101
|
Sgarbanti R, Amatore D, Celestino I, Marcocci ME, Fraternale A, Ciriolo MR, Magnani M, Saladino R, Garaci E, Palamara AT, Nencioni L. Intracellular redox state as target for anti-influenza therapy: are antioxidants always effective? Curr Top Med Chem 2015; 14:2529-41. [PMID: 25478883 PMCID: PMC4435240 DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666141203125211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infections represent a big issue for public health since effective treatments are still lacking. In particular, the emergence of strains resistant to drugs limits the effectiveness of anti-influenza agents. For this reason, many efforts have been dedicated to the identification of new therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting the virus-host cell interactions. Oxidative stress is a characteristic of some viral infections including influenza. Because antioxidants defend cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species induced by different stimuli including pathogens, they represent interesting molecules to fight infectious diseases. However, most of the available studies have found that these would-be panaceas could actually exacerbate the diseases they claim to prevent, and have thus revealed "the dark side" of these molecules. This review article discusses the latest opportunities and drawbacks of the antioxidants used in anti-influenza therapy and new perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Tischner C, Wenz T. Keep the fire burning: Current avenues in the quest of treating mitochondrial disorders. Mitochondrion 2015; 24:32-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
103
|
Ramsey H, Wu MX. Mitochondrial anti-oxidant protects IEX-1 deficient mice from organ damage during endotoxemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 23:658-63. [PMID: 25466275 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a leading cause of mortality in intensive care units worldwide, is often a result of overactive and systemic inflammation following serious infections. We found that mice lacking immediate early responsive gene X-1 (IEX-1) were prone to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced endotoxemia. A nonlethal dose of LPS provoked numerous aberrations in IEX-1 knockout (KO) mice including pancytopenia, increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lung neutrophilia, concurrent with liver and kidney damage, followed by death. Given these results, in conjunction with a proven role for IEX-1 in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis during stress, we pre-treated IEX-1 KO mice with Mitoquinone (MitoQ), a mitochondrion-based antioxidant prior to LPS injection. The treatment significantly reduced ROS formation in circulatory cells and protected against pancytopenia and multiple organ failure, drastically increasing the survival rate of IEX-1 KO mice challenged by this low dose of LPS. This study confirms significant contribution of mitochondrial ROS to the etiology of sepsis.
Collapse
|
104
|
Kinghorn KJ, Castillo-Quan JI, Bartolome F, Angelova PR, Li L, Pope S, Cochemé HM, Khan S, Asghari S, Bhatia KP, Hardy J, Abramov AY, Partridge L. Loss of PLA2G6 leads to elevated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Brain 2015; 138:1801-16. [PMID: 26001724 PMCID: PMC4559908 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The PLA2G6 gene encodes a group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 beta enzyme that selectively hydrolyses glycerophospholipids to release free fatty acids. Mutations in PLA2G6 have been associated with disorders such as infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type II and Karak syndrome. More recently, PLA2G6 was identified as the causative gene in a subgroup of patients with autosomal recessive early-onset dystonia-parkinsonism. Neuropathological examination revealed widespread Lewy body pathology and the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, supporting a link between PLA2G6 mutations and parkinsonian disorders. Here we show that knockout of the Drosophila homologue of the PLA2G6 gene, iPLA2-VIA, results in reduced survival, locomotor deficits and organismal hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Furthermore, we demonstrate that loss of iPLA2-VIA function leads to a number of mitochondrial abnormalities, including mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, reduced ATP synthesis and abnormal mitochondrial morphology. Moreover, we show that loss of iPLA2-VIA is strongly associated with increased lipid peroxidation levels. We confirmed our findings using cultured fibroblasts taken from two patients with mutations in the PLA2G6 gene. Similar abnormalities were seen including elevated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane defects, as well as raised levels of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Finally, we demonstrated that deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids, which inhibit lipid peroxidation, were able to partially rescue the locomotor abnormalities seen in aged flies lacking iPLA2-VIA gene function, and restore mitochondrial membrane potential in fibroblasts from patients with PLA2G6 mutations. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that loss of normal PLA2G6 gene activity leads to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent mitochondrial membrane abnormalities. Furthermore we show that the iPLA2-VIA knockout fly model provides a useful platform for the further study of PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri J Kinghorn
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fernando Bartolome
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Plamena R Angelova
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Li Li
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Pope
- 4 Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 3 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shabana Khan
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shabnam Asghari
- 5 Department of Family Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Hardy
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 3 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
mtDNA Mutagenesis Disrupts Pluripotent Stem Cell Function by Altering Redox Signaling. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1614-24. [PMID: 26027936 PMCID: PMC4509707 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
mtDNA mutagenesis in somatic stem cells leads to their dysfunction and to progeria in mouse. The mechanism was proposed to involve modification of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/redox signaling. We studied the effect of mtDNA mutagenesis on reprogramming and stemness of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and show that PSCs select against specific mtDNA mutations, mimicking germline and promoting mtDNA integrity despite their glycolytic metabolism. Furthermore, mtDNA mutagenesis is associated with an increase in mitochondrial H2O2, reduced PSC reprogramming efficiency, and self-renewal. Mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone, MitoQ, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine efficiently rescued these defects, indicating that both reprogramming efficiency and stemness are modified by mitochondrial ROS. The redox sensitivity, however, rendered PSCs and especially neural stem cells sensitive to MitoQ toxicity. Our results imply that stem cell compartment warrants special attention when the safety of new antioxidants is assessed and point to an essential role for mitochondrial redox signaling in maintaining normal stem cell function. mtDNA mutagenesis affects reprogramming and stemness through redox signaling Altered redox signaling can be pharmacologically rescued by NAC or MitoQ Stem cells are sensitive to mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone toxicity Pluripotent stem cells show active selection against mtDNA mutations
Collapse
|
106
|
Fouret G, Tolika E, Lecomte J, Bonafos B, Aoun M, Murphy MP, Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C, Dubreucq E, Coudray C, Feillet-Coudray C. The mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ, increases liver mitochondrial cardiolipin content in obesogenic diet-fed rats. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1025-35. [PMID: 26028302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL), a unique mitochondrial phospholipid, plays a key role in several processes of mitochondrial bioenergetics as well as in mitochondrial membrane stability and dynamics. The present study was designed to determine the effect of MitoQ, a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, on the content of liver mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, in particular CL, and its fatty acid composition in obesogenic diet-fed rats. To do this, twenty-four 6week old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into three groups of 8 animals and fed for 8weeks with either a control diet, a high fat diet (HF), or a HF diet with MitoQ (HF+MitoQ). Phospholipid classes and fatty acid composition were assayed by chromatographic methods in liver and liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial bioenergetic function was also evaluated. While MitoQ had no or slight effects on total liver fatty acid composition and phospholipid classes and their fatty acid composition, it had major effects on liver mitochondrial phospholipids and mitochondrial function. Indeed, MitoQ both increased CL synthase gene expression and CL content of liver mitochondria and increased 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid) content of mitochondrial phospholipids by comparison to the HF diet. Moreover, mitochondrial CL content was positively correlated to mitochondrial membrane fluidity, membrane potential and respiration, as well as to ATP synthase activity, while it was negatively correlated to mitochondrial ROS production. These findings suggest that MitoQ may decrease pathogenic alterations to CL content and profiles, thereby preserving mitochondrial function and attenuating the development of some of the features of metabolic syndrome in obesogenic diet-fed rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Fouret
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Béatrice Bonafos
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Gregoriou Street, 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Eric Dubreucq
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR IATE, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Coudray
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Feillet-Coudray
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Dare AJ, Bolton EA, Pettigrew GJ, Bradley JA, Saeb-Parsy K, Murphy MP. Kidney donation after circulatory death (DCD): state of the art. Kidney Int 2015; 5:163-168. [PMID: 25965144 PMCID: PMC4427662 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury to the kidney occurs in a range of clinically important scenarios including hypotension, sepsis and in surgical procedures such as cardiac bypass surgery and kidney transplantation, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Mitochondrial oxidative damage is a significant contributor to the early phases of IR injury and may initiate a damaging inflammatory response. Here we assessed whether the mitochondria targeted antioxidant MitoQ could decrease oxidative damage during IR injury and thereby protect kidney function. To do this we exposed kidneys in mice to in vivo ischemia by bilaterally occluding the renal vessels followed by reperfusion for up to 24 h. This caused renal dysfunction, measured by decreased creatinine clearance, and increased markers of oxidative damage. Administering MitoQ to the mice intravenously 15 min prior to ischemia protected the kidney from damage and dysfunction. These data indicate that mitochondrial oxidative damage contributes to kidney IR injury and that mitochondria targeted antioxidants such as MitoQ are potential therapies for renal dysfunction due to IR injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Dare
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge BioMedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Eleanor A Bolton
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gavin J Pettigrew
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - J Andrew Bradley
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge BioMedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
The role of mitochondrial DNA mutation on neurodegenerative diseases. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e150. [PMID: 25766619 PMCID: PMC4351410 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many researchers have reported that oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is increased in several age-related disorders. Damage to mitochondrial constituents and mtDNA can generate additional mitochondrial dysfunction that may result in greater reactive oxygen species production, triggering a circular chain of events. However, the mechanisms underlying this vicious cycle have yet to be fully investigated. In this review, we summarize the relationship of oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction with mtDNA mutation in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
109
|
Apostolova N, Victor VM. Molecular strategies for targeting antioxidants to mitochondria: therapeutic implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:686-729. [PMID: 25546574 PMCID: PMC4350006 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function and specifically its implication in cellular redox/oxidative balance is fundamental in controlling the life and death of cells, and has been implicated in a wide range of human pathologies. In this context, mitochondrial therapeutics, particularly those involving mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, have attracted increasing interest as potentially effective therapies for several human diseases. For the past 10 years, great progress has been made in the development and functional testing of molecules that specifically target mitochondria, and there has been special focus on compounds with antioxidant properties. In this review, we will discuss several such strategies, including molecules conjugated with lipophilic cations (e.g., triphenylphosphonium) or rhodamine, conjugates of plant alkaloids, amino-acid- and peptide-based compounds, and liposomes. This area has several major challenges that need to be confronted. Apart from antioxidants and other redox active molecules, current research aims at developing compounds that are capable of modulating other mitochondria-controlled processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Multiple chemically different molecular strategies have been developed as delivery tools that offer broad opportunities for mitochondrial manipulation. Additional studies, and particularly in vivo approaches under physiologically relevant conditions, are necessary to confirm the clinical usefulness of these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University Jaume I , Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Galarreta CI, Forbes MS, Thornhill BA, Antignac C, Gubler MC, Nevo N, Murphy MP, Chevalier RL. The swan-neck lesion: proximal tubular adaptation to oxidative stress in nephropathic cystinosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1155-66. [PMID: 25694483 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00591.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is an inherited disorder resulting from a mutation in the CTNS gene, causing progressive proximal tubular cell flattening, the so-called swan-neck lesion (SNL), and eventual renal failure. To determine the role of oxidative stress in cystinosis, histologic sections of kidneys from C57BL/6 Ctns(-/-) and wild-type mice were examined by immunohistochemistry and morphometry from 1 wk to 20 mo of age. Additional mice were treated from 1 to 6 mo with vehicle or mitoquinone (MitoQ), an antioxidant targeted to mitochondria. The leading edge of the SNL lost mitochondria and superoxide production, and became surrounded by a thickened tubular basement membrane. Progression of the SNL as determined by staining with lectin from Lotus tetragonolobus accelerated after 3 mo, but was delayed by treatment with MitoQ (38 ± 4% vs. 28 ± 1%, P < 0.01). Through 9 mo, glomeruli had retained renin staining and intact macula densa, whereas SNL expressed transgelin, an actin-binding protein, but neither kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) nor cell death was observed. After 9 mo, clusters of proximal tubules exhibited localized oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal binding), expressed KIM-1, and underwent apoptosis, leading to the formation of atubular glomeruli and accumulation of interstitial collagen. We conclude that nephron integrity is initially maintained in the Ctns(-/-) mouse by adaptive flattening of cells of the SNL through loss of mitochondria, upregulation of transgelin, and thickened basement membrane. This adaptation ultimately fails in adulthood, with proximal tubular disruption, formation of atubular glomeruli, and renal failure. Antioxidant treatment targeted to mitochondria delays initiation of the SNL, and may provide therapeutic benefit in children with cystinosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Corinne Antignac
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, and Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cite University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; and
| | - Marie-Claire Gubler
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, and Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cite University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; and
| | - Nathalie Nevo
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, and Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cite University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; and
| | | | - Robert L Chevalier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Ng MRAV, Antonelli PJ, Joseph J, Dirain CO. Assessment of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in HEI-OC1 and LLC-PK1 Cells Treated with Gentamicin and Mitoquinone. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 152:729-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599814564934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the effects of concurrent treatment with gentamicin and the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone (MitoQ; which may prevent gentamicin ototoxicity) on change in the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), a precursor of apoptosis. Study Design Prospective and controlled. Setting Academic research laboratory. Subjects and Methods LLC-PK1 (Lilly Laboratories Culture–Pig Kidney Type 1) and HEI-OC1 (House Ear Institute Organ of Corti 1) cells—renal and auditory cell lines, respectively—were used in this study. Δψm was assessed by flow cytometry through the MitoProbe JC-1 Kit for Flow Cytometry in untreated LLC-PK1 and HEI-OC1 cells and cells exposed to low- (100µM) or high- (2000µM) dose gentamicin for 24 hours, with and without 0.5µM each of MitoQ or idebenone (IDB; an untargeted ubiquinone). Results Δψm was not different in untreated LLC-PK1 cells and cells coincubated with low-dose gentamicin and MitoQ or IDB ( P > .05). In HEI-OC1 cells, coincubation with low-dose gentamicin and MitoQ decreased Δψm ( P = .002). Coincubation of LLC-PK1 cells with high-dose gentamicin and DMSO, MitoQ, or IDB depolarized Δψm ( P < .0001), with MitoQ depolarizing the Δψm to a greater extent than that of IDB ( P = .03). In contrast, HEI-OC1 cells demonstrated a hyperpolarized Δψm when coincubated with high-dose gentamicin and DMSO, MitoQ, or IDB ( P < .001). Conclusion The combination of gentamicin and MitoQ holds the potential to disrupt Δψm. This suggests a heightened need to monitor for toxicity in patients receiving both agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerin Joseph
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Testai L, Rapposelli S, Martelli A, Breschi M, Calderone V. Mitochondrial Potassium Channels as Pharmacological Target for Cardioprotective Drugs. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:520-53. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Testai
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - S. Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - A. Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - M.C. Breschi
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - V. Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Fink BD, Herlein JA, Guo DF, Kulkarni C, Weidemann BJ, Yu L, Grobe JL, Rahmouni K, Kerns RJ, Sivitz WI. A mitochondrial-targeted coenzyme q analog prevents weight gain and ameliorates hepatic dysfunction in high-fat-fed mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:699-708. [PMID: 25301169 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.219329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, mitoquinone (mitoQ), known to have mitochondrial uncoupling properties, might prevent the development of obesity and mitigate liver dysfunction by increasing energy expenditure, as opposed to reducing energy intake. We administered mitoQ or vehicle (ethanol) to obesity-prone C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat (HF) or normal-fat (NF) diets. MitoQ (500 µM) or vehicle (ethanol) was added to the drinking water for 28 weeks. MitoQ significantly reduced total body mass and fat mass in the HF-fed mice but had no effect on these parameters in NF mice. Food intake was reduced by mitoQ in the HF-fed but not in the NF-fed mice. Average daily water intake was reduced by mitoQ in both the NF- and HF-fed mice. Hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, and the long form of the leptin receptor were reduced in the HF but not in the NF mice. Hepatic total fat and triglyceride content did not differ between the mitoQ-treated and control HF-fed mice. However, mitoQ markedly reduced hepatic lipid hydroperoxides and reduced circulating alanine aminotransferase, a marker of liver function. MitoQ did not alter whole-body oxygen consumption or liver mitochondrial oxygen utilization, membrane potential, ATP production, or production of reactive oxygen species. In summary, mitoQ added to drinking water mitigated the development of obesity. Contrary to our hypothesis, the mechanism involved decreased energy intake likely mediated at the hypothalamic level. MitoQ also ameliorated HF-induced liver dysfunction by virtue of its antioxidant properties without altering liver fat or mitochondrial bioenergetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Fink
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Judith A Herlein
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Deng Fu Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chaitanya Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Benjamin J Weidemann
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert J Kerns
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William I Sivitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.D.F., J.A.H., W.I.S.), and the Departments of Pharmacology (D.F.G., B.J.W., J.L.G.), Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics (C.K., R.J.K.), Biochemistry (L.Y.), Pharmacology and Internal Medicine/Cardiology (K.R.), and Primary Laboratory (W.I.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Galkina I, Tufatullin A, Krivolapov D, Bakhtiyarova Y, Chubukaeva D, Stakheev V, Galkin V, Cherkasov R, Büchner B, Kataeva O. Crystal structure of phosphonium carboxylate complexes. The role of the metal coordination geometry, ligand conformation and hydrogen bonding. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
115
|
Feillet-Coudray C, Fouret G, Ebabe Elle R, Rieusset J, Bonafos B, Chabi B, Crouzier D, Zarkovic K, Zarkovic N, Ramos J, Badia E, Murphy MP, Cristol JP, Coudray C. The mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant MitoQ ameliorates metabolic syndrome features in obesogenic diet-fed rats better than Apocynin or Allopurinol. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1232-46. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.945079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
116
|
Wang A, Keita ÅV, Phan V, McKay CM, Schoultz I, Lee J, Murphy MP, Fernando M, Ronaghan N, Balce D, Yates R, Dicay M, Beck PL, MacNaughton WK, Söderholm JD, McKay DM. Targeting mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species to reduce epithelial barrier dysfunction and colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2516-27. [PMID: 25034594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial permeability is often increased in inflammatory bowel diseases. We hypothesized that perturbed mitochondrial function would cause barrier dysfunction and hence epithelial mitochondria could be targeted to treat intestinal inflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction was induced in human colon-derived epithelial cell lines or colonic biopsy specimens using dinitrophenol, and barrier function was assessed by transepithelial flux of Escherichia coli with or without mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (MTA) cotreatment. The impact of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants on gut permeability and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice was tested. Mitochondrial superoxide evoked by dinitrophenol elicited significant internalization and translocation of E. coli across epithelia and control colonic biopsy specimens, which was more striking in Crohn's disease biopsy specimens; the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, MitoTEMPO, inhibited these barrier defects. Increased gut permeability and reduced epithelial mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel expression were observed 3 days after DSS. These changes and the severity of DSS-colitis were reduced by MitoTEMPO treatment. In vitro DSS-stimulated IL-8 production by epithelia was reduced by MitoTEMPO. Metabolic stress evokes significant penetration of commensal bacteria across the epithelium, which is mediated by mitochondria-derived superoxide acting as a signaling, not a cytotoxic, molecule. MitoTEMPO inhibited this barrier dysfunction and suppressed colitis in DSS-colitis, likely via enhancing barrier function and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production. These novel findings support consideration of MTAs in the maintenance of epithelial barrier function and the management of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Surgery, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Van Phan
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ida Schoultz
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, the Faculty of Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Joshua Lee
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Maria Fernando
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natalie Ronaghan
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dale Balce
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robin Yates
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Dicay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul L Beck
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johan D Söderholm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Surgery, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Miquel E, Cassina A, Martínez-Palma L, Souza JM, Bolatto C, Rodríguez-Bottero S, Logan A, Smith RAJ, Murphy MP, Barbeito L, Radi R, Cassina P. Neuroprotective effects of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ in a model of inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:204-13. [PMID: 24582549 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron degeneration that ultimately results in progressive paralysis and death. Growing evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to motor neuron degeneration in ALS. To further explore the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction and nitroxidative stress contribute to disease pathogenesis at the in vivo level, we assessed whether the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant [10-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl)decyl]triphenylphosphonium methane sulfonate (MitoQ) can modify disease progression in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of ALS. To do this, we administered MitoQ (500 µM) in the drinking water of SOD1(G93A) mice from a time when early symptoms of neurodegeneration become evident at 90 days of age until death. This regime is a clinically plausible scenario and could be more easily translated to patients as this corresponds to initiating treatment of patients after they are first diagnosed with ALS. MitoQ was detected in all tested tissues by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry after 20 days of administration. MitoQ treatment slowed the decline of mitochondrial function, in both the spinal cord and the quadriceps muscle, as measured by high-resolution respirometry. Importantly, nitroxidative markers and pathological signs in the spinal cord of MitoQ-treated animals were markedly reduced and neuromuscular junctions were recovered associated with a significant increase in hindlimb strength. Finally, MitoQ treatment significantly prolonged the life span of SOD1(G93A) mice. Our results support a role for mitochondrial nitroxidative damage and dysfunction in the pathogenesis of ALS and suggest that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants may be of pharmacological use for ALS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Miquel
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Cassina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Martínez-Palma
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José M Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carmen Bolatto
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Rodríguez-Bottero
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Angela Logan
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Robin A J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Luis Barbeito
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Cassina
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Camilleri A, Vassallo N. The centrality of mitochondria in the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:591-602. [PMID: 24703487 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder leading to progressive motor impairment and for which there is no cure. From the first postmortem account describing a lack of mitochondrial complex I in the substantia nigra of PD sufferers, the direct association between mitochondrial dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons has ever since been consistently corroborated. In this review, we outline common pathways shared by both sporadic and familial PD that remarkably and consistently converge at the level of mitochondrial integrity. Furthermore, such knowledge has incontrovertibly established mitochondria as a valid therapeutic target in neurodegeneration. We discuss several mitochondria-directed therapies that promote the preservation, rescue, or restoration of dopaminergic neurons and which have been identified in the laboratory and in preclinical studies. Some of these have progressed to clinical trials, albeit the identification of an unequivocal disease-modifying neurotherapeutic is still elusive. The challenge is therefore to improve further, not least by more research on the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Camilleri
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida 2080, Malta
| | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Scandroglio F, Tórtora V, Radi R, Castro L. Metabolic control analysis of mitochondrial aconitase: influence over respiration and mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:684-93. [PMID: 24601712 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Fe-S cluster of mitochondrial aconitase is rapidly and selectively inactivated by oxidants, yielding an inactive enzyme that can be reactivated by reductants and iron in vivo. In order to elucidate the metabolic impact of oxidant-dependent aconitase inhibition over the citric acid cycle, the respiratory chain reactions, and reactive species formation, we performed a metabolic analysis using isolated mitochondria from different rat tissues. Titrations with fluorocitrate showed IC50 for aconitase inhibition ranging from 7 to 24 μM. The aconitase inhibition threshold in mitochondrial oxygen consumption was determined to range from 63 to 98%. Of the tissues examined, brain and heart exhibited the highest values in the flux control coefficient (> 0.95). Aconitase-specific activity varied widely among tissues examined from ~60 mU/mg in liver to 321 mU/mg in kidney at 21% O2. In brain and heart, aconitase-specific activity increased by 42 and 12%, respectively, at 2% O2 reflecting aconitase inactivation by oxygen-derived oxidants at 21% O2. Both mitochondrial membrane potential and hydrogen peroxide production significantly decreased upon aconitase inhibition in heart and brain mitochondria. These results indicate that aconitase can exert control over respiration (with tissue specificity) and support the hypothesis that inactivation of aconitase may provide a control mechanism to prevent O2(●-) and H2O2 formation by the respiratory chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Scandroglio
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Stuart JA, Maddalena LA, Merilovich M, Robb EL. A midlife crisis for the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2014; 3:4. [PMID: 24690218 PMCID: PMC3977679 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception more than four decades ago, the Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging (MFRTA) has served as a touchstone for research into the biology of aging. The MFRTA suggests that oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) originating from mitochondria accumulates in cells over an animal’s lifespan and eventually leads to the dysfunction and failure that characterizes aging. A central prediction of the theory is that the ability to ameliorate or slow this process should be associated with a slowed rate of aging and thus increased lifespan. A vast pool of data bearing on this idea has now been published. ROS production, ROS neutralization and macromolecule repair have all been extensively studied in the context of longevity. We review experimental evidence from comparisons between naturally long- or short-lived animal species, from calorie restricted animals, and from genetically modified animals and weigh the strength of results supporting the MFRTA. Viewed as a whole, the data accumulated from these studies have too often failed to support the theory. Excellent, well controlled studies from the past decade in particular have isolated ROS as an experimental variable and have shown no relationship between its production or neutralization and aging or longevity. Instead, a role for mitochondrial ROS as intracellular messengers involved in the regulation of some basic cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and death, has emerged. If mitochondrial ROS are involved in the aging process, it seems very likely it will be via highly specific and regulated cellular processes and not through indiscriminate oxidative damage to macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Stuart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St, Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Gioscia-Ryan RA, LaRocca TJ, Sindler AL, Zigler MC, Murphy MP, Seals DR. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (MitoQ) ameliorates age-related arterial endothelial dysfunction in mice. J Physiol 2014; 592:2549-61. [PMID: 24665093 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.268680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related arterial endothelial dysfunction, a key antecedent of the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is largely caused by a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability as a consequence of oxidative stress. Mitochondria are a major source and target of vascular oxidative stress when dysregulated. Mitochondrial dysregulation is associated with primary ageing, but its role in age-related endothelial dysfunction is unknown. Our aim was to determine the efficacy of a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ, in ameliorating vascular endothelial dysfunction in old mice. Ex vivo carotid artery endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) to increasing doses of acetylcholine was impaired by ∼30% in old (∼27 months) compared with young (∼8 months) mice as a result of reduced NO bioavailability (P < 0.05). Acute (ex vivo) and chronic (4 weeks in drinking water) administration of MitoQ completely restored EDD in older mice by improving NO bioavailability. There were no effects of age or MitoQ on endothelium-independent dilation to sodium nitroprusside. The improvements in endothelial function with MitoQ supplementation were associated with the normalization of age-related increases in total and mitochondria-derived arterial superoxide production and oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine abundance), as well as with increases in markers of vascular mitochondrial health, including antioxidant status. MitoQ also reversed the age-related increase in endothelial susceptibility to acute mitochondrial damage (rotenone-induced impairment in EDD). Our results suggest that mitochondria-derived oxidative stress is an important mechanism underlying the development of endothelial dysfunction in primary ageing. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants such as MitoQ represent a promising novel strategy for the preservation of vascular endothelial function with advancing age and the prevention of age-related CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Gioscia-Ryan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas J LaRocca
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Amy L Sindler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Melanie C Zigler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
|
123
|
Giussani DA, Niu Y, Herrera EA, Richter HG, Camm EJ, Thakor AS, Kane AD, Hansell JA, Brain KL, Skeffington KL, Itani N, Wooding FBP, Cross CM, Allison BJ. Heart Disease Link to Fetal Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress. ADVANCES IN FETAL AND NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 814:77-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1031-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
124
|
Samoylenko A, Hossain JA, Mennerich D, Kellokumpu S, Hiltunen JK, Kietzmann T. Nutritional countermeasures targeting reactive oxygen species in cancer: from mechanisms to biomarkers and clinical evidence. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2157-96. [PMID: 23458328 PMCID: PMC3869543 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert various biological effects and contribute to signaling events during physiological and pathological processes. Enhanced levels of ROS are highly associated with different tumors, a Western lifestyle, and a nutritional regime. The supplementation of food with traditional antioxidants was shown to be protective against cancer in a number of studies both in vitro and in vivo. However, recent large-scale human trials in well-nourished populations did not confirm the beneficial role of antioxidants in cancer, whereas there is a well-established connection between longevity of several human populations and increased amount of antioxidants in their diets. Although our knowledge about ROS generators, ROS scavengers, and ROS signaling has improved, the knowledge about the direct link between nutrition, ROS levels, and cancer is limited. These limitations are partly due to lack of standardized reliable ROS measurement methods, easily usable biomarkers, knowledge of ROS action in cellular compartments, and individual genetic predispositions. The current review summarizes ROS formation due to nutrition with respect to macronutrients and antioxidant micronutrients in the context of cancer and discusses signaling mechanisms, used biomarkers, and its limitations along with large-scale human trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Samoylenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jubayer Al Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Daniela Mennerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Mao P, Manczak M, Shirendeb UP, Reddy PH. MitoQ, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, delays disease progression and alleviates pathogenesis in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2322-31. [PMID: 24055980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the progression and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). MitoQ is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant that has a neuroprotective role in several mitochondrial and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Here we sought to determine the possible effects of a systematic administration of MitoQ as a therapy, using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model. We studied the beneficial effects of MitoQ in EAE mice that mimic MS like symptoms by treating EAE mice with MitoQ and pretreated C57BL6 mice with MitoQ plus EAE induction. We found that pretreatment and treatment of EAE mice with MitoQ reduced neurological disabilities associated with EAE. We also found that both pretreatment and treatment of the EAE mice with MitoQ significantly suppressed inflammatory markers of EAE, including the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. MitoQ treatments reduced neuronal cell loss in the spinal cord, a factor underlying motor disability in EAE mice. The neuroprotective role of MitoQ was confirmed by a neuron-glia co-culture system designed to mimic the mechanism of MS and EAE in vitro. We found that axonal inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with impaired behavioral functions in the EAE mouse model and that treatment with MitoQ can exert protective effects on neurons and reduce axonal inflammation and oxidative stress. These protective effects are likely via multiple mechanisms, including the attenuation of the robust immune response. These results suggest that MitoQ may be a new candidate for the treatment of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peizhong Mao
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Anders M. Exploiting endobiotic metabolic pathways to target xenobiotic antioxidants to mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:454-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
127
|
Hirzel E, Lindinger PW, Maseneni S, Giese M, Rhein VV, Eckert A, Hoch M, Krähenbühl S, Eberle AN. Differential modulation of ROS signals and other mitochondrial parameters by the antioxidants MitoQ, resveratrol and curcumin in human adipocytes. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:304-12. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.822887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
128
|
Porteous CM, Menon DK, Aigbirhio FI, Smith RA, Murphy MP. P-glycoprotein (Mdr1a/1b) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) decrease the uptake of hydrophobic alkyl triphenylphosphonium cations by the brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1830:3458-65. [PMID: 23454352 PMCID: PMC3898886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to degenerative neurological disorders, consequently there is a need for mitochondria-targeted therapies that are effective within the brain. One approach to deliver pharmacophores is by conjugation to the lipophilic triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation that accumulates in mitochondria driven by the membrane potential. While this approach has delivered TPP-conjugated compounds to the brain, the amounts taken up are lower than by other organs. METHODS To discover why uptake of hydrophobic TPP compounds by the brain is relatively poor, we assessed the role of the P-glycoprotein (Mdr1a/b) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which drive the efflux of lipophilic compounds from the brain thereby restricting the uptake of lipophilic drugs. We used a triple transgenic mouse model lacking two isoforms of P-glycoprotein (Mdr1a/1b) and the Bcrp. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the uptake into the brain of two hydrophobic TPP compounds, MitoQ and MitoF, in the triple transgenics following intra venous (IV) administration compared to control mice. Greater amounts of the hydrophobic TPP compounds were also retained in the liver of transgenic mice compared to controls. The uptake into the heart, white fat, muscle and kidneys was comparable between the transgenic mice and controls. CONCLUSION Efflux of hydrophobic TPP compounds by ABC transporters contributes to their lowered uptake into the brain and liver. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that strategies to bypass ABC transporters in the BBB will enhance delivery of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, probes and pharmacophores to the brain.
Collapse
Key Words
- abc proteins, atp binding cassette proteins
- bbb, blood–brain barrier
- bcrp, breast cancer resistance protein
- csa, cyclosporin a
- ip, intra peritoneal
- iv, intra venous
- mdr1, multi drug resistance 1
- mitof, 11-fluoroundecyltriphenylphosphonium mesylate
- mitoq, [10-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl)decyl]triphenylphosphonium mesylate
- mptp, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- tpb, tetraphenylborate
- tpp, triphenylphosphonium cation
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- tpmp, methyltriphenylphosphonium
- mitochondria
- lipophilic cation
- blood–brain barrier
- abc transporters
- mitoq
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Porteous
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - David K. Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Franklin I. Aigbirhio
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robin A.J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Rocha M, Apostolova N, Herance JR, Rovira-Llopis S, Hernandez-Mijares A, Victor VM. Perspectives and Potential Applications of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants in Cardiometabolic Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:160-89. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rocha
- Fundacion para la Investigacion Sanitaria y Biomedica de la Comunidad Valenciana FISABIO; Valencia Spain
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Endocrinology Service; Valencia Spain
- INCLIVA Foundation; Valencia Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology and CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group, CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - Jose Raul Herance
- CRC-Centre d'Imatge Molecular (CRC-CIM), Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (PRBB); Barcelona Spain
| | - Susana Rovira-Llopis
- Fundacion para la Investigacion Sanitaria y Biomedica de la Comunidad Valenciana FISABIO; Valencia Spain
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Endocrinology Service; Valencia Spain
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Mijares
- Fundacion para la Investigacion Sanitaria y Biomedica de la Comunidad Valenciana FISABIO; Valencia Spain
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Endocrinology Service; Valencia Spain
- INCLIVA Foundation; Valencia Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - Victor M. Victor
- Fundacion para la Investigacion Sanitaria y Biomedica de la Comunidad Valenciana FISABIO; Valencia Spain
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Endocrinology Service; Valencia Spain
- INCLIVA Foundation; Valencia Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group, CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Li X, Fang P, Mai J, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang XF. Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as novel therapy for inflammatory diseases and cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:19. [PMID: 23442817 PMCID: PMC3599349 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. As a major site of ROS production, mitochondria have drawn considerable interest because it was recently discovered that mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) directly stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and pathological conditions as diverse as malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases all share common phenotype of increased mtROS production above basal levels. Several excellent reviews on this topic have been published, but ever-changing new discoveries mandated a more up-to-date and comprehensive review on this topic. Therefore, we update recent understanding of how mitochondria generate and regulate the production of mtROS and the function of mtROS both in physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, we describe newly developed methods to probe or scavenge mtROS and compare these methods in detail. Thorough understanding of this topic and the application of mtROS-targeting drugs in the research is significant towards development of better therapies to combat inflammatory diseases and inflammatory malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Ilkun O, Boudina S. Cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress in the metabolic syndrome: an update on antioxidant therapies. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:4806-17. [PMID: 23323621 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319270003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure and glucose intolerance. The MetS increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. Each component of the MetS causes cardiac dysfunction and their combination carries additional risk. The mechanisms underlying cardiac dysfunction in the MetS are complex and might include lipid accumulation, increased fibrosis and stiffness, altered calcium homeostasis, abnormal autophagy, altered substrate utilization, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress. Mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced antioxidant defense mechanisms characterize the myocardium of humans and animals with the MetS. The mechanisms for increased cardiac oxidative stress in the MetS are not fully understood but include increased fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced NADPH oxidase activity. Therapies aimed to reduce oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant defense have been employed to reduce cardiac dysfunction in the MetS in animals. In contrast, large scale clinical trials using antioxidants therapies for the treatment of CVD have been disappointing because of the lack of efficacy and undesired side effects. The focus of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying cardiac dysfunction in the MetS with a special interest in the role of oxidative stress. Finally, we will update the reader on the results obtained with natural antioxidant and mitochondria-targeted antioxidant therapies for the treatment of CVD in the MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Ilkun
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Program in Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gi Ryang Kweon
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Pienaar IS, Chinnery PF. Existing and emerging mitochondrial-targeting therapies for altering Parkinson's disease severity and progression. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 137:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
134
|
Reily C, Mitchell T, Chacko BK, Benavides G, Murphy MP, Darley-Usmar V. Mitochondrially targeted compounds and their impact on cellular bioenergetics. Redox Biol 2013; 1:86-93. [PMID: 23667828 PMCID: PMC3647698 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are recognized as critical sites of localized injury in a number of chronic pathologies which has led to the development of organelle directed therapeutics. One of the approaches employed to target molecules to the mitochondrion is to conjugate a delocalized cation such as triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) to various redox active compounds. Mitochondrially targeted antioxidants have also been used in numerous cell culture based studies as probes of the contribution of the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species on cell signaling events. However, concentrations used in vitro are typically 10-100 times greater than those generated from oral dosing in a wide range of animal models and in humans. In the present study, we determined the effects of mitochondrial targeted antioxidants, MitoQ, MitoTempol, and MitoE on cellular bioenergetics of mesangial cells in culture and compared these to TPP+ conjugated compounds which lack the antioxidant functional group. We found that all TPP+ compounds inhibited oxidative phosphorylation to different extents independent of the antioxidant functional groups. These findings show that the TPP+ moiety can disrupt mitochondrial function at concentrations frequently observed in cell culture and this behavior is dependent on the linker group and independent of antioxidant properties. Moreover, TPP+ moiety alone is unlikely to achieve the concentrations needed to contribute to the protective mechanisms of the mitochondrially targeted compounds that have been reported in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reily
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Mitochondria as a therapeutic target in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 61:599-610. [PMID: 23219298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a pressing public health problem with no curative treatment currently available. The existing therapies provide symptomatic relief, but are unable to reverse molecular changes that occur in cardiomyocytes. The mechanisms of heart failure are complex and multiple, but mitochondrial dysfunction appears to be a critical factor in the development of this disease. Thus, it is important to focus research efforts on targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in the failing heart to revive the myocardium and its contractile function. This review highlights the 3 promising areas for the development of heart failure therapies, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and mitochondrial iron handling. Moreover, the translational potential of compounds targeting these pathways is discussed.
Collapse
|
136
|
Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and metabolic modulators as pharmacological interventions to slow ageing. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:563-92. [PMID: 23022622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Populations in many nations today are rapidly ageing. This unprecedented demographic change represents one of the main challenges of our time. A defining property of the ageing process is a marked increase in the risk of mortality and morbidity with age. The incidence of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases increases non-linearly, sometimes exponentially with age. One of the most important tasks in biogerontology is to develop interventions leading to an increase in healthy lifespan (health span), and a better understanding of basic mechanisms underlying the ageing process itself may lead to interventions able to delay or prevent many or even all age-dependent conditions. One of the putative basic mechanisms of ageing is age-dependent mitochondrial deterioration, closely associated with damage mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Given the central role that mitochondria and mitochondrial dysfunction play not only in ageing but also in apoptosis, cancer, neurodegeneration and other age-related diseases there is great interest in approaches to protect mitochondria from ROS-mediated damage. In this review, we explore strategies of targeting mitochondria to reduce mitochondrial oxidative damage with the aim of preventing or delaying age-dependent decline in mitochondrial function and some of the resulting pathologies. We discuss mitochondria-targeted and -localized antioxidants (e.g.: MitoQ, SkQ, ergothioneine), mitochondrial metabolic modulators (e.g. dichloroacetic acid), and uncouplers (e.g.: uncoupling proteins, dinitrophenol) as well as some alternative future approaches for targeting compounds to the mitochondria, including advances from nanotechnology.
Collapse
|
137
|
James AM, Collins Y, Logan A, Murphy MP. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and the metabolic syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:429-34. [PMID: 22831852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current epidemic of the metabolic syndrome in the developed world is largely due to overnutrition and lack of physical activity. However, the underlying causes by which chronic overnutrition interacts with genotype and physical inactivity to generate the metabolic syndrome phenotype are complex, and include multiple metabolic and physiological alterations. Mitochondrial oxidative stress has been suggested to contribute to the metabolic syndrome, but the mechanisms and significance are unclear. Here we review how disruption of mitochondrial metabolism and increased oxidative stress may occur during overnutrition coupled with limited physical activity. From this we suggest a unifying hypothesis to integrate what is known about mitochondrial involvement in the metabolic syndrome that points to testable hypotheses and novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M James
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Hurd TR, Collins Y, Abakumova I, Chouchani ET, Baranowski B, Fearnley IM, Prime TA, Murphy MP, James AM. Inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35153-35160. [PMID: 22910903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are byproducts of mitochondrial respiration and thus potential regulators of mitochondrial function. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, thereby regulating entry of carbohydrates into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Here we show that PDHK2 activity is inhibited by low levels of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) generated by the respiratory chain. This occurs via reversible oxidation of cysteine residues 45 and 392 on PDHK2 and results in increased pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity. H(2)O(2) derives from superoxide (O(2)(.)), and we show that conditions that inhibit PDHK2 also inactivate the TCA cycle enzyme, aconitase. These findings suggest that under conditions of high mitochondrial O(2)(.) production, such as may occur under nutrient excess and low ATP demand, the increase in O(2)() and H(2)O(2) may provide feedback signals to modulate mitochondrial metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Hurd
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Collins
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Abakumova
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Bartlomiej Baranowski
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Fearnley
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy A Prime
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew M James
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
König A, Bode C, Bugger H. Diabetes mellitus and myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction: bench to bedside. Heart Fail Clin 2012; 8:551-61. [PMID: 22999239 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In diabetics, the risk for development of heart failure is increased even after adjusting for coronary artery disease and hypertension. Although the cause of this increased heart failure risk is multifactorial, increasing evidence suggests that dysfunction of myocardial mitochondria represents an important pathogenetic factor. To date, no specific therapy exists to treat mitochondrial function in any cardiac disease. This article presents underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in the diabetic heart and discusses potential therapeutic options that may attenuate these mitochondrial derangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra König
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Prime TA, Forkink M, Logan A, Finichiu PG, McLachlan J, Li Pun PB, Koopman WJH, Larsen L, Latter MJ, Smith RAJ, Murphy MP. A ratiometric fluorescent probe for assessing mitochondrial phospholipid peroxidation within living cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:544-53. [PMID: 22659314 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative damage contributes to a wide range of pathologies, and lipid peroxidation of the mitochondrial inner membrane is a major component of this disruption. However, despite its importance, there are no methods to assess mitochondrial lipid peroxidation within cells specifically. To address this unmet need we have developed a ratiometric, fluorescent, mitochondria-targeted lipid peroxidation probe, MitoPerOx. This compound is derived from the C11-BODIPY(581/591) probe, which contains a boron dipyromethane difluoride (BODIPY) fluorophore conjugated via a dienyl link to a phenyl group. In response to lipid peroxidation the fluorescence emission maximum shifts from ∼590 to ∼520nm. To target this probe to the matrix-facing surface of the mitochondrial inner membrane we attached a triphenylphosphonium lipophilic cation, which leads to its selective uptake into mitochondria in cells, driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential. Here we report on the development and characterization of MitoPerOx. We found that MitoPerOx was taken up very rapidly into mitochondria within cells, where it responded to changes in mitochondrial lipid peroxidation that could be measured by fluorimetry, confocal microscopy, and epifluorescence live cell imaging. Importantly, the peroxidation-sensitive change in fluorescence at 520nm relative to that at 590nm enabled the use of the probe as a ratiometric fluorescent probe, greatly facilitating assessment of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Prime
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Sassi N, Biasutto L, Mattarei A, Carraro M, Giorgio V, Citta A, Bernardi P, Garbisa S, Szabò I, Paradisi C, Zoratti M. Cytotoxicity of a mitochondriotropic quercetin derivative: Mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1095-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
142
|
Smith RAJ, Hartley RC, Cochemé HM, Murphy MP. Mitochondrial pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:341-52. [PMID: 22521106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are being recognized as key factors in many unexpected areas of biomedical science. In addition to their well-known roles in oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism, it is now clear that mitochondria are also central to cell death, neoplasia, cell differentiation, the innate immune system, oxygen and hypoxia sensing, and calcium metabolism. Disruption to these processes contributes to a range of human pathologies, making mitochondria a potentially important, but currently seemingly neglected, therapeutic target. Mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with oxidative damage, calcium dyshomeostasis, defective ATP synthesis, or induction of the permeability transition pore. Consequently, therapies designed to prevent these types of damage are beneficial and can be used to treat many diverse and apparently unrelated indications. Here we outline the biological properties that make mitochondria important determinants of health and disease, and describe the pharmacological strategies being developed to address mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Mercer JR, Yu E, Figg N, Cheng KK, Prime TA, Griffin JL, Masoodi M, Vidal-Puig A, Murphy MP, Bennett MR. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ decreases features of the metabolic syndrome in ATM+/-/ApoE-/- mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:841-9. [PMID: 22210379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies suggest that mitochondrial oxidative damage may be associated with atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome. However, much of the evidence linking mitochondrial oxidative damage and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) with these pathologies is circumstantial. Consequently the importance of mitochondrial ROS in the etiology of these disorders is unclear. Furthermore, the potential of decreasing mitochondrial ROS as a therapy for these indications is not known. We assessed the impact of decreasing mitochondrial oxidative damage and ROS with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ in models of atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome (fat-fed ApoE(-/-) mice and ATM(+/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice, which are also haploinsufficient for the protein kinase, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). MitoQ administered orally for 14weeks prevented the increased adiposity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia associated with the metabolic syndrome. MitoQ also corrected hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis, induced changes in multiple metabolically relevant lipid species, and decreased DNA oxidative damage (8-oxo-G) in multiple organs. Although MitoQ did not affect overall atherosclerotic plaque area in fat-fed ATM(+/+)/ApoE(-/-) and ATM(+/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice, MitoQ reduced the macrophage content and cell proliferation within plaques and 8-oxo-G. MitoQ also significantly reduced mtDNA oxidative damage in the liver. Our data suggest that MitoQ inhibits the development of multiple features of the metabolic syndrome in these mice by affecting redox signaling pathways that depend on mitochondrial ROS such as hydrogen peroxide. These findings strengthen the growing view that elevated mitochondrial ROS contributes to the etiology of the metabolic syndrome and suggest a potential therapeutic role for mitochondria-targeted antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Mercer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Visioli F, De La Lastra CA, Andres-Lacueva C, Aviram M, Calhau C, Cassano A, D'Archivio M, Faria A, Favé G, Fogliano V, Llorach R, Vitaglione P, Zoratti M, Edeas M. Polyphenols and human health: a prospectus. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 51:524-46. [PMID: 21929330 DOI: 10.1080/10408391003698677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lay press often heralds polyphenols as panacea for all sorts of diseases. The rationale is that their antioxidant activity would prevent free radical damage to macromolecules. However, basic and clinical science is showing that the reality is much more complex than this and that several issues, notably content in foodstuff, bioavailability, or in vivo antioxidant activity are yet to be resolved. We summarize the recent findings concerning the effects of polyphenols on human health, analyze the current limitations at pitfalls, and propose future directions for research.
Collapse
|
145
|
Chalmers S, Caldwell ST, Quin C, Prime TA, James AM, Cairns AG, Murphy MP, McCarron JG, Hartley RC. Selective uncoupling of individual mitochondria within a cell using a mitochondria-targeted photoactivated protonophore. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:758-61. [PMID: 22239373 PMCID: PMC3260739 DOI: 10.1021/ja2077922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Depolarization of an individual mitochondrion or small
clusters
of mitochondria within cells has been achieved using a photoactivatable
probe. The probe is targeted to the matrix of the mitochondrion by
an alkyltriphenylphosphonium lipophilic cation and releases the protonophore
2,4-dinitrophenol locally in predetermined regions in response to
directed irradiation with UV light via a local photolysis system.
This also provides a proof of principle for the general temporally
and spatially controlled release of bioactive molecules, pharmacophores,
or toxins to mitochondria with tissue, cell, or mitochondrion specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Chalmers
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ prevents loss of spatial memory retention and early neuropathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2011; 31:15703-15. [PMID: 22049413 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0552-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined the ability of the novel mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ (mitoquinone mesylate: [10-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cycloheexadienl-yl) decyl triphenylphosphonium methanesulfonate]) to prevent AD-like pathology in mouse cortical neurons in cell culture and in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). MitoQ attenuated β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in cortical neurons and also prevented increased production of reactive species and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(m)) in them. To determine whether the mitochondrial protection conferred by MitoQ was sufficient to prevent the emergence of AD-like neuropathology in vivo, we treated young female 3xTg-AD mice with MitoQ for 5 months and analyzed the effect on the progression of AD-like pathologies. Our results show that MitoQ prevented cognitive decline in these mice as well as oxidative stress, Aβ accumulation, astrogliosis, synaptic loss, and caspase activation in their brains. The work presented herein suggests a central role for mitochondria in neurodegeneration and provides evidence supporting the use of mitochondria-targeted therapeutics in diseases involving oxidative stress and metabolic failure, namely AD.
Collapse
|
147
|
Smith RAJ, Hartley RC, Murphy MP. Mitochondria-targeted small molecule therapeutics and probes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:3021-38. [PMID: 21395490 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondrial function is central to a wide range of biological processes in health and disease and there is considerable interest in developing small molecules that are taken up by mitochondria and act as either probes of mitochondrial function or therapeutics in vivo. RECENT ADVANCES Various strategies have been used to target small molecules to mitochondria, particularly conjugation to lipophilic cations and peptides, and most of the work so far has been on mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and redox probes. In vivo studies will reveal whether there are differences in the types of bioactive functionalities that can be delivered using different carriers. CRITICAL ISSUES The outstanding challenge in the area is to discover how to combine the established selective delivery to mitochondria with the specific delivery to particular organs. FUTURE DIRECTIONS These targeting methods will be used to direct many other bioactive molecules to mitochondria and many more wider applications other than just to antioxidants can be anticipated in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Pung YF, Rocic P, Murphy MP, Smith RAJ, Hafemeister J, Ohanyan V, Guarini G, Yin L, Chilian WM. Resolution of mitochondrial oxidative stress rescues coronary collateral growth in Zucker obese fatty rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:325-34. [PMID: 22155454 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously found abrogated ischemia-induced coronary collateral growth in Zucker obese fatty (ZOF) rats compared with Zucker lean (ZLN) rats. Because ZOF rats have structural abnormalities in their mitochondria suggesting dysfunction and also show increased production of O(2), we hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress impairs coronary collateral growth in ZOF. METHODS AND RESULTS Increased levels of reactive oxygen species were observed in aortic endothelium and smooth muscle cells in ZOF rats compared with ZLN rats. Reactive oxygen species levels were decreased by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidants MitoQuinone (MQ) and MitoTempol (MT) as assessed by MitoSox Red and dihydroethidine staining. Lipid peroxides (a marker of oxidized lipids) were increased in ZOF by ≈47% compared with ZLN rats. The elevation in oxidative stress was accompanied by increased antioxidant enzymes, except glutathione peroxidase-1, and by increased uncoupling protein-2 in ZOF versus ZLN rats. In addition, elevated respiration rates were also observed in the obese compared with lean rats. Administration of MQ significantly normalized the metabolic profiles and reduced lipid peroxides in ZOF rats to the same level observed in lean rats. The protective effect of MQ also suppressed the induction of uncoupling protein-2 in the obese rats. Resolution of mitochondrial oxidative stress by MQ or MT restored coronary collateral growth to the same magnitude observed in ZLN rats in response to repetitive ischemia. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction play a key role in disrupting coronary collateral growth in obesity and the metabolic syndrome, and elimination of the mitochondrial oxidative stress with MQ or MT rescues collateral growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuh Fen Pung
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Gainanova GA, Vagapova GI, Syakaev VV, Ibragimova AR, Valeeva FG, Tudriy EV, Galkina IV, Kataeva ON, Zakharova LY, Latypov SK, Konovalov AI. Self-assembling systems based on amphiphilic alkyltriphenylphosphonium bromides: elucidation of the role of head group. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 367:327-36. [PMID: 22134214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of the aggregation behavior of alkyltriphenylphosphonium bromides (TPPB-n; n=8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18; here n is the number of carbon atoms in alkyl groups) in aqueous solutions has been carried out and compared with trimethyl ammonium bromides (TMAB-n). Critical micelle concentrations (cmcs) of TPPB-n and TMAB-n decrease with the number of carbon atoms with the slope parameter of ca.0.3. The low cmcs and effective solubilization power toward Orange OT indicate high micellization capacity of phosphonium surfactants. The low counterion binding parameter β is revealed for TPPB-10 and TPPB-12, while high counterion binding of ≥80% is observed for high TPPB-n homologs. Values of the surface potential ψ calculated on the basis of pK(a) shifts of p-nitrophenols is similar for both series and monotonously increase with alkyl chain length. Several points indicate non-monotonic changes within TPPB-n series. There are peculiarities of the tensiometry and solubilization plots for high homologs and above mentioned increases in counterion binding on transiting from low to high molecular weight surfactants. Differences in aggregation behavior between TPPB and TMAB series and between low and high homologs can be due to the specific structural character of the TPP(+) cation, which is supported by X-ray data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara A Gainanova
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Akad. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Dumont M, Beal MF. Neuroprotective strategies involving ROS in Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1014-26. [PMID: 21130159 PMCID: PMC3070183 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which oxidative stress is a key hallmark. It occurs early in disease pathogenesis and can exacerbate its progression. Several causes of oxidative stress have been determined over the years. First, mitochondria play an important role in the generation and accumulation of free radicals. In addition to mitochondria, inflammation can also induce oxidative damage, especially via microglia, and microglia are also important for Aβ clearance. In AD, both mitochondrial function and inflammatory response are affected, leading to increased ROS formation and oxidative damage to lipid, proteins, and nucleic acids. Some other sources have also been identified. From these findings, various neuroprotective strategies against ROS-mediated damages have been elaborated in AD research. This review recapitulates some of the major strategies used to prevent oxidative stress and disease progression. Outcomes from in vitro and in vivo studies using models of AD are encouraging. However, only a few clinical trials have provided positive results in terms of slowing down cognitive decline. Nonetheless, there is still hope for improved compounds that would better target pathways implicated in ROS production. In fact, facilitating the endogenous antioxidant system by modulating transcription has great promise for AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Dumont
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|