101
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Zhu J, Lu J, Tung HC, Liu K, Li J, Grant DM, Xie W, Ma X. Cell Type-Specific Roles of CD38 in the Interactions of Isoniazid with NAD + in the Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1372-1379. [PMID: 33020065 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD+ is a critical molecule that is involved in multiple cellular functions. CD38 is a multifunctional enzyme with NAD+ nucleosidase activity. Our previous work revealed the CD38-dependent interactions of isoniazid (INH), an antituberculosis drug, with NAD+ to form INH-NAD adduct. In the current work, our metabolomic analysis discovered a novel NAD+ adduct with acetylisoniazid (AcINH), a primary INH metabolite mediated by N-acetyltransferase (NAT), and we named it AcINH-NAD. Using Nat1/2(-/-) and Cd38(-/-) mice, we determined that AcINH-NAD formation is dependent on both NAT and CD38. Because NAT is expressed in hepatocytes (HP), whereas CD38 is expressed in Kupffer cells (KC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC), we explored cell type-specific roles of CD38 in the formation of AcINH-NAD as well as INH-NAD. We found that both INH-NAD and AcINH-NAD were produced in the incubation of INH or AcINH with KC and HSC but not in HP. These data suggest that hepatic nonparenchymal cells, such as KC and HSC, are the major cell types responsible for the CD38-dependent interactions of INH with NAD+ in the liver. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The current study identified AcINH-NAD as a novel metabolite of INH in the liver. Our work also revealed the essential roles of nonparenchymal cells, including Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, in the CD38-dependent interactions of NAD+ with INH, leading to the formation of both INH-NAD and AcINH-NAD in the liver. These data can be used to guide the future studies on the mechanisms of INH and NAD+ interactions and their contributions to INH-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., J.L., H.-C.T., K.L., J.L., W.X., X.M.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.M.G.)
| | - Jie Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., J.L., H.-C.T., K.L., J.L., W.X., X.M.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.M.G.)
| | - Hung-Chun Tung
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., J.L., H.-C.T., K.L., J.L., W.X., X.M.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.M.G.)
| | - Ke Liu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., J.L., H.-C.T., K.L., J.L., W.X., X.M.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.M.G.)
| | - Jianhua Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., J.L., H.-C.T., K.L., J.L., W.X., X.M.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.M.G.)
| | - Denis M Grant
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., J.L., H.-C.T., K.L., J.L., W.X., X.M.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.M.G.)
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., J.L., H.-C.T., K.L., J.L., W.X., X.M.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.M.G.)
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (J.Z., J.L., H.-C.T., K.L., J.L., W.X., X.M.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.M.G.)
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102
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Cardoso D, Muchir A. Need for NAD +: Focus on Striated Muscle Laminopathies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102248. [PMID: 33036437 PMCID: PMC7599962 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminopathies are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases caused by genetic mutations in the LMNA gene, encoding A-type lamins. A-type lamins are nuclear envelope proteins which associate with B-type lamins to form the nuclear lamina, a meshwork underlying the inner nuclear envelope of differentiated cells. The laminopathies include lipodystrophies, progeroid phenotypes and striated muscle diseases. Research on striated muscle laminopathies in the recent years has provided novel perspectives on the role of the nuclear lamina and has shed light on the pathological consequences of altered nuclear lamina. The role of altered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in the physiopathology of striated muscle laminopathies has been recently highlighted. Here, we have summarized these findings and reviewed the current knowledge about NAD+ alteration in striated muscle laminopathies, providing potential therapeutic approaches.
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103
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Kang BE, Choi JY, Stein S, Ryu D. Implications of NAD + boosters in translational medicine. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13334. [PMID: 32594513 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) is an essential metabolite in energy metabolism as well as a co-substrate in biochemical reactions such as protein deacylation, protein ADP-ribosylation and cyclic ADP-ribose synthesis mediated by sirtuins, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and CD38. In eukaryotic cells, NAD+ is synthesized through three distinct pathways, which offer different strategies to modulate the bioavailability of NAD+ . The therapeutic potential of dietarily available NAD+ boosters preserving the NAD+ pool has been attracting attention after the discovery of declining NAD+ levels in ageing model organisms as well as in several age-related diseases, including cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the recent advances in the biology of NAD+ , including the salubrious effects of NAD+ boosters and discuss their future translational strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baeki E Kang
- Molecular and Integrative Biology Lab (MIB), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jun-Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Molecular and Integrative Biology Lab (MIB), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea.,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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104
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Sun C, Wang K, Stock AJ, Gong Y, Demarest TG, Yang B, Giri N, Harrington L, Alter BP, Savage SA, Bohr VA, Liu Y. Re-equilibration of imbalanced NAD metabolism ameliorates the impact of telomere dysfunction. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103420. [PMID: 32935380 PMCID: PMC7604620 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short telomeres are a principal defining feature of telomere biology disorders, such as dyskeratosis congenita (DC), for which there are no effective treatments. Here, we report that primary fibroblasts from DC patients and late generation telomerase knockout mice display lower nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels, and an imbalance in the NAD metabolome that includes elevated CD38 NADase and reduced poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase and SIRT1 activities, respectively, affecting many associated biological pathways. Supplementation with the NAD precursor, nicotinamide riboside, and CD38 inhibition improved NAD homeostasis, thereby alleviating telomere damage, defective mitochondrial biosynthesis and clearance, cell growth retardation, and cellular senescence of DC fibroblasts. These findings reveal a direct, underlying role of NAD dysregulation when telomeres are short and underscore its relevance to the pathophysiology and interventions of human telomere‐driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongkui Sun
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda J Stock
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi Gong
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tyler G Demarest
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beimeng Yang
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neelam Giri
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lea Harrington
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Blanche P Alter
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yie Liu
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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105
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Agnew-Francis KA, Williams CM. Squaramides as Bioisosteres in Contemporary Drug Design. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11616-11650. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A. Agnew-Francis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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106
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Jiao Y, Yi M, Xu L, Chu Q, Yan Y, Luo S, Wu K. CD38: targeted therapy in multiple myeloma and therapeutic potential for solid cancers. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1295-1308. [PMID: 32822558 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1814253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD38 is expressed by some cells of hematological malignancies and tumor-related immunosuppressive cells, including regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. CD38 is an effective target in some hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma (MM). Daratumumab (Dara), a CD38-targeting antibody, can eliminate CD38high immune suppressor cells and is regarded as a standard therapy for MM because of its outstanding clinical efficacy. Other CD38 monospecific antibodies, such as isatuximab, MOR202, and TAK079, showed promising effects in clinical trials. AREA COVERED This review examines the expression, function, and targeting of CD38 in MM and its potential to deplete immunosuppressive cells in solid cancers. We summarize the distribution and biological function of CD38 and discuss the application of anti-CD38 drugs in hematological malignancies. We also analyz the role of CD38+ immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to encourage additional investigations that target CD38 in solid cancers. PubMed and ClinicalTrials were searched to identify relevant literature from the database inception to 30 April 2020. EXPERT OPINION There is convincing evidence that CD38-targeted immunotherapeutics reduce CD38+ immune suppressor cells. This result suggests that CD38 can be exploited to treat solid tumors by regulating the immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxiang Yan
- R & D Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd , Wuhan, China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
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107
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CD38: T Cell Immuno-Metabolic Modulator. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071716. [PMID: 32709019 PMCID: PMC7408359 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation and subsequent differentiation of T cells following antigenic stimulation are triggered by highly coordinated signaling events that lead to instilling cells with a discrete metabolic and transcriptional feature. Compelling studies indicate that intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels have profound influence on diverse signaling and metabolic pathways of T cells, and hence dictate their functional fate. CD38, a major mammalian NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase), expresses on T cells following activation and appears to be an essential modulator of intracellular NAD+ levels. The enzymatic activity of CD38 in the process of generating the second messenger cADPR utilizes intracellular NAD+, and thus limits its availability to different NAD+ consuming enzymes (PARP, ART, and sirtuins) inside the cells. The present review discusses how the CD38-NAD+ axis affects T cell activation and differentiation through interfering with their signaling and metabolic processes. We also describe the pivotal role of the CD38-NAD+ axis in influencing the chromatin remodeling and rewiring T cell response. Overall, this review emphasizes the crucial contribution of the CD38-NAD+ axis in altering T cell response in various pathophysiological conditions.
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108
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Advantages of formate dehydrogenase reaction for efficient NAD + quantification in biological samples. Anal Biochem 2020; 603:113797. [PMID: 32562604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The medical significance of NAD+-dependent metabolic regulation acquires increasing attention, demanding rapid and clinically feasible quantification of NAD+ in complex biological samples. Here we describe the usage of formate dehydrogenase for a straightforward and highly specific fluorometric assay of NAD+ in tissue extracts, not requiring chromatographic separation of nucleotides. The assay employs the irreversible reaction of formate oxidation coupled to NAD+ reduction, catalyzed by the enzyme which has high affinity and specificity to NAD+, and is stable under a variety of conditions. The assay reliably quantifies NAD+ in the methanol extracts of the rat brain cortex and mitochondria.
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109
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Bock KW. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) functions: Balancing opposing processes including inflammatory reactions. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114093. [PMID: 32535108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) research has shifted from exploring dioxin toxicity to elucidation of physiologic AHR functions. Control of AHR functions is challenged by the fact that AHR is often involved in balancing opposing processes. Two AHR functions are discussed. (i) Microbial defense: intestinal microbiota commensals secrete AHR ligands that are important for maintaining epithelial integrity and generation of anti-inflammatory IL-22 by multiple immune cells. On the other hand, in case of microbial defense, AHR-regulated neutrophils and Th17 cells are involved in generation of bactericidal reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory stimuli. However, during the process of infection resolution, 'disease tolerance' is achieved. (ii) Energy, NAD+ and lipid metabolism: In obese individuals AHR is involved in either generation or inhibition of fatty liver and associated hepatitis. Inhibition of hepatitis is mainly achieved by regulating NAD+-controlled SIRT1, 3 and 6 activity. Interestingly, these enzymes are synergistically modulated by CD38, an NAD-consuming NAD-glycohydrolase. It is proposed that inflammatory responses may be beneficially modulated by AHR agonistic and CD38 inhibiting phytochemicals. Caveats in presence of carcinogenicity have to be taken into account. AHR research is an exciting field but therapeutic options remain challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Walter Bock
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstrasse 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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110
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Ogura Y, Kitada M, Xu J, Monno I, Koya D. CD38 inhibition by apigenin ameliorates mitochondrial oxidative stress through restoration of the intracellular NAD +/NADH ratio and Sirt3 activity in renal tubular cells in diabetic rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11325-11336. [PMID: 32507768 PMCID: PMC7343471 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). We previously showed that mitochondrial oxidative stress in the kidneys of Zucker diabetic fatty rats is associated with a decreased intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sirt3 activity, and increased expression of the NAD+-degrading enzyme CD38. In this study, we used a CD38 inhibitor, apigenin, to investigate the role of CD38 in DKD. Apigenin significantly reduced renal injuries, including tubulointerstitial fibrosis, tubular cell damage, and pro-inflammatory gene expression in diabetic rats. In addition, apigenin down-regulated CD38 expression, and increased the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and Sirt3-mediated mitochondrial antioxidative enzyme activity in the kidneys of diabetic rats. In vitro, inhibition of CD38 activity by apigenin or CD38 knockdown increased the NAD+/NADH ratio and Sirt3 activity in renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells cultured under high-glucose conditions. Together, these results demonstrate that by inhibiting the Sirt3 activity and increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress in renal tubular cells, CD38 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Ogura
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Munehiro Kitada
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Itaru Monno
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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111
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Mehmel M, Jovanović N, Spitz U. Nicotinamide Riboside-The Current State of Research and Therapeutic Uses. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1616. [PMID: 32486488 PMCID: PMC7352172 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) has recently become one of the most studied nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors, due to its numerous potential health benefits mediated via elevated NAD+ content in the body. NAD+ is an essential coenzyme that plays important roles in various metabolic pathways and increasing its overall content has been confirmed as a valuable strategy for treating a wide variety of pathophysiological conditions. Accumulating evidence on NRs' health benefits has validated its efficiency across numerous animal and human studies for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. As the prevalence and morbidity of these conditions increases in modern society, the great necessity has arisen for a rapid translation of NR to therapeutic use and further establishment of its availability as a nutritional supplement. Here, we summarize currently available data on NR effects on metabolism, and several neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, through to its application as a treatment for specific pathophysiological conditions. In addition, we have reviewed newly published research on the application of NR as a potential therapy against infections with several pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, to support rapid NR translation to therapeutics, the challenges related to its bioavailability and safety are addressed, together with the advantages of NR to other NAD+ precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mehmel
- Biosynth Carbosynth, Rietlistrasse 4, 9422 Staad, Switzerland;
| | - Nina Jovanović
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Urs Spitz
- Biosynth Carbosynth, Axis House, High Street, Compton, Berkshire RG20 6NL, UK
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112
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Zuo W, Liu N, Zeng Y, Liu Y, Li B, Wu K, Xiao Y, Liu Q. CD38: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:815-828. [PMID: 32472237 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Substantial research has demonstrated the association between cardiovascular disease and the dysregulation of intracellular calcium, ageing, reduction in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+ content, and decrease in sirtuin activity. CD38, which comprises the soluble type, type II, and type III, is the main NADase in mammals. This molecule catalyses the production of cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), and adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR), which stimulate the release of Ca2+, accompanied by NAD+ consumption and decreased sirtuin activity. Therefore, the relationship between cardiovascular disease and CD38 has been attracting increased attention. In this review, we summarize the structure, regulation, function, targeted drug development, and current research on CD38 in the cardiac context. More importantly, we provide original views about the as yet elusive mechanisms of CD38 action in certain cardiovascular disease models. Based on our review, we predict that CD38 may serve as a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Zuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yunhong Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children's Hospital, No. 86 Ziyuan Road, Yuhua District, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Yaozhong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Keke Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yunbin Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Children's Hospital, No. 86 Ziyuan Road, Yuhua District, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China.
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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113
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Custodero C, Saini SK, Shin MJ, Jeon YK, Christou DD, McDermott MM, Leeuwenburgh C, Anton SD, Mankowski RT. Nicotinamide riboside-A missing piece in the puzzle of exercise therapy for older adults? Exp Gerontol 2020; 137:110972. [PMID: 32450270 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining physical mobility is important for preventing age-related comorbidities in older adults. Endurance and resistance training prevent mobility loss in aging, but exercise alone does not always achieve the expected improvements in physical and cardiopulmonary function. Recent preclinical evidence suggests that a reason for the variability in exercise training responses may be the age-related dysregulation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolome. NAD+ is an essential enzymatic cofactor in energetic and signaling pathways. Endogenous NAD+ pool is lower in several chronic and degenerative diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, muscular dystrophies), and also in aging. Exercise requires a higher energy expenditure than a resting state, thus a state of NAD+ insufficiency with reduced energy metabolism, could result in an inadequate exercise response. Recently, the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR), a vitamin B3 derivate, showed an ability to improve NAD+ metabolome homeostasis, restoring energy metabolism and cellular function in various organs in animals. NR has also been tested in older humans and is considered safe, but the effects of NR supplementation alone on physical performance are unclear. The purpose of this review is to examine the preclinical and clinical evidence on the effect of NR supplementation strategies alone and in combination with physical activity on mobility and skeletal muscle and cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Custodero
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.; Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Clinica Medica Cesare Frugoni, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sunil K Saini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Myung J Shin
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun K Jeon
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Demetra D Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology in Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary M McDermott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Stephen D Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA..
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114
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Pardo PS, Boriek AM. SIRT1 Regulation in Ageing and Obesity. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 188:111249. [PMID: 32320732 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ageing and obesity have common hallmarks: altered glucose and lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are some examples. The downstream effects of SIRT1 activity have been thoroughly explored, and their research is still in expanse. SIRT1 activation has been shown to regulate pathways with beneficiary effects on 1) ageing and obesity-associated metabolic disorders such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and type-II diabetes with, 2) chronic inflammatory processes such as arthritis, atherosclerosis and emphysema, 3) DNA damage and oxidative stress with impact on neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular health and some cancers. This knowledge intensified the interest in uncovering the mechanisms regulating the expression and activity of SIRT1. This review focuses on the upstream regulatory mechanisms controlling SIRT1, and how this knowledge could potentially contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Pardo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
| | - Aladin M Boriek
- Pulmonary and Critical Care medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
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115
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Hypothalamic NAD +-Sirtuin Axis: Function and Regulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030396. [PMID: 32143417 PMCID: PMC7175325 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly expanding elderly population and obesity endemic have become part of continuing global health care problems. The hypothalamus is a critical center for the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism, circadian rhythm, and aging-related physiology. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase sirtuins are referred to as master metabolic regulators that link the cellular energy status to adaptive transcriptional responses. Mounting evidence now indicates that hypothalamic sirtuins are essential for adequate hypothalamic neuronal functions. Owing to the NAD+-dependence of sirtuin activity, adequate hypothalamic NAD+ contents are pivotal for maintaining energy homeostasis and circadian physiology. Here, we comprehensively review the regulatory roles of the hypothalamic neuronal NAD+-sirtuin axis in a normal physiological context and their changes in obesity and the aging process. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of NAD+ biology-targeting drugs in aging/obesity-related metabolic and circadian disorders.
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116
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CD38 in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020471. [PMID: 32085567 PMCID: PMC7072759 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal degeneration as well as neuroinflammation. While CD38 is strongly expressed in brain cells including neurons, astrocytes as well as microglial cells, the role played by CD38 in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation remains elusive. Yet, CD38 expression increases as a consequence of aging which is otherwise the primary risk associated with neurodegenerative diseases, and several experimental data demonstrated that CD38 knockout mice are protected from neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory insults. Moreover, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, whose levels are tightly controlled by CD38, is a recognized and potent neuroprotective agent, and NAD supplementation was found to be beneficial against neurodegenerative diseases. The aims of this review are to summarize the physiological role played by CD38 in the brain, present the arguments indicating the involvement of CD38 in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, and to discuss these observations in light of CD38 complex biology.
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117
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Cohen MS. Interplay between compartmentalized NAD + synthesis and consumption: a focus on the PARP family. Genes Dev 2020; 34:254-262. [PMID: 32029457 PMCID: PMC7050480 DOI: 10.1101/gad.335109.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor for redox enzymes, but also moonlights as a substrate for signaling enzymes. When used as a substrate by signaling enzymes, it is consumed, necessitating the recycling of NAD+ consumption products (i.e., nicotinamide) via a salvage pathway in order to maintain NAD+ homeostasis. A major family of NAD+ consumers in mammalian cells are poly-ADP-ribose-polymerases (PARPs). PARPs comprise a family of 17 enzymes in humans, 16 of which catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ to macromolecular targets (namely, proteins, but also DNA and RNA). Because PARPs and the NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes are subcellularly localized, an emerging concept is that the activity of PARPs and other NAD+ consumers are regulated in a compartmentalized manner. In this review, I discuss NAD+ metabolism, how different subcellular pools of NAD+ are established and regulated, and how free NAD+ levels can control signaling by PARPs and redox metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Cohen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97210, USA
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118
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Singhal A, Cheng CY. Host NAD+ metabolism and infections: therapeutic implications. Int Immunol 2020; 31:59-67. [PMID: 30329059 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is both a crucial coenzyme and a cosubstrate for various metabolic reactions in all living cells. Maintenance of NAD+ levels is essential for cell energy homeostasis, survival, proliferation and function. Mounting evidence points to NAD+ as one of the major modulators of immuno-metabolic circuits, thus regulating immune responses and functions. Recent studies delineate impaired host NAD+ metabolism during chronic infections and inflammation, suggesting NAD+ replenishment as an avenue to ameliorate deleterious inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss aspects of NAD+ biosynthesis and consumption, NAD+ biology during infections and how NAD+ metabolism can be intervened with pharmacologically to enhance the host's immunological fitness against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre (VIDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Catherine Youting Cheng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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119
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Harlan BA, Killoy KM, Pehar M, Liu L, Auwerx J, Vargas MR. Evaluation of the NAD + biosynthetic pathway in ALS patients and effect of modulating NAD + levels in hSOD1-linked ALS mouse models. Exp Neurol 2020; 327:113219. [PMID: 32014438 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Astrocytes from diverse ALS models induce motor neuron death in co-culture. Enhancing NAD+ availability, or increasing the expression of the NAD+-dependent deacylases SIRT3 and SIRT6, abrogates their neurotoxicity in cell culture models. To determine the effect of increasing NAD+ availability in ALS mouse models we used two strategies, ablation of a NAD+-consuming enzyme (CD38) and supplementation with a bioavailable NAD+ precursor (nicotinamide riboside, NR). Deletion of CD38 had no effect in the survival of two hSOD1-linked ALS mouse models. On the other hand, NR-supplementation delayed motor neuron degeneration, decreased markers of neuroinflammation in the spinal cord, appeared to modify muscle metabolism and modestly increased the survival of hSOD1G93A mice. In addition, we found altered expression of enzymes involved in NAD+ synthesis (NAMPT and NMNAT2) and decreased SIRT6 expression in the spinal cord of ALS patients, suggesting deficits of this neuroprotective pathway in the human pathology. Our data denotes the therapeutic potential of increasing NAD+ levels in ALS. Moreover, the results indicate that the approach used to enhance NAD+ levels critically defines the biological outcome in ALS models, suggesting that boosting NAD+ levels with the use of bioavailable precursors would be the preferred therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Harlan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelby M Killoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mariana Pehar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo R Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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120
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Murphy JP, Giacomantonio MA, Paulo JA, Everley RA, Kennedy BE, Pathak GP, Clements DR, Kim Y, Dai C, Sharif T, Gygi SP, Gujar S. The NAD + Salvage Pathway Supports PHGDH-Driven Serine Biosynthesis. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2381-2391.e5. [PMID: 30157431 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD+ is a key metabolic redox cofactor that is regenerated from nicotinamide through the NAD+ salvage pathway. Here, we find that inhibiting the NAD+ salvage pathway depletes serine biosynthesis from glucose by impeding the NAD+-dependent protein, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH). Importantly, we find that PHGDHhigh breast cancer cell lines are exquisitely sensitive to inhibition of the NAD+ salvage pathway. Further, we find that PHGDH protein levels and those of the rate-limiting enzyme of NAD+ salvage, NAMPT, correlate in ER-negative, basal-like breast cancers. Although NAD+ salvage pathway inhibitors are actively being pursued in cancer treatment, their efficacy has been poor, and our findings suggest that they may be effective for PHGDH-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrick Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Everley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gopal P Pathak
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Derek R Clements
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cathleen Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tanveer Sharif
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Services Research, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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121
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Glaría E, Valledor AF. Roles of CD38 in the Immune Response to Infection. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010228. [PMID: 31963337 PMCID: PMC7017097 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional protein widely expressed in cells from the immune system and as a soluble form in biological fluids. CD38 expression is up-regulated by an array of inflammatory mediators, and it is frequently used as a cell activation marker. Studies in animal models indicate that CD38 functional expression confers protection against infection by several bacterial and parasitic pathogens. In addition, infectious complications are associated with anti-CD38 immunotherapy. Although CD38 displays receptor and enzymatic activities that contribute to the establishment of an effective immune response, recent work raises the possibility that CD38 might also enhance the immunosuppressive potential of regulatory leukocytes. This review integrates the current knowledge on the diversity of functions mediated by CD38 in the host defense to infection.
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122
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Katsyuba E, Romani M, Hofer D, Auwerx J. NAD + homeostasis in health and disease. Nat Metab 2020; 2:9-31. [PMID: 32694684 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual evolution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) from being seen as a simple metabolic cofactor to a pivotal cosubstrate for proteins regulating metabolism and longevity, including the sirtuin family of protein deacylases, has led to a new wave of scientific interest in NAD+. NAD+ levels decline during ageing, and alterations in NAD+ homeostasis can be found in virtually all age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, diabetes and cancer. In preclinical settings, various strategies to increase NAD+ levels have shown beneficial effects, thus starting a competitive race to discover marketable NAD+ boosters to improve healthspan and lifespan. Here, we review the basics of NAD+ biochemistry and metabolism, and its roles in health and disease, and we discuss current challenges and the future translational potential of NAD+ research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nagi Bioscience, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Romani
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dina Hofer
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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123
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Halliwell B. Celebrating the 60th birthday of BBRC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:677-678. [PMID: 31761072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Senior Advisor (Academic Appointments and Research Excellence), Office of the Senior Deputy President and Provost, National University of Singapore (NUS), Chairman, Biomedical, Research Council, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Tan Chin Tuan Centennial Professor, Dept of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore.
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124
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Yu A, Zhou R, Xia B, Dang W, Yang Z, Chen X. NAMPT maintains mitochondria content via NRF2-PPARα/AMPKα pathway to promote cell survival under oxidative stress. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109496. [PMID: 31816398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria plays a key role in regulating cell death process under stress conditions and it has been indicated that NAMPT overexpression promotes cell survival under genotoxic stress by maintaining mitochondrial NAD+ level. NAMPT is a rate-limiting enzyme for NAD+ production in mammalian cells and it was suggested that NAMPT and NMNAT3 are responsible for mitochondrial NAD+ production to maintain mitochondrial NAD+ pool. However, subsequent studies suggested mitochondrial may lack the NAMPT-NMANT3 pathway to maintain NAD+ level. Therefore, how NAMPT overexpression rescues mitochondrial NAD+ content to promote cell survival in response to genotoxic stress remains elusive. Here, we show that NAMPT promotes cell survival under oxidative stress via both SIRT1 dependent p53-CD38 pathway and SIRT1 independent NRF2-PPARα/AMPKα pathway, and the NRF2-PPARα/AMPKα pathway plays a more profound role in facilitating cell survival than the SIRT1-p53-CD38 pathway does. Mitochondrial content and membrane potential were significantly reduced in response to H2O2 treatment, whereas activated NRF2-PPARα/AMPKα pathway by NAMPT overexpression rescued the mitochondrial membrane potential and content, suggesting that maintained mitochondrial content and integrity by NAMPT overexpression might be one of the key mechanisms to maintain mitochondrial NAD+ level and subsequently dictate cell survival under oxidative stress. Our results indicated that NRF2 is a novel down-stream target of NAMPT, which mediates anti-apoptosis function of NAMPT via maintaining mitochondrial content and membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ronghua Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Benzeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Weiwei Dang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zaiqing Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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125
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Abstract
The mammalian kidney relies on abundant mitochondria in the renal tubule to generate sufficient ATP to provide the energy required for constant reclamation of solutes from crude blood filtrate. The highly metabolically active cells of the renal tubule also pair their energetic needs to the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including energy generation, antioxidant responses, autophagy and mitochondrial quality control. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is essential not only for the harvesting of energy from substrates but also for an array of regulatory reactions that determine cellular health. In acute kidney injury (AKI), substantial decreases in the levels of NAD+ impair energy generation and, ultimately, the core kidney function of selective solute transport. Conversely, augmentation of NAD+ may protect the kidney tubule against diverse acute stressors. For example, NAD+ augmentation can ameliorate experimental AKI triggered by ischaemia–reperfusion, toxic injury and systemic inflammation. NAD+-dependent maintenance of renal tubular metabolic health may also attenuate long-term profibrotic responses that could lead to chronic kidney disease. Further understanding of the genetic, environmental and nutritional factors that influence NAD+ biosynthesis and renal resilience may lead to novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease. Here, the authors discuss evidence for a role of NAD+ imbalance in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). They suggest that disruption of NAD+ metabolism may contribute to mechanistic links among AKI, CKD and ageing. NAD+ has critical roles in the generation of ATP from fuel substrates and as a substrate for important enzymes that regulate cellular health and stress responses. The renal tubule is highly metabolically active and requires a constant supply of ATP to provide the energy required to pump solutes across unfavourable gradients. Experimental acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by various insults rapidly leads to a decrease in NAD+ levels that probably results from a combination of reduced NAD+ biosynthesis and increased NAD+ consumption. Renal NAD+ levels can be augmented using vitamin B3 analogues and related nutritional precursors. NAD+ augmentation can prevent and/or treat various aetiologies of experimental AKI and might also attenuate long-term profibrotic responses following AKI, suggesting a potential role in the treatment of chronic kidney disease.
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126
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Abstract
Significance: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) spans diverse roles in biology, serving as both an important redox cofactor in metabolism and a substrate for signaling enzymes that regulate protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). Critical Issues: Although the interactions between these different roles of NAD+ (and its reduced form NADH) have been considered, little attention has been paid to the role of compartmentation in these processes. Specifically, the role of NAD+ in metabolism is compartment specific (e.g., mitochondrial vs. cytosolic), affording a very different redox landscape for PTM-modulating enzymes such as sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases in different cell compartments. In addition, the orders of magnitude differences in expression levels between NAD+-dependent enzymes are often not considered when assuming the effects of bulk changes in NAD+ levels on their relative activities. Recent Advances: In this review, we discuss the metabolic, nonmetabolic, redox, and enzyme substrate roles of cellular NAD+, and the recent discoveries regarding the interplay between these roles in different cell compartments. Future Directions: Therapeutic implications for the compartmentation and manipulation of NAD+ biology are discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 31, 623-642.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya A Kulkarni
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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127
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Guarino M, Dufour JF. Nicotinamide and NAFLD: Is There Nothing New Under the Sun? Metabolites 2019; 9:E180. [PMID: 31510030 PMCID: PMC6780119 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9090180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) has a critical role in cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. Its importance has been established early with the discovery of NAD's therapeutic role for pellagra. This review addresses some of the recent findings on NAD physiopathology and their effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis, which need to be considered in the search for a better therapeutic approach. Reduced NAD concentrations contribute to the dysmetabolic imbalance and consequently to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In this perspective, the dietary supplementation or the pharmacological modulation of NAD levels appear to be an attractive strategy. These reviewed studies open the doors to growing interest in NAD metabolism for NAFLD diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Future rigorous clinical studies in humans will be necessary to validate these preliminary but promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guarino
- Hepatology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
- University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
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128
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Wang LF, Cao Q, Wen K, Xiao YF, Chen TT, Guan XH, Liu Y, Zuo L, Qian YS, Deng KY, Xin HB. CD38 Deficiency Alleviates D-Galactose-Induced Myocardial Cell Senescence Through NAD +/Sirt1 Signaling Pathway. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1125. [PMID: 31551807 PMCID: PMC6735286 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous research showed that CD38 played vital roles in Ang-II induced hypertrophy and high fat diet induced heart injury. However, the role of CD38 in heart aging is still unknown. In the present study, we reported that CD38 knockdown significantly protected cardiomyocytes from D-galactose (D-gal)-induced cellular senescence. Cellular senescence was evaluated by β-galactosidase staining, the expressions of genes closely related to aging including p16 and p21, and the ROS production, MDA content and the expressions of oxidant stress related genes were examined by biochemical analysis, Western blot and QPCR. Our results showed that the expression of CD38 was increased in H9c2 cells after D-gal treatment and the expressions of NAMPT and Sirt1 were downregulated in heart tissue from old mice. CD38 knockdown significantly reduced the number of SA-β-gal-positive cells and the expressions of p16 and p21 in H9c2 cells with or without D-gal treatment. The acetylation level of total protein was decreased in CD38 knockdown group, but the expression of Sirt3 was increased in CD38 knockdown group treated with D-gal. In addition, knockdown of CD38 significantly attenuated D-gal induced ROS production, MDA content and NOX4 expression in the cells. Inhibition Sirt1 partially reversed the effects of CD38 knockdown on D-gal induced senescence and oxidative stress. Furthermore, NAD+ supplementation reduced D-gal induced cellular senescence, ROS production and MDA content. The expression of SOD2 was increased and the NOX4 expression was decreased in H9c2 cells after NAD+ supplementation. Taken together, our results demonstrated that CD38 knockdown alleviated D-gal induced cell senescence and oxidative stress via NAD+/Sirt1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ke-Yu Deng
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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129
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Luchniak A, Mahamdeh M, Howard J. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides and their precursor NMN have no direct effect on microtubule dynamics in purified brain tubulin. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220794. [PMID: 31393939 PMCID: PMC6687165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers that provide mechanical support for cellular structures, and play important roles in cell division, migration, and intracellular transport. Their intrinsic dynamic instability, primarily controlled by polymerization-dependent GTP hydrolysis, allows for rapid rearrangements of microtubule arrays in response to signaling cues. In neurons, increases in intracellular levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) can protect against microtubule loss and axonal degeneration elicited by axonal transection. The protective effects of NAD+ on microtubule loss have been shown to be indirect in some systems, for example through the sirtuin-3 pathway. However, it is still possible that NAD+ and related metabolites have direct effects on microtubule dynamics to promote assembly or inhibit disassembly. To address this question, we reconstituted microtubule dynamics in an in vitro assay with purified bovine brain tubulin and examined the effects of NAD+, NADH, and NMN. We found that the compounds had only small effects on the dynamics at the plus and minus ends of the microtubules. Furthermore, these effects were not statistically significant. Consequently, our data support earlier findings that NADs and their precursors influence microtubule growth through indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luchniak
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Mahamdeh
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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130
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Franco-Trepat E, Guillán-Fresco M, Alonso-Pérez A, Jorge-Mora A, Francisco V, Gualillo O, Gómez R. Visfatin Connection: Present and Future in Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081178. [PMID: 31394795 PMCID: PMC6723538 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal pathologies (MSPs) such as osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP), are a set of disorders that cause severe pain, motion difficulties, and even permanent disability. In developed countries, the current incidence of MSPs reaches about one in four adults and keeps escalating as a consequence of aging and sedentarism. Interestingly, OA and OP have been closely related to similar risk factors, including aging, metabolic alterations, and inflammation. Visfatin, an adipokine with an inflammatory and catabolic profile, has been associated with several OA and OP metabolic risk factors, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. Furthermore, visfatin has been associated with the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which plays a key role in cartilage and bone inflammatory and catabolic responses. Moreover, visfatin has been related to several OA and OP pathologic features. The aim of this work is to bring together basic and clinical data regarding the common role of visfatin in these pathologies and their major shared risk factors. Finally, we discuss the pitfalls of visfatin as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in both pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Franco-Trepat
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Institute IDIS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Guillán-Fresco
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Institute IDIS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso-Pérez
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Institute IDIS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Jorge-Mora
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Institute IDIS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vera Francisco
- Research laboratory 9, Institute IDIS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- Research laboratory 9, Institute IDIS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Institute IDIS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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131
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Audrito V, Managò A, Gaudino F, Sorci L, Messana VG, Raffaelli N, Deaglio S. NAD-Biosynthetic and Consuming Enzymes as Central Players of Metabolic Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1720. [PMID: 31402913 PMCID: PMC6671870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells, particularly in solid tumors, are surrounded by non-neoplastic elements, including endothelial and stromal cells, as well as cells of immune origin, which can support tumor growth by providing the right conditions. On the other hand, local hypoxia, and lack of nutrients induce tumor cells to reprogram their metabolism in order to survive, proliferate, and disseminate: the same conditions are also responsible for building a tumor-suppressive microenvironment. In addition to tumor cells, it is now well-recognized that metabolic rewiring occurs in all cellular components of the tumor microenvironment, affecting epigenetic regulation of gene expression and influencing differentiation/proliferation decisions of these cells. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential co-factor for energy transduction in metabolic processes. It is also a key component of signaling pathways, through the regulation of NAD-consuming enzymes, including sirtuins and PARPs, which can affect DNA plasticity and accessibility. In addition, both NAD-biosynthetic and NAD-consuming enzymes can be present in the extracellular environment, adding a new layer of complexity to the system. In this review we will discuss the role of the “NADome” in the metabolic cross-talk between cancer and infiltrating immune cells, contributing to cancer growth and immune evasion, with an eye to therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Audrito
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Managò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Gaudino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gianluca Messana
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
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132
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Hogan KA, Chini CCS, Chini EN. The Multi-faceted Ecto-enzyme CD38: Roles in Immunomodulation, Cancer, Aging, and Metabolic Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1187. [PMID: 31214171 PMCID: PMC6555258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 (Cluster of Differentiation 38) is a multifunctional ecto-enzyme that metabolizes NAD+ and mediates nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD+) and extracellular nucleotide homeostasis as well as intracellular calcium. CD38 is also an emerging therapeutic target under conditions in which metabolism is altered including infection, aging, and tumorigenesis. We describe multiple enzymatic activities of CD38, which may explain the breadth of biological roles observed for this enzyme. Of greatest significance is the role of CD38 as an ecto-enzyme capable of modulating extracellular NAD+ precursor availability: 1 to bacteria unable to perform de novo synthesis of NAD+; and 2 in aged parenchyma impacted by the accumulation of immune cells during the process of ‘inflammaging’. We also discuss the paradoxical role of CD38 as a modulator of intracellular NAD+, particularly in tumor immunity. Finally, we provide a summary of therapeutic approaches to CD38 inhibition and ‘NAD+ boosting’ for treatment of metabolic dysfunction observed during aging and in tumor immunity. The present review summarizes the role of CD38 in nicotinamide nucleotide homeostasis with special emphasis on the role of CD38 as an immunomodulator and druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Hogan
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Center on Aging, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Claudia C S Chini
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Center on Aging, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Center on Aging, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
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133
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Ringel AE, Tucker SA, Haigis MC. Chemical and Physiological Features of Mitochondrial Acylation. Mol Cell 2019; 72:610-624. [PMID: 30444998 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Growing appreciation of the diversity of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the mitochondria necessitates reevaluation of the roles these modifications play in both health and disease. Compared to the cytosol and nucleus, the mitochondrial proteome is highly acylated, and remodeling of the mitochondrial "acylome" is a key adaptive mechanism that regulates fundamental aspects of mitochondrial biology. It is clear that we need to understand the underlying chemistry that regulates mitochondrial acylation, as well as how chemical properties of the acyl chain impact biological functions. Here, we dissect the sources of PTMs in the mitochondria, review major mitochondrial pathways that control levels of PTMs, and highlight how sirtuin enzymes respond to the bioenergetic state of the cell via NAD+ availability to regulate mitochondrial biology. By providing a framework connecting the chemistry of these modifications, their biochemical consequences, and the pathways that regulate the levels of acyl PTMs, we will gain a deeper understanding of the physiological significance of mitochondrial acylation and its role in mitochondrial adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Ringel
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah A Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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134
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The NADase CD38 is induced by factors secreted from senescent cells providing a potential link between senescence and age-related cellular NAD + decline. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:486-493. [PMID: 30975470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) decline has been implicated in aging. We have recently identified CD38 as a central regulator involved in tissue NAD+ decline during the aging process. CD38 is an ecto-enzyme highly expressed in endothelial and inflammatory cells. To date, the mechanisms that regulate CD38 expression in aging tissues characterized by the presence of senescent cells is not completely understood. Cellular senescence has been described as a hallmark of the aging process and these cells are known to secrete several factors including cytokines and chemokines through their senescent associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here we investigated if the cellular senescence phenotype is involved in the regulation of CD38 expression and its NADase activity. We observed that senescent cells do not have high expression of CD38. However, the SASP factors secreted by senescent cells induced CD38 mRNA and protein expression and increased CD38-NADase activity in non-senescent cells such as endothelial cells or bone marrow derived macrophages. Our data suggest a link between cellular senescence and NAD+ decline in which SASP-mediated upregulation of CD38 can disrupt cellular NAD+ homeostasis.
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135
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Boslett J, Reddy N, Alzarie YA, Zweier JL. Inhibition of CD38 with the Thiazoloquin(az)olin(on)e 78c Protects the Heart against Postischemic Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:55-64. [PMID: 30635470 PMCID: PMC6413770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of and genetic deletion of the NAD(P)+ hydrolase [NAD(P)ase] CD38 have been shown to protect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat and mouse hearts. CD38 has been shown to enhance salvage of NADP(H), which in turn prevents impairment of endothelial nitric oxide synthase function, a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction. Despite growing evidence for a role of CD38 in postischemic injury, until recently there had been a lack of potent CD38 inhibitors. Recently, a new class of thiazoloquin(az)olin(on)e compounds were identified as highly potent and specific CD38 inhibitors. Herein, we investigate the ability of one of these compounds, 78c, to inhibit CD38 and protect the heart in an ex vivo model of myocardial I/R injury. The potency and mechanism of CD38 inhibition by 78c was assessed in vitro using recombinant CD38. The dose-dependent tissue uptake of 78c in isolated mouse hearts was determined, and high tissue permeability of 78c was observed when delivered in perfusate. Treatment of hearts with 78c was protective against both postischemic endothelial and cardiac myocyte injury, with preserved nitric oxide synthase-dependent vasodilatory and contractile function, respectively. Myocardial infarction was also significantly decreased in 78c-treated hearts, with preserved levels of high-energy phosphates. Protective effects peaked at 10 μM treatment, and similar protection without toxicity was seen at 5-fold higher doses. Overall, 78c was shown to be a potent and biologically active CD38 inhibitor with favorable tissue uptake and marked protective effects against I/R injury with enhanced preservation of contractile function, coronary flow, and decreased infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Boslett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nikhil Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yasmin A Alzarie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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136
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Hosseini L, Vafaee MS, Mahmoudi J, Badalzadeh R. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide emerges as a therapeutic target in aging and ischemic conditions. Biogerontology 2019; 20:381-395. [PMID: 30838484 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has been described as central coenzyme of redox reactions and is a key regulator of stress resistance and longevity. Aging is a multifactorial and irreversible process that is characterized by a gradual diminution in physiological functions in an organism over time, leading to development of age-associated pathologies and eventually increasing the probability of death. Ischemia is the lack of nutritive blood flow that causes damage and mortality that mostly occurs in various organs during aging. During the process of aging and related ischemic conditions, NAD+ levels decline and lead to nuclear and mitochondrial dysfunctions, resulting in age-related pathologies. The majority of studies have shown that restoring of NAD+ using supplementation with intermediates such as nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside can be a valuable strategy for recovery of ischemic injury and age-associated defects. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms responsible for the reduction in NAD+ levels during ischemic disorders and aging, as well as a particular focus is given to the recent progress in the understanding of NAD+ precursor's effects on aging and ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hosseini
- Drug Applied Research Center, Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Manouchehr S Vafaee
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE: Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Neuroscience Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Badalzadeh
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Molecular Medicine Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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137
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Zhang M, Ying W. NAD + Deficiency Is a Common Central Pathological Factor of a Number of Diseases and Aging: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:890-905. [PMID: 29295624 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated critical roles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form (NAD+) in various biological functions. NAD+ deficiency has been found in models of a number of diseases such as cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia, and diabetes, and in models of aging. Applications of NAD+ or other approaches that can restore NAD+ levels are highly protective in these models of diseases and aging. NAD+ produces its beneficial effects by targeting at multiple pathological pathways, including attenuating mitochondrial alterations, DNA damage, and oxidative stress, by modulating such enzymes as sirtuins, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and AP endonuclease. These findings have suggested great therapeutic and nutritional potential of NAD+ for diseases and senescence. Recent Advances: Approaches that can restore NAD+ levels are highly protective in the models of such diseases as glaucoma. The NAD+ deficiency in the diseases and aging results from not only poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation but also decreased nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) activity and increased CD38 activity. Significant biological effects of extracellular NAD+ have been found. Increasing evidence has suggested that NAD+ deficiency is a common central pathological factor in a number of diseases and aging. Critical Issues and Future Directions: Future studies are required for solidly establishing the concept that "NAD+ deficiency is a common central pathological factor in a number of disease and aging." It is also necessary to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the NAD+ deficiency in the diseases and aging. Preclinical and clinical studies should be conducted to determine the therapeutic potential of NAD+ for the diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Zhang
- 1 Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihai Ying
- 1 Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
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138
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Bock KW. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) functions in NAD + metabolism, myelopoiesis and obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:128-132. [PMID: 30779909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diverse physiologic functions of AHR, a transcription factor discovered in studies of dioxin toxicity, are currently elucidated in many laboratories including chemical and microbial defense, immunity and myelopoiesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that AHR may also be involved in obesity and TCDD-mediated lethality in sensitive species. Underlying mechanisms include NAD+- and sirtuin-mediated deregulation of lipid, glucose and NAD+ homeostasis. Progress in NAD metabolome research suggests large consumption of NAD+ by NAD glycohydrolases (NADases) and NAD-dependent sirtuins. In focus are two NADases: (i) TiPARP (TCDD-induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase), one of several nuclear NADases, and (ii) plasma membrane-bound ectoNADase/CD38, a multifunctional enzyme and receptor. CD38 is involved in extra- and intracellular NAD degradation but acts also as differentiation marker. Both CD38 and AHR are components of a complex signalsome that enhances retinoic acid-induced differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells to granulocytes. Further advances of NAD metabolome research may lead to therapeutic options in the control of obesity and to improved risk assessment of TCDD toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Walter Bock
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstrasse 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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139
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Multi-targeted Effect of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Brain Bioenergetic Metabolism. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2280-2287. [PMID: 30661231 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in NAD+ metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, acute brain injury, diabetes, and aging. Loss of NAD+ levels results in impairment of mitochondria function, which leads to failure of essential metabolic processes. Strategies to replenish depleted NAD+ pools can offer significant improvements of pathologic states. NAD+ levels are maintained by two opposing enzymatic reactions, one is the consumption of NAD+ while the other is the re-synthesis of NAD+. Inhibition of NAD+ degrading enzymes, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) and ectoenzyme CD38, following brain ischemic insult can provide neuroprotection. Preservation of NAD+ pools by administration of NAD+ precursors, such as nicotinamide (Nam) or nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), also offers neuroprotection. However, NMN treatment demonstrates to be a promising candidate as a therapeutic approach due to its multi-targeted effect acting as PARP1 and CD38 inhibitor, sirtuins activator, mitochondrial fission inhibitor, and NAD+ supplement. Many neurodegenerative diseases or acute brain injury activate several cellular death pathways requiring a treatment strategy that will target these mechanisms. Since NMN demonstrated the ability to exert its effect on several cellular metabolic pathways involved in brain pathophysiology it seems to be one of the most promising candidates to be used for successful neuroprotection.
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140
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Veech RL, Todd King M, Pawlosky R, Kashiwaya Y, Bradshaw PC, Curtis W. The "great" controlling nucleotide coenzymes. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:565-579. [PMID: 30624851 PMCID: PMC6850382 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide coenzymes dot the map of metabolic pathways providing energy to drive the reactions of the pathway and play an important role in regulating and controlling energy metabolism through their shared potential energy, which is widely unobserved due to the paradox that the energy in the coenzyme pools cannot be determined from the concentration of the coenzyme couples. The potential energy of the nucleotide couples in the mitochondria or the cytoplasm is expressed in the enzyme reactions in which they take part. The energy in these couples, [NAD+]/[NADH], [NADP+]/[NADPH], [acetyl CoA]/[CoA], and [ATP]/[ADP]x[Pi], regulates energy metabolism. The energy contained in the couples can be altered by suppling energy equivalents in the form of ketones, such as, D-β-hydroxybutyrate to overcome insulin resistance, to restore antioxidants capacity, to form potential treatments for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, to enhance life span, and to increase physiological performance. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(5):565-579, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Michael Todd King
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Robert Pawlosky
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | | | - Patrick C Bradshaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - William Curtis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, USA
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141
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Sepehri B, Ghavami R. Design of new CD38 inhibitors based on CoMFA modelling and molecular docking analysis of 4‑amino-8-quinoline carboxamides and 2,4-diamino-8-quinazoline carboxamides. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 30:21-38. [PMID: 30489181 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1545695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, based on molecular docking analysis and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) modelling of a series of 71 CD38 inhibitors including 4‑amino-8-quinoline carboxamides and 2,4-diamino-8-quinazoline carboxamides, new CD38 inhibitors were designed. The interactions of the molecules with the greatest and the lowest activities with the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) binding site were investigated by molecular docking analysis. A CoMFA model with four partial least squares regression (PLSR) components was developed to predict the CD38 inhibitory activity of the molecules. The r2 values for the training and test sets were 0.89 and 0.82, respectively. The Q2 values for leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) and leave-many-out cross-validation (LMO-CV) tests on the training set were 0.65 and 0.64, respectively. The CoMFA model was validated by calculating several statistical parameters. CoMFA contour maps were interpreted, and structural features that influence the CD38 inhibitory activity of molecules were determined. Finally, seven new CD38 inhibitors with greater activity with respect to the greatest active molecules were designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sepehri
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Kurdistan , Sanandaj , Iran
| | - R Ghavami
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Kurdistan , Sanandaj , Iran
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142
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Park DR, Nam TS, Kim YW, Bae YS, Kim UH. Oxidative activation of type III CD38 by NADPH oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide in Ca 2+ signaling. FASEB J 2018; 33:3404-3419. [PMID: 30452880 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800235r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidase (Nox) has been shown to activate ADP-ribosyl cyclase (ARC), which produces the Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). In the present study, we examined how ROS activates cluster of differentiation (CD)38, a mammalian prototype of ARC. CD38 exists in type II and III forms with opposing membrane orientation. This study showed the coexpression of type II and III CD38 in lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. The catalytic site of the constitutively active type II CD38 faces the outside of the cell or the inside of early endosomes (EEs), whereas the basally inactive type III CD38 faces the cytosol. Type III CD38 interacted with Nox4/phosphorylated-p22phox (p-p22phox) in EEs of LAK cells upon IL-8 treatment. H2O2 derived from Nox4 activated type III CD38 by forming a disulfide bond between Cys164 and Cys177, resulting in increased cADPR formation. Our study identified the mechanism by which type III CD38 is activated in an immune cell (LAK), in which H2O2 generated by Nox4 oxidizes and activates type III CD38 to generate cADPR. These findings provide a novel model of cross-talk between ROS and Ca2+ signaling.-Park, D.-R., Nam, T.-S., Kim, Y.-W., Bae, Y. S., Kim, U.-H. Oxidative activation of type III CD38 by NADPH oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide in Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Ryoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ye-Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea; and
| | - Uh-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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143
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Ogura Y, Kitada M, Monno I, Kanasaki K, Watanabe A, Koya D. Renal mitochondrial oxidative stress is enhanced by the reduction of Sirt3 activity, in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Redox Rep 2018; 23:153-159. [PMID: 29897845 PMCID: PMC6748695 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2018.1487174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Mitochondrial oxidative stress is involved in the
pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. The objective of our study is to
identify the mechanisms of renal mitochondrial oxidative stress, focusing on
Sirt3, which is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+;
oxidized NAD)-dependent deacetylase in mitochondria. Methods: Renal mitochondrial oxidative stress and Sirt3 activity,
using Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDFRs) and cultured proximal tubular cells
under high-glucose condition were evaluated. Results: At 28 weeks of age, ZDFRs exhibited the increased urinary
albumin/liver-type fatty acid-binding protein
(L-FABP)/8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion, histological
tubular cell damage, compared to non-diabetic Zucker Lean rats. In renal
mitochondria, acetylated isocitrate dehydrogenase2 (IDH2) and superoxide
dismutase2 (SOD2), accompanied with mitochondrial oxidative stress and
mitochondrial morphologic alterations, were increased in ZDFRs, indicating
inactivation of Sirt3. Additionally, expression of the NAD-degrading enzyme,
CD38, was increased, and the NAD+/NADH (reduced NAD) ratio was
reduced in the renal cortex of ZDFRs. High-glucose stimulation in cultured
proximal tubular cells also resulted in an increase in acetylated IDH2/SOD2,
CD38 overexpression and a reduction in the NAD+/NADH ratio. Conclusions: Enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the
diabetic kidney was mediated by the reduction of Sirt3 activity. CD38
overexpression may be related to a reduction in the NAD+/NADH
ratio in the diabetic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Ogura
- a Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology , Kanazawa Medical University , Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Munehiro Kitada
- a Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology , Kanazawa Medical University , Ishikawa , Japan.,b Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology , Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University , Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Itaru Monno
- a Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology , Kanazawa Medical University , Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- a Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology , Kanazawa Medical University , Ishikawa , Japan.,b Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology , Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University , Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Ai Watanabe
- a Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology , Kanazawa Medical University , Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- a Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology , Kanazawa Medical University , Ishikawa , Japan.,b Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology , Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University , Ishikawa , Japan
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144
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Abstract
The concept of replenishing or elevating NAD+ availability to combat metabolic disease and ageing is an area of intense research. This has led to a need to define the endogenous regulatory pathways and mechanisms cells and tissues utilise to maximise NAD+ availability such that strategies to intervene in the clinical setting are able to be fully realised. This review discusses the importance of different salvage pathways involved in metabolising the vitamin B3 class of NAD+ precursor molecules, with a particular focus on the recently identified nicotinamide riboside kinase pathway at both a tissue-specific and systemic level.
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145
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Mottahedeh J, Haffner MC, Grogan TR, Hashimoto T, Crowell PD, Beltran H, Sboner A, Bareja R, Esopi D, Isaacs WB, Yegnasubramanian S, Rettig MB, Elashoff DA, Platz EA, De Marzo AM, Teitell MA, Goldstein AS. CD38 is methylated in prostate cancer and regulates extracellular NAD . Cancer Metab 2018; 6:13. [PMID: 30258629 PMCID: PMC6150989 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-018-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cell metabolism requires sustained pools of intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) which is maintained by a balance of NAD+ hydrolase activity and NAD+ salvage activity. We recently reported that human prostate cancer can be initiated following oncogene expression in progenitor-like luminal cells marked by low expression of the NAD+-consuming enzyme CD38. CD38 expression is reduced in prostate cancer compared to benign prostate, suggesting that tumor cells may reduce CD38 expression in order to enhance pools of NAD+. However, little is known about how CD38 expression is repressed in advanced prostate cancer and whether CD38 plays a role in regulating NAD+ levels in prostate epithelial cells. METHODS CD38 expression, its association with recurrence after prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer, and DNA methylation of the CD38 promoter were evaluated in human prostate tissues representing various stages of disease progression. CD38 was inducibly over-expressed in benign and malignant human prostate cell lines in order to determine the effects on cell proliferation and levels of NAD+ and NADH. NAD+ and NADH were also measured in urogenital tissues from wild-type and CD38 knockout mice. RESULTS CD38 mRNA expression was reduced in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer compared to localized prostate cancer. In a large cohort of men undergoing radical prostatectomy, CD38 protein expression was inversely correlated with recurrence. We identified methylation of the CD38 promoter in primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Over-expression of wild-type CD38, but not an NAD+ hydrolase-deficient mutant, depleted extracellular NAD+ levels in benign and malignant prostate cell lines. However, expression of CD38 did not significantly alter intracellular NAD+ levels in human prostate cell lines grown in vitro and in urogenital tissues isolated from wild-type and CD38 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS CD38 protein expression in prostate cancer is associated with risk of recurrence. Methylation results suggest that CD38 is epigenetically regulated in localized and metastatic prostate cancer tissues. Our study provides support for CD38 as a regulator of extracellular, but not intracellular, NAD+ in epithelial cells. These findings suggest that repression of CD38 by methylation may serve to increase the availability of extracellular NAD+ in prostate cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mottahedeh
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Michael C. Haffner
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Tristan R. Grogan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Takao Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Preston D. Crowell
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - David Esopi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD USA
- Departments of Oncology, Pathology, and Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Matthew B. Rettig
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - David A. Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Platz
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Michael A. Teitell
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Andrew S. Goldstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
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146
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Sims CA, Guan Y, Mukherjee S, Singh K, Botolin P, Davila A, Baur JA. Nicotinamide mononucleotide preserves mitochondrial function and increases survival in hemorrhagic shock. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120182. [PMID: 30185676 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock depletes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and causes metabolic derangements that, in severe cases, cannot be overcome, even after restoration of blood volume and pressure. However, current strategies to treat acute blood loss do not target cellular metabolism. We hypothesized that supplemental nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), the immediate biosynthetic precursor to NAD, would support cellular energetics and enhance physiologic resilience to hemorrhagic shock. In a rodent model of decompensated hemorrhagic shock, rats receiving NMN displayed significantly reduced lactic acidosis and serum IL-6 levels, two strong predictors of mortality in human patients. In both livers and kidneys, NMN increased NAD levels and prevented mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, NMN preserved mitochondrial function in isolated hepatocytes cocultured with proinflammatory cytokines, indicating a cell-autonomous protective effect that is independent from the reduction in circulating IL-6. In kidneys, but not in livers, NMN was sufficient to prevent ATP loss following shock and resuscitation. Overall, NMN increased the time animals could sustain severe shock before requiring resuscitation by nearly 25% and significantly improved survival after resuscitation (P = 0.018), whether NMN was given as a pretreatment or only as an adjunct during resuscitation. Thus, we demonstrate that NMN substantially mitigates inflammation, improves cellular metabolism, and promotes survival following hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Sims
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Trauma Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Penn Acute Research Collaboration (PARC) and
| | - Yuxia Guan
- The Trauma Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarmistha Mukherjee
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khushboo Singh
- The Trauma Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Botolin
- The Trauma Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Joseph A Baur
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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147
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Zhu Y, Dean AE, Horikoshi N, Heer C, Spitz DR, Gius D. Emerging evidence for targeting mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction in cancer therapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3682-3691. [PMID: 30168803 DOI: 10.1172/jci120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells use a complex network of redox-dependent processes necessary to maintain cellular integrity during oxidative metabolism, as well as to protect against and/or adapt to stress. The disruption of these redox-dependent processes, including those in the mitochondria, creates a cellular environment permissive for progression to a malignant phenotype and the development of resistance to commonly used anticancer agents. An extension of this paradigm is that when these mitochondrial functions are altered by the events leading to transformation and ensuing downstream metabolic processes, they can be used as molecular biomarkers or targets in the development of new therapeutic interventions to selectively kill and/or sensitize cancer versus normal cells. In this Review we propose that mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is altered in tumor cells, and the central theme of this dysregulation is electron transport chain activity, folate metabolism, NADH/NADPH metabolism, thiol-mediated detoxification pathways, and redox-active metal ion metabolism. It is proposed that specific subgroups of human malignancies display distinct mitochondrial transformative and/or tumor signatures that may benefit from agents that target these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Angela Elizabeth Dean
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nobuo Horikoshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Collin Heer
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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148
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Chmielewski JP, Bowlby SC, Wheeler FB, Shi L, Sui G, Davis AL, Howard TD, D'Agostino RB, Miller LD, Sirintrapun SJ, Cramer SD, Kridel SJ. CD38 Inhibits Prostate Cancer Metabolism and Proliferation by Reducing Cellular NAD + Pools. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1687-1700. [PMID: 30076241 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells require increased rates of cell metabolism to generate the macromolecules necessary to sustain proliferation. They rely heavily on NAD+ as a cofactor for multiple metabolic enzymes in anabolic and catabolic reactions. NAD+ also serves as a substrate for PARPs, sirtuins, and cyclic ADP-ribose synthases. Dysregulation of the cyclic ADP-ribose synthase CD38, the main NAD'ase in cells, is reported in multiple cancer types. This study demonstrates a novel connection between CD38, modulation of NAD+, and tumor cell metabolism in prostate cancer. CD38 expression inversely correlates with prostate cancer progression. Expressing CD38 in prostate cancer cells lowered intracellular NAD+, resulting in cell-cycle arrest and expression of p21Cip1 (CDKNA1). In parallel, CD38 diminishes glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and inhibits fatty acid and lipid synthesis. Pharmacologic inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) mimicked the metabolic consequences of CD38 expression, demonstrating similarity between CD38 expression and NAMPT inhibition. Modulation of NAD+ by CD38 also induces significant differential expression of the transcriptome, producing a gene expression signature indicative of a nonproliferative phenotype. Altogether, in the context of prostate cancer, the data establish a novel role for the CD38-NAD+ axis in the regulation of cell metabolism and development.Implications: This research establishes a mechanistic connection between CD38 and metabolic control. It also provides the foundation for the translation of agents that modulate NAD+ levels in cancer cells as therapeutics. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1687-700. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Chmielewski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sarah C Bowlby
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Frances B Wheeler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lihong Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Guangchao Sui
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amanda L Davis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Timothy D Howard
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Public Health Sciences-Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lance D Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - S Joseph Sirintrapun
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Scott D Cramer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Steven J Kridel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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149
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Vatner DE, Zhang J, Oydanich M, Guers J, Katsyuba E, Yan L, Sinclair D, Auwerx J, Vatner SF. Enhanced longevity and metabolism by brown adipose tissue with disruption of the regulator of G protein signaling 14. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12751. [PMID: 29654651 PMCID: PMC6052469 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the regulator for G protein signaling 14 (RGS14) knockout (KO) in mice extends their lifespan and has multiple beneficial effects related to healthful aging, that is, protection from obesity, as reflected by reduced white adipose tissue, protection against cold exposure, and improved metabolism. The observed beneficial effects were mediated by improved mitochondrial function. But most importantly, the main mechanism responsible for the salutary properties of the RGS14 KO involved an increase in brown adipose tissue (BAT), which was confirmed by surgical BAT removal and transplantation to wild-type (WT) mice, a surgical simulation of a molecular knockout. This technique reversed the phenotype of the RGS14 KO and WT, resulting in loss of the improved metabolism and protection against cold exposure in RGS14 KO and conferring this protection to the WT BAT recipients. Another mechanism mediating the salutary features in the RGS14 KO was increased SIRT3. This mechanism was confirmed in the RGS14 X SIRT3 double KO, which no longer demonstrated improved metabolism and protection against cold exposure. Loss of function of the Caenorhabditis elegans RGS-14 homolog confirmed the evolutionary conservation of this mechanism. Thus, disruption of RGS14 is a model of healthful aging, as it not only enhances lifespan, but also protects against obesity and cold exposure and improves metabolism with a key mechanism of increased BAT, which, when removed, eliminates the features of healthful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E. Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine; Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine; Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| | - Marko Oydanich
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine; Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| | - John Guers
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine; Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| | - Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine; Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| | - David Sinclair
- Department of Genetics; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Stephen F. Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine; Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
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150
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Wang W, Hu Y, Yang C, Zhu S, Wang X, Zhang Z, Deng H. Decreased NAD Activates STAT3 and Integrin Pathways to Drive Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2005-2017. [PMID: 29980616 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) plays an essential role in all aspects of human life. NAD levels decrease as humans age, and supplementation with NAD precursors plays a protective role against aging and associated disease. Less is known about the effects of decreased NAD on cellular processes, which is the basis for understanding the relationship between cellular NAD levels and aging-associated disease. In the present study, cellular NAD levels were decreased by overexpression of CD38, a NAD hydrolase, or by treating cells with FK866, an inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Quantitative proteomics revealed that declining NAD levels downregulated proteins associated with primary metabolism and suppressed cell growth in culture and nude mice. Decreased glutathione synthesis caused a 4-fold increase in cellular reactive oxygen species levels, and more importantly upregulated proteins related to movement and adhesion. In turn, this significantly changed cell morphology and caused cells to undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Secretomic analysis also showed that decreased NAD triggered interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) secretion, which activated integrin-β-catenin, TGFβ-MAPK, and inflammation signaling pathways to sustain the signaling required for EMT. We further revealed that decreased NAD inactivated sirtuin 1, resulting in increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) acetylation and phosphorylation, and STAT3 activation. Repletion of nicotinamide or nicotinic acid inactivated STAT3 and reversed EMT, as did STAT3 inhibition. Taken together, these results indicate that decreased NAD activates multiple signaling pathways to promote EMT and suggests that age-dependent decreases in NAD may contribute to tumor progression. Consequently, repletion of NAD precursors has potential benefits for inhibiting cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Wang
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yadong Hu
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,§Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changmei Yang
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Songbiao Zhu
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- ¶Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- From the ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China;
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