101
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Jones MB, Ryan SO, Johnson JL, Cobb BA. Dendritic cell-specific Mgat2 knockout mice show antigen presentation defects but reveal an unexpected CD11c expression pattern. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1007-1013. [PMID: 27146521 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Zwitterionic polysaccharide antigens such as polysaccharide A (PSA) from Bacteroides fragilis have been shown to activate CD4+ T cells upon presentation by class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) on professional antigen presenting cells. For T cell recognition and activation, high affinity binding between MHCII and PSA is required, and complex N-glycans on conserved MHCII asparagine residues play a central role in controlling this interaction. By truncating these glycans in a myeloid-specific knockout of Mgat2, created using the LyzM-CRE mouse (M-cKO), we previously reported defects in PSA responses in vivo. Unfortunately, the M-cKO also showed a propensity to develop common variable immunodeficiency with autoimmune hemolytic anemia features. Here, we describe a novel murine model in which Mgat2 was targeted for ablation using the dendritic cell (DC)-specific CD11c-CRE-GFP strain in order to develop a more specific and robust in vivo model of PSA presentation defects (DC-cKO). This study shows that Mgat2 deficient DCs from DC-cKO mice show ablation of PSA presentation and downstream T cell activation in vitro. However, the CD11c promoter was unexpectedly active and triggered Mgat2 deletion within multiple hematopoietic lineages, showed remarkably poor penetrance within native DC populations, and produced almost undetectable levels of green fluorescent protein signal. These findings show that the CD11c promoter is not DC-specific, and extreme care should be taken in the interpretation of data using any mouse created using the CD11c-CRE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Jones
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, WRB 5132, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sean O Ryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, WRB 5132, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jenny L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, WRB 5132, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, WRB 5132, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 Cleveland, OH, USA
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102
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Hib Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7203587. [PMID: 26904695 PMCID: PMC4745871 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7203587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes many severe diseases, including epiglottitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. In developed countries, the annual incidence of meningitis caused by bacteria is approximately 5–10 cases per population of 100,000. The Hib conjugate vaccine is considered protective and safe. Adjuvants, molecules that can enhance and/or regulate the fundamental immunogenicity of an antigen, comprise a wide range of diverse compounds. While earlier developments of adjuvants created effective products, there is still a need to create new generations, rationally designed based on recent discoveries in immunology, mainly in innate immunity. Many factors may play a role in the immunogenicity of Hib conjugate vaccines, such as the polysaccharides and proteins carrier used in vaccine construction, as well as the method of conjugation. A Hib conjugate vaccine has been constructed via chemical synthesis of a Hib saccharide antigen. Two models of carbohydrate-protein conjugate have been established, the single ended model (terminal amination-single method) and cross-linked lattice matrix (dual amination method). Increased knowledge in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, glycobiology, glycoimmunology, and the biology of infectious microorganisms has led to a dramatic increase in vaccine efficacy.
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103
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Soares MP, Yilmaz B. Microbiota Control of Malaria Transmission. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:120-130. [PMID: 26774793 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stable mutualistic interactions between multicellular organisms and microbes are an evolutionarily conserved process with a major impact on host physiology and fitness. Humans establish such interactions with a consortium of microorganisms known as the microbiota. Despite the mutualistic nature of these interactions, some bacterial components of the human microbiota express immunogenic glycans that elicit glycan-specific antibody (Ab) responses. The ensuing circulating Abs are protective against infections by pathogens that express those glycans, as demonstrated for Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. Presumably, a similar protective Ab response acts against other vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel P Soares
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal; Current address: Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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104
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Fusari M, Fallarini S, Lombardi G, Lay L. Synthesis of di- and tri-saccharide fragments of Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide and their zwitterionic analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7439-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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105
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Schneider C, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Boligan KF, Hamilton RG, Bochner BS, Miescher S, Simon HU, Pashov A, Vassilev T, von Gunten S. The human IgG anti-carbohydrate repertoire exhibits a universal architecture and contains specificity for microbial attachment sites. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:269ra1. [PMID: 25568069 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the paradigm that carbohydrates are T cell-independent antigens, isotype-switched glycan-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and polysaccharide-specific T cells are found in humans. We used a systems-level approach combined with glycan array technology to decipher the repertoire of carbohydrate-specific IgG antibodies in intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulin preparations. A strikingly universal architecture of this repertoire with modular organization among different donor populations revealed an association between immunogenicity or tolerance and particular structural features of glycans. Antibodies were identified with specificity not only for microbial antigens but also for a broad spectrum of host glycans that serve as attachment sites for viral and bacterial pathogens and/or exotoxins. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens were differentially detected by IgG antibodies, whereas non-IgG2 reactivity was predominantly absent. Our study highlights the power of systems biology approaches to analyze immune responses and reveals potential glycan antigen determinants that are relevant to vaccine design, diagnostic assays, and antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David F Smith
- Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction Core H, Consortium for Functional Glycomics, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction Core H, Consortium for Functional Glycomics, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Robert G Hamilton
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sylvia Miescher
- Research and Development, CSL Behring AG, CH-3014 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anastas Pashov
- Department of Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tchavdar Vassilev
- Department of Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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106
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Roychoudhury R, Martinez PA, Grinnage-Pulley T, Schaut RG, Petersen CA, Pohl NLB. Acid-Triggered Degradable Reagents for Differentiation of Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses to Leishmania-Associated Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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107
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Telesford KM, Yan W, Ochoa-Reparaz J, Pant A, Kircher C, Christy MA, Begum-Haque S, Kasper DL, Kasper LH. A commensal symbiotic factor derived from Bacteroides fragilis promotes human CD39(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and Treg function. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:234-42. [PMID: 26230152 PMCID: PMC4615798 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1056973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide A (PSA) derived from the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis is a symbiosis factor that stimulates immunologic development within mammalian hosts. PSA rebalances skewed systemic T helper responses and promotes T regulatory cells (Tregs). However, PSA-mediated induction of Foxp3 in humans has not been reported. In mice, PSA-generated Foxp3(+) Tregs dampen Th17 activity thereby facilitating bacterial intestinal colonization while the increased presence and function of these regulatory cells may guard against pathological organ-specific inflammation in hosts. We herein demonstrate that PSA induces expression of Foxp3 along with CD39 among naïve CD4 T cells in vitro while promoting IL-10 secretion. PSA-activated dendritic cells are essential for the mediation of this regulatory response. When cultured with isolated Foxp3(+) Tregs, PSA enriched Foxp3 expression, enhanced the frequency of CD39(+)HLA-DR(+) cells, and increased suppressive function as measured by decreased TNFα expression by LPS-stimulated monocytes. Our findings are the first to demonstrate in vitro induction of human CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and enhanced suppressive function of circulating Foxp3(+) Tregs by a human commensal bacterial symbiotic factor. Use of PSA for the treatment of human autoimmune diseases, in particular multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease, may represent a new paradigm in the approach to treating autoimmune disease.
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Key Words
- B. fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis
- Bacteroides fragilis
- DC, Dendritic cell
- Foxp3
- GF, Germ Free
- MS, Multiple sclerosis
- NCD4, Naïve CD4
- PBMCs, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PSA, Polysaccharide A
- SPF, Specific pathogen free
- Sp1, Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide type 1
- T regulatory cells
- Treg, T regulatory cell
- ZPS, Zwitterionic polysaccharide.
- autoimmunity
- commensal microbiota
- dendritic cell
- ectonuclease
- multiple sclerosis
- pDC, Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- zwitterionic polysaccharide
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiel M Telesford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA,Correspondence to: Kiel M Telesford;
| | - Wang Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Javier Ochoa-Reparaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Anudeep Pant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Christopher Kircher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Marc A Christy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Sakhina Begum-Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Lloyd H Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
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108
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Roychoudhury R, Martinez PA, Grinnage-Pulley T, Schaut RG, Petersen CA, Pohl NLB. Acid-Triggered Degradable Reagents for Differentiation of Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses to Leishmania-Associated Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9610-3. [PMID: 26096941 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Leishmania spp are known to alter innate immune responses. However, the ability of these sugars to specifically alter adaptive T-cell responses is unclear. To study cap sugar-T-cell interactions, pathogen mimics (namely glycodendrimer-coated latex beads with acid-labile linkers) were synthesized. Upon lysosomal acidification, linker breakdown releases glycodendrimers for possible loading on antigen presenting molecules to induce T-cell growth. T-cell proliferation was indeed higher after macrophage exposure to mannobioside or -trioside-containing glycodendrimers than to non-functionalized beads. Yet, blocking phagolysosomal acidification only reduced T-cell proliferation with macrophages exposed to beads with an acid-labile-linker and not to covalently-linked beads. These sugar-modified reagents show that oligosaccharides alone can drive T-cell proliferation by acidification-requiring presentation, most significantly in NKT receptor (CD160)-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Roychoudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA) http://www.indiana.edu/∼pohllab/
| | - Pedro A Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 (USA)
| | | | - Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 (USA)
| | | | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA) http://www.indiana.edu/∼pohllab/.
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109
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Steinke JW, Platts-Mills TAE, Commins SP. The alpha-gal story: lessons learned from connecting the dots. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:589-96; quiz 597. [PMID: 25747720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be rapidly progressing and fatal, and therefore establishing its cause is pivotal to long-term risk management. Our recent work has identified a novel IgE antibody response to a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). IgE to alpha-gal has been associated with 2 distinct forms of anaphylaxis: (1) immediate-onset anaphylaxis during first exposure to intravenous cetuximab and (2) delayed-onset anaphylaxis 3 to 6 hours after ingestion of mammalian food products (eg, beef and pork). Results of our studies and those of others strongly suggest that tick bites are a cause, if not the only significant cause, of IgE antibody responses to alpha-gal in the southern, eastern, and central United States; Europe; Australia; and parts of Asia. Typical immune responses to carbohydrates are considered to be T-cell independent, whereas IgE antibody production is thought to involve sequential class-switching that requires input from T cells. Therefore, establishing the mechanism of the specific IgE antibody response to alpha-gal will be an important aspect to address as this area of research continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Steinke
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, Carter Immunology Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Thomas A E Platts-Mills
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, Carter Immunology Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va.
| | - Scott P Commins
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, Carter Immunology Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
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110
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Abstract
Complex carbohydrates are effective inducers of Th2 responses, and carbohydrate antigens can stimulate the production of glycan-specific antibodies. In instances where the antigen exposure occurs through the skin, the resulting antibody production can contain IgE class antibody. The glycan-stimulated IgE may be non-specific but may also be antigen specific. This review focuses on the production of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants, the recently identified IgE antibody response to a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), as well as discusses practical implications of carbohydrates in allergy. In addition, the biological effects of carbohydrate antigens are reviewed in setting of receptors and host recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Commins
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and Gastroenterology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 801355, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA,
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111
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Čížová A, Bystrický P, Bystrický S. Ultrasonic and free-radical degradation of mannan from Candida albicans. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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112
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Kudelka MR, Ju T, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Simple sugars to complex disease--mucin-type O-glycans in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:53-135. [PMID: 25727146 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycans are a class of glycans initiated with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) α-linked primarily to Ser/Thr residues within glycoproteins and often extended or branched by sugars or saccharides. Most secretory and membrane-bound proteins receive this modification, which is important in regulating many biological processes. Alterations in mucin-type O-glycans have been described across tumor types and include expression of relatively small-sized, truncated O-glycans and altered terminal structures, both of which are associated with patient prognosis. New discoveries in the identity and expression of tumor-associated O-glycans are providing new avenues for tumor detection and treatment. This chapter describes mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, altered mucin-type O-glycans in primary tumors, including mechanisms for structural changes and contributions to the tumor phenotype, and clinical approaches to detect and target altered O-glycans for cancer treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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113
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Devi KSP, Behera B, Mishra D, Maiti TK. Immune augmentation and Dalton's Lymphoma tumor inhibition by glucans/glycans isolated from the mycelia and fruit body of Pleurotus ostreatus. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:207-17. [PMID: 25662752 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the increase in cancer progression, alternatives in the medicinal field with minimal side effects need to be ascertained. In this context, for the first time novel glucans/glycans isolated from the mycelia and fruit body of Pleurotus ostreatus have been compared for their exquisite property as immunoceuticals. Glucans from both the sources displayed immunological functions which include lymphocyte proliferation, macrophage activation (nitric oxide production, ROS generation, phagocytosis, TNF-α production) as well as macrophage and NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. In vivo studies with Dalton's Lymphoma mice tumor model further enumerated the immune enhancing and tumor regression potential of the two glucan molecules. Highest tumor inhibition of about 75% and 71.4% were observed at 20mg/kg of mycelia and fruit body glucan/glycan treatments. A concomitant increase in the survival period of glucan treated tumor bearing mice was found to be primarily associated with immune boosting and apoptosis of cancerous cells. Both the glucan molecules exhibited similar degree of immune response at the systemic level with only subtle amount of differences in two dimensional in vitro cultures. Efficacy of glucans/glycans as immunomodulators may thereby provide decisive leads in strengthening the immune system along with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sanjana P Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Birendra Behera
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasish Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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114
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Dasgupta S, Erturk-Hasdemir D, Ochoa-Reparaz J, Reinecker HC, Kasper DL. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells mediate anti-inflammatory responses to a gut commensal molecule via both innate and adaptive mechanisms. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 15:413-23. [PMID: 24721570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide A (PSA), the archetypical immunomodulatory molecule of the gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis, induces regulatory T cells to secrete the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). The cellular mediators of PSA's immunomodulatory properties are incompletely understood. In a mouse model of colitis, we find that PSA requires both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms to generate protection. Plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) exposed to PSA do not produce proinflammatory cytokines, but instead they specifically stimulate IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T cells and efficiently mediate PSA-afforded immunoprotection. PSA induces and preferentially ligates Toll-like receptor 2 on PDCs but not on conventional DCs. Compared with other TLR2 ligands, PSA is better at enhancing PDC expression of costimulatory molecules required for protection against colitis. PDCs can thus orchestrate the beneficial immunoregulatory interaction of commensal microbial molecules, such as PSA, through both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deniz Erturk-Hasdemir
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Javier Ochoa-Reparaz
- Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | | | - Dennis L Kasper
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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115
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Abstract
Vaccination is one of the key developments in the fight against infectious diseases. It is based on the principle that immunization with pathogen-derived antigens provides protection from the respective infection by inducing an antigen-specific immune response. The discovery by Avery and Heidelberger in the 1920s that capsular polysaccharides (CPS) from Streptococcus pneumoniae are immunoreactive was the starting point of the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines. CPS-specific neutralizing antibodies were found to mediate protection against S. pneumoniae infection. Since the majority of bacterial pathogens carry a dense array of polysaccharides on their surface, the carbohydrate-based vaccine approach was applied to a variety of bacterial strains. The first CPS-based vaccines against S. pneumoniae were licensed in the 1940s. The increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains since the 1960s boosted the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines and led to the approval of CPS-based vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Salmonella typhi. Meanwhile, it was observed that CPS generally do not elicit protective antibody responses in children below the age of 2 years who are at the greatest risk of infection. As a consequence, studies refocused on the conjugation of oligosaccharides to proteins in order to increase vaccine immunogenicity which led to the introduction of the first glycoconjugate vaccine against Hib in 1987. Due to the success of the first glycoconjugate vaccines, higher valent formulations were developed against numerous bacterial infections to achieve broad serotype coverage. Current research also focuses on the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines against other pathogens such as viruses, fungi, protozoan parasites, or helminths.
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116
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Johnson JL, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Polysaccharide A from the capsule of Bacteroides fragilis induces clonal CD4+ T cell expansion. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:5007-5014. [PMID: 25540199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For 3 decades, the view of MHCII-dependent antigen presentation has been completely dominated by peptide antigens despite our 2004 discovery in which MHCII was shown to present processed fragments of zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides to T cells. Published findings further demonstrate that polysaccharide A (PSA) from the capsule of Bacteroides fragilis is a potent activator of CD4(+) T cells and that these T cells have important biological functions, especially in the maintenance of immunological homeostasis. However, little is known about the nature of T cell recognition of the polysaccharide-MHCII complex or the phenotype of the resulting activated cells. Here, we use next-generation sequencing of the αβT cell receptor of CD4(+) T cells from mice stimulated with PSA in comparison with protein antigen simulation and non-immunized controls and found that PSA immunization induced clonal expansion of a small subset of suppressive CD4(+)CD45RB(low) effector/memory T cells. Moreover, the sequences of the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) loop from top clones indicate a lack of specific variable β and joining region use and average CDR3 loop length. There was also a preference for a zwitterionic motif within the CDR3 loop sequences, aligning well with the known requirement for a similar motif within PSA to enable T cell activation. These data support a model in which PSA, and possibly other T cell-dependent polysaccharide antigens, elicits a clonal and therefore specific CD4(+) T cell response often characterized by pairing dual-charged CDR3 loop sequences with dual-charged PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Johnson
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Mark B Jones
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Brian A Cobb
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
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117
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Johnson JL, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Bacterial capsular polysaccharide prevents the onset of asthma through T-cell activation. Glycobiology 2014; 25:368-75. [PMID: 25347992 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last four decades, increases in the incidence of immune-mediated diseases in the Western world have been linked to changes in microbial exposure. It is becoming increasingly clear that the normal microbiota in the gut can profoundly alter susceptibility to a wide range of diseases, such as asthma, in which immune homeostasis is disrupted, yet the mechanisms governing this microbial influence remains poorly defined. In this study, we show that gastrointestinal exposure to PSA, a capsular polysaccharide derived from the commensal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis, significantly limits susceptibility to the induction of experimental asthma. We report that direct treatment of mice with PSA generates protection from asthma, and this effect can be given to a naïve recipient by adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from PSA-exposed mice. Remarkably, we found that these PSA-induced T cells are not canonical FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells, but that they potently inhibit both Th1 and Th2 models of asthma in an IL-10-dependent fashion. These findings reveal that bacterial polysaccharides link the microbiota with the peripheral immune system by activating CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells upon exposure in the gut, and they facilitate resistance to unnecessary inflammatory responses via the production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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118
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Bourgault JP, Trabbic KR, Shi M, Andreana PR. Synthesis of the tumor associative α-aminooxy disaccharide of the TF antigen and its conjugation to a polysaccharide immune stimulant. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1699-702. [PMID: 24473737 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The α-aminooxy derivative of the Thomsen-Friedenriech tumor associated carbohydrate antigen has been synthesized in 11 steps utilizing a D-GalN3 acceptor carrying a pre-installed α-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl moiety. The natural α linkage was prepared in high selectivity employing a suitably protected D-GalN3-thioglycoside donor with N-hydroxysuccinimide. With access to α-TF-ONH2, the preparation of the TF-PS A1 vaccine candidate ensued smoothly through oxime bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paul Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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119
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Cress BF, Englaender JA, He W, Kasper D, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Masquerading microbial pathogens: capsular polysaccharides mimic host-tissue molecules. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:660-97. [PMID: 24372337 PMCID: PMC4120193 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria portends an impending postantibiotic age, characterized by diminishing efficacy of common antibiotics and routine application of multifaceted, complementary therapeutic approaches to treat bacterial infections, particularly multidrug-resistant organisms. The first line of defense for most bacterial pathogens consists of a physical and immunologic barrier known as the capsule, commonly composed of a viscous layer of carbohydrates that are covalently bound to the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria or often to lipids of the outer membrane in many Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are a diverse class of high molecular weight polysaccharides contributing to virulence of many human pathogens in the gut, respiratory tree, urinary tract, and other host tissues, by hiding cell surface components that might otherwise elicit host immune response. This review highlights capsular polysaccharides that are structurally identical or similar to polysaccharides found in mammalian tissues, including polysialic acid and glycosaminoglycan capsules hyaluronan, heparosan, and chondroitin. Such nonimmunogenic coatings render pathogens insensitive to certain immune responses, effectively increasing residence time in host tissues and enabling pathologically relevant population densities to be reached. Biosynthetic pathways and capsular involvement in immune system evasion are described, providing a basis for potential therapies aimed at supplementing or replacing antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady F Cress
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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120
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Troutman JM, Sharma S, Erickson KM, Martinez CD. Functional identification of a galactosyltransferase critical to Bacteroides fragilis Capsular Polysaccharide A biosynthesis. Carbohydr Res 2014; 395:19-28. [PMID: 24997288 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Capsular Polysaccharide A (CPSA), a polymer of a four-sugar repeating unit that coats the surface of the mammalian symbiont Bacteroides fragilis, has therapeutic potential in animal models of Multiple Sclerosis and other autoinflammatory diseases. Genetic studies have demonstrated that CPSA biosynthesis is dependent primarily on a single gene cluster within the B. fragilis genome. However, the precise functions of the individual glycosyltransferases encoded by this cluster have not been identified. In this report each of these glycosyltransferases (WcfQ, WcfP, and WcfN) have been expressed and tested for their function in vitro. Using a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay, WcfQ and WcfP were found to transfer galactose from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-linked galactose (Gal) to N-acetyl-4-amino-6-deoxy-galactosamine (AADGal) linked to a fluorescent mimic of bactoprenyl diphosphate, the native isoprenoid anchor for bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis. The incorporation of galactose to form a bactoprenyl-linked disaccharide was confirmed by radiolabel incorporation and mass spectrometry (MS) of purified product. Using varying concentrations of UDP-Gal and enzyme, WcfQ was found to be the most effective protein at transferring galactose, and is the most likely candidate for in vivo incorporation of the sugar. WcfQ also cooperated in the presence of three preceding biosynthetic enzymes to form an isoprenoid-linked disaccharide in a single-pot reaction. This work represents a critical step in understanding the biosynthetic pathway responsible for the formation of CPSA, an unusual and potentially therapeutic biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Troutman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States; Center for Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States.
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
| | - Katelyn M Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
| | - Christina D Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
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121
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Anish C, Khan N, Upadhyay AK, Sehgal D, Panda AK. Delivery of polysaccharides using polymer particles: implications on size-dependent immunogenicity, opsonophagocytosis, and protective immunity. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:922-37. [PMID: 24446810 DOI: 10.1021/mp400589q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are components of many modern vaccines, but they are weakly immunogenic. Herein, we describe the delivery of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotype-1 (PCP-1) in polylactide polymeric particles to enhance its immunogenicity. Immunization with PCP-1-entrapped particles elicited long-term memory antibody responses from a single intramuscular injection. PCP-1-entrapped nanoparticles (NPs) elicited significantly higher anti-PCP-1 IgG responses than that observed with soluble and microparticles (MPs) formulations. Delivering PCP-1 and pneumococcal proteins in same particles did not improve the IgG response. The sera of animals immunized with PCP-1-entrapped particles promoted efficient opsonophagocytosis of pneumococci by macrophages. Single-dose immunization with PCP-1-entrapped particles conferred a long-term serotype-specific protection against lethal pneumococcal challenge. The higher immunogenicity of PCP-1 nanoparticles showed correlation with enhanced uptake by antigen-presenting cells. The results highlight the potential of polymeric nanoparticles as an efficient means of presenting polysaccharide antigens to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakkumkal Anish
- Product Development Cell, ‡Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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122
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Bosch D, Schots A. Plant glycans: friend or foe in vaccine development? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:835-42. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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123
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Schumann B, Pragani R, Anish C, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Synthesis of conjugation-ready zwitterionic oligosaccharides by chemoselective thioglycoside activation. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53362j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A method to chemoselectively activate thioglycosides in the presence of thioethers is developed and applied in the total synthesis of repeating units of S. pneumoniae Sp1 and B. fragilis PS A1. Biochemical evaluation of these glycans is performed after conjugation to reporter moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Schumann
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Pragani
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - C. Anish
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - C. L. Pereira
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - P. H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin, Germany
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124
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Trabbic KR, De Silva RA, Andreana PR. Elucidating Structural Features of an Entirely Carbohydrate Cancer Vaccine Construct Employing Circular Dichroism and Fluorescent Labeling. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:1143-1149. [PMID: 25383162 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The zwitterionic polysaccharide PS A1 from anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285/NCTC 9343 is known to elicit a T-cell-dependent, major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) immune response through a correspondingly similar protein-antigen-based mechanism/pathway. The biological activity of PS A1 is known to arise from alternating charged motifs on adjacent monosaccharides comprising a tetrameric repeating oligomeric unit creating an alpha-helical secondary structure. However, we have learned that this alpha-helical structural characteristic may not play a role in immune activation. Paradoxically, our current knowledge of structure - activity relationships (SARs) with electrostatically charged polysaccharides has become more clearly defined, yet a lack of tools/probes for measuring dynamic structural changes hinders progress in carbohydrate-based vaccine development. Site- and region-specific structural modifications of PS A1, followed by conjugation with a known carbohydrate cancer antigen, the Thomsen-nouveau (Tn = alpha-D-GalNAc-OSer/Thr) antigen, does not alter antibody isotype switching ability and leads to specific IgG3 antibodies in C57BL/6 mice. Circular dichroism (CD) and studies using fluorescently labeled PS A1, described herein, reveal information pertaining to structure - activity relationships and the nature of Tn conjugation to chemically modified PS A1. The CD spectra of a Tn-PS A1 construct at 8.5 ≥ pH ≤ 3.5 illustrates complete loss of alpha-helical character while spectra obtained in the 3.6 ≤ pH ≥ 8.4 range denotes minimal alpha-helicity in comparison to naturally occurring PS A1. Temperatures exceeding 60 °C reveal complete loss of helical character. Two methods for Alexa Fluor488® fluorescent labeling studies of chemically oxidized PS A1 have given rise to percent conjugation values (% loading) calculated to be on average 35 Tn molecules bound. Combined, our results argue that altering the structure of PS A1, without chemically modifying the electrostatic charge character, does not alter immune response/recognition in mice. These findings have important implications for the design of entirely carbohydrate-based vaccine constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Trabbic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606-3390 USA
| | - Ravindra A De Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606-3390 USA
| | - Peter R Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606-3390 USA
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125
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Yasuda E, Sako T, Tateno H, Hirabayashi J. Application of lectin microarray to bacteria including Lactobacillus casei/paracasei strains. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1200:295-311. [PMID: 25117244 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1292-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since 2005, lectin microarray technology has emerged as a simple and powerful technique for comprehensive glycan analysis. By using evanescent-field fluorescence detection technique, it has been applied for analysis of not only glycoproteins and glycolipids secreted by eukaryotic cells but also glycoconjugates on the cell surface of live eukaryotic cells. Bacterial cells are known to be decorated with polysaccharides, teichoic acids, and proteins in the peptide glycans of their cell wall and lipoteichoic acids in their phospholipid bilayer. Specific glycan structures are characteristic of many highly pathogenic bacteria, while polysaccharides moiety of lactic acid bacteria are known to play a role as probiotics to modulate the host immune response. However, the method of analysis and knowledge of glycosylation structure of bacteria are limited. Here, we describe the development of a simple and sensitive method based on lectin microarray technology for direct analysis of intact bacterial cell surface glycomes. The method involves labeling bacterial cells with SYTOX Orange before incubation with the lectin microarray. After washing, bound cells are directly detected using an evanescent-field fluorescence scanner in a liquid phase. The entire procedure takes 3 h from putting labeled bacteria on the microarray to profiling its lectin binding affinity. Using this method, we compared the cell surface glycomes from 16 different strains of L. casei/paracasei. The lectin binding profile of most strains was found to be unique. Our technique provides a novel strategy for rapid profiling of bacteria and enables us to differentiate numerous bacterial strains with relevance to the biological functions of surface glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Yasuda
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 11 Izumi 5-chome, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, 186-8650, Japan,
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126
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Ryan SO, Leal SM, Abbott DW, Pearlman E, Cobb BA. Mgat2 ablation in the myeloid lineage leads to defective glycoantigen T cell responses. Glycobiology 2013; 24:262-71. [PMID: 24310166 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a central regulatory factor that influences the immune system in varied and profound ways, including leukocyte homing, T cell receptor signaling and others. Moreover, N-glycan branching has been demonstrated to change as a function of infection and inflammation. Our previous findings suggest that complex-type N-glycans on the class II major histocompatibility complex play an important role in antigen selection within antigen presenting cells (APCs) such that highly branched N-glycans promote polysaccharide (glycoantigen, GlyAg) presentation following Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent antigen processing. In order to explore the impact of N-glycan branching on the myeloid-derived APC population without the confounding problems of altering the branching of lymphocytes and non-hematopoietic cells, we created a novel myeloid-specific knockout of the β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (Mgat2) enzyme. Using this novel mouse, we found that the reduction in multi-antennary N-glycans characteristic of Mgat2 ablation had no impact on GlyAg-mediated TLR2 signaling. Likewise, no deficits in antigen uptake or cellular homing to lymph nodes were found. However, we discovered that Mgat2 ablation prevented GlyAg presentation and T cell activation in vitro and in vivo without apparent alterations in protein antigen response or myeloid-mediated protection from infection. These findings demonstrate that GlyAg presentation can be regulated by the N-glycan branching pattern of APCs, thereby establishing an in vivo model where the T cell-dependent activity of GlyAgs can be experimentally distinguished from GlyAg-mediated stimulation of the innate response through TLR2.
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127
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Xu X, Yan H, Tang J, Chen J, Zhang X. Polysaccharides inLentinus edodes: Isolation, Structure, Immunomodulating Activity and Future Prospective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:474-87. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.587616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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128
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Abstract
There is growing interest in understanding the effects of host-microbial interactions on host physiologic processes. Much of the work in this arena is logically focused on the interaction at mucosal surfaces as this is a primary site of interaction. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that the effects of the microbiota have a much farther reach including the systemic immune system. While there are some similarities to effects at mucosal surfaces (i.e. reduced numbers of adaptive immune cells, diminished innate responses), there are some important differences that we highlight such as the response to immunogens and bacterial antigens. We propose that understanding the details of how specific components of the microbiota influence the systemic immune system likely will have significant impact on our understanding the pathophysiology of a variety of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A Kuhn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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129
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Nandakumar S, Kannanganat S, Dobos KM, Lucas M, Spencer JS, Fang S, McDonald MA, Pohl J, Birkness K, Chamcha V, Ramirez MV, Plikaytis BB, Posey JE, Amara RR, Sable SB. O-mannosylation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis adhesin Apa is crucial for T cell antigenicity during infection but is expendable for protection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003705. [PMID: 24130497 PMCID: PMC3795050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most abundant post-translational polypeptide chain modification in nature. Although carbohydrate modification of protein antigens from many microbial pathogens constitutes important components of B cell epitopes, the role in T cell immunity is not completely understood. Here, using ELISPOT and polychromatic flow cytometry, we show that O-mannosylation of the adhesin, Apa, of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is crucial for its T cell antigenicity in humans and mice after infection. However, subunit vaccination with both mannosylated and non-mannosylated Apa induced a comparable magnitude and quality of T cell response and imparted similar levels of protection against Mtb challenge in mice. Both forms equally improved waning BCG vaccine-induced protection in elderly mice after subunit boosting. Thus, O-mannosylation of Apa is required for antigenicity but appears to be dispensable for its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. These results have implications for the development of subunit vaccines using post-translationally modified proteins such as glycoproteins against infectious diseases like tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra Nandakumar
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Megan Lucas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John S. Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sunan Fang
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. McDonald
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kristin Birkness
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Venkateswarlu Chamcha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa V. Ramirez
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bonnie B. Plikaytis
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James E. Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suraj B. Sable
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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130
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Dasgupta S, Kasper DL. Relevance of commensal microbiota in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2478-89. [PMID: 23846489 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e318297d884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Commensal microbiota that reside primarily in the gut of mammals influence the hosts' health to a great extent. Shaping of host immunity locally, a vital component of this influence, can have pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or neutral outcomes, presumably depending on the composition of the microbiota in an individual and type of molecules expressed in the individual members of the microbiota. Thus, these microbial species can be thought of as a reservoir of molecules that can be used to improve or worsen the condition of patients suffering from immunity or inflammation-driven pathologies like inflammatory bowel disease. In the current review, we elaborate, based on the literature available from murine models of disease and clinical case studies, the need to identify individual members of commensal microbiota that can precipitate or resolve inflammatory bowel disease. Therapeutic approaches could entail enrichment of members of microbiota (or molecules from these microbes), which induces expansion or enhancement of function of regulatory T cells or tolerogenic dendritic cells and reduce members that cause inflammation either directly or indirectly by influencing metabolic and other host molecules. Efficiency of bacteria-driven therapy would potentially be enhanced as we refine our approaches from the use of complete feces as done in fecal transplantation to utilization of microbiota-derived molecules as exemplified by the capsular polysaccharide A from the human gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis. We also highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, defining a natural alternative to the current chemical-based immunosuppressive regimen for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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131
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Bjarnarson SP, Benonisson H, Del Giudice G, Jonsdottir I. Pneumococcal polysaccharide abrogates conjugate-induced germinal center reaction and depletes antibody secreting cell pool, causing hyporesponsiveness. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72588. [PMID: 24069152 PMCID: PMC3771989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plain pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) booster administered during second year of life has been shown to cause hyporesponsiveness. We assessed the effects of PPS booster on splenic memory B cell responses and persistence of PPS-specific long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). METHODS Neonatal mice were primed subcutanously (s.c.) or intranasally (i.n.) with pneumococcal conjugate (Pnc1-TT) and the adjuvant LT-K63, and boosted with PPS+LT-K63 or saline 1, 2 or 3 times with 16 day intervals. Seven days after each booster, spleens were removed, germinal centers (GC), IgM(+), IgG(+) follicles and PPS-specific antibody secreting cells (AbSC) in spleen and BM enumerated. RESULTS PPS booster s.c., but not i.n., compromised the Pnc1-TT-induced PPS-specific Abs by abrogating the Pnc1-TT-induced GC reaction and depleting PPS-specific AbSCs in spleen and limiting their homing to the BM. There was no difference in the frequency of PPS-specific AbSCs in spleen and BM between mice that received 1, 2 or 3 PPS boosters s.c.. Repeated PPS+LT-K63 booster i.n. reduced the frequency of PPS-specific IgG(+) AbSCs in BM. CONCLUSIONS PPS booster-induced hyporesponsiveness is caused by abrogation of conjugate-induced GC reaction and depletion of PPS-specific IgG(+) AbSCs resulting in no homing of new PPS-specific long-lived plasma cells to the BM or survival. These results should be taken into account in design of vaccination schedules where polysaccharides are being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania P. Bjarnarson
- Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Department of Immunology, Reykjavik, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hreinn Benonisson
- Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Department of Immunology, Reykjavik, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Department of Immunology, Reykjavik, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- * E-mail:
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132
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Potenza L, Vallerini D, Barozzi P, Riva G, Forghieri F, Beauvais A, Beau R, Candoni A, Maertens J, Rossi G, Morselli M, Zanetti E, Quadrelli C, Codeluppi M, Guaraldi G, Pagano L, Caira M, Giovane CD, Maccaferri M, Stefani A, Morandi U, Tazzioli G, Girardis M, Delia M, Specchia G, Longo G, Marasca R, Narni F, Merli F, Imovilli A, Apolone G, Carvalho A, Comoli P, Romani L, Latgè JP, Luppi M. Characterization of specific immune responses to different Aspergillus antigens during the course of invasive Aspergillosis in hematologic patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74326. [PMID: 24023936 PMCID: PMC3762751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies in mouse model of invasive aspergillosis (IA) and in healthy donors have shown that different Aspergillus antigens may stimulate different adaptive immune responses. However, the occurrence of Aspergillus-specific T cells have not yet been reported in patients with the disease. In patients with IA, we have investigated during the infection: a) whether and how specific T-cell responses to different Aspergillus antigens occur and develop; b) which antigens elicit the highest frequencies of protective immune responses and, c) whether such protective T cells could be expanded ex-vivo. Forty hematologic patients have been studied, including 22 patients with IA and 18 controls. Specific T cells producing IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A have been characterized through enzyme linked immunospot and cytokine secretion assays on 88 peripheral blood (PB) samples, by using the following recombinant antigens: GEL1p, CRF1p, PEP1p, SOD1p, α1–3glucan, β1–3glucan, galactomannan. Specific T cells were expanded through short term culture. Aspergillus-specific T cells producing non-protective interleukin-10 (IL-10) and protective interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) have been detected to all the antigens only in IA patients. Lower numbers of specific T cells producing IL-4 and IL-17A have also been shown. Protective T cells targeted predominantly Aspergillus cell wall antigens, tended to increase during the IA course and to be associated with a better clinical outcome. Aspergillus-specific T cells could be successfully generated from the PB of 8 out of 8 patients with IA and included cytotoxic subsets able to lyse Aspergillus hyphae. Aspergillus specific T-cell responses contribute to the clearance of the pathogen in immunosuppressed patients with IA and Aspergillus cell wall antigens are those mainly targeted by protective immune responses. Cytotoxic specific T cells can be expanded from immunosuppressed patients even during the infection by using the above mentioned antigens. These findings may be exploited for immunotherapeutic purposes in patients with IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Potenza
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Vallerini
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Barozzi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Riva
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Forghieri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Unitè des Aspergillus, Pasteur Institut, Paris, France
| | - Remi Beau
- Unitè des Aspergillus, Pasteur Institut, Paris, France
| | - Anna Candoni
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Udine, Italy
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Hematology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giulio Rossi
- Section of Histopathology, IRCCS/Arcispedale S.Maria Nuova Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | - Monica Morselli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Zanetti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Quadrelli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Mauro Codeluppi
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Pagano
- Department of Hematology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Morena Caira
- Department of Hematology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Del Giovane
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Maccaferri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefani
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Uliano Morandi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tazzioli
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Girardis
- Division of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Delia
- Hematology Department, DAP, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Longo
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Franco Narni
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Merli
- Division of Hematology, IRCCS/Arcispedale S.Maria Nuova Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Imovilli
- Division of Hematology, IRCCS/Arcispedale S.Maria Nuova Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Apolone
- Division of Hematology, IRCCS/Arcispedale S.Maria Nuova Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Transplantation, IRCCS S. Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Mario Luppi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico, Modena, Italy
- * E-mail:
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133
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Glycolipid antigens and autoantibodies in autoimmune neuropathies. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:453-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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134
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Berti F, Adamo R. Recent mechanistic insights on glycoconjugate vaccines and future perspectives. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1653-63. [PMID: 23841819 DOI: 10.1021/cb400423g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a key strategy for the control of various infectious diseases. Many pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Neisseria meningitidis produce on their surfaces dense and complex glycan structures, which represent an optimal target for eliciting carbohydrate specific antibodies able to confer protection against those bacteria. Glycoconjugates represent nowadays an important class of efficacious and safe commercial vaccines. It has been known for a long time that covalent linkage of poorly immunogenic carbohydrates to protein is fundamental to provide T cell epitopes for eliciting a memory response of the immune system against the saccharide. However, while the traditional mechanism of action of glycoconjugates has considered peptides generated from the carrier protein to be responsible of T cell help recruitment, only recently evidence of the active involvement of the carbohydrate part in determining the T cell help has been shown. In addition, zwitterionic polysaccharides have been proven to activate the adaptive immune system without further conjugation to protein. Progress in this interface area between chemistry and biology, in combination with novel synthetic and biosynthetic methods for the preparation of glycoconjugates, is opening new perspectives to clarify their mechanism of action and give new insights for the design of improved carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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135
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Avci FY, Li X, Tsuji M, Kasper DL. Carbohydrates and T cells: a sweet twosome. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:146-51. [PMID: 23757291 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates as T cell-activating antigens have been generating significant interest. For many years, carbohydrates were thought of as T-independent antigens, however, more recent research had demonstrated that mono- or oligosaccharides glycosidically linked to peptides can be recognized by T cells. T cell recognition of these glycopeptides depends on the structure of both peptide and glycan portions of the antigen. Subsequently, it was discovered that natural killer T cells recognized glycolipids when presented by the antigen presenting molecule CD1d. A transformative insight into glycan-recognition by T cells occurred when zwitterionic polysaccharides were discovered to bind to and be presented by MHCII to CD4+ T cells. Based on this latter observation, the role that carbohydrate epitopes generated from glycoconjugate vaccines had in activating helper T cells was explored and it was found that these epitopes are presented to specific carbohydrate recognizing T cells through a unique mechanism. Here we review the key interactions between carbohydrate antigens and the adaptive immune system at the molecular, cellular and systems levels exploring the significant biological implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikri Y Avci
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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136
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Sathyabama S, Khan N, Agrewala JN. Friendly pathogens: prevent or provoke autoimmunity. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:273-80. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.787043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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137
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Bloem K, García-Vallejo JJ, Vuist IM, Cobb BA, van Vliet SJ, van Kooyk Y. Interaction of the Capsular Polysaccharide A from Bacteroides fragilis with DC-SIGN on Human Dendritic Cells is Necessary for Its Processing and Presentation to T Cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:103. [PMID: 23653626 PMCID: PMC3644800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The zwitterionic capsular polysaccharide A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis is the first carbohydrate antigen described to be presented in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II for the induction of CD4+ T cell responses. However, the identity of the receptor mediating binding and internalization of PSA in antigen presenting cells remains elusive. C-type lectins are glycan-binding receptors known for their capacity to target ligands for antigen presentation to T cells. Here, we investigated whether C-type lectins were involved in the internalization of PSA and identified dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) as the main receptor for PSA on human dendritic cells (DC). The induction of PSA-specific T cell proliferation appeared to be completely dependent on DC-SIGN. These data reveal a crucial role for DC-SIGN in the endocytosis and routing of PSA in human DC for the efficient stimulation of PSA-specific CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karien Bloem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Danone Research Wageningen, Netherlands
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138
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Ryan SO, Johnson JL, Cobb BA. Neutrophils confer T cell resistance to myeloid-derived suppressor cell-mediated suppression to promote chronic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5037-47. [PMID: 23576679 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation can persist in aging humans unnoticed for years or even decades, inflicting continuous damage that can culminate later in life as organ dysfunction, physical frailty, and some of the most prominent debilitating and deadly age-associated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Despite the near universal acceptance of these associations, the mechanisms underlying unresolved inflammation remain poorly understood. In this study, we describe a novel inducible method to examine systemic chronic inflammation using susceptible animal models. Induced inflammation results in unresolved innate cellular responses and persistence of the same serum proinflammatory molecules used as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for chronic inflammation in humans. Surprisingly, we found long-term persistence of an inflammation-associated neutrophil cell population constitutively producing the proinflammatory IFN-γ cytokine, which until now has only been detected transiently in acute inflammatory responses. Interestingly, these cells appear to confer T cell resistance to the otherwise potent anti-inflammatory function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, revealing a novel mechanism for the maintenance of chronic inflammatory responses over time. This discovery represents an attractive target to resolve inflammation and prevent the inflammation-induced pathologies that are of critical concern for the well-being of the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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139
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Zhang X, Ding R, Zhou Y, Zhu R, Liu W, Jin L, Yao W, Gao X. Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of B cells by a polysaccharide from marine fungus Phoma herbarum YS4108. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60781. [PMID: 23556003 PMCID: PMC3612108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various natural polysaccharides are capable of activating the immune system and therefore can be employed as biological response modifiers in anti-tumor therapy. We previously found a homogenous polysaccharide from the mycelium of marine fungus Phoma herbarum YS4108, named YCP, exhibiting strong in vivo antitumor ability via enhancement of the host immune responses. To further elucidate the role of YCP as a biological response modifier, the immunomoduating activities of YCP in B cells was investigated in the current study. We demonstrated that stimulation of YCP with murine splenic B cells resulted in cell proliferation and generation of IgM antibody response. Binding of YCP to B cells was a direct, saturable and reversible event and required TLR2 and TLR4 involvement. TLR2 and TLR4 defunctionalization by either antibody blocking or allele-specific mutation significantly impaired the B-cell proliferative and IgM responses to YCP. YCP interaction with TLR2 and TLR4 led to the activation of intracellular p38, ERK and JNK, as well as the translocation of transcriptional factor NF-κB into nucleus. Furthermore, specific inhibitors of p38, ERK, JNK and NF-κB could attenuate the ability of YCP to induce B cell proliferation and IgM production. Taken together, this study has indicated for the first time the immunostimulating properties of YCP on B cells through a receptor-mediated mechanism, which involves TLR2 and TLR4 and resultant activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby highlighting the role of YCP as an efficacious biological response modifier in oncologic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ran Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wenbing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XG); (WY)
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XG); (WY)
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140
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Marginal zone B cells: virtues of innate-like antibody-producing lymphocytes. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:118-32. [PMID: 23348416 DOI: 10.1038/nri3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protective responses to microorganisms involve the nonspecific but rapid defence mechanisms of the innate immune system, followed by the specific but slow defence mechanisms of the adaptive immune system. Located as sentinels at the interface between the circulation and lymphoid tissue, splenic marginal zone B cells rapidly respond to blood-borne antigens by adopting 'crossover' defensive strategies that blur the conventional boundaries of innate and adaptive immunity. This Review discusses how marginal zone B cells function as innate-like lymphocytes that mount rapid antibody responses to both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens. These responses require the integration of activation signals from germline-encoded and somatically recombined receptors for microorganisms with helper signals from effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems.
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141
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Mostafavi AZ, Troutman JM. Biosynthetic assembly of the Bacteroides fragilis capsular polysaccharide A precursor bactoprenyl diphosphate-linked acetamido-4-amino-6-deoxygalactopyranose. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1939-49. [PMID: 23458065 DOI: 10.1021/bi400126w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The sugar capsule capsular polysaccharide A (CPSA), which coats the surface of the mammalian symbiont Bacteroides fragilis, is a key mediator of mammalian immune system development. In addition, this sugar polymer has shown therapeutic potential in animal models of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders. The structure of the CPSA polymer includes a rare stereoconfiguration sugar acetamido-4-amino-6-deoxygalactopyranose (AADGal) that we propose is the first sugar linked to a bactoprenyl diphosphate scaffold in the production of CPSA. In this report, we have utilized a heterologous system to reconstitute bactoprenyl diphosphate-linked AADGal production. Construction of this system included a previously reported Campylobacter jejuni dehydratase, PglF, coupled to a B. fragilis-encoded aminotransferase (WcfR) and initiating hexose-1-phosphate transferase (WcfS). The function of the aminotransferase was confirmed by capillary electrophoresis and a novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Production of the rare uridine diphosphate (UDP)-AADGal was confirmed through a series of one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and high-resolution mass spectrometry. A spectroscopically unique analogue of bactoprenyl phosphate was utilized to characterize the transfer reaction catalyzed by WcfS and allowed HPLC-based isolation of the isoprenoid-linked sugar product. Importantly, the entire heterologous system was utilized in a single-pot reaction to biosynthesize the bactoprenyl-linked sugar. This work provides the first critical step in the in vitro reconstitution of CPSA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Z Mostafavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223-0001, United States
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142
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Behnsen J, Deriu E, Sassone-Corsi M, Raffatellu M. Probiotics: properties, examples, and specific applications. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a010074. [PMID: 23457295 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial components of the microbiota that have been used for centuries because of the health benefits they confer to the host. Only recently, however, has the contribution of probiotics to modulation of immunological, respiratory, and gastrointestinal functions started to be fully appreciated and scientifically evaluated. Probiotics such as Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and lactic acid bacteria are currently used to, or have been evaluated for use to, prevent or treat a range of intestinal maladies including inflammatory bowel disease, constipation, and colon cancer. Engineering these natural probiotics to produce immunomodulatory molecules may help to further increase the benefit to the host. In this article, we will discuss some of the mechanisms of action of probiotics as well as advances in the rational design of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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143
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Trück J, Lazarus R, Clutterbuck EA, Bowman J, Kibwana E, Bateman EA, Pollard AJ. The zwitterionic type I Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide does not induce memory B cell formation in humans. Immunobiology 2013; 218:368-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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144
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Chen Q, Snapper CM. Inflammatory monocytes are critical for induction of a polysaccharide-specific antibody response to an intact bacterium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1048-55. [PMID: 23269244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although inflammatory monocytes (IM) (CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) cells) have been shown to play important roles in cell-mediated host protection against intracellular bacteria, protozoans, and fungi, their potential impact on humoral immune responses to extracellular bacteria are unknown. IM, localized largely to the splenic marginal zone of naive CD11b-diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor bone marrow-chimeric mice were selectively depleted following treatment with DT, including no reduction of CD11b(+) peritoneal B cells. Depletion of IM resulted in a marked reduction in the polysaccharide (PS)-specific, T cell-independent IgM, and T cell-dependent IgG responses to intact, heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae with no effect on the associated S. pneumoniae protein-specific IgG response or on the PS- and protein-specific IgG responses to a soluble pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. IM acted largely within the first 48 h following the initiation of the immune response to S. pneumoniae to induce the subsequent production of PS-specific IgM and IgG. Adoptive transfer of highly purified IM from wild-type mice into DT-treated CD11b-DT receptor mice completely restored the defective PS-specific Ig response to S. pneumoniae. IM were phenotypically and functionally distinct from circulating CD11b(+)CD11c(low)Ly6G/C cells (immature blood dendritic cells), previously described to play a role in Ig responses to S. pneumoniae, in that they were CD11c(-) as well as Ly6C(hi) and did not internalize injected S. pneumoniae during the early phase of the response. These data are the first, to our knowledge, to establish a critical role for IM in the induction of an Ig response to an intact extracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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145
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Lujan DK, Stanziale JA, Mostafavi AZ, Sharma S, Troutman JM. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of an isoprenoid phosphate tool for the analysis of complex bacterial oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Carbohydr Res 2012; 359:44-53. [PMID: 22925763 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Undecaprenyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (UPPS) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the production of bactoprenols, which act as membrane anchors for the assembly of complex bacterial oligosaccharides. One of the major hurdles in understanding the assembly of oligosaccharide assembly is a lack of chemical tools to study this process, since bactoprenols and the resulting isoprenoid-linked oligosaccharides lack handles or chromophores for use in pathway analysis. Here we describe the isolation of a new UPPS from the symbiotic microorganism Bacteroides fragilis, a key species in the human microbiome. The protein was purified to homogeneity and utilized to accept a chromophore containing farnesyl diphosphate analogue as a substrate. The analogue was utilized by the enzyme and resulted in a bactoprenyl diphosphate product with an easy to monitor tag associated with it. Furthermore, the diphosphate is shown to be readily converted to monophosphate using a common molecular biology reagent. This monophosphate product allowed for the investigation of complex oligosaccharide biosynthesis, and was used to probe the activity of glycosyltransferases involved in the well characterized Campylobacter jejuni N-linked protein glycosylation. Novel reagents similar to this will provide key tools for the study of uncharacterized oligosaccharide assemblies, and open the possibility for the development of rapid screening methodology for these biosynthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan K Lujan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
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146
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Mouse dendritic cells pulsed with capsular polysaccharide induce resistance to lethal pneumococcal challenge: roles of T cells and B cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39193. [PMID: 22723962 PMCID: PMC3377650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice are exceedingly sensitive to intra-peritoneal (IP) challenge with some virulent pneumococci (LD50 = 1 bacterium). To investigate how peripheral contact with bacterial capsular polysaccharide (PS) antigen can induce resistance, we pulsed bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDC) of C57BL/6 mice with type 4 or type 3 PS, injected the BMDC intra-foot pad (IFP) and challenged the mice IP with supra-lethal doses of pneumococci. We examined the responses of T cells and B cells in the draining popliteal lymph node and measured the effects on the bacteria in the peritoneum and blood. We now report that: 1) The PS co-localized with MHC molecules on the BMDC surface; 2) PS-specific T and B cell proliferation and IFNγ secretion was detected in the draining popliteal lymph nodes on day 4; 3) Type-specific resistance to lethal IP challenge was manifested only after day 5; 4) Type-specific IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in the sera of only some of the mice, but B cells were essential for resistance; 5) Control mice vaccinated with a single injection of soluble PS did not develop a response in the draining popliteal lymph node and were not protected; 6) Mice injected with unpulsed BMDC also did not resist challenge: In unprotected mice, pneumococci entered the blood shortly after IP inoculation and multiplied exponentially in both blood and peritoneum killing the mice within 20 hours. Mice vaccinated with PS-pulsed BMDC trapped the bacteria in the peritoneum. The trapped bacteria proliferated exponentially IP, but died suddenly at 18–20 hours. Thus, a single injection of PS antigen associated with intact BMDC is a more effective vaccine than the soluble PS alone. This model system provides a platform for studying novel aspects of PS-targeted vaccination.
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147
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Carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines: target cancer with sugar bullets. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:259-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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148
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Carbohydrate moieties as vaccine candidates: Targeting the sweet spot in the immune response. Vaccine 2012; 30:4409-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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149
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The entirely carbohydrate immunogen Tn-PS A1 induces a cancer cell selective immune response and cytokine IL-17. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:581-5. [PMID: 22297566 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen/hapten Thomsen-nouveau (Tn; a-D-GalpNAc-ONH2) was conjugated to a zwitterionic capsular polysaccharide, PS A1, from commensal anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285/NCTC 9343 for the development of an entirely carbohydrate cancer vaccine construct and probed for immunogenicity. This communication discloses that murine anti-Tn IgG3 antibodies both bind to and recognize human tumor cells that display the Tn hapten. Furthermore, the sera from immunization of mice with Tn-PS A1 contain cytokine interleukin 17 (IL-17A), which is known to possess anti-tumor function and represents a striking difference to an IL-2, and IL-6 profile obtained with anti-PS A1 sera.
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150
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Surana NK, Kasper DL. The yin yang of bacterial polysaccharides: lessons learned from B. fragilis PSA. Immunol Rev 2012; 245:13-26. [PMID: 22168411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, there have been remarkable advances in our understanding of how commensal organisms shape host immunity. Although the full cast of immunogenic bacteria and their immunomodulatory molecules remains to be elucidated, lessons learned from the interactions between bacterial zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs) and the host immune system represent an integral step toward better understanding how the intestinal microbiota effect immunologic changes. Somewhat paradoxically, ZPSs, which are found in numerous commensal organisms, are able to elicit both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory responses; both these outcomes involve fine-tuning the balance between T-helper 17 cells and interleukin-10-producing regulatory T cells. In this review, we discuss the immunomodulatory effects of the archetypal ZPS, Bacteroides fragilis PSA. In addition, we highlight some of the opportunities and challenges in applying these lessons in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Surana
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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