101
|
Putty K, Shaik AM, Peera SJ, Reddy YN, Rao PP, Patil SR, Reddy MS, Susmitha B, Jyothi JS. Infection kinetics and antibody responses in Deccani sheep during experimental infection and superinfection with bluetongue virus serotypes 4 and 16. Vet World 2019; 12:41-47. [PMID: 30936652 PMCID: PMC6431802 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.41-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The current study was designed to understand the infection kinetics and antibody responses of major circulating serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) in India, i.e., BTV-4 and BTV-16 through experimental infection and superinfection of Deccani sheep, a popular breed of sheep found in the southern states of India. Materials and Methods: Experimental infection with 106 TCID50/ml BTV-4 was followed by superinfection with BTV-16 and vice versa. Along with observing for clinical signs and immunological responses in the experimentally infected sheep, the effect of infection of one specific serotype on the outcome of superinfection with a different serotype was also studied. Results: Certain interesting findings have been made in the course of experimental infection, such as prominent signs of infection in BTV-4 infection, mild or no clinical signs in BTV-16-infected and superinfected animals, and non-seroconversion of one of the BTV-16-superinfected animals. In addition, BTV was isolated from infected sheep in all the experimental conditions except BTV-16 superinfection. Furthermore, it was observed that immune response in the form of type-specific antibodies was slower with BTV-16 superinfection. Conclusion: Superinfection of a sheep with more than one serotype of BTV is a common phenomenon in BT endemic countries like India. Such situation was replicated in an experimental infection in the current study, and the findings to our knowledge are first of a kind and are likely to aid in unfolding the newer aspects of BTV pathogenesis and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Abdul Muzeer Shaik
- Veterinary Dispensary, Department of Animal Husbandry, Labbipet, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shaik Jahangeer Peera
- Veterinary Dispensary, Department of Animal Husbandry, Labbipet, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Y Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P P Rao
- Biovet, KIADB Industrial Area, Malur, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil R Patil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M Shreekanth Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Susmitha
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - J Shiva Jyothi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Filho LFCDC, Sbizera MCR, Barreto JVP, Pituco EM, Lorenzetti E, Lunardi M, Patelli THC, Matias BF. Bluetongue disease in sheep: a review. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657001342018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present review aims to show the main aspects related to bluetongue virus (BTV) infection in sheep. The bluetongue (BT) is a viral, infectious, and non-contagious disease caused by a virus (BTV) of the Orbivirus genus, transmited by a hematophagous vector of the Culicoides genus, to domestic and wild ruminants, mainly to sheep, the most susceptible species. It is caused by the association of endemic with climate conditions, with high temperatures and humidity. Economic loss is directly linked to death, abortion, weight loss, loss of milk, and meat production, and, indirectly, to the restriction on the export of animals and their by-products. The study concludes that the BTV is worldwidely spread, and probably persists due to the warm and humid climate that leads to the proliferation of Culicoides sp., being necessary to adopt measures that reduce the risk factors associated to the BTV infection.
Collapse
|
103
|
Ma J, Gao X, Liu B, Xiao J, Chen H, Wang H. Spatial Patterns and Risk Factors of Bluetongue Virus Infection in Inner Mongolia, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:525-532. [PMID: 30540543 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a noncontagious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Outbreaks of BT can cause serious economic losses. Although the causative agent, BT virus (BTV) is endemic in China, a comprehensive analysis has yet to be conducted examining the spatial distribution and risk factors of the virus throughout the Inner Mongolia province. Between June 2013 and February 2015, a total of 6199 blood samples of goats and sheep were collected from 11 leagues and cities. To investigate the distribution characteristics of BTV, spatial autocorrelation analysis, including both global and local spatial autocorrelation, was conducted. To develop a model for the association between BTV infection and specific risk factors, a multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. The global spatial autocorrelation data on the distribution of BTV exhibited a random pattern. Alashan was observed to be a cold spot for BTV infection. During the study period, no hot spots were detected. An increased risk of BTV infection in Inner Mongolia was associated with the breed and age of the animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Beta-propiolactone inactivated bivalent bluetongue virus vaccine containing Montanide ISA-71VG adjuvant induces long-term immune response in sheep against serotypes 4 and 16 even after 3 years of controlled vaccine storage. Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:23-30. [PMID: 30389040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and evaluated the beta-propiolactone inactivated bivalent bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 4 and 16 vaccine delivered with Montanide™ ISA-71VG adjuvant. The safety, stability and immunological profile of the fresh and after three years of long-term storage of the vaccine formulation was analyzed. We observed after long-term storage that the vaccine emulsion was stable as indicated by unchanged pH and viscosity. The stored vaccine formulation induced virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in sheep against both the bluetongue virus serotypes at 7-10 day post-vaccination (dpv). VNA titers reached the peak by 60 dpv and detectable during the entire study period. Antibodies against bluetongue virus structural protein VP7 were detected by ELISA in all BTV vaccinated experimental animal groups. Partial clinical protection was observed in vaccinates against challenge virulent BTV-4 and BTV-16 serotypes by 10 dpv, while complete protection was observed at 14 dpv. The levels of viremia was decreased in challenged sheep by 10 dpv while the viremia was undetectable by 14 dpv. In summary, our newly formulated bivalent BTV (BTV-4 and BTV-16) vaccine delivered with Montanide™ ISA-71VG adjuvant was found safe and stable for over three years and induced protective response in sheep.
Collapse
|
105
|
Tratalos JA, Barrett DJ, Clegg TA, O'Neill RG, McGrath G, Lane EA, More SJ. Sampling Methodology to Maximize the Efficient Use of National Abattoir Surveillance: Using Archived Sera to Substantiate Freedom From Bluetongue Virus Infection in Ireland. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:261. [PMID: 30406120 PMCID: PMC6207846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing recognition of the value of multiple data sources available to fulfill surveillance objectives, and the use of these has been applied to address many questions relating to animal health surveillance. In Ireland, we face a slightly different problem, namely, best use of an existing surveillance resource (serological samples collected over many years from cull cows at slaughter), which has been used to substantiate freedom from Brucella abortus following its successful eradication in 2009. In this study, we evaluate a sampling methodology to use this resource to substantiate freedom from bluetongue virus (BTV) infection. An examination of the degree to which cull cows were resident in the same herd throughout the midge biting season showed that, of 50,640 samples collected between 17 October and 23 December 2016, 80.2% were from animals resident in the same herd between 01 April 2016 and 2 months prior to their slaughter date, 74.1% for 1 month prior, 70.1% for 2 weeks prior, 66.4% for 1 week prior, and 56.4% up to 1 day prior to slaughter. An examination was made of the degree to which individual samples within the same 88-well frozen storage block came from geographically clustered herds, whether from a concentration of animals from the same herd in a single block, or from clustering around the slaughterhouse where the samples were taken. On the basis of these analyses, a sampling strategy was derived aimed at minimizing the number of storage blocks which needed to be thawed, whilst ensuring a large enough and representative sample, geographically stratified according to the bovine population of 51 squares, each 45 × 45 km, covering the entirety of Ireland. None of the 503 samples tested were positive for BTV, providing reassurance of national BTV freedom. More broadly, the study demonstrates the use of abattoir-based serological samples collected for one large scale surveillance programme in surveillance for other bovine infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Tratalos
- Center for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Tracy A Clegg
- Center for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan G O'Neill
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guy McGrath
- Center for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Simon J More
- Center for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Reichel MP, Wahl LC, Hill FI. Review of Diagnostic Procedures and Approaches to Infectious Causes of Reproductive Failures of Cattle in Australia and New Zealand. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:222. [PMID: 30333984 PMCID: PMC6176146 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious causes of reproductive failure in cattle are important in Australia and New Zealand, where strict biosecurity protocols are in place to prevent the introduction and spread of new diseases. Neospora caninum ranks highly as an important cause of reproductive wastage along with fungal and bacterial infections. Brucella, a leading cause of abortion elsewhere in the world, is foreign, following successful programs to control and eradicate the disease. Leptospirosis in cattle is largely controlled by vaccination, while Campylobacter and Tritrichomonas infections occur at low rates. In both countries, Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection rates as the second most economically important disease of cattle and one that also has an effect on reproduction. Effective disease control strategies require rapid diagnoses at diagnostic laboratories. To facilitate this process, this review will discuss the infectious causes of reproductive losses present in both countries, their clinical presentation and an effective pathway to a diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Reichel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lloyd C Wahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fraser I Hill
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Testicular Degeneration and Infertility following Arbovirus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01131-18. [PMID: 30021901 PMCID: PMC6146814 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01131-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses can cause a variety of clinical signs, including febrile illness, arthritis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever. The recent Zika epidemic highlighted the possibility that arboviruses may also negatively affect the male reproductive tract. In this study, we focused on bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue and one of the major arboviruses of ruminants. We show that rams that recovered from bluetongue displayed signs of testicular degeneration and azoospermia up to 100 days after the initial infection. Importantly, testicular degeneration was induced in rams experimentally infected with either a high (BTV-1IT2006)- or a low (BTV-1IT2013)-virulence strain of BTV. Rams infected with the low-virulence BTV strain displayed testicular lesions in the absence of other major clinical signs. Testicular lesions in BTV-infected rams were due to viral replication in the endothelial cells of the peritubular areas of the testes, resulting in stimulation of a type I interferon response, reduction of testosterone biosynthesis by Leydig cells and destruction of Sertoli cells and the blood-testis barrier in more severe cases. Hence, BTV induces testicular degeneration and disruption of spermatogenesis by replicating solely in the endothelial cells of the peritubular areas unlike other gonadotropic viruses. This study shows that a naturally occurring arboviral disease can cause testicular degeneration and affect male fertility at least temporarily.IMPORTANCE During the recent Zika epidemic, it has become apparent that arboviruses could potentially cause reproductive health problems in male patients. Little is known regarding the effects that arboviruses have on the male reproductive tract. Here, we studied bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus of ruminants, and its effects on the testes of rams. We show that BTV was able to induce testicular degeneration in naturally and experimentally infected rams. Testicular degeneration was caused by BTV replication in the endothelial cells of the peritubular area surrounding the seminiferous tubules (the functional unit of the testes) and was associated with a localized type I interferon response, destruction of the cells supporting the developing germinal cells (Sertoli cells), and reduction of testosterone synthesis. As a result of BTV infection, rams became azoospermic. This study highlights that problems in the male reproductive tract caused by arboviruses could be more common than previously thought.
Collapse
|
108
|
Pesavento PA, Dange RB, Ferreras MC, Dasjerdi A, Pérez V, LaRoca A, Silván JB, Diab S, Jackson K, Phillips IL, Li H, Cunha CW, Wessels M. Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitis in Sheep Is Associated With Ovine Herpesvirus 2. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:87-92. [PMID: 30200830 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818795166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is one of the gammaherpesviruses in the genus Macavirus that can cause malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in ungulates. Sheep are the adapted host for OvHV-2 and it is generally assumed that infection is not associated with disease in this species. However, cases of "polyarteritis nodosa" or idiopathic systemic necrotizing vasculitis reported in sheep are similar to vascular lesions in clinically susceptible species with MCF. Using a recently developed in situ hybridization (ISH) method, we were able to identify OvHV-2 nucleic acids within lesions and correlate the viral distribution with systemic necrotizing vasculitis in 9 sheep, including both naturally and experimentally OvHV-2-infected animals. ISH, combined with polymerase chain reaction and histology, identify OvHV-2 as the likely agent responsible for sporadic, MCF-like vascular disease in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Pesavento
- 1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rahul B Dange
- 2 California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Carmen Ferreras
- 3 Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (Uninversidad de León-CSIC) Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - Akbar Dasjerdi
- 4 Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Valentin Pérez
- 3 Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (Uninversidad de León-CSIC) Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - Anna LaRoca
- 4 Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Julio Benavides Silván
- 3 Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (Uninversidad de León-CSIC) Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | | | - Kenneth Jackson
- 1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ida L Phillips
- 6 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Hong Li
- 7 Animal Disease Research Unit USDA-ARS and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology/Paul G Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Cristina W Cunha
- 7 Animal Disease Research Unit USDA-ARS and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology/Paul G Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mark Wessels
- 8 Finn Pathologists, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk, UK
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Martinelle L, Dal Pozzo F, Thys C, De Leeuw I, Van Campe W, De Clercq K, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Assessment of cross-protection induced by a bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 vaccine towards other BTV serotypes in experimental conditions. Vet Res 2018; 49:63. [PMID: 30012223 PMCID: PMC6048908 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue disease is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and BTV serotype 8 (BTV8) caused great economic damage in Europe during the last decade. From 1998 to 2007, in addition to BTV8, Europe had to face the emergence of BTV1, 2, 4, 9, and 16, spreading in countries where the virus has never been detected before. These unprecedented outbreaks trigger the need to evaluate and compare the clinical, virological and serological features of the European BTV serotypes in the local epidemiological context. In this study groups of calves were infected with one of the following European BTV serotypes, namely BTV1, 2, 4, 9 and 16. For each tested serotype, two groups of three male Holstein calves were used: one group vaccinated against BTV8, the other non-vaccinated. Clinical signs were quantified, viral RNA was detected in blood and organs and serological relationship was assessed. Calves were euthanized 35 days post-infection and necropsied. Most of the infected animals showed mild clinical signs. A partial serological cross reactivity has been reported between BTV8 and BTV4, and between BTV1 and BTV8. BTV2 and BTV4 viral RNA only reached low levels in blood, when compared to other serotypes, whereas in vitro growth assays could not highlight significant differences. Altogether the results of this study support the hypothesis of higher adaptation of some BTV strains to specific hosts, in this case calves. Furthermore, cross-protection resulting from a prior vaccination with BTV8 was highlighted based on cross-neutralization. However, the development of neutralizing antibodies is probably not totally explaining the mild protection induced by the heterologous vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinelle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Christine Thys
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Etienne Thiry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Anjaneya A, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Singh R, Ramakrishnan MA, Maan S, Maan NS, Hemadri D, Rao PP, Putty K, Krishnajyothi Y, Mertens PP. Comparative Neuropathology of Major Indian Bluetongue Virus Serotypes in a Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model. J Comp Pathol 2018; 162:18-28. [PMID: 30060839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is neurotropic in nature, especially in ruminant fetuses and in-utero infection results in abortion and congenital brain malformations. The aim of the present study was to compare the neuropathogenicity of major Indian BTV serotypes 1, 2, 10, 16 and 23 by gross and histopathological lesions and virus distribution in experimentally infected neonatal BALB/c mice. Each BTV serotype (20 μl of inoculum containing 1 × 105 tissue culture infectious dose [TCID]50/ml of virus) was inoculated intracerebrally into 3-day-old mice, while a control group was inoculated with mock-infected cell culture medium. Infection with BTV serotypes 1, 2 and 23 led to 65-70% mortality at 7-9 days post infection (dpi) and caused severe necrotizing encephalitis with neurodegenerative changes in neurons, swelling and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain and brainstem. In contrast, infection with BTV serotypes 10 and 16 led to 25-30% mortality at 9-11 dpi and caused mild neuropathological lesions. BTV antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry, direct fluorescence antibody technique and confocal microscopy in the cytoplasm of neuronal cells of the hippocampus, grey matter of the cerebral cortex and vascular endothelial cells in the midbrain and brainstem of BTV-1, -2, -10, -16 and -23 infected groups from 3 to 20 dpi. BTV nucleic acid was detected in the infected brain tissues from as early as 24 h up to 20 dpi by VP7 gene segment-based one-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. This study of the relative neurovirulence of BTV serotypes is likely to help design suitable vaccination and control strategies for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Anjaneya
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, India
| | - K P Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, India.
| | - S Cherian
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M A Ramakrishnan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Mukteswar, Uttarkhand, India
| | - S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - N S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - D Hemadri
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P P Rao
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Putty
- SPVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Krishnajyothi
- Veterinary Biological and Research Institute, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P P Mertens
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Lehiy CJ, Reister-Hendricks LM, Ruder MG, McVey DS, Drolet BS. Physiological and immunological responses to Culicoides sonorensis blood-feeding: a murine model. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:358. [PMID: 29925422 PMCID: PMC6011595 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematophagous Culicoides spp. biting midges are of great agricultural importance as livestock, equine, and wildlife pests and as vectors of the orbiviruses bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease and African horse sickness. To obtain a blood meal, midges deposit saliva containing allergens, proteases, and anti-hemostatic factors, into the dermis to facilitate feeding. Infected midges deposit virus along with the myriad of salivary proteins during feeding. The extreme efficiency with which midges are able to transmit orbiviruses is not clearly understood, as much is still unknown about the physiological trauma of the bite and immune responses to saliva deposited during feeding. Of particular interest are the first few hours and days after the bite; a critical time period for any midge-transmitted virus to quickly establish a localized infection and disseminate, while avoiding the hosts’ immune responses. Results A mouse-midge feeding model using colonized Culicoides sonorensis midges was used to characterize innate mammalian immune responses to blood-feeding. Histological analysis of skin, and cellular and cytokine profiles of draining lymph nodes show Culicoides midge feeding elicited a potent pro-inflammatory Th-mediated cellular response with significant mast cell activation, subcutaneous hematomas, hypodermal edema and dermal capillary vasodilation, and rapid infiltration of leukocytes to the bite sites. Mast cell degranulation, triggered by bite trauma and specifically by midge saliva, was key to physiological and immunological responses and the ability of midges to feed to repletion. Conclusions Midge feeding causes physiological and immunological responses that would be highly favorable for rapid infection and systemic dissemination orbiviruses if delivered during blood-feeding. Recruitment of leukocytic cells to bitten skin brings susceptible cell populations in proximity of deposited virus within hours of feeding. Infected cells would drain to lymph nodes, which become hyperplastic in response to saliva, and result in robust viral replication in expanding cell populations and dissemination via the lymph system. Additionally, saliva-induced vasodilation and direct breaches in dermal capillaries by biting mouthparts exposes susceptible vascular endothelial cells, thereby providing immediate sites of virus replication and a dissemination route via the circulatory system. This research provides insights into the efficiency of Culicoides midges as orbivirus vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lehiy
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Lindsey M Reister-Hendricks
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - D Scott McVey
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Sailleau C, Breard E, Viarouge C, Gorlier A, Leroux A, Hirchaud E, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Vitour D, Grandcollot-Chabot M, Zientara S. Emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 4 in mainland France in November 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1158-1162. [PMID: 29885075 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In November 2017, a 15-day-old calf located in France (Haute-Savoie department) was found positive for bluetongue virus (BTV) RNA by RT-PCR. Laboratory investigations allowed the isolation and identification of the serotype: BTV-4. The analysis of the full viral genome showed that all the 10 genome segments were closely related to BTV-4 strains involved in a large BT outbreak in the Balkan Peninsula, in Italy since 2014 and in Corsica since the end of October 2016. These results together with epidemiological data suggest that BTV-4 has been introduced to mainland France from Corsica or Italy where BTV-4 outbreaks have been reported in summer and autumn 2016. This is the first report of the introduction of BTV-4 in mainland France.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sailleau
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Axel Gorlier
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurélie Leroux
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Ploufragan, France
| | - Edouard Hirchaud
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Ploufragan, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie Grandcollot-Chabot
- Ministry of Agriculture, General Directorate for Food Safety, Animal Health Office, Paris, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Navas-Suárez PE, Díaz-Delgado J, Matushima ER, Fávero CM, Sánchez Sarmiento AM, Sacristán C, Ewbank AC, Marques Joppert A, Barbanti Duarte JM, dos Santos-Cirqueira C, Cogliati B, Mesquita L, Maiorka PC, Catão-Dias JL. A retrospective pathology study of two Neotropical deer species (1995-2015), Brazil: Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) and brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198670. [PMID: 29879222 PMCID: PMC5991706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study describes the biological and epidemiological aspects, gross and microscopical findings, and most likely causes of death (CD) in two species of Neotropical deer in Brazil. The animals were collected between 1995 and 2015 and represented 75 marsh deer (MD) and 136 brown brocket deer (BBD). Summarized, pneumonia was diagnosed microscopically in 48 MD and 52 BBD; 76 deer suffered trauma, involving dog attack (14 BBD) and vehicle-collision (14 BBD). Pulmonary edema (50 MD; 55 BBD) and congestion (57 MD; 78 BBD) were the most common findings for both species. Additionally, we diagnosed ruminal and myocardial mycosis in MD and BBD, respectively; ovarian dysgerminoma and pancreatic trematodiasis in BBD; and lesions suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever and orbiviral hemorrhagic disease in both species. The main CD in MD was: respiratory (41/75), alimentary, nutritional, trauma and euthanasia (3/75 each). Correspondingly, in BBD were: trauma (34/131), respiratory (30/131) and euthanasia (9/131). Respiratory disease was often defined by pulmonary edema and pneumonia. We provide evidence that respiratory disease, mainly pneumonia, is a critical pathological process in these Neotropical deer species. Although no etiological agents were identified, there is evidence of bacterial and viral involvement. Our results show trauma, mainly anthropogenic, as a common ailment in BBD. We propose to prioritize respiratory disease in future research focused on South American deer health aspects. We believe anthropogenic trauma may be a primary threat for populations of BBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Reiko Matushima
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cintia Maria Fávero
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angélica Maria Sánchez Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ewbank
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Marques Joppert
- Divisão Técnica de Medicina Veterinária e Manejo da Fauna Silvestre (DEPAVE-3), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Mauricio Barbanti Duarte
- Deer Research and Conservation Center (NUPECCE), Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Cogliati
- Laboratory of Morphological and Molecular Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mesquita
- Laboratory of Animal Models, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Maiorka
- Laboratory of Animal Models, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Morikawa VM, Pellizzaro M, Paploski IA, Kikuti M, Lara MC, Okuda LH, Biondo AW, Barros Filho IR. Serosurvey of bluetongue, caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna in Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) of a southern Brazilian zoo. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious and non-contagious disease of compulsory notification which may affect domestic and wild ruminants, transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. Despite the high morbidity and mortality in sheep, role of wild animals in the BT cycle remains unclear. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) have been reportedly found in goats and sheep, but not described in wildlife species. Accordingly, serum samples from 17 captive Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) from Curitiba zoo, southern Brazil, were tested for bluetongue, caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna viruses by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies for bluetongue were observed in 6/17 (35.3%) Barbary sheep by AGID test and in 7/17 (41.2%) by ELISA. All samples were negative for the presence of antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and Maedi-Visna viruses. These findings indicate that Barbary sheep may be infected by bluetongue virus and act as wildlife reservoir in both captive and free-range environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien M. Morikawa
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil; Secretaria Municipal do Meio Ambiente, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Yeh JY, Kim JG, Choi J, Kim JK, Kim KW. Bluetongue Virus Antibodies in Domestic Goats: A Countrywide and Retrospective Study in the Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:323-330. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Emerging and Exotic Diseases Research Laboratory, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil Won Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Evaluating the most appropriate pooling ratio for EDTA blood samples to detect Bluetongue virus using real-time RT-PCR. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:58-63. [PMID: 29615257 PMCID: PMC5904549 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The control of Bluetongue virus (BTV) presents a significant challenge to European Union (EU) member states as trade restrictions are placed on animals imported from BTV-affected countries. BTV surveillance programs are costly to maintain, thus, pooling of EDTA blood samples is used to reduce costs and increase throughput. We investigated different pooling ratios (1:2, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20) for EDTA blood samples to detect a single BTV positive animal. A published real-time RT-PCR assay (Hofmann et al., 2008) and a commercial assay (ThermoFisher VetMax™ BTV NS3 kit) were used to analyse BTV RNA extracted from pooled EDTA blood samples. The detection rate was low for the onset of infection sample (0-2 days post infection (dpi); CT 36) irrespective of the pooling ratio. Both assays could reliably detect a single BTV-positive animal at early viraemia (3-6 dpi; CT 33) when pooled, however, detection rate diminished with increasing pooling ratio. A statistical model indicated that pooling samples up to 1:20, is suitable to detect a single BTV positive animal at peak viraemia (7-12 dpi) or late infection (13-30 dpi) with a probability of detection of >80% and >94% using the Hofmann et al. (2008) and VetMAX assays, respectively. Using the assays highlighted in our study, pooling at ratios of 1:20 would be technically suitable in BTV-endemic countries for surveillance purposes. As peak viraemia occurs between 7-12 days post infection, a 1:10 pooling ratio is appropriate for post-import testing when animals are sampled within a similar time frame post-import.
Collapse
|
117
|
Han Z, Mingxin Z, Xuechun L, Yigang X, Xinyuan Q, Li W, Wen C, Yanping J, Yijing L, Lijie T. Development of Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Antibody Detection Based on Bluetongue Virus Monoclonal Antibodies. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:264-271. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zang Mingxin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xuechun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yigang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Xinyuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Yanping
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yijing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tang Lijie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Woods LW, Schumaker BA, Pesavento PA, Crossley BM, Swift PK. Adenoviral hemorrhagic disease in California mule deer, 1990-2014. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:530-537. [PMID: 29582709 PMCID: PMC6505921 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718766036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed case records from the California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) spanning 25 years (1990-2014) for all deer accessions submitted to CAHFS for pathology and/or histopathology, with and without a diagnosis of adenoviral hemorrhagic disease (AHD), in order to determine the prevalence of AHD in California. We also examined spatial and temporal distribution, age, and mule deer subspecies in deer that died from AHD. Of 483 deer submitted to CAHFS for diagnostic testing in 1990-2014, 17.2% were diagnosed with confirmed AHD, and 26.5% were confirmed plus suspected cases of AHD. Columbian black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), particularly fawns and juveniles, were most frequently affected. Deer adenovirus ( Odocoileus adenovirus 1; OdAdV-1) was detected by immunohistochemistry in archived CDFW formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from deer that died in mortality events in 1981, 1983, and 1986-1987. OdAdV-1 is a common cause of hemorrhagic disease mortality events in California deer, and mortality as a result of AHD is documented as early as 1981.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W Woods
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Woods, Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (Pesavento, Woods), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Schumaker).,Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift)
| | - Brant A Schumaker
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Woods, Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (Pesavento, Woods), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Schumaker).,Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift)
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Woods, Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (Pesavento, Woods), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Schumaker).,Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift)
| | - Beate M Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Woods, Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (Pesavento, Woods), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Schumaker).,Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift)
| | - Pamela K Swift
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Woods, Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (Pesavento, Woods), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Schumaker).,Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift)
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Bournez L, Cavalerie L, Sailleau C, Bréard E, Zanella G, Servan de Almeida R, Pedarrieu A, Garin E, Tourette I, Dion F, Hendrikx P, Calavas D. Estimation of French cattle herd immunity against bluetongue serotype 8 at the time of its re-emergence in 2015. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:65. [PMID: 29499711 PMCID: PMC5834897 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 2006 to 2010, France experienced two bluetongue epidemics caused by serotype 1 (BTV-1) and 8 (BTV-8) which were controlled by mass vaccination campaigns. After five years without any detected cases, a sick ram was confirmed in August 2015 to be infected by a BTV-8 strain almost identical to that circulating during the previous outbreak. By then, part of the French cattle population was expected to be still protected, since bluetongue antibodies are known to last for many years after natural infection or vaccination. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of cattle in France still immune to BTV-8 at the time of its re-emergence in 2015. RESULTS We used BTV group-specific cELISA results from 8525 cattle born before the vaccination ban in 2013 and 15,799 cattle born after the ban. Samples were collected from January to April 2016 to estimate seroprevalence per birth cohort. The overall seroprevalence in cattle at national and local levels was extrapolated from seroprevalence results per birth cohort and their respective proportion at each level. To indirectly assess pre-immune status of birth cohorts, we computed prevalence per birth cohort on infected farms in autumn 2015 using 1377 RT-PCR results. These revealed limited BTV circulation in 2015. Seroprevalence per birth cohort was likely to be connected to past exposure to natural infection and/or vaccination with higher seroprevalence levels in older animals. A seroprevalence of 95% was observed for animals born before 2008, of which > 90% were exposed to two compulsory vaccination campaigns in 2008-2010. None of the animals born before 2008 were found to be infected, unlike 19% of the young cattle which had never been vaccinated. This suggests that most ELISA-positive animals were pre-immune to BTV-8. We estimated that 18% (from 12% to 32% per département) of the French cattle population was probably pre-immune in 2015. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest a persistence of antibodies for at least 5-6 years after natural infection or vaccination. The herd immunity of the French cattle population probably limited BTV circulation up to 2015, by which time more than 80% of cattle were naive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Bournez
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Unité de coordination et d'appui à la surveillance, Direction des laboratoires, Maisons Alfort, France.
| | - L Cavalerie
- Ministère en charge de l'Agriculture, Direction générale de l'Alimentation, Bureau de la santé animale, Paris, France
| | - C Sailleau
- ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Bréard
- ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Zanella
- ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - A Pedarrieu
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier ; Inra, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - E Garin
- Coop de France, Paris, France
| | | | - F Dion
- Races de France, Paris, France
| | - P Hendrikx
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Unité de coordination et d'appui à la surveillance, Direction des laboratoires, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - D Calavas
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie, Laboratoire de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Li X, Liang Y, Qiao Z, Yang J, Han P, Zhao B, Li F, Lv H, Guo J, Gao F, Li L. Transcriptional Analysis of Endothelial Cell Alternation Induced by Atrial Natriuretic Polypeptide in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Int Heart J 2018; 59:197-202. [PMID: 29279524 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.16-522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) affects the properties and function of endothelial cells. Gene expression data GSE56976 generated at 0, 1, and 6 hours after ANP incubation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was used. Microarray data were preprocessed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each time-dependent group. Next, gene ontology (GO), pathway analysis, and transcriptional regulation were performed. Co-expression clustering analysis of DEGs and functional enrichment analysis of co-expression modules were processed. RT-PCR analysis was performed to validate gene expression. DEGs were obtained and their counts were increased from 0 hours to 6 hours. No overlapping DEGs were obtained among the 3 groups. The DEGs of ANP_6hours, including TGFB2 (transforming growth factor, beta 2), LTF (lactotransferrin/lactoferrin), and ETV7 (Ets variant 7) were mainly related with cell apoptosis and immune responses. The DEGs in the network of ANP_0hour were mainly associated with epithelial ion transport processes. In addition, 3 co-expressed modules were detected. CSF2 (colony stimulating factor 2) and PF4 (platelet factor 4) of the blue module were related with cytolysis, while FXYD1 (FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 1) and TGFB2 of the yellow module were mainly enriched in ion transport and the ovulation cycle. The expression of TGFB2 obtained by microarray analysis was consistent with that of RT-PCR. Ion transport could be affected promptly after ANP treatment, and subsequently, the cytolysis of vein endothelial cells may be promoted and endothelial permeability would be enhanced, followed by activated immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College
| | - Yu Liang
- Nursing College of Mudanjiang Medical College
| | - Zhili Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College
| | - Jiaoxia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College
| | | | | | - Fengxiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College
| | - Hengjuan Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College
| | - Jifang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College
| | - Fengmin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, Mudanjiang Medical College
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Balaro MFA, Dos Santos Lima M, Del Fava C, de Oliveira GR, Pituco EM, Brandão FZ. Outbreak of Bluetongue virus serotype 4 in dairy sheep in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 26:567-570. [PMID: 24916443 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714538020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In late January 2013, 10 nonpregnant Lacaune dairy ewes raised under extensive husbandry management on a farm in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, presented with the general clinical signs of lethargy, hyporexia, edema of the face, hyperemia of the exposed parts of the skin, mouth lesions, pyrexia, and lameness. Additionally, 2 pregnant ewes died suddenly after the onset of respiratory signs. The complete blood counts and biochemistry analyses showed neutrophilic leukocytosis with monocytosis and reactive lymphocytes, normocytic normochromic anemia and increased aspartate aminotransferase levels. Postmortem examination revealed erosions on the lingual mucosa, bilateral submandibular ganglia infarctions, yellow foamy fluid accumulation in the trachea and bronchial bifurcation, pulmonary congestion, and edema associated with hemorrhagic lesions on the pulmonary artery and heart. The clinical and pathological findings were suggestive of bluetongue. For a molecular and virological diagnosis, tissue samples were analyzed by Bluetongue virus-specific real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and viral isolation was performed in embryonated chicken eggs. For viral typing, positive tissue and egg-isolated samples were analyzed by qRT-PCR using primers and probes specific for the structural VP2 gene in genome segment 2 of all 26 serotypes. There are still no contingency plans for responding to an outbreak of bluetongue disease in Brazil, and this episode emphasizes the need for continuing serological and entomological surveillance programs. Additionally, this report describes the isolation of Bluetongue virus serotype 4 in sheep in the Americas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Felipe Alvarez Balaro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Pathology and Clinical Veterinary, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Balaro, Brandão).,Instituto Biologico, Bovine Viral Diseases Laboratory (Lima, Pituco), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pathology Laboratory (Fava), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Oliveira)
| | - Michele Dos Santos Lima
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Pathology and Clinical Veterinary, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Balaro, Brandão).,Instituto Biologico, Bovine Viral Diseases Laboratory (Lima, Pituco), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pathology Laboratory (Fava), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Oliveira)
| | - Claudia Del Fava
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Pathology and Clinical Veterinary, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Balaro, Brandão).,Instituto Biologico, Bovine Viral Diseases Laboratory (Lima, Pituco), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pathology Laboratory (Fava), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Oliveira)
| | - Glenda Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Pathology and Clinical Veterinary, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Balaro, Brandão).,Instituto Biologico, Bovine Viral Diseases Laboratory (Lima, Pituco), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pathology Laboratory (Fava), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Oliveira)
| | - Edviges Maristela Pituco
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Pathology and Clinical Veterinary, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Balaro, Brandão).,Instituto Biologico, Bovine Viral Diseases Laboratory (Lima, Pituco), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pathology Laboratory (Fava), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Oliveira)
| | - Felipe Zandonadi Brandão
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Pathology and Clinical Veterinary, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Balaro, Brandão).,Instituto Biologico, Bovine Viral Diseases Laboratory (Lima, Pituco), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pathology Laboratory (Fava), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Oliveira)
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Gaudreault NN, Mayo CE, Jasperson DC, Crossley BM, Breitmeyer RE, Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, MacLachlan NJ, Wilson WC. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Bluetongue virus serotype 2 strains isolated in the Americas including a novel strain from the western United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 26:553-557. [PMID: 24916442 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714536902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is a potentially fatal arboviral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is characterized by widespread edema and tissue necrosis. Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 occur throughout much of the United States, whereas serotype 2 (BTV-2) was previously only detected in the southeastern United States. Since 1998, 10 other BTV serotypes have also been isolated from ruminants in the southeastern United States. In 2010, BTV-2 was identified in California for the first time, and preliminary sequence analysis indicated that the virus isolate was closely related to BTV strains circulating in the southeastern United States. In the current study, the whole genome sequence of the California strain of BTV-2 was compared with those of other BTV-2 strains in the Americas. The results of the analysis suggest co-circulation of genetically distinct viruses in the southeastern United States, and further suggest that the 2010 western isolate is closely related to southeastern strains of BTV. Although it remains uncertain as to how this novel virus was translocated to California, the findings of the current study underscore the need for ongoing surveillance of this economically important livestock disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N Gaudreault
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Christie E Mayo
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Dane C Jasperson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Beate M Crossley
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Richard E Breitmeyer
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Donna J Johnson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Eileen N Ostlund
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Mosquitoes as Arbovirus Vectors: From Species Identification to Vector Competence. PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122353 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94075-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes and other arthropods transmit a large number of medically important pathogens, in particular viruses. These arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) include a wide variety of RNA viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family (West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), Dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV)), the Togaviridae family (Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)), and Bunyavirales order (Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)) (please refer also to Table 9.1). Arboviral transmission to humans and livestock constitutes a major threat to public health and economy as illustrated by the emergence of ZIKV in the Americas, RVFV outbreaks in Africa, and the worldwide outbreaks of DENV. To answer the question if those viral pathogens also pose a risk to Europe, we need to first answer the key questions (summarized in Fig. 9.1):Who could contribute to such an outbreak? Information about mosquito species resident or imported, potential hosts and viruses able to infect vectors and hosts in Germany is needed. Where would competent mosquito species meet favorable conditions for transmission? Information on the minimum requirements for efficient replication of the virus in a given vector species and subsequent transmission is needed. How do viruses and vectors interact to facilitate transmission? Information on the vector immunity, vector physiology, vector genetics, and vector microbiomes is needed.
Collapse
|
124
|
Firth C, Blasdell KR, Amos-Ritchie R, Sendow I, Agnihotri K, Boyle DB, Daniels P, Kirkland PD, Walker PJ. Genomic analysis of bluetongue virus episystems in Australia and Indonesia. Vet Res 2017; 48:82. [PMID: 29169390 PMCID: PMC5701493 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of bluetongue viruses (BTV) in Australia is represented by two distinct and interconnected epidemiological systems (episystems)—one distributed primarily in the north and one in the east. The northern episystem is characterised by substantially greater antigenic diversity than the eastern episystem; yet the forces that act to limit the diversity present in the east remain unclear. Previous work has indicated that the northern episystem is linked to that of island South East Asia and Melanesia, and that BTV present in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and East Timor, may act as source populations for new serotypes and genotypes of BTV to enter Australia’s north. In this study, the genomes of 49 bluetongue viruses from the eastern episystem and 13 from Indonesia were sequenced and analysed along with 27 previously published genome sequences from the northern Australian episystem. The results of this analysis confirm that the Australian BTV population has its origins in the South East Asian/Melanesian episystem, and that incursions into northern Australia occur with some regularity. In addition, the presence of limited genetic diversity in the eastern episystem relative to that found in the north supports the presence of substantial, but not complete, barriers to gene flow between the northern and eastern Australian episystems. Genetic bottlenecks between each successive episystem are evident, and appear to be responsible for the reduction in BTV genetic diversity observed in the north to south–east direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cadhla Firth
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. .,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Kim R Blasdell
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Rachel Amos-Ritchie
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Indrawati Sendow
- Virology Department, Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, 16114, Indonesia
| | - Kalpana Agnihotri
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD, 4109, Australia
| | - David B Boyle
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Peter Daniels
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Peter D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Schulz C, Sailleau C, Bréard E, Flannery J, Viarouge C, Zientara S, Beer M, Batten C, Hoffmann B. Experimental infection of sheep, goats and cattle with a bluetongue virus serotype 4 field strain from Bulgaria, 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e243-e250. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - C. Sailleau
- Université Paris Est; ANSES, ENVA, INRA; UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE; Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - E. Bréard
- Université Paris Est; ANSES, ENVA, INRA; UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE; Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute; Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory; Woking UK
| | - C. Viarouge
- Université Paris Est; ANSES, ENVA, INRA; UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE; Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - S. Zientara
- Université Paris Est; ANSES, ENVA, INRA; UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE; Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - M. Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - C. Batten
- The Pirbright Institute; Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory; Woking UK
| | - B. Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Maclachlan NJ, Osburn BI. Teratogenic bluetongue and related orbivirus infections in pregnant ruminant livestock: timing and pathogen genetics are critical. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:31-35. [PMID: 29107849 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital infections of domestic animals with viruses in several families, including Bunyaviridae, Flaviridae, Parvoviridae, and Reoviridae, are the cause of naturally occurring teratogenic central nervous system and/or musculoskeletal defects (arthrogryposis) in domestic animals. Congenital infections of ruminant livestock with bluetongue virus (BTV) and some related members of the genus Orbivirus (family Reoviridae) have clearly shown the critical role of gestational age at infection in determining outcome. Specifically, fetuses infected prior to mid-gestation that survive congenital BTV infection are born with cavitating central nervous system defects that range from severe hydranencephaly to cerebral cysts (porencephaly). Generally, the younger the fetus (in terms of gestational age) at infection, the more severe the teratogenic lesion at birth. Age-dependent virus infection and destruction of neuronal and/or glial cell precursors that populate the developing central nervous system are responsible for these naturally occurring virus-induced congenital defects of animals, thus lesions are most severe when progenitor cells are infected prior to their normal migration during embryogenesis. Whereas congenital infection is characteristic of certain BTV strains, notably live-attenuated (modified-live) vaccine viruses that have been passaged in embryonating eggs, transplacental transmission is not characteristic of many field strains of the virus and much remains to be determined regarding the genetic determinants of transplacental transmission of individual virus strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N James Maclachlan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Bennie I Osburn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Mahmoud MAEF, Elbayoumy MK, Sedky D, Ahmed S. Serological investigation of some important RNA viruses affecting sheep and goats in Giza and Beni-Suef governorates in Egypt. Vet World 2017; 10:1161-1166. [PMID: 29184360 PMCID: PMC5682259 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1161-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of antibodies against foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR), and bluetongue (BT) in sheep and goats within Giza and Beni-Suef governorates at the second half of 2016. Materials and Methods A total of 300 animals (sheep and goats) randomly selected from small stocks with no history of previous vaccination against FMD virus (FMDV), PPR, or BT viruses (BTV) and examined with competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of FMD-non-structural protein, PPR, and BT antibodies. Results Seroprevalence analysis revealed that antibodies against FMDV were 40.8% and 37.1% at Giza governorate, while at Beni-Suef governorate, the percent was 36.7% and 50% in sheep and goat, respectively. Antibodies against PPR were 63.8% in sheep and 45.7% in goats at Giza governorate, whereas the results for Beni-Suef governorate were 71.7% in sheep and 45% in goats. Antibodies against BT were 45% and 37% in sheep and goats, respectively, in Giza governorate, whereas the results for Beni-Suef governorate were 80% and 55% in sheep and goats, respectively. The average of BTV antibody prevalence was significantly higher in sheep (45% and 80%) than in goats (37% and 55%) in Giza and Beni-Suef, respectively. Statistical analysis for the three viruses showed the high relation between the two governorates in case of sheep (r=0.85) and in case of goats (r=0.87). In general, a strong positive correlation was observed between the governorates (r=0.93). Conclusion Giza and Beni-Suef governorates are endemic with FMDV, PPR, and BTV. Regional plan for characterization and combating FMD, PPR, and BT is recommended to help in the achievement of the most suitable combination of the vaccine regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd El-Fatah Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Division of Veterinary Research, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Karam Elbayoumy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Division of Veterinary Research, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa Sedky
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Division of Veterinary Research, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sahar Ahmed
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Zhou H, Li J, Xie S, Zang M, Xu Y, Qiao X, Wang L, Jiang Y, Cui W, Li Y, Tang L. Expression and purification of the outer shell proteinVP2 of the 4th serotype Bluetongue virus, and preparation of monoclonal antibodies against this protein. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
129
|
Mohl BP, Emmott E, Roy P. Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals the Importance of Kinase Regulation During Orbivirus Infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1990-2005. [PMID: 28851738 PMCID: PMC5672004 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m117.067355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes infections in wild and domesticated ruminants with high morbidity and mortality and is responsible for significant economic losses in both developing and developed countries. BTV serves as a model for the study of other members of the Orbivirus genus. Previously, the importance of casein kinase 2 for BTV replication was demonstrated. To identify intracellular signaling pathways and novel host-cell kinases involved during BTV infection, the phosphoproteome of BTV infected cells was analyzed. Over 1000 phosphosites were identified using mass spectrometry, which were then used to determine the corresponding kinases involved during BTV infection. This analysis yielded protein kinase A (PKA) as a novel kinase activated during BTV infection. Subsequently, the importance of PKA for BTV infection was validated using a PKA inhibitor and activator. Our data confirmed that PKA was essential for efficient viral growth. Further, we showed that PKA is also required for infection of equid cells by African horse sickness virus, another member of the Orbivirus genus. Thus, despite their preference in specific host species, orbiviruses may utilize the same host signaling pathways during their replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn-Patrick Mohl
- From the ‡Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Edward Emmott
- §University of Cambridge, Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Lab block level 5, Box 237, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Polly Roy
- From the ‡Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Guimarães LLB, Rosa JCC, Matos ACD, Cruz RAS, Guedes MIMC, Dorella FA, Figueiredo HCP, Pavarini SP, Sonne L, Lobato ZIP, Driemeier D. Identification of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 4, and 17 co-infections in sheep flocks during outbreaks in Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
131
|
More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Mertens P, Savini G, Zientara S, Broglia A, Baldinelli F, Gogin A, Kohnle L, Calistri P. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04957. [PMID: 32625623 PMCID: PMC7010010 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the BTV serotypes ever reported in Europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. According to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the BTV strains belonging to serotypes BTV-1-24, (ii) some strains of serotypes BTV-16 and (iii) small ruminant-adapted strains belonging to serotypes BTV-25, -27, -30. Those strain groups were assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7, Article 5 on the eligibility of bluetongue to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bluetongue. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection, expert judgement at individual and collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. The strain group BTV (1-24) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, while the strain group BTV-25-30 and BTV-16 cannot. The strain group BTV-1-24 meets the criteria as in Sections 2 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b) and (e) of Article 9(1) of the AHL. The animal species that can be considered to be listed for BTV-1-24 according to Article 8(3) are several species of Bovidae, Cervidae and Camelidae as susceptible species; domestic cattle, sheep and red deer as reservoir hosts, midges insect of genus Culicoides spp. as vector species.
Collapse
|
132
|
Sailleau C, Breard E, Viarouge C, Gorlier A, Quenault H, Hirchaud E, Touzain F, Blanchard Y, Vitour D, Zientara S. Complete genome sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 4 that emerged on the French island of Corsica in December 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e194-e197. [PMID: 28497659 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In November 2016, sheep located in the south of Corsica island exhibited clinical signs suggestive of bluetongue virus (BTV) infection. Laboratory analyses allowed to isolate and identify a BTV strain of serotype 4. The analysis of the full viral genome showed that all the 10 genomic segments were closely related to those of the BTV-4 present in Hungary in 2014 and involved in a large BT outbreak in the Balkan Peninsula. These results together with epidemiological data suggest that BTV-4 has been introduced to Corsica from Italy (Sardinia) where BTV-4 outbreaks have been reported in autumn 2016. This is the first report of the introduction in Corsica of a BTV strain previously spreading in eastern Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Sailleau
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Breard
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Viarouge
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Gorlier
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - H Quenault
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Anses, Ploufragan, France
| | - E Hirchaud
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Anses, Ploufragan, France
| | - F Touzain
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Anses, Ploufragan, France
| | - Y Blanchard
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan, Anses, Ploufragan, France
| | - D Vitour
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Development of a monoclonal sandwich ELISA for direct detection of bluetongue virus 8 in infected animals. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:172-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
134
|
Vaccination against Louping Ill Virus Protects Goats from Experimental Challenge with Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:409-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
135
|
Salinas LM, Casais R, García Marín JF, Dalton KP, Royo LJ, Del Cerro A, Gayo E, Dagleish MP, Juste RA, Balseiro A. Lambs are Susceptible to Experimental Challenge with Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:400-408. [PMID: 28433396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, and causes encephalomyelitis in goats. The aim of this study was to determine whether sheep are susceptible to experimental challenge with SGEV by two different routes. The results show that SGEV can infect sheep by both the subcutaneous and intravenous routes, resulting in neurological clinical disease with extensive and severe histological lesions in the central nervous system. Lambs challenged subcutaneously developed more severe lesions on the ipsilateral side of the brain, but the lesion morphology was similar irrespective of the route of challenge. The clinical presentation, pathogenesis, lesion morphology and distribution shows that SGEV is very similar to louping ill virus (LIV) and therefore any disease control plan must take into account any host species and SGEV vectors as potential reservoirs. Furthermore, discriminatory diagnostics need to be applied to any sheep or goat suspected of disease due to any flavivirus in areas where SGEV and LIV co-exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Salinas
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - R Casais
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - J F García Marín
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - K P Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Campus El Cristo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - L J Royo
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - A Del Cerro
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - E Gayo
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - M P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - R A Juste
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - A Balseiro
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Breard E, Vitour D, Zientara S. Ring trial 2016 for Bluetongue virus detection by real-time RT-PCR in France. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:107-114. [PMID: 28713579 PMCID: PMC5488199 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the unexpected emergence of BTV‐8 in Northern Europe and the incursion of BTV‐8 and 1 in France in 2006–2007, molecular diagnosis has considerably evolved. Several real‐time RT‐PCR (rtRT‐PCR) methods have been developed and published, and are currently being used in many countries across Europe for BTV detection and typing. In France, the national reference laboratory (NRL) for orbiviruses develops and validates ‘ready‐to‐use’ kits with private companies for viral RNA detection. The regional laboratories network that was set up to deal with a heavy demand for analyses has used these available kits. From 2007, ring tests were organized to monitor the performance of the French laboratories. This study presents the results of 63 regional laboratories in the ring trial organized in 2016. Blood samples were sent to the laboratories. Participants were asked to use the rtRT‐PCR methods in place in their laboratory, for detection of all BTV serotypes and specifically BTV‐8. The French regional laboratories are able to detect and genotype BTV in affected animals. Despite the use of several methods (i.e. RNA extraction and different commercial rtRT‐PCRs), the network is homogeneous. The ring trial demonstrated that the French regional veterinary laboratories have reliable and robust BTV diagnostic tools for BTV genome detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPECUMR 1161 Virologie14 rue Pierre et Marie CURIE-94700Maisons AlfortFrance
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPECUMR 1161 Virologie14 rue Pierre et Marie CURIE-94700Maisons AlfortFrance
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPECUMR 1161 Virologie14 rue Pierre et Marie CURIE-94700Maisons AlfortFrance
| | - Damien Vitour
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPECUMR 1161 Virologie14 rue Pierre et Marie CURIE-94700Maisons AlfortFrance
| | - Stephan Zientara
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPECUMR 1161 Virologie14 rue Pierre et Marie CURIE-94700Maisons AlfortFrance
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Marín-López A, Calvo-Pinilla E, Barriales D, Lorenzo G, Benavente J, Brun A, Martínez-Costas JM, Ortego J. Microspheres-prime/rMVA-boost vaccination enhances humoral and cellular immune response in IFNAR(-/-) mice conferring protection against serotypes 1 and 4 of bluetongue virus. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:55-62. [PMID: 28322923 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue disease (BT), which affects domestic and wild ruminants. At the present, 27 different serotypes have been documented. Vaccination has been demonstrated as one of the most effective methods to avoid viral dissemination. To overcome the drawbacks associated with the use of inactivated and attenuated vaccines we engineered a new recombinant BTV vaccine candidate based on proteins VP2, VP7, and NS1 of BTV-4 that were incorporated into avian reovirus muNS-Mi microspheres (MS-VP2/VP7/NS1) and recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA). The combination of these two antigen delivery systems in a heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy generated significant levels of neutralizing antibodies in IFNAR(-/-) mice. Furthermore, this immunization strategy increased the ratio of IgG2a/IgG1 in sera, indicating an induction of a Th1 response, and elicited a CD8 T cell response. Immunized mice were protected against lethal challenges with the homologous serotype 4 and the heterologous serotype 1 of BTV. All these results support the strategy based on microspheres in combination with rMVAs as a promising multiserotype vaccine candidate against BTV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Barriales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Lorenzo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Benavente
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Bioquímica e Bioloxía Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Martínez-Costas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Bioquímica e Bioloxía Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Mayo C, Lee J, Kopanke J, MacLachlan NJ. A review of potential bluetongue virus vaccine strategies. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:84-90. [PMID: 28377132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-zoonotic arboviral disease of certain wild and domestic species of cloven-hooved ungulates. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent and the occurrence of BTV infection is distinctly seasonal in temperate regions of the world, and dependent on the presence of vector biting midges (e.g. Culicoides sonorensis in much of North America). In recent years, severe outbreaks have occurred throughout Europe and BTV is endemic in most tropical and temperate regions of the world. Several vaccines have been licensed for commercial use, including modified live (live-attenuated) and inactivated products, and this review summarizes recent strategies developed for BTV vaccines with emphasis on technologies suitable for differentiating naturally infected from vaccinated animals. The goal of this review is to evaluate realistic vaccine strategies that might be utilized to control or prevent future outbreaks of BT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States.
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Jennifer Kopanke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Abstract
Abstract
Bluetongue, a vector-born disease caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV) and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, is considered to be one of the most important diseases of domestic ruminants. The first outbreak of bluetongue in Serbia was reported in 2001, when BTV serotype 9 was identified in sampled materials. In 2014, outbreak of BTV-4 in Serbia caused considerable economic losses affecting sheep, cattle and goats. During this outbreak, BTV-4 was recorded in 644 outbreaks within 49 municipalities, part of 17 administrative regions. From the total number of sheep kept in areas affected by bluetongue (n=1 748 110), 2 083 cases (0.2%) were proven to be BTV-4 infected. Total of 206 infected cattle and 24 infected goats were reported during this investigation period, which represents 0.06% and 0.03% of the total number of cattle and goats kept in affected areas, respectively. The highest incidence of infected sheep, cattle and goats was recorded on the territory covered by veterinary institute of Nis. Recorded lethality in cattle, sheep and goats was 18.45% (n=38), 48.10% (n=1002) and 54.17% (n=13), respectively. The peak of the outbreak was in September and October when 94.43% of the confirmed positive cases, regardless of the species, was recorded. Monitoring of bluetongue disease in Serbia relies on active surveillance programmes aimed at: (i) identification and tracing of susceptible and potentially infected animals and (ii) detection, distribution and prevalence of insect vectors. Vaccination of sheep is planned to be implemented as a control measure against bluetongue in Serbia.
Collapse
|
140
|
Du J, Gao S, Tian Z, Xing S, Huang D, Zhang G, Zheng Y, Liu G, Luo J, Chang H, Yin H. MicroRNA expression profiling of primary sheep testicular cells in response to bluetongue virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:256-267. [PMID: 28132926 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a member of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae and causes a non-contagious, insect-transmitted disease in domestic and wild ruminants, mainly in sheep and occasionally in cattle and some species of deer. Virus infection can trigger the changes of the cellular microRNA (miRNA) expression profile, which play important post-transcriptional regulatory roles in gene expression and can greatly influence viral replication and pathogenesis. Here, we employed deep sequencing technology to determine which cellular miRNAs were differentially expressed in primary sheep testicular (ST) cells infected with BTV. A total of 25 known miRNAs and 240 novel miRNA candidates that were differentially expressed in BTV-infected and uninfected ST cells were identified, and 251 and 8428 predicted target genes were annotated, respectively. Nine differentially expressed miRNAs and their mRNA targets were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Targets prediction and functional analysis of these regulated miRNAs revealed significant enrichment for several signaling pathways including MAPK, PI3K-Akt, endocytosis, Hippo, NF-kB, viral carcinogenesis, FoxO, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. This study provides a valuable basis for further investigation on the roles of miRNAs in BTV replication and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China.
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Dexuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Chatzinasiou E, Chaintoutis SC, Dovas CI, Papanastassopoulou M, Papadopoulos O. Immunosuppression in sheep induced by cyclophosphamide, bluetongue virus and their combination: Effect on clinical reaction and viremia. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:318-327. [PMID: 28132769 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this work was to establish an experimental model for immunosuppression in sheep, and evaluate its possible effects on bluetongue viremia. Animals were allocated in 4 groups: Cy (cyclophosphamide), BT (bluetongue), CyBT (combined Cy and BT) and Co (control), and underwent clinical evaluations, virological testing, peripheral blood immunophenotyping and determination of antiviral humoral immune responses. Intravenous administration of cyclophosphamide (37.5 mg/kg body weight) resulted in immunosuppresion induction, as significant drops were observed in blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subset counts (CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+), lasting 3-10 days after its administration. Reduction in B-cell (CD19+) counts was more pronounced than in T-/NK-cell (CD2+) counts (92% and 59%, respectively). BTV-9 inoculation resulted in pronounced lymphocytopenia observed from day 1 post-inoculation. Their combined administration resulted in a more intense immunosuppressive effect, as indicated by the greater reduction in lymphocyte, granulocyte, CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts. In group CyBT, earlier initiation of fever by one day (day 6 p.i.) compared to group BT (day 7 p.i.), and delay in antibody responses by one day was observed, compared to group BT. Neutralizing antibodies in both groups (BT, CyBT) were detectable from day 10 p.i., but no significant titer differences were observed. Infectious virus titers were detected from day 4 p.i. in group BT and from day 3 in group CyBT. Statistical significances in virus titers were also observed (greatest mean titer difference: 1.4 log10 CEID50/ml RBCs at day 5 p.i., P < 0.001), indicating possible impact of immunosuppression on virus transmission and epidemiology of bluetongue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Chatzinasiou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Papanastassopoulou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Orestis Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Gao X, Qin H, Xiao J, Wang H. Meteorological conditions and land cover as predictors for the prevalence of Bluetongue virus in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of Mainland China. Prev Vet Med 2017; 138:88-93. [PMID: 28237239 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is a major disease of economic importance that affects ruminants worldwide. It is transmitted by species of Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is one of the main pastoral areas for farmed sheep in Mainland China and, because of its large area, represents an ideal candidate region for the study of Bluetongue virus (BTV) distribution and prevalence characteristics. The present study conducted a detailed investigation into the spatial patterns of BTV transmission in sheep in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and assessed the inter-relationships between meteorological factors, land cover and the transmission of the virus was conducted. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for the determination of BTV infection in the surveyed animals. Between June 2013 and February 2015, 6199 sheep were subjected to virus detection and 2199 sheep (35.47%) were determined to be positive for BTV. Subsequently, a maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) was used to investigate the relationship between land cover, meteorological factors and the prevalence of BTV infection. Jackknife analysis revealed that the mean monthly temperature, rainfall and average wind speed were associated with the occurrence of BTV infection and that BTV infection positivity was significantly higher among animals from districts with a high percentage of grassland and forest area. Our findings indicate that meteorological factors and land cover may be important variables affecting transmission of BTV and should be taken into account in the development of future surveillance programmes for BTV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongyu Qin
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Gao X, Wang H, Qin H, Xiao J. Influence of climate variations on the epidemiology of bluetongue in sheep in Mainland China. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
144
|
Bessell PR, Searle KR, Auty HK, Handel IG, Purse BV, Bronsvoort BMDC. Assessing the potential for Bluetongue virus 8 to spread and vaccination strategies in Scotland. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38940. [PMID: 27958339 PMCID: PMC5154200 DOI: 10.1038/srep38940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Europe has seen frequent outbreaks of Bluetongue (BT) disease since 2006, including an outbreak of BT virus serotype 8 in central France during 2015 that has continued to spread in Europe during 2016. Thus, assessing the potential for BTv-8 spread and determining the optimal deployment of vaccination is critical for contingency planning. We developed a spatially explicit mathematical model of BTv-8 spread in Scotland and explored the sensitivity of transmission to key disease spread parameters for which detailed empirical data is lacking. With parameters at mean values, there is little spread of BTv-8 in Scotland. However, under a “worst case” but still feasible scenario with parameters at the limits of their ranges and temperatures 1 °C warmer than the mean, we find extensive spread with 203,000 sheep infected given virus introduction to the south of Scotland between mid-May and mid-June. Strategically targeted vaccine interventions can greatly reduce BT spread. Specifically, despite BT having most clinical impact in sheep, we show that vaccination can have the greatest impact on reducing BTv infections in sheep when administered to cattle, which has implications for disease control policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Bessell
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kate R Searle
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Harriet K Auty
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Future Farming Systems Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), An Lòchran, Inverness Campus, Inverness, IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bethan V Purse
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Singh A, Prasad M, Mishra B, Manjunath S, Sahu AR, Bhuvana Priya G, Wani SA, Sahoo AP, Kumar A, Balodi S, Deora A, Saxena S, Gandham RK. Transcriptome analysis reveals common differential and global gene expression profiles in bluetongue virus serotype 16 (BTV-16) infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in sheep and goats. GENOMICS DATA 2016; 11:62-72. [PMID: 28003963 PMCID: PMC5157708 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an economically important infectious, arthropod borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). Sheep are considered the most susceptible hosts, while cattle, buffalo and goats serve as reservoirs. The viral pathogenesis of BTV resulting in presence or absence of clinical disease among different hosts is not clearly understood. In the present study, transcriptome of sheep and goats peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with BTV-16 was explored. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified were found to be significantly enriched for immune system processes - NFκB signaling, MAPK signaling, Ras signaling, NOD signaling, RIG signaling, TNF signaling, TLR signaling, JAK-STAT signaling and VEGF signaling pathways. Greater numbers of DEGs were found to be involved in immune system processes in goats than in sheep. Interestingly, the DEHC (differentially expressed highly connected) gene network was found to be dense in goats than in sheep. Majority of the DEHC genes in the network were upregulated in goats but down-regulated in sheep. The network of differentially expressed immune genes with the other genes further confirmed these findings. Interferon stimulated genes - IFIT1 (ISG56), IFIT2 (ISG54) and IFIT3 (ISG60) responsible for antiviral state in the host were found to be upregulated in both the species. STAT2 was the TF commonly identified to co-regulate the DEGs, with its network showing genes that are downregulated in sheep but upregulated in goats. The genes dysregulated and the networks perturbed in the present study indicate host variability with a positive shift in immune response to BTV in goats than in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singh
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122
| | - Siddappa Manjunath
- Oomens Lab, Division of Veterinary Pathobiology, CVHS, OSU, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Amit Ranjan Sahu
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India
| | - G Bhuvana Priya
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India; Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly UP-243122, India
| | - Sajad Ahmad Wani
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India
| | - Aditya Prasad Sahoo
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India; Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India
| | - Shweta Balodi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Anupama Deora
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP-243122, India
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Marín-López A, Bermúdez R, Calvo-Pinilla E, Moreno S, Brun A, Ortego J. Pathological Characterization Of IFNAR(-/-) Mice Infected With Bluetongue Virus Serotype 4. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1448-1460. [PMID: 27994510 PMCID: PMC5166487 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) replicates in lymphoid tissues where infected mononuclear leukocytes secrete proinflammatory and vasoactive mediators that can contribute to bluetongue (BT) pathogenesis. Using the well-characterized IFNAR(-/-) mice animal model, we have now studied the histopathology and dynamics of leukocyte populations in different target tissues (spleen, thymus, and lung) during BTV-4 infection by histological and immunohistochemical techniques. The spleen and thymus of BTV-4 infected mice showed severe lymphoid depletion on H&E stained sections. This finding was confirmed by IHC, showing moderate decreased immunopositivity against CD3 in the thymus, and scarce immunoreactivity against CD3 and CD79 in the rest of the white pulp in the spleen, together with an increase in MAC387 immunostaining. BTV-4 infection also induced the expression of active caspase-3 in the spleen, where apoptotic debris was observed by H&E. A dramatic increase in iNOS immunoreactivity associated to necrotic areas of the white pulp was observed, being less noticeable in the thymus and the lung. The induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tissues where BTV replicates was evaluated by measuring transcript levels by RT-qPCR. BTV-4 infection led to enhance transcription of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, IL-12-p40, and IL-1β mRNA in the thymus, spleen and lung, correlating with the level of virus replication in these tissues. Disease progression and pathogenesis in IFNAR(-/-) mice closely mimics hallmarks of bluetongue disease in ruminants. IFNAR(-/-) mice are a good choice to facilitate a faster advance in the field of orbiviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Moreno
- INIA-CISA, Ctra. Algete-El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- INIA-CISA, Ctra. Algete-El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- INIA-CISA, Ctra. Algete-El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
A Deterministic Model to Quantify Risk and Guide Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Bluetongue Virus Transmission in California Dairy Cattle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165806. [PMID: 27812161 PMCID: PMC5094782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global distribution of bluetongue virus (BTV) has been changing recently, perhaps as a result of climate change. To evaluate the risk of BTV infection and transmission in a BTV-endemic region of California, sentinel dairy cows were evaluated for BTV infection, and populations of Culicoides vectors were collected at different sites using carbon dioxide. A deterministic model was developed to quantify risk and guide future mitigation strategies to reduce BTV infection in California dairy cattle. The greatest risk of BTV transmission was predicted within the warm Central Valley of California that contains the highest density of dairy cattle in the United States. Temperature and parameters associated with Culicoides vectors (transmission probabilities, carrying capacity, and survivorship) had the greatest effect on BTV's basic reproduction number, R0. Based on these analyses, optimal control strategies for reducing BTV infection risk in dairy cattle will be highly reliant upon early efforts to reduce vector abundance during the months prior to peak transmission.
Collapse
|
148
|
Steyn J, Venter GJ, Labuschagne K, Majatladi D, Boikanyo SNB, Lourens C, Ebersohn K, Venter EH. Possible over-wintering of bluetongue virus in <i>Culicoides</i> populations in the Onderstepoort area, Gauteng, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2016; 87:e1-e5. [PMID: 28155292 PMCID: PMC6138179 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v87i1.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the ability of certain viruses to overwinter in arthropod vectors. The over-wintering mechanism of bluetongue virus (BTV) is unknown. One hypothesis is over-wintering within adult Culicoides midges (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae) that survive mild winters where temperatures seldom drop below 10 °C. The reduced activity of midges and the absence of outbreaks during winter may create the impression that the virus has disappeared from an area. Light traps were used in close association with horses to collect Culicoides midges from July 2010 to September 2011 in the Onderstepoort area, in Gauteng Province, South Africa. More than 500 000 Culicoides midges were collected from 88 collections and sorted to species level, revealing 26 different Culicoides species. Culicoides midges were present throughout the 15 month study. Nine Culicoides species potentially capable of transmitting BTV were present during the winter months. Midges were screened for the presence of BTV ribonucleic acid (RNA) with the aid of a real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. In total 91.2% of midge pools tested positive for BTV RNA. PCR results were compared with previous virus isolation results (VI) that demonstrated the presence of viruses in summer and autumn months. The results indicate that BTV-infected Culicoides vectors are present throughout the year in the study area. Viral RNA-positive midges were also found throughout the year with VI positive midge pools only in summer and early autumn. Midges that survive mild winter temperatures could therefore harbour BTV but with a decreased vector capacity. When the population size, biting rate and viral replication decrease, it could stop BTV transmission. Over-wintering of BTV in the Onderstepoort region could therefore result in re-emergence because of increased vector activity rather than reintroduction from outside the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumari Steyn
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Genome Sequence of Bluetongue virus Serotype 17 Isolated in Brazil in 2014. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e01161-16. [PMID: 27789637 PMCID: PMC5084861 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01161-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 17 strain 17/BRA/2014/73, isolated from a sheep in Brazil in 2014, is reported here. All segments clustered with western topotype strains and indicated reassortment events with other BTV from the Americas. The strain 17/BRA/2014/73 represents a novel reference strain for BTV-17 from South America.
Collapse
|
150
|
Follicular dendritic cell disruption as a novel mechanism of virus-induced immunosuppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6238-E6247. [PMID: 27671646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610012113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses cause acute diseases that increasingly affect global health. We used bluetongue virus (BTV) and its natural sheep host to reveal a previously uncharacterized mechanism used by an arbovirus to manipulate host immunity. Our study shows that BTV, similarly to other antigens delivered through the skin, is transported rapidly via the lymph to the peripheral lymph nodes. Here, BTV infects and disrupts follicular dendritic cells, hindering B-cell division in germinal centers, which results in a delayed production of high affinity and virus neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, the humoral immune response to a second antigen is also hampered in BTV-infected animals. Thus, an arbovirus can evade the host antiviral response by inducing an acute immunosuppression. Although transient, this immunosuppression occurs at the critical early stages of infection when a delayed host humoral immune response likely affects virus systemic dissemination and the clinical outcome of disease.
Collapse
|