidant strategy utilizing intraductal L-glutamine administration. Pig pancreata were intraductally perfused after retrieval and after cold storage in oxygen-precharged perfluorohexyloctane utilizing University of Wisconsin solution supplemented with (n = 16) or without (n = 14) 5 mmol/L L-glutamine. After isolation purified islets were subjected to extensive quality assessment. Islet recovery postpurification was significantly higher in glutamine-treated pancreata (77.0 ± 3.3% vs. 60.3 ± 6.0%, p < 0.05). Glutamine administration increased intraislet content of reduced glutathione (117.8 ± 16.5 vs. 15.9 ± 2.8 ng/ng protein, p < 0.001) associated with increased islet recovery after culture (65.8 ± 12.1% vs. 40.3 ± 11.7%, p < 0.05), enhanced glucose stimulation index (1.82 ± 0.16 vs. 1.38 ± 0.10, p < 0.05), and improved posttransplant function in diabetic nude mice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, intraductally administered glutamine increased pig islet resistance toward reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and high-dose proinflammatory cytokines. The present study demonstrates that quality and function of pig islets exposed to warm and cold ischemia can significantly be improved using intraductal l-glutamine administration. As the efficiency of the intraductal route may be inferior compared to intravascular administration further studies should aim on assessment of l-glutamine as supplement for pancreas perfusion during organ procurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Brandhorst
- Islet Transplant Research Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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112
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Glutamine Reduces the Apoptosis of H9C2 Cells Treated with High-Glucose and Reperfusion through an Oxidation-Related Mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132402. [PMID: 26146991 PMCID: PMC4493145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic hearts during ischemia/reperfusion injury and the anti-oxidative role of glutamine have been demonstrated. However, in diabetes mellitus the role of glutamine in cardiomyocytes during ischemia/reperfusion injury has not been explored. To examine the effects of glutamine and potential mechanisms, in the present study, rat cardiomyoblast H9C2 cells were exposed to high glucose (33 mM) and hypoxia-reoxygenation. Cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular glutamine, and mitochondrial and intracellular glutathione were determined. Moreover, ROS formation, complex I activity, membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were also investigated. The levels of S-glutathionylated complex I and mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins, including cytochrome c and caspase-3, were analyzed by western blot. Data indicated that high glucose and hypoxia-reoxygenation were associated with a dramatic decline of intercellular glutamine and increase in apoptosis. Glutamine supplementation correlated with a reduction in apoptosis and increase of glutathione and glutathione reduced/oxidized ratio in both cytoplasm and mitochondria, but a reduction of intracellular ROS. Glutamine supplementation was also associated with less S-glutathionylation and increased the activity of complex I, leading to less mitochondrial ROS formation. Furthermore, glutamine supplementation prevented from mitochondrial dysfunction presented as mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels and attenuated cytochrome c release into the cytosol and caspase-3 activation. We conclude that apoptosis induced by high glucose and hypoxia-reoxygenation was reduced by glutamine supplementation, via decreased oxidative stress and inactivation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Thiab NR, King N, Jones GL. Effects of ageing on metabolite and oxidant concentrations in different regions of rat kidney under normal and stress conditions. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:55-61. [PMID: 26100314 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and oxidative stresses have been implicated in ageing and the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. In this study, we investigated the glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lactate concentrations in different kidney regions under control conditions and after exposure to oxidative stress invoked by 0.2 mM H2O2. Slices of superficial cortex, outer or inner medulla were dissected from kidneys of male Wistar rats of 5-, 12-, 36- and 60-week old. Samples were incubated for 30 min ± 0.2 mM H2O2 prior to homogenisation and centrifugation. The concentrations of GSH, TBARS and lactate were measured by colorimetry. Each metabolite showed a distinctive pattern. For GSH, this was 12 weeks > 36 weeks > 60 weeks and 5 weeks with the highest concentration measured in the superficial cortex at 12 weeks. For TBARS and lactate, the pattern was for the lowest concentration at 12 weeks and the highest at 60 and 5 weeks. The highest lactate and TBARS concentrations were measured under oxidative stress conditions, particularly at 5 and 60 weeks. These results suggest that GSH in different kidney regions peaks at maturity and then reduces with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Riyadh Thiab
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Nicola King
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Graham L Jones
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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Arbo MD, Silva R, Barbosa DJ, Dias da Silva D, Silva SP, Teixeira JP, Bastos ML, Carmo H. In vitro neurotoxicity evaluation of piperazine designer drugs in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:121-30. [PMID: 25900438 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of synthetic drugs is widespread worldwide. Studies indicate that piperazine designer drugs act as substrates at dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors and/or transporters in the brain. This work aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of N-benzylpiperazine, 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine and 1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)piperazine in the differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after 24 h incubations through the MTT reduction and neutral red uptake assays. Oxidative stress (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production and glutathione content) and energetic (ATP content) parameters, as well as intracellular Ca(2+), mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA damage (comet assay) and cell death mode were also evaluated. Complete cytotoxicity curves were obtained after 24 h incubations with each drug. A significant decrease in intracellular total glutathione content was noted for all the tested drugs. All drugs caused a significant increase of intracellular free Ca(2+) levels, accompanied by mitochondrial hyperpolarization. However, ATP levels remained unchanged. The investigation of cell death mode revealed a predominance of early apoptotic cells. No genotoxicity was found in the comet assay. Among the tested drugs, 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine was the most cytotoxic. Overall, piperazine designer drugs are potentially neurotoxic, supporting concerns on risks associated with the abuse of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Arbo
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Silva
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D J Barbosa
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cell Division Mechanisms Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology - IBMC, Porto, Portugal
| | - D Dias da Silva
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S P Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Porto, Portugal
| | - J P Teixeira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Porto, Portugal
| | - M L Bastos
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - H Carmo
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease: role of TNF. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:610813. [PMID: 25834699 PMCID: PMC4365363 DOI: 10.1155/2015/610813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features of chronic neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Both conditions can lead to increased oxidative stress by excessive release of harmful reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), which further promote neuronal damage and subsequent inflammation resulting in a feed-forward loop of neurodegeneration. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a master regulator of the immune system, plays an important role in the propagation of inflammation due to the activation and recruitment of immune cells via its receptor TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). Moreover, TNFR1 can directly induce oxidative stress by the activation of ROS and RNS producing enzymes. Both TNF-induced oxidative stress and inflammation interact and cooperate to promote neurodegeneration. However, TNF plays a dual role in neurodegenerative disease, since stimulation via its second receptor, TNFR2, is neuroprotective and promotes tissue regeneration. Here we review the interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in the two major chronic neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and discuss the dual role of TNF in promoting neurodegeneration and tissue regeneration via its two receptors.
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Mazzetti AP, Fiorile MC, Primavera A, Lo Bello M. Glutathione transferases and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2015; 82:10-8. [PMID: 25661512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial agreement that the unbalance between oxidant and antioxidant species may affect the onset and/or the course of a number of common diseases including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Many studies suggest a crucial role for oxidative stress in the first phase of aging, or in the pathogenesis of various diseases including neurological ones. Particularly, the role exerted by glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes (Glutathione Transferases) in the nervous system appears more relevant, this latter tissue being much more vulnerable to toxins and oxidative stress than other tissues such as liver, kidney or muscle. The present review addresses the question by focusing on the results obtained by specimens from patients or by in vitro studies using cells or animal models related to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In general, there is an association between glutathione depletion and Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. In addition, a significant decrease of glutathione transferase activity in selected areas of brain and in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid was found. For some glutathione transferase genes there is also a correlation between polymorphisms and onset/outcome of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, there is a general agreement about the protective effect exerted by glutathione and glutathione transferases but no clear answer about the mechanisms underlying this crucial role in the insurgence of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Lo Bello
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Ruszkiewicz J, Albrecht J. Changes in the mitochondrial antioxidant systems in neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain disorders. Neurochem Int 2015; 88:66-72. [PMID: 25576182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress (ONS) contributes to the pathogenesis of most brain maladies, and the magnitude of ONS is related to the ability of cellular antioxidants to neutralize the accumulating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). While the major ROS/RNS scavengers and regenerators of bio-oxidized molecules, superoxide dysmutases (SODs), glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trx) and peroxiredoxin (Prx), are distributed in all cellular compartments. This review specifically focuses on the role of the systems operating in mitochondria. There is a growing consensus that the mitochondrial SOD isoform - SOD2 and GSH are critical for the cellular antioxidant defense. Variable changes of the expression or activities of one or more of the mitochondrial antioxidant systems have been documented in the brains derived from human patients and/or in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), cerebral ischemia, toxic brain cell damage associated with overexposure to mercury or excitotoxins, or hepatic encephalopathy. In many cases, ambiguity of the responses of the different antioxidant systems in one and the same disease needs to be more conclusively evaluated before the balance of the changes is viewed as beneficial or detrimental. Modulation of the mitochondrial antioxidant systems may in the future become a target of antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Role of ROS Production and Turnover in the Antioxidant Activity of Taurine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 803:581-96. [PMID: 25833529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nam Y, Wie MB, Shin EJ, Nguyen TTL, Nah SY, Ko SK, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Kim HC. Ginsenoside Re protects methamphetamine-induced mitochondrial burdens and proapoptosis via genetic inhibition of protein kinase C δ in human neuroblastoma dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cell lines. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:927-44. [PMID: 25523949 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have demonstrated that ginsenoside Re protects methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic toxicity in mice via genetic inhibition of PKCδ and attenuation of mitochondrial stress. In addition, we have reported that induction of mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is also important for neuroprotection mediated by ginsenoside Re. To extend our knowledge, we examined the effects of ginsenoside Re against MA toxicity in vitro condition using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Re resulted in significant attenuations against a decrease in the activity of GPx and an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fraction. The changes in glutathione (GSH) paralleled those in GPx in the same experimental condition. Consistently, ginsenoside Re treatment exhibited significant protections against cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative damage (i.e. lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation), mitochondrial translocation of PKCδ, mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondrial transmembrane potential and intra-mitochondrial Ca(2+)), apoptotic events [i.e., cytochrome c release from mitochondria, cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1, nuclear condensation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells], and a reduction in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and TH activity induced by MA in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. These protective effects of ginsenoside Re were comparable to those of PKCδ antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). However, ginsenoside Re did not significantly provide additional protective effects mediated by genetic inhibition of PKCδ. Our results suggest that PKCδ is a specific target for ginsenoside Re-mediated protective activity against MA toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsung Nam
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Bok Wie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy-Ty Lan Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginseng Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwon Ko
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Mitochondrial cholesterol: mechanisms of import and effects on mitochondrial function. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 48:137-51. [PMID: 25425472 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria require cholesterol for biogenesis and membrane maintenance, and for the synthesis of steroids, oxysterols and hepatic bile acids. Multiple pathways mediate the transport of cholesterol from different subcellular pools to mitochondria. In steroidogenic cells, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) interacts with a mitochondrial protein complex to mediate cholesterol delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane for conversion to pregnenolone. In non-steroidogenic cells, several members of a protein family defined by the presence of a StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain play key roles in the delivery of cholesterol to mitochondrial membranes. Subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), termed mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM), form membrane contact sites with mitochondria and may contribute to the transport of ER cholesterol to mitochondria, either independently or in conjunction with lipid-transfer proteins. Model systems of mitochondria enriched with cholesterol in vitro and mitochondria isolated from cells with (patho)physiological mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial cholesterol levels affect mitochondrial function. Increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels have been observed in several diseases, including cancer, ischemia, steatohepatitis and neurodegenerative diseases, and influence disease pathology. Hence, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms maintaining mitochondrial cholesterol homeostasis may reveal additional targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we give a brief overview of mitochondrial cholesterol import in steroidogenic cells, and then focus on cholesterol trafficking pathways that deliver cholesterol to mitochondrial membranes in non-steroidogenic cells. We also briefly discuss the consequences of increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels on mitochondrial function and their potential role in disease pathology.
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Mailloux RJ, Willmore WG. S-glutathionylation reactions in mitochondrial function and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:68. [PMID: 25453035 PMCID: PMC4233936 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly efficient energy-transforming organelles that convert energy stored in nutrients into ATP. The production of ATP by mitochondria is dependent on oxidation of nutrients and coupling of exergonic electron transfer reactions to the genesis of transmembrane electrochemical potential of protons. Electrons can also prematurely “spin-off” from prosthetic groups in Krebs cycle enzymes and respiratory complexes and univalently reduce di-oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), important signaling molecules that can be toxic at high concentrations. Production of ATP and ROS are intimately linked by the respiratory chain and the genesis of one or the other inherently depends on the metabolic state of mitochondria. Various control mechanisms converge on mitochondria to adjust ATP and ROS output in response to changing cellular demands. One control mechanism that has gained a high amount of attention recently is S-glutathionylation, a redox sensitive covalent modification that involves formation of a disulfide bridge between glutathione and an available protein cysteine thiol. A number of S-glutathionylation targets have been identified in mitochondria. It has also been established that S-glutathionylation reactions in mitochondria are mediated by the thiol oxidoreductase glutaredoxin-2 (Grx2). In the following review, emerging knowledge on S-glutathionylation reactions and its importance in modulating mitochondrial ATP and ROS production will be discussed. Major focus will be placed on Complex I of the respiratory chain since (1) it is a target for reversible S-glutathionylation by Grx2 and (2) deregulation of Complex I S-glutathionylation is associated with development of various disease states particularly heart disease. Other mitochondrial enzymes and how their S-glutathionylation profile is affected in different disease states will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Mailloux
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Capron C, Jondeau K, Casetti L, Jalbert V, Costa C, Verhoeyen E, Verhoyen E, Massé JM, Coppo P, Béné MC, Bourdoncle P, Cramer-Bordé E, Dusanter-Fourt I. Viability and stress protection of chronic lymphoid leukemia cells involves overactivation of mitochondrial phosphoSTAT3Ser727. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1451. [PMID: 25299776 PMCID: PMC4237234 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of functionally defective
CD5-positive B lymphocytes. The clinical course of CLL is highly variable, ranging from a
long-lasting indolent disease to an unpredictable and rapidly progressing leukemia requiring
treatment. It is thus important to identify novel factors that reflect disease progression or
contribute to its assessment. Here, we report on a novel STAT3-mediated pathway that characterizes
CLL B cells-extended viability and oxidative stress control. We observed that leukemic but not
normal B cells from CLL patients exhibit constitutive activation of an atypical form of the STAT3
signaling factor, phosphorylated on serine 727 (Ser727) in the absence of detectable
canonical tyrosine 705 (Tyr705)-dependent activation in vivo. The
Ser727-phosphorylated STAT3 molecule (pSTAT3Ser727) is localized to the
mitochondria and associates with complex I of the respiratory chain. This pSer727
modification is further controlled by glutathione-dependent antioxidant pathway(s) that mediate
stromal protection of the leukemic B cells and regulate their viability. Importantly,
pSTAT3Ser727, but neither Tyr705-phosphorylated STAT3 nor total STAT3, levels correlate
with prolonged in vivo CLL B cells survival. Furthermore, STAT3 activity contributes to the
resistance to apoptosis of CLL, but not normal B cells, in vitro. These data reveal that
mitochondrial (Mt) pSTAT3Ser727 overactivity is part of the antioxidant defense pathway
of CLL B cells that regulates their viability. Mt pSTAT3Ser727 appears to be a newly
identified cell-protective signal involved in CLL cells survival. Targeting pSTAT3Ser727
could be a promising new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Capron
- 1] Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France [2] Service d'Hématologie-Immunologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France [3] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [4] CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France [5] Université de Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, Guyancourt, France
| | - K Jondeau
- 1] Service d'Hématologie-Immunologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France [2] Université de Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, Guyancourt, France
| | - L Casetti
- 1] Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - V Jalbert
- Service d'Hématologie-Immunologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - C Costa
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | | | - E Verhoyen
- 1] Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon1, Lyon, France [2] INSERM U1065, Lyon, France
| | - J M Massé
- 1] Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - P Coppo
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint Antoine and Université UPMC, Paris, France
| | - M C Béné
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôtel-Dieu-CHU, Nantes, France
| | - P Bourdoncle
- 1] Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - E Cramer-Bordé
- 1] Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France [2] Service d'Hématologie-Immunologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France [3] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [4] CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France [5] Université de Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, Guyancourt, France
| | - I Dusanter-Fourt
- 1] Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
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Zhang H, Du Y, Zhang X, Lu J, Holmgren A. Glutaredoxin 2 reduces both thioredoxin 2 and thioredoxin 1 and protects cells from apoptosis induced by auranofin and 4-hydroxynonenal. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:669-81. [PMID: 24295294 PMCID: PMC4098818 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mitochondrial thioredoxin (Trx) is critical for defense against oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis. To date, mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is the only known enzyme catalyzing Trx2 reduction in mitochondria. However, TrxR is sensitive to inactivation by exo/endogenous electrophiles, for example, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). In this study, we characterized the mitochondrial glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) system as a backup for the mitochondrial TrxR. Meanwhile, as Grx2 is also present in the cytosol/nucleus of certain cancer cell lines, the reducing activity of Grx2 on Trx1 was also tested. RESULTS Glutathione alone could reduce oxidized Trx2, and the presence of physiological concentrations of Grx2 markedly increased the reaction rate. HeLa cells with Grx2 overexpression (particularly in the mitochondria) exhibited higher viabilities than the wild-type cells after treatment with TrxR inhibitors (Auranofin or HNE), whereas knockdown of Grx2 sensitized the cells to TrxR inhibitors. Accordingly, Grx2 overexpression in the mitochondria had protected Trx2 from oxidation by HNE treatment, whereas Grx2 knockdown had sensitized Trx2 to oxidation. On the other hand, Grx2 reduced Trx1 with similar activities as that of Trx2. Overexpression of Grx2 in the cytosol had protected Trx1 from oxidation, indicating a supportive role of Grx2 in the cytosolic redox balance of cancer cells. INNOVATION This work explores the reductase activity of Grx2 on Trx2/1, and demonstrates the physiological importance of the activity by using in vivo redox western blot assays. CONCLUSION Grx2 system could help to keep Trx2/1 reduced during an oxidative stress, thereby contributing to the anti-apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
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125
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Acute nutrient regulation of the mitochondrial glutathione redox state in pancreatic β-cells. Biochem J 2014; 460:411-23. [PMID: 24678915 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The glucose stimulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells depends on increased production of metabolic coupling factors, among which changes in NADPH and ROS (reactive oxygen species) may alter the glutathione redox state (EGSH) and signal through changes in thiol oxidation. However, whether nutrients affect EGSH in β-cell subcellular compartments is unknown. Using redox-sensitive GFP2 fused to glutaredoxin 1 and its mitochondria-targeted form, we studied the acute nutrient regulation of EGSH in the cytosol/nucleus or the mitochondrial matrix of rat islet cells. These probes were mainly expressed in β-cells and reacted to low concentrations of exogenous H2O2 and menadione. Under control conditions, cytosolic/nuclear EGSH was close to -300 mV and unaffected by glucose (from 0 to 30 mM). In comparison, mitochondrial EGSH was less negative and rapidly regulated by glucose and other nutrients, ranging from -280 mV in the absence of glucose to -299 mV in 30 mM glucose. These changes were largely independent from changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and in mitochondrial pH. They were unaffected by overexpression of SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2) and mitochondria-targeted catalase, but were inversely correlated with changes in NAD(P)H autofluorescence, suggesting that they indirectly resulted from increased NADPH availability rather than from changes in ROS concentration. Interestingly, the opposite regulation of mitochondrial EGSH and NAD(P)H autofluorescence by glucose was also observed in human islets isolated from two donors. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that glucose and other nutrients acutely reduce mitochondrial, but not cytosolic/nuclear, EGSH in pancreatic β-cells under control conditions.
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Lee DH, Porta M, Jacobs DR, Vandenberg LN. Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2014. [PMID: 24483949 DOI: 10.1210/er.9013-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are lipophilic compounds that travel with lipids and accumulate mainly in adipose tissue. Recent human evidence links low-dose POPs to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Because humans are contaminated by POP mixtures and POPs possibly have nonmonotonic dose-response relations with T2D, critical methodological issues arise in evaluating human findings. This review summarizes epidemiological results on chlorinated POPs and T2D, and relevant experimental evidence. It also discusses how features of POPs can affect inferences in humans. The evidence as a whole suggests that, rather than a few individual POPs, background exposure to POP mixtures-including organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls-can increase T2D risk in humans. Inconsistent statistical significance for individual POPs may arise due to distributional differences in POP mixtures among populations. Differences in the observed shape of the dose-response curves among human studies may reflect an inverted U-shaped association secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction or endocrine disruption. Finally, we examine the relationship between POPs and obesity. There is evidence in animal studies that low-dose POP mixtures are obesogenic. However, relationships between POPs and obesity in humans have been inconsistent. Adipose tissue plays a dual role of promoting T2D and providing a relatively safe place to store POPs. Large prospective studies with serial measurements of a broad range of POPs, adiposity, and clinically relevant biomarkers are needed to disentangle the interrelationships among POPs, obesity, and the development of T2D. Also needed are laboratory experiments that more closely mimic real-world POP doses, mixtures, and exposure duration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science (D.-H.L.), Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Division of Epidemiology (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Department of Nutrition (D.R.J.), University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; and University of Massachusetts-Amherst (L.N.V.), School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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127
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Lee DH, Porta M, Jacobs DR, Vandenberg LN. Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:557-601. [PMID: 24483949 PMCID: PMC5393257 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are lipophilic compounds that travel with lipids and accumulate mainly in adipose tissue. Recent human evidence links low-dose POPs to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Because humans are contaminated by POP mixtures and POPs possibly have nonmonotonic dose-response relations with T2D, critical methodological issues arise in evaluating human findings. This review summarizes epidemiological results on chlorinated POPs and T2D, and relevant experimental evidence. It also discusses how features of POPs can affect inferences in humans. The evidence as a whole suggests that, rather than a few individual POPs, background exposure to POP mixtures-including organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls-can increase T2D risk in humans. Inconsistent statistical significance for individual POPs may arise due to distributional differences in POP mixtures among populations. Differences in the observed shape of the dose-response curves among human studies may reflect an inverted U-shaped association secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction or endocrine disruption. Finally, we examine the relationship between POPs and obesity. There is evidence in animal studies that low-dose POP mixtures are obesogenic. However, relationships between POPs and obesity in humans have been inconsistent. Adipose tissue plays a dual role of promoting T2D and providing a relatively safe place to store POPs. Large prospective studies with serial measurements of a broad range of POPs, adiposity, and clinically relevant biomarkers are needed to disentangle the interrelationships among POPs, obesity, and the development of T2D. Also needed are laboratory experiments that more closely mimic real-world POP doses, mixtures, and exposure duration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science (D.-H.L.), Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Division of Epidemiology (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Department of Nutrition (D.R.J.), University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; and University of Massachusetts-Amherst (L.N.V.), School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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128
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Ribas V, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Glutathione and mitochondria. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:151. [PMID: 25024695 PMCID: PMC4079069 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the main non-protein thiol in cells whose functions are dependent on the redox-active thiol of its cysteine moiety that serves as a cofactor for a number of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. While synthesized exclusively in the cytosol from its constituent amino acids, GSH is distributed in different compartments, including mitochondria where its concentration in the matrix equals that of the cytosol. This feature and its negative charge at physiological pH imply the existence of specific carriers to import GSH from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix, where it plays a key role in defense against respiration-induced reactive oxygen species and in the detoxification of lipid hydroperoxides and electrophiles. Moreover, as mitochondria play a central strategic role in the activation and mode of cell death, mitochondrial GSH has been shown to critically regulate the level of sensitization to secondary hits that induce mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and release of proteins confined in the intermembrane space that once in the cytosol engage the molecular machinery of cell death. In this review, we summarize recent data on the regulation of mitochondrial GSH and its role in cell death and prevalent human diseases, such as cancer, fatty liver disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Ribas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC) Barcelona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Centre Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC) Barcelona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Centre Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona, Spain ; Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José C Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC) Barcelona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Centre Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) Barcelona, Spain ; Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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129
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Piperazine designer drugs induce toxicity in cardiomyoblast h9c2 cells through mitochondrial impairment. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:178-89. [PMID: 24968061 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of synthetic drugs is widespread among young people worldwide. In this context, piperazine derived drugs recently appeared in the recreational drug market. Clinical studies and case-reports describe sympathomimetic effects including hypertension, tachycardia, and increased heart rate. Our aim was to investigate the cytotoxicity of N-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP), 1-(4-methoxyphenyl) piperazine (MeOPP), and 1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl) piperazine (MDBP) in the H9c2 rat cardiac cell line. Complete cytotoxicity curves were obtained at a 0-20 mM concentration range after 24 h incubations with each drug. The EC50 values (μM) were 343.9, 59.6, 570.1, and 702.5 for BZP, TFMPP, MeOPP, and MDBP, respectively. There was no change in oxidative stress markers. However, a decrease in total GSH content was noted for MDBP, probably due to metabolic conjugation reactions. All drugs caused significant decreases in intracellular ATP, accompanied by increased intracellular calcium levels and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential that seems to involve the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The cell death mode revealed early apoptotic cells and high number of cells undergoing secondary necrosis. Among the tested drugs, TFMPP seems to be the most potent cytotoxic compound. Overall, piperazine designer drugs are potentially cardiotoxic and support concerns on risks associated with the intake of these drugs.
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130
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PINK1-Parkin pathway activity is regulated by degradation of PINK1 in the mitochondrial matrix. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004279. [PMID: 24874806 PMCID: PMC4038460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in PINK1, which encodes a mitochondrially targeted serine/threonine kinase, result in an early-onset heritable form of Parkinson's disease. Previous work has shown that PINK1 is constitutively degraded in healthy cells, but selectively accumulates on the surface of depolarized mitochondria, thereby initiating their autophagic degradation. Although PINK1 is known to be a cleavage target of several mitochondrial proteases, whether these proteases account for the constitutive degradation of PINK1 in healthy mitochondria remains unclear. To explore the mechanism by which PINK1 is degraded, we performed a screen for mitochondrial proteases that influence PINK1 abundance in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We found that genetic perturbations targeting the matrix-localized protease Lon caused dramatic accumulation of processed PINK1 species in several mitochondrial compartments, including the matrix. Knockdown of Lon did not decrease mitochondrial membrane potential or trigger activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein stress response (UPRmt), indicating that PINK1 accumulation in Lon-deficient animals is not a secondary consequence of mitochondrial depolarization or the UPRmt. Moreover, the influence of Lon on PINK1 abundance was highly specific, as Lon inactivation had little or no effect on the abundance of other mitochondrial proteins. Further studies indicated that the processed forms of PINK1 that accumulate upon Lon inactivation are capable of activating the PINK1-Parkin pathway in vivo. Our findings thus suggest that Lon plays an essential role in regulating the PINK1-Parkin pathway by promoting the degradation of PINK1 in the matrix of healthy mitochondria.
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Barbero-Camps E, Fernández A, Baulies A, Martinez L, Fernández-Checa JC, Colell A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates amyloid β neurotoxicity via mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2066-81. [PMID: 24815354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted cholesterol homeostasis has been reported in Alzheimer disease and is thought to contribute to disease progression by promoting amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation. In particular, mitochondrial cholesterol enrichment has been shown to sensitize to Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the increased cholesterol levels and its trafficking to mitochondria in Alzheimer disease remain poorly understood. Here, we show that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggered by Aβ promotes cholesterol synthesis and mitochondrial cholesterol influx, resulting in mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) depletion in older age amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) mice. Mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation was associated with increased expression of mitochondrial-associated ER membrane proteins, which favor cholesterol translocation from ER to mitochondria along with specific cholesterol carriers, particularly the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. In vivo treatment with the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid prevented mitochondrial cholesterol loading and mGSH depletion, thereby protecting APP/PS1 mice against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Similar protection was observed with GSH ethyl ester administration, which replenishes mGSH without affecting the unfolded protein response, thus positioning mGSH depletion downstream of ER stress. Overall, these results indicate that Aβ-mediated ER stress and increased mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking contribute to the pathologic progression observed in old APP/PS1 mice, and that ER stress inhibitors may be explored as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Barbero-Camps
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona - Higher Council for Scientific Research (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fernández
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona - Higher Council for Scientific Research (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Baulies
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona - Higher Council for Scientific Research (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martinez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona - Higher Council for Scientific Research (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona - Higher Council for Scientific Research (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain; Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona - Higher Council for Scientific Research (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), the Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.
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132
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Kolossov VL, Hanafin WP, Beaudoin JN, Bica DE, DiLiberto SJ, Kenis PJA, Gaskins HR. Inhibition of glutathione synthesis distinctly alters mitochondrial and cytosolic redox poise. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:394-403. [PMID: 24586100 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214522179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione couple GSH/GSSG is the most abundant cellular redox buffer and is not at equilibrium among intracellular compartments. Perturbation of glutathione poise has been associated with tumorigenesis; however, due to analytical limitations, the underlying mechanisms behind this relationship are poorly understood. In this regard, we have implemented a ratiometric, genetically encoded redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein fused to human glutaredoxin (Grx1-roGFP2) to monitor real-time glutathione redox potentials in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix of tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells. First, we demonstrated that recovery time in both compartments depended upon the length of exposure to oxidative challenge with diamide, a thiol-oxidizing agent. We then monitored changes in glutathione poise in cytosolic and mitochondrial matrices following inhibition of glutathione (GSH) synthesis with L-buthionine sulphoximine (BSO). The mitochondrial matrix showed higher oxidation in the BSO-treated cells indicating distinct compartmental alterations in redox poise. Finally, the contributory role of the p53 protein in supporting cytosolic redox poise was demonstrated. Inactivation of the p53 pathway by expression of a dominant-negative p53 protein sensitized the cytosol to oxidation in BSO-treated tumor cells. As a result, both compartments of PF161-T+p53(DD) cells were equally oxidized ≈20 mV by inhibition of GSH synthesis. Conversely, mitochondrial oxidation was independent of p53 status in GSH-deficient tumor cells. Taken together, these findings indicate different redox requirements for the glutathione thiol/disulfide redox couple within the cytosol and mitochondria of resting cells and reveal distinct regulation of their redox poise in response to inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir L Kolossov
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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133
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Armeni T, Cianfruglia L, Piva F, Urbanelli L, Luisa Caniglia M, Pugnaloni A, Principato G. S-D-Lactoylglutathione can be an alternative supply of mitochondrial glutathione. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:451-9. [PMID: 24333633 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial pool of GSH (glutathione) is considered the major redox system in maintaining matrix redox homeostasis, preserving sulfhydryl groups of mitochondrial proteins in appropriate redox state, in defending mitochondrial DNA integrity and protecting mitochondrial-derived ROS, and in defending mitochondrial membranes against oxidative damage. Despite its importance in maintaining mitochondrial functionality, GSH is synthesized exclusively in the cytoplasm and must be actively transported into mitochondria. In this work we found that SLG (S-D-lactoylglutathione), an intermediate of the glyoxalase system, can enter the mitochondria and there be hydrolyzed from mitochondrial glyoxalase II enzyme to D-lactate and GSH. To demonstrate SLG transport from cytosol to mitochondria we used radiolabeled compounds and the results showed two different kinetic curves for SLG or GSH substrates, indicating different kinetic transport. Also, the incubation of functionally and intact mitochondria with SLG showed increased GSH levels in normal mitochondria and in artificially uncoupled mitochondria, demonstrating transport not linked to ATP presence. As well mitochondrial-swelling assay confirmed SLG entrance into organelles. Moreover we observed oxygen uptake and generation of membrane potential probably linked to D-lactate oxidation which is a product of SLG hydrolysis. The latter data were confirmed by oxidation of D-lactate in mitochondria evaluated by measuring mitochondrial D-lactate dehydrogenize activity. In this work we also showed the presence of mitochondrial glyoxalase II in inter-membrane space and mitochondrial matrix and we investigated the role of SLG in whole cells. In conclusion, this work showed new alternative sources of GSH supply to the mitochondria by SLG, an intermediate of the glyoxalase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Caniglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Armanda Pugnaloni
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Principato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology, and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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134
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Shin EJ, Shin SW, Nguyen TTL, Park DH, Wie MB, Jang CG, Nah SY, Yang BW, Ko SK, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Ginsenoside Re rescues methamphetamine-induced oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and dopaminergic degeneration by inhibiting the protein kinase Cδ gene. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 49:1400-21. [PMID: 24430743 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re, one of the main constituents of Panax ginseng, possesses novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the pharmacological mechanism of ginsenoside Re in dopaminergic degeneration remains elusive. We suggested that protein kinase C (PKC) δ mediates methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic toxicity. Treatment with ginsenoside Re significantly attenuated methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic degeneration in vivo by inhibiting impaired enzymatic antioxidant systems, mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial translocation of protein kinase Cδ, mitochondrial dysfunction, pro-inflammatory microglial activation, and apoptosis. These protective effects were comparable to those observed with genetic inhibition of PKCδ in PKCδ knockout (-/-) mice and with PKCδ antisense oligonucleotides, and ginsenoside Re did not provide any additional protective effects in the presence of PKCδ inhibition. Our results suggest that PKCδ is a critical target for ginsenoside Re-mediated protective activity in response to dopaminergic degeneration induced by MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
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135
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Wang DB, Kinoshita C, Kinoshita Y, Morrison RS. p53 and mitochondrial function in neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1186-97. [PMID: 24412988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor plays a central role in dictating cell survival and death as a cellular sensor for a myriad of stresses including DNA damage, oxidative and nutritional stress, ischemia and disruption of nucleolar function. Activation of p53-dependent apoptosis leads to mitochondrial apoptotic changes via the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways triggering cell death execution most notably by release of cytochrome c and activation of the caspase cascade. Although it was previously believed that p53 induces apoptotic mitochondrial changes exclusively through transcription-dependent mechanisms, recent studies suggest that p53 also regulates apoptosis via a transcription-independent action at the mitochondria. Recent evidence further suggests that p53 can regulate necrotic cell death and autophagic activity including mitophagy. An increasing number of cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism and respiration are regulated by p53, which influences mitochondrial ROS production as well. Cellular redox homeostasis is also directly regulated by p53 through modified expression of pro- and anti-oxidant proteins. Proper regulation of mitochondrial size and shape through fission and fusion assures optimal mitochondrial bioenergetic function while enabling adequate mitochondrial transport to accommodate local energy demands unique to neuronal architecture. Abnormal regulation of mitochondrial dynamics has been increasingly implicated in neurodegeneration, where elevated levels of p53 may have a direct contribution as the expression of some fission/fusion proteins are directly regulated by p53. Thus, p53 may have a much wider influence on mitochondrial integrity and function than one would expect from its well-established ability to transcriptionally induce mitochondrial apoptosis. However, much of the evidence demonstrating that p53 can influence mitochondria through nuclear, cytosolic or intra-mitochondrial sites of action has yet to be confirmed in neurons. Nonetheless, as mitochondria are essential for supporting normal neuronal functions and in initiating/propagating cell death signaling, it appears certain that the mitochondria-related functions of p53 will have broader implications than previously thought in acute and progressive neurological conditions, providing new therapeutic targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA
| | - Yoshito Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA
| | - Richard S Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356470, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA.
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136
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Nicolson GL, Ash ME. Lipid Replacement Therapy: a natural medicine approach to replacing damaged lipids in cellular membranes and organelles and restoring function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:1657-79. [PMID: 24269541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid Replacement Therapy, the use of functional oral supplements containing cell membrane phospholipids and antioxidants, has been used to replace damaged, usually oxidized, membrane glycerophospholipids that accumulate during aging and in various clinical conditions in order to restore cellular function. This approach differs from other dietary and intravenous phospholipid interventions in the composition of phospholipids and their defense against oxidation during storage, ingestion, digestion and uptake as well as the use of protective molecules that noncovalently complex with phospholipid micelles and prevent their enzymatic and bile disruption. Once the phospholipids have been taken in by transport processes, they are protected by several natural mechanisms involving lipid receptors, transport and carrier molecules and circulating cells and lipoproteins until their delivery to tissues and cells where they can again be transferred to intracellular membranes by specific and nonspecific transport systems. Once delivered to membrane sites, they naturally replace and stimulate removal of damaged membrane lipids. Various chronic clinical conditions are characterized by membrane damage, mainly oxidative but also enzymatic, resulting in loss of cellular function. This is readily apparent in mitochondrial inner membranes where oxidative damage to phospholipids like cardiolipin and other molecules results in loss of trans-membrane potential, electron transport function and generation of high-energy molecules. Recent clinical trials have shown the benefits of Lipid Replacement Therapy in restoring mitochondrial function and reducing fatigue in aged subjects and patients with a variety of clinical diagnoses that are characterized by loss of mitochondrial function and include fatigue as a major symptom. This Article is Part of a Special Issue Entitled: Membrane Structure and Function: Relevance in the Cell's Physiology, Pathology and Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth L Nicolson
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92649, USA.
| | - Michael E Ash
- Clinical Education, Newton Abbot, Devon TQ12 4SG, UK
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137
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, Silva R, Vilas-Boas V, Ferreira LM, Branco PS, Fernandes E, Bastos MDL, Carvalho F. The mixture of “ecstasy” and its metabolites is toxic to human SH-SY5Y differentiated cells at in vivo relevant concentrations. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:455-73. [PMID: 24101030 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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138
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Fernandez A, Matias N, Fucho R, Ribas V, Von Montfort C, Nuño N, Baulies A, Martinez L, Tarrats N, Mari M, Colell A, Morales A, Dubuquoy L, Mathurin P, Bataller R, Caballeria J, Elena M, Balsinde J, Kaplowitz N, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. ASMase is required for chronic alcohol induced hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial cholesterol loading. J Hepatol 2013; 59:805-13. [PMID: 23707365 PMCID: PMC3779525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) is poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) in alcohol induced hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a key mechanism of ALD. METHODS We examined ER stress, lipogenesis, hyperhomocysteinemia, mitochondrial cholesterol (mChol) trafficking and susceptibility to LPS and concanavalin-A in ASMase(-)(/-) mice fed alcohol. RESULTS Alcohol feeding increased SREBP-1c, DGAT-2, and FAS mRNA in ASMase(+/+) but not in ASMase(-/-) mice. Compared to ASMase(+/+) mice, ASMase(-/-) mice exhibited decreased expression of ER stress markers induced by alcohol, but the level of tunicamycin-mediated upregulation of ER stress markers and steatosis was similar in both types of mice. The increase in homocysteine levels induced by alcohol feeding was comparable in both ASMase(+/+) and ASMase(-/-) mice. Exogenous ASMase, but not neutral SMase, induced ER stress by perturbing ER Ca(2+) homeostasis. Moreover, alcohol-induced mChol loading and StARD1 overexpression were blunted in ASMase(-/-) mice. Tunicamycin upregulated StARD1 expression and this outcome was abrogated by tauroursodeoxycholic acid. Alcohol-induced liver injury and sensitization to LPS and concanavalin-A were prevented in ASMase(-/-) mice. These effects were reproduced in alcohol-fed TNFR1/R2(-/-) mice. Moreover, ASMase does not impair hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy. Of relevance, liver samples from patients with alcoholic hepatitis exhibited increased expression of ASMase, StARD1, and ER stress markers. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that ASMase is critical for alcohol-induced ER stress, and provide a rationale for further clinical investigation in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fernandez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Matias
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Fucho
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Ribas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Von Montfort
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Nuño
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Baulies
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martinez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Tarrats
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Mari
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- Université Lille Nord de France, and Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; Unité 995, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Université Lille Nord de France, and Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; Unité 995, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Ramón Bataller
- Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Caballeria
- Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Balsinde
- Institut of Molecular Biology and Genetics, CSIC-CIBERDEM, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Carmen Garcia-Ruiz and Jose C Fernandez-Checa share senior authorship. Correspondence addressed to Jose C Fernandez-Checa,
| | - Jose C. Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,Carmen Garcia-Ruiz and Jose C Fernandez-Checa share senior authorship. Correspondence addressed to Jose C Fernandez-Checa,
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Stangherlin A, Reddy AB. Regulation of circadian clocks by redox homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26505-11. [PMID: 23861436 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.457564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms possess biological clocks that resonate with environmental cycles in light, temperature, and food availability. Recently, circadian oscillations in the redox state of peroxiredoxin have been described as an additional non-transcriptional timekeeping mechanism. Of note, this redox cycle is conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. How the classical "transcription-translation feedback loop" model and this redox oscillation are related is still poorly understood. In this minireview, we describe the most recent evidence pointing to cross-talk between the circadian clock and the redox status of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stangherlin
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Bode M, Longen S, Morgan B, Peleh V, Dick TP, Bihlmaier K, Herrmann JM. Inaccurately assembled cytochrome c oxidase can lead to oxidative stress-induced growth arrest. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1597-612. [PMID: 23198688 PMCID: PMC3613174 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify yeast mutants that show a strong redox dependence of the ability to respire, we systematically screened a yeast deletion library for mutants that require the presence of reductants for growth on nonfermentable carbon sources. RESULTS Respirative growth of 44 yeast mutants was significantly improved by the addition of dithiothreitol or glutathione. Two mutants that were strongly stimulated by reductants lacked the proteins Cmc1 and Coa4. Both proteins belong to the family of "twin Cx(9)C" proteins present in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. Deletion of CMC1 or COA4 leads to assembly defects of cytochrome c oxidase, in particular to the lack of Cox1 and rapid degradation of Cox2 and Cox3. Interestingly, the presence of the reductants does not suppress these assembly defects and the levels of cytochrome c oxidase remain reduced. Reductants and antioxidants such as ascorbic acid rather counteract the effects of hydrogen peroxide that is produced from partially assembled cytochrome c oxidase intermediates. INNOVATION Here we show that oxidative stress generated by the accumulation of partially assembled respiratory chain complexes prevents growth on carbon sources that force cells to respire. CONCLUSION Defects in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase can lead to increased production of hydrogen peroxide, which is sensed in cells and blocks their proliferation. We propose that this redox-regulated feedback regulation specifically slows down the propagation of cells carrying respiratory chain mutations in order to select for cells of high mitochondrial fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bode
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sebastian Longen
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valentina Peleh
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tobias P. Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Bihlmaier
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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