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He JY, Wei XH, Li SJ, Liu Y, Hu HL, Li ZZ, Kuang XH, Wang L, Shi X, Yuan ST, Sun L. Adipocyte-derived IL-6 and leptin promote breast Cancer metastasis via upregulation of Lysyl Hydroxylase-2 expression. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:100. [PMID: 30563531 PMCID: PMC6299564 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipocytes make up the major component of breast tissue, accounting for 90% of stromal tissue. Thus, the crosstalk between adipocytes and breast cancer cells may play a critical role in cancer progression. Adipocyte-breast cancer interactions have been considered important for the promotion of breast cancer metastasis. However, the specific mechanisms underlying these interactions are unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of adipocyte-mediated breast cancer metastasis. METHODS Breast cancer cells were cocultured with mature adipocytes for migration and 3D matrix invasion assays. Next, lentivirus-mediated loss-of-function experiments were used to explore the function of lysyl hydroxylase (PLOD2) in breast cancer migration and adipocyte-dependent migration of breast cancer cells. The role of PLOD2 in breast cancer metastasis was further confirmed using orthotopic mammary fat pad xenografts in vivo. Clinical samples were used to confirm that PLOD2 expression is increased in tumor tissue and is associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. Cells were treated with cytokines and pharmacological inhibitors in order to verify which adipokines were responsible for activation of PLOD2 expression and which signaling pathways were activated in vitro. RESULTS Gene expression profiling and Western blotting analyses revealed that PLOD2 was upregulated in breast cancer cells following coculture with adipocytes; this process was accompanied by enhanced breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Loss-of-function studies indicated that PLOD2 knockdown suppressed cell migration and disrupted the formation of actin stress fibers in breast cancer cells and abrogated the migration induced by following coculture with adipocytes. Moreover, experiments performed in orthotopic mammary fat pad xenografts showed that PLOD2 knockdown could reduce metastasis to the lung and liver. Further, high PLOD2 expression correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. Mechanistically, adipocyte-derived interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leptin may facilitate PLOD2 upregulation in breast cancer cells and promote breast cancer metastasis in tail vein metastasis assays. Further investigation revealed that adipocyte-derived IL-6 and leptin promoted PLOD2 expression through activation of the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that adipocyte-derived IL-6 and leptin promote PLOD2 expression by activating the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, thus promoting breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong He
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wei
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Si-Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Lin Hu
- Breast Disease Center, Zhong-Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Hong Kuang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Zhong-Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Yuan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Li Sun
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Obesity and gastrointestinal cancer: the interrelationship of adipose and tumour microenvironments. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:699-714. [PMID: 30323319 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing recognition of an association between obesity and many cancer types exists, but how the myriad of local and systemic effects of obesity affect key cellular and non-cellular processes within the tumour microenvironment (TME) relevant to carcinogenesis, tumour progression and response to therapies remains poorly understood. The TME is a complex cellular environment in which the tumour exists along with blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells, signalling molecules and the extracellular matrix. Obesity, in particular visceral obesity, might fuel the dysregulation of key pathways relevant to both the adipose microenvironment and the TME, which interact to promote carcinogenesis in at-risk epithelium. The tumour-promoting effects of obesity can occur at the local level as well as systemically via circulating inflammatory, growth factor and metabolic mediators associated with adipose tissue inflammation, as well as paracrine and autocrine effects. This Review explores key pathways linking visceral obesity and gastrointestinal cancer, including inflammation, hypoxia, altered stromal and immune cell function, energy metabolism and angiogenesis.
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BALTIERI L, CHAIM EA, CHAIM FDM, UTRINI MP, GESTIC MA, CAZZO E. CORRELATION BETWEEN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE FEATURES AND LEVELS OF ADIPOKINES AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AMONG MORBIDLY OBESE INDIVIDUALS. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2018; 55:247-251. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the commonest hepatopathy worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlations between NAFLD histopathological features and the levels of adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) and circulating inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and C-reactive protein [CRP]). METHODS: This is an exploratory cross-sectional study, which enrolled 19 women with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery. Biochemical characteristics evaluated included the levels of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and CRP. NAFLD was assessed through histological examination of liver biopsies carried out during the surgical procedures. RESULTS: The mean age of the study group was 37.3±8.2 years old; mean BMI was 36.2±2.5 kg/m2. Among individuals with liver fibrosis, the levels of IL-8 were significantly higher (24.4 ± 9.7 versus 12.7 ± 6.6; P=0.016726). The intensity of fibrosis presented a significant negative correlation with the levels of adiponectin (R= -0.49379; P=0.03166); i.e. the higher the levels of adiponectin, the lower the intensity of fibrosis. The intensity of steatohepatitis presented a significant negative correlation with the levels of adiponectin (R= -0.562321; P=0.01221); this means that the higher the levels of adiponectin, the lower the intensity of steatohepatitis. CONCLUSION: Adiponectin levels were inversely correlated with the severity of fibrosis and steatohepatitis, whereas IL-8 levels were higher in individuals with liver fibrosis among individuals with obesity and NAFLD undergoing bariatric surgery. The use of these markers to assess NAFLD may bring significant information within similar populations.
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Zou X, Ramachandran P, Kendall TJ, Pellicoro A, Dora E, Aucott RL, Manwani K, Man TY, Chapman KE, Henderson NC, Forbes SJ, Webster SP, Iredale JP, Walker BR, Michailidou Z. 11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 deficiency or inhibition enhances hepatic myofibroblast activation in murine liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2018; 67:2167-2181. [PMID: 29251794 PMCID: PMC6001805 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of chronic liver injury is fibrosis, with accumulation of extracellular matrix orchestrated by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Glucocorticoids limit HSC activation in vitro, and tissue glucocorticoid levels are amplified by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11βHSD1). Although 11βHSD1 inhibitors have been developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus and improve diet-induced fatty liver in various mouse models, effects on the progression and/or resolution of liver injury and consequent fibrosis have not been characterized. We have used the reversible carbon tetrachloride-induced model of hepatocyte injury and liver fibrosis to show that in two models of genetic 11βHSD1 deficiency (global, Hsd11b1-/- , and hepatic myofibroblast-specific, Hsd11b1fl/fl /Pdgfrb-cre) 11βHSD1 pharmacological inhibition in vivo exacerbates hepatic myofibroblast activation and liver fibrosis. In contrast, liver injury and fibrosis in hepatocyte-specific Hsd11b1fl/fl /albumin-cre mice did not differ from that of controls, ruling out 11βHSD1 deficiency in hepatocytes as the cause of the increased fibrosis. In primary HSC culture, glucocorticoids inhibited expression of the key profibrotic genes Acta2 and Col1α1, an effect attenuated by the 11βHSD1 inhibitor [4-(2-chlorophenyl-4-fluoro-1-piperidinyl][5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-thienyl]-methanone. HSCs from Hsd11b1-/- and Hsd11b1fl/fl /Pdgfrb-cre mice expressed higher levels of Acta2 and Col1α1 and were correspondingly more potently activated. In vivo [4-(2-chlorophenyl-4-fluoro-1-piperidinyl][5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-thienyl]-methanone administration prior to chemical injury recapitulated findings in Hsd11b1-/- mice, including greater fibrosis. CONCLUSION 11βHSD1 deficiency enhances myofibroblast activation and promotes initial fibrosis following chemical liver injury; hence, the effects of 11βHSD1 inhibitors on liver injury and repair are likely to be context-dependent and deserve careful scrutiny as these compounds are developed for chronic diseases including metabolic syndrome and dementia. (Hepatology 2018;67:2167-2181).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiantong Zou
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Timothy J. Kendall
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Elena Dora
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rebecca L. Aucott
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Kajal Manwani
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tak Yung Man
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineQueen's Medical Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Scott P. Webster
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - John P. Iredale
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Brian R. Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Zoi Michailidou
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Francisco V, Pino J, Campos-Cabaleiro V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Mera A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Obesity, Fat Mass and Immune System: Role for Leptin. Front Physiol 2018; 9:640. [PMID: 29910742 PMCID: PMC5992476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic disease characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation associated with a dysfunctional fat mass. Adipose tissue is now considered an extremely active endocrine organ that secretes cytokine-like hormones, called adipokines, either pro- or anti-inflammatory factors bridging metabolism to the immune system. Leptin is historically one of most relevant adipokines, with important physiological roles in the central control of energy metabolism and in the regulation of metabolism-immune system interplay, being a cornerstone of the emerging field of immunometabolism. Indeed, leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system and leptin has been shown to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review discusses the latest data regarding the role of leptin as a mediator of immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effects on obesity-associated metabolic disorders and autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Francisco
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Victor Campos-Cabaleiro
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- Servizo Galego de Saude, Division of Rheumatology, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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106
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López V, Bonzón-Kulichenko E, Moltó E, Fernández-Agulló T, Arribas C, Andrés A, Gallardo N. Food Restriction is Required to Preserve the Antisteatotic Effects of Central Leptin in the Liver of Middle-Aged Rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:877-884. [PMID: 29575696 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging is a significant risk factor for the development of obesity and hepatic steatosis associated with insulin and leptin resistance. Food restriction (FR) is commonly used for reducing body weight (BW), adiposity, and liver steatosis. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether FR in middle-aged rats can recover the central leptin antisteatotic effects observed in the liver in young animals. METHODS Two groups of 4-month-old Wistar rats were fed ad libitum (AL) or were on FR for 3 months. At 7 months of age, both groups were centrally treated with rat leptin (0.2 μg/d, 7 days) or saline. RESULTS Central leptin reduced food intake and BW, but not the hepatic triglyceride content, in 7-month-old rats fed AL. However, in 7-month-old FR rats, leptin did not affect BW but markedly reduced serum leptin, serum and hepatic triglyceride levels, and the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes. In addition, central leptin decreased serum and hepatic endogenous norepinephrine levels of FR rats, exerting a homeostatic effect beyond its antisteatotic actions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that in middle-aged rats, moderate FR is required for both preserving the antisteatotic actions of central leptin and avoiding excessive weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia López
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, and Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Elena Bonzón-Kulichenko
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, and Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- National Center for Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moltó
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, and Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Arribas
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, and Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Antonio Andrés
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, and Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Nilda Gallardo
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, and Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Newman MA, Petri RM, Grüll D, Zebeli Q, Metzler-Zebeli BU. Transglycosylated Starch Modulates the Gut Microbiome and Expression of Genes Related to Lipid Synthesis in Liver and Adipose Tissue of Pigs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:224. [PMID: 29487593 PMCID: PMC5816791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary inclusion of resistant starches can promote host health through modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles, and lipid metabolism. This study investigated the impact of a transglycosylated cornstarch (TGS) on gastric, ileal, cecal, proximal-colonic, and mid-colonic bacterial community profiles and fermentation metabolites using a growing pig model. It additionally evaluated the effect of TGS on the expression of host genes related to glucose and SCFA absorption, incretins, and satiety in the gut as well as host genes related to lipid metabolism in hepatic and adipose tissue. Sixteen growing pigs (4 months of age) were fed either a TGS or control (CON) diet for 11 days. Bacterial profiles were determined via Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V3-5 region of the 16S rRNA gene, whereas SCFA and gene expression were measured using gas chromatography and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Megasphaera, which was increased at all gut sites, began to benefit from TGS feeding in gastric digesta, likely through cross-feeding with other microbes, such as Lactobacillus. Shifts in the bacterial profiles from dietary TGS consumption in the cecum, proximal colon, and mid colon were similar. Relative abundances of Ruminococcus and unclassified Ruminococcaceae genus were lower, whereas that of unclassified Veillonellaceae genus was higher in TGS- compared to CON-fed pigs (p < 0.05). TGS consumption also increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of SCFA, especially propionate, and lactate in the distal hindgut compared to the CON diet which might have up-regulated GLP1 expression in the cecum (p < 0.05) and mid colon compared to the control diet (p < 0.10). TGS-fed pigs showed increased hepatic and decreased adipocyte expression of genes for lipid synthesis (FASN, SREBP1, and ACACA) compared to CON-fed pigs, which may be related to postprandial portal nutrient flow and reduced systemic insulin signaling. Overall, our data show that TGS consumption may affect gastrointestinal bacterial signaling, caused by changes in gut bacterial profiles and the action of propionate, and host lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Newman
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renée M Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Grüll
- Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Polyzos SA, Anastasilakis AD, Efstathiadou ZA, Makras P, Perakakis N, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in metabolic diseases. Endocrine 2018; 59:260-274. [PMID: 29170905 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irisin is a myokine/adipokine induced by the exercise in mice and humans, which is proposed to induce "browning" of white adipose tissue, its primary target, thus increasing thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Since its identification, irisin has been linked to favorable effects on metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and metabolic bone diseases. Generally, despite the promising profile of irisin in rodents, its effects on human are less recognized. REVIEW Most, but not all studies show a positive association between irisin and indices of adiposity. In T2DM, NAFLD, and CVD, most observational studies reported lower irisin levels in patients than controls. Regarding metabolic bone diseases, irisin is positively associated with bone mineral density and strength in athletes, and inversely associated with osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. In PCOS, data remain largely conflicting. Irisin does not seem to be further reduced when two metabolic diseases, e.g., T2DM and NAFLD, or obesity and NAFLD exist though more data are needed. Furthermore, it seems that diverse confounders may have affected the results of different clinical studies. CONCLUSION Irisin remains an appealing molecule from a pathophysiological point of view and an appealing therapeutic target for metabolic diseases, albeit much research is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Zoe A Efstathiadou
- Department of Endocrinology, Ippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Polyzois Makras
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Santhekadur PK, Kumar DP, Sanyal AJ. Preclinical models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 68:230-237. [PMID: 29128391 PMCID: PMC5775040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can manifest as non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is often associated with progressive fibrosis which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is increasing as an aetiology for end-stage liver disease as well as HCC. There are currently no approved therapies for NASH. A major barrier to development of therapeutics for NASH is the lack of preclinical models of disease that are appropriately validated to represent the biology and outcomes of human disease. Many in vitro and animal models have been developed. In vitro models do not fully capture the hepatic and extrahepatic milieu of human NASH and large animal models are expensive and logistically difficult to use. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the development and validation of mouse models for NAFLD, including NASH. Several models based on varying genetic or dietary manipulations have been developed. However, the majority do not recreate steatohepatitis, strictly defined as the presence of hepatocellular ballooning with or without Mallory-Denk bodies, accompanied by inflammation in the presence of macrovesicular steatosis. Others lack validation against human disease. Herein, we describe the best practices in development of mouse models of NASH. We further review existing models and the literature supporting their use as a surrogate for human disease. Finally, data on models to evaluate protective genes are discussed. It is hoped that this review will provide guidance for the interpretation of data derived from mouse models and also for the development and validation of newer models.
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Impact of diesel exhaust exposure on the liver of mice fed on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-deficient diet. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 111:284-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Polyzos SA, Duntas L, Bollerslev J. The intriguing connections of leptin to hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine 2017; 57:376-387. [PMID: 28730419 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leptin has been implicated in bone metabolism, but the association with parathyroid gland function has not been fully clarified. This review aimed to summarize evidence of the association between leptin and hyperparathyroidism, both primary and secondary, elucidating the potential pathophysiologic and therapeutic consequences between leptin and parathyroid hormone, hopefully prompting the design of new studies. RESULTS Experimental studies indicate a positive loop between leptin and parathyroid hormone in primary hyperparathyroidism. Dissimilar, parathyroid hormone seems to inhibit leptin expression in severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Data from clinical studies indicate higher leptin levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism than controls, but no association between parathyroid hormone and leptin levels, as well as a minimal or neutral effect of parathyroidectomy on leptin levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical data on secondary hyperparathyroidism, mainly derived from patients with chronic kidney disease, indicate a potential inverse association between leptin and parathyroid hormone in some, but not all studies. This relationship may be affected by the diversity of morbidity among these patients. CONCLUSIONS Data from experimental studies suggest a different association between leptin and parathyroid hormone in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Data from clinical studies are conflicting and potentially affected by confounders. More focused, well-designed studies are warranted to elucidate a potential association between leptin and parathyroid hormone, which may have specific clinical implications, i.e., targeting obesity and hyperleptinemia in patients with hyperparathyroidism.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Chief Cells, Gastric/drug effects
- Chief Cells, Gastric/metabolism
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Humans
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/complications
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/drug therapy
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/metabolism
- Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/physiopathology
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/complications
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/drug therapy
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/metabolism
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/physiopathology
- Insulin Resistance
- Leptin/blood
- Leptin/genetics
- Leptin/metabolism
- Leptin/therapeutic use
- Models, Biological
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Parathyroid Glands/drug effects
- Parathyroid Glands/physiopathology
- Parathyroid Hormone/blood
- Parathyroid Hormone/genetics
- Parathyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Parathyroid Hormone/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Reproducibility of Results
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Leonidas Duntas
- Endocrine Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Medical Clinic B, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University in Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Deng T, Lyon CJ, Bergin S, Caligiuri MA, Hsueh WA. Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 11:421-49. [PMID: 27193454 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, confers increased risk for multiple serious conditions, including cancer, and is increasingly recognized as a growing cause of preventable cancer risk. Chronic inflammation, a well-known mediator of cancer, is a central characteristic of obesity, leading to many of its complications, and obesity-induced inflammation confers additional cancer risk beyond obesity itself. Multiple mechanisms facilitate this strong association between cancer and obesity. Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ, secreting several hormones, including leptin and adiponectin, and chemokines that can regulate tumor behavior, inflammation, and the tumor microenvironment. Excessive adipose expansion during obesity causes adipose dysfunction and inflammation to increase systemic levels of proinflammatory factors. Cells from adipose tissue, such as cancer-associated adipocytes and adipose-derived stem cells, enter the cancer microenvironment to enhance protumoral effects. Dysregulated metabolism that stems from obesity, including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, can further impact tumor growth and development. This review describes how adipose tissue becomes inflamed in obesity, summarizes ways these mechanisms impact cancer development, and discusses their role in four adipose-associated cancers that demonstrate elevated incidence or mortality in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Deng
- Diabetes Research Center and Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030; .,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College at Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Christopher J Lyon
- Diabetes Research Center and Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Stephen Bergin
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Willa A Hsueh
- The Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
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Adipokines and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Multiple Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081649. [PMID: 28758929 PMCID: PMC5578039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence links obesity with low-grade inflammation which may originate from adipose tissue that secretes a plethora of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines termed adipokines. Adiponectin and leptin have evolved as crucial signals in many obesity-related pathologies including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whereas adiponectin deficiency might be critically involved in the pro-inflammatory state associated with obesity and related disorders, overproduction of leptin, a rather pro-inflammatory mediator, is considered of equal relevance. An imbalanced adipokine profile in obesity consecutively contributes to metabolic inflammation in NAFLD, which is associated with a substantial risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) also in the non-cirrhotic stage of disease. Both adiponectin and leptin have been related to liver tumorigenesis especially in preclinical models. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of some adipokines in NAFLD and associated HCC.
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Zhang QZ, Liu YL, Wang YR, Fu LN, Zhang J, Wang XR, Wang BM. Effects of telmisartan on improving leptin resistance and inhibiting hepatic fibrosis in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2689-2694. [PMID: 28962213 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the impacts of telmisartan (TEL) on hepatic fibrosis, serum leptin, leptin protein in liver tissue and its mRNA expression level in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control (N), model (M), polyene phosphatidylcholine (P) and TEL (T) groups. Group M and the intervention groups were given a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce NAFLD, followed by 4 weeks of intragastric administration of normal saline (1.0 ml/kg/day), polyene phosphatidylcholine (PPC; 123.1 mg/kg/day) and TEL (8 mg/kg/day). The liver tissue was then assessed for the NAFLD activity score and fibrosis score (FS), and serum biochemistry and leptin levels were determined. Additionally, leptin protein expression levels were examined by western blotting and the expression of leptin mRNA was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. TEL significantly improved FS in rats (P<0.01) and was more effective than PPC. TEL significantly reduced the expression of serum leptin, as well as the expression levels of leptin protein and its mRNA in liver tissue (P<0.01); however, the effects of PPC were not significant (P>0.05). TEL reduced serum leptin, leptin protein and its mRNA in the liver tissue of NAFLD rats, and improved the pathological indicators of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Zan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin 300140, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin 300140, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Rong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin 300140, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin 300140, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin 300140, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Ru Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin 300140, P.R. China
| | - Bang-Mao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Cimini FA, Barchetta I, Carotti S, Bertoccini L, Baroni MG, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Cavallo MG, Morini S. Relationship between adipose tissue dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3407-3417. [PMID: 28596677 PMCID: PMC5442077 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i19.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Its pathogenesis is complex and not yet fully understood. Over the years many studies have proposed various pathophysiological hypotheses, among which the currently most widely accepted is the “multiple parallel hits” theory. According to this model, lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes and insulin resistance increase the vulnerability of the liver to many factors that act in a coordinated and cooperative manner to promote hepatic injury, inflammation and fibrosis. Among these factors, adipose tissue dysfunction and subsequent chronic low grade inflammation play a crucial role. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D exerts an immune-regulating action on adipose tissue, and the growing wealth of epidemiological data is demonstrating that hypovitaminosis D is associated with both obesity and NAFLD. Furthermore, given the strong association between these conditions, current findings suggest that vitamin D may be involved in the relationship between adipose tissue dysfunction and NAFLD. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent advances in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in relation to adipose tissue dysfunction, and in the pathophysiology linking vitamin D deficiency with NAFLD and adiposity, together with an overview of the evidence available on the clinical utility of vitamin D supplementation in cases of NAFLD.
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Navekar R, Rafraf M, Ghaffari A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Khoshbaten M. Turmeric Supplementation Improves Serum Glucose Indices and Leptin Levels in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:261-267. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1267597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Navekar
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IRAN
| | - Maryam Rafraf
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IRAN
| | - Aida Ghaffari
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IRAN
| | - Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Department of Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, IRAN
| | - Manouchehr Khoshbaten
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IRAN
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Hepatic Transcriptome Profiles of Mice with Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Treated with Astaxanthin and Vitamin E. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030593. [PMID: 28282876 PMCID: PMC5372609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation and peroxidation, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice with high-cholesterol, high-cholate, and high-fat (CL) diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It has been proposed as a potential new treatment to inhibit the progression of NASH in humans. In this study, we compared hepatic gene expression profiles after treatment with astaxanthin or the antioxidant vitamin E in mice with CL diet-induced NASH. Comprehensive gene expression analyses of the livers of mice fed a standard, CL, or CL diet containing astaxanthin or vitamin E for 12 weeks were performed using a DNA microarray. Both astaxanthin and vitamin E effectively improved gene expression associated with eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (EIF2) signaling, which is suppressed in NASH by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver. However, astaxanthin did not improve the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Astaxanthin, but not vitamin E, was predicted to suppress the actions of ligand-dependent nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, (PPAR) α (PPARA) and PPARδ (PPARD), and to affect related molecules. Establishing a new therapy using astaxanthin will require elucidation of astaxanthin’s molecular action on the functions of PPARα and related molecules in the livers of mice with diet-induced NASH.
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Inzaugarat ME, De Matteo E, Baz P, Lucero D, García CC, Gonzalez Ballerga E, Daruich J, Sorda JA, Wald MR, Cherñavsky AC. New evidence for the therapeutic potential of curcumin to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172900. [PMID: 28257515 PMCID: PMC5336246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The immune system acts on different metabolic tissues that are implicated in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Leptin and linoleic acid have the ability to potentially affect immune cells, whereas curcumin is a known natural polyphenol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aims This study was designed to evaluate the pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects of leptin and linoleic acid on immune cells from patients with NAFLD and to corroborate the modulatory effects of curcumin and its preventive properties against the progression of NAFLD using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis mouse model. Results The ex vivo experiments showed that linoleic acid increased the production of reactive oxygen species in monocytes and liver macrophages, whereas leptin enhanced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in monocytes and interferon-γ production in circulating CD4+ cells. Conversely, oral administration of curcumin prevented HFD-induced liver injury, metabolic alterations, intrahepatic CD4+ cell accumulation and the linoleic acid- and leptin- induced pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects on mouse liver macrophages. Conclusion Our findings provide new evidence for the therapeutic potential of curcumin to treat human NAFLD. However, the development of a preventive treatment targeting human circulating monocytes and liver macrophages as well as peripheral and hepatic CD4+ cells requires additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Inzaugarat
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo-CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Hospital de Niños “Dr. R. Gutiérrez”, Servicio de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Placida Baz
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo-CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Lucero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica - Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Laboratorio de Lípidos y Arterioesclerosis, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Claudia García
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo-CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Gonzalez Ballerga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martin"- División de Gastroenterología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Daruich
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martin"- División de Gastroenterología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Antonio Sorda
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martin"- División de Gastroenterología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Ruth Wald
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED)- Universidad católica Argentina-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Claudia Cherñavsky
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo-CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Kakehashi A, Stefanov VE, Ishii N, Okuno T, Fujii H, Kawai K, Kawada N, Wanibuchi H. Proteome Characteristics of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Liver Tissue and Associated Hepatocellular Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020434. [PMID: 28218651 PMCID: PMC5343968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To uncover mechanisms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated hepatocarcinogenesis, we compared the proteomes of human NASH-associated liver biopsies, resected hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and HCCs of HCV⁺ patients with normal liver tissue of patients with gastrointestinal tumor metastasis, in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples obtained after surgery in our hospital during the period from 2006 to 2011. In addition, proteome analysis of liver tumors in male STAM NASH-model mice was performed. Similar changes in the proteome spectrum such as overexpression of enzymes involved in lipid, cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis and examples associated with suppression of fatty acid oxidation and catabolism, alcohol metabolism, mitochondrial function as well as low expression levels of cytokeratins 8 and 18 were observed in both human NASH biopsies and NASH HCCs, but not HCV⁺ HCCs. Alterations in downstream protein expression pointed to significant activation of transforming growth factor β, SMAD family member 3, β-catenin, Nrf2, SREBP-LXRα and nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 (NRIP1), and inhibition of PPARs and p53 in human NASH biopsies and/or HCCs, suggesting their involvement in accumulation of lipids, development of fibrosis, oxidative stress, cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis in NASH hepatocarcinogenesis. In STAM mice, PPARs inhibition was not obvious, while expression of cytokeratins 8 and 18 was elevated, indicative of essential differences between human and mouse NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Vasily E Stefanov
- Department of Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Naomi Ishii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Okuno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Kawai
- Department of Environmental Oncology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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Tiburcio TC, Willebrords J, da Silva TC, Alves Pereira IV, Nogueira MS, Crespo Yanguas S, Maes M, dos Anjos Silva E, Zaidan Dagli ML, Alves de Castro I, Pinto Oliveira C, Vinken M, Cogliati B. Connexin32 deficiency is associated with liver injury, inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:197-206. [PMID: 27859493 PMCID: PMC5689377 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is a highly prevalent liver pathology featured by hepatocellular fat deposition and inflammation. Connexin32, which is the major building block of hepatocellular gap junctions, has a protective role in hepatocarcinogenesis and is downregulated in chronic liver diseases. However, the role of connexin32 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis remains unclear. Connexin32-/- mice and their wild-type littermates were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet. The manifestation of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was evaluated based on a battery of clinically relevant read-outs, including histopathological examination, diverse indicators of inflammation and liver damage, in-depth lipid analysis, assessment of oxidative stress, insulin and glucose tolerance, liver regeneration and lipid-related biomarkers. Overall, more pronounced liver damage, inflammation and oxidative stress were observed in connexin32-/- mice compared to wild-type animals. No differences were found in insulin and glucose tolerance measurements and liver regeneration. However, two lipid-related genes, srebf1 and fabp3, were upregulated in Cx32-/- mice in comparison with wild-type animals. These findings suggest that connexin32-based signalling is not directly involved in steatosis as such, but rather in the sequelae of this process, which underlie progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taynã Cristina Tiburcio
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tereza Cristina da Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Veloso Alves Pereira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Sayuri Nogueira
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisangela dos Anjos Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inar Alves de Castro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Pinto Oliveira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Division, Hepatology Branch, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
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Park CH, Kim JH, Lee EB, Hur W, Kwon OJ, Park HJ, Yoon SK. Aronia melanocarpa Extract Ameliorates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism through PPARγ2 Downregulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169685. [PMID: 28081181 PMCID: PMC5230775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Studies have demonstrated that anthocyanin-rich foods may improve hyperlipidemia and ameliorate hepatic steatosis. Here, effects of Aronia melanocarpa (AM), known to be rich of anthocyanins, on hepatic lipid metabolism and adipogenic genes were determined. AM was treated to C57BL/6N mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) or to FL83B cells treated with free fatty acid (FFA). Changes in levels of lipids, enzymes and hormones were observed, and expressions of adipogenic genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism were detected by PCR, Western blotting and luciferase assay. In mice, AM significantly reduced the body and liver weight, lipid accumulation in the liver, and levels of biochemical markers such as fatty acid synthase, hepatic triglyceride and leptin. Serum transaminases, indicators for hepatocyte injury, were also suppressed, while superoxide dismutase activity and liver antioxidant capacity were significantly increased. In FL83B cells, AM significantly reduced FFA-induced lipid droplet accumulation. Protein synthesis of an adipogenic transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) was inhibited in vivo. Furthermore, transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 was down-regulated in vitro, and mRNA expression of PPARγ2 and its downstream target genes, adipocyte protein 2 and lipoprotein lipase were down-regulated by AM both in vitro and in vivo. These results show beneficial effects of AM against hepatic lipid accumulation through the inhibition of PPARγ2 expression along with improvements in body weight, liver functions, lipid profiles and antioxidant capacity suggesting the potential therapeutic efficacy of AM on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hwa Park
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Byul Lee
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonhee Hur
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oh-Joo Kwon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Seung Kew Yoon
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Panera N, Della Corte C, Crudele A, Stronati L, Nobili V, Alisi A. Recent advances in understanding the role of adipocytokines during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis and their link with hepatokines. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:393-403. [PMID: 26654761 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently considered the main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Mechanisms leading to the development and progression of this disease are topics of great interest for researchers and clinicians. The current multi-hit hypothesis has thrown the crosstalk between liver and adipose tissue into sharp focus. It is well known that adipose tissue produces circulating factors, known as adipocytokines, which exert several effects on liver cells, promoting the onset of NAFLD and its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese subjects. In a similar way, hepatocytes may also respond to obesogenic stimuli by producing and releasing hepatokines into the circulation. Here, the authors provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the role of the most relevant adipocytokines and hepatokines in NAFLD pathogenesis, highlighting their possible molecular and functional interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Panera
- a Liver Research Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Della Corte
- b Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Annalisa Crudele
- a Liver Research Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- c Department of Radiobiology and Human Health , ENEA , Rome , Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- b Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- a Liver Research Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
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Immune-Inflammatory and Metabolic Effects of High Dose Furosemide plus Hypertonic Saline Solution (HSS) Treatment in Cirrhotic Subjects with Refractory Ascites. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165443. [PMID: 27941973 PMCID: PMC5152809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with chronic liver diseases are usually thin as a result of hypermetabolism and malnutrition expressed by reduced levels of leptin and impairment of other adyponectins such as visfatin. Aims We evaluated the metabolic and inflammatory effects of intravenous high-dose furosemide plus hypertonic saline solutions (HSS) compared with repeated paracentesis and a standard oral diuretic schedule, in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Methods 59 consecutive cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites unresponsive to outpatient treatment. Enrolled subjects were randomized to treatment with intravenous infusion of furosemide (125–250mg⁄bid) plus small volumes of HSS from the first day after admission until 3 days before discharge (Group A, n:38), or repeated paracentesis from the first day after admission until 3 days before discharge (Group B, n: 21). Plasma levels of ANP, BNP, Leptin, visfatin, IL-1β, TNF-a, IL-6 were measured before and after the two type of treatment. Results Subjects in group A were observed to have a significant reduction of serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ANP, BNP, and visfatin, thus regarding primary efficacy endpoints, in Group A vs. Group B we observed higher Δ-TNF-α, Δ-IL-1β, Δ-IL-6, Δ-ANP, Δ-BNP, Δ-visfatin, Δ-Leptin at discharge. Discussion Our findings underline the possible inflammatory and metabolic effect of saline overload correction in treatment of cirrhosis complications such as refractory ascites, suggesting a possible role of inflammatory and metabolic-nutritional variables as severity markers in these patients.
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Davis JE, Cain J, Small C, Hales DB. Therapeutic effect of flax-based diets on fatty liver in aged laying hens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2624-2632. [PMID: 27143762 PMCID: PMC5049100 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the ability of flax-based ingredients to attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD: ) in aged laying hens-a novel and more physiologically relevant model of human disease. Our results showed only hens supplemented with whole flaxseed ( WFX: ) reduced steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning. Serum AST was also reduced in hens provided WFX and defatted flaxseed meal ( DFM: ). Hepatic ω-3 PUFA enrichment was improved with supplementation of WFX, DFM, and flaxseed oil ( FXO: ). However, this effect was more evident in the WFX group. In contrast, transcript abundance of genes linked to NAFLD were predominantly modified with FXO supplementation. Taken together, our data indicate a potential synergistic relationship between the fatty acid and lignan content in flaxseed which attenuated the progression of NAFLD in aged laying hens. Although more research is necessary, these findings demonstrate the potential use of whole flaxseed for the treatment and prevention of NAFLD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - J Cain
- Department of Biology, Aurora University, Aurora, IL 60506
| | - C Small
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - D B Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901
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Schisandrin B: A Double-Edged Sword in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6171658. [PMID: 27847552 PMCID: PMC5101399 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6171658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver lesions ranging from hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The high global prevalence of NAFLD has underlined the important public health implications of this disease. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves the abnormal accumulation of free fatty acids, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and a proinflammatory state in the liver. Schisandrin B (Sch B), an active dibenzooctadiene lignan isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (a traditional Chinese herb), was found to possess antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anti-ER stress, and anti-inflammatory activities in cultured hepatocytes in vitro and in rodent livers in vivo. Whereas a long-term, low dose regimen of Sch B induces an antihyperlipidemic response in obese mice fed a high fat diet, a single bolus high dose of Sch B increases serum/hepatic lipid levels in mice. This differential action of Sch B is likely related to a dose/time-dependent biphasic response on lipid metabolism in mice. The hepatoprotection afforded by Sch B against oxidative stress, ER stress, and inflammation has been widely reported. The ensemble of results suggests that Sch B may offer potential as a therapeutic agent for NAFLD. The optimal dose and duration of Sch B treatment need to be established in order to ensure maximal efficacy and safety when used in humans.
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Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Anastasilakis AD, Triantafyllou GΑ, Mantzoros CS. Activin A and follistatin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2016; 65:1550-8. [PMID: 27621190 PMCID: PMC5022788 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are limited data on the role of activin A and its binding protein, follistatin, in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The main aim was the evaluation of serum activin A and follistatin levels in patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD vs. METHODS This was a case-control study. Fifteen patients with nonalcoholic simple steatosis (SS), 16 with steatohepatitis (NASH), and 52 (24 lean and 28 obese) controls were recruited. Activin A and follistatin were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Activin A levels showed a trend towards progressive increase (p=0.010) from the controls (lean: 356±25, 95% CI 305-408; obese 360±20, 95% CI 320-401pg/ml) to SS (407±28, 95% CI 347-466pg/ml) and NASH patients (514±70 95% CI 364-664pg/ml); this association became non-significant after adjusting for adiposity. Follistatin was not different between groups (lean controls: 1.11±0.08, 95% CI 0.95-1.28; obese controls: 1.00±0.07, 95% CI 0.86-1.14; SS: 0.86±0.07, 95% CI 0.70-1.02; NASH: 1.14±0.09, 95% CI 0.90-1.37ng/ml; p=0.13). Within the NAFLD group of patients, follistatin was associated with NASH independently from activin A, gender and age, a relationship however likely reflecting the effect of adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Activin A is higher in patients with NASH than both lean and obese controls. Future clinical studies are needed to confirm and expand these findings, whereas mechanistic studies exploring underlying mechanisms are also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Α Triantafyllou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Caligiuri A, Gentilini A, Marra F. Molecular Pathogenesis of NASH. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091575. [PMID: 27657051 PMCID: PMC5037841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the main cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world and a major health problem, owing to its close association with obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. NASH progression results from numerous events originating within the liver, as well as from signals derived from the adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract. In a fraction of NASH patients, disease may progress, eventually leading to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding the mechanisms leading to NASH and its evolution to cirrhosis is critical to identifying effective approaches for the treatment of this condition. In this review, we focus on some of the most recent data reported on the pathogenesis of NASH and its fibrogenic progression, highlighting potential targets for treatment or identification of biomarkers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Caligiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 50121, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gentilini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 50121, Italy.
| | - Fabio Marra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 50121, Italy.
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Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Adiponectin as a target for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with thiazolidinediones: A systematic review. Metabolism 2016; 65:1297-306. [PMID: 27506737 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs; pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) have provided promising results in clinical trials for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The main purpose of this systematic review was to summarize evidence on circulating adiponectin levels in relation to histological changes following TZD treatment in patients with histologically confirmed NASH. We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library. We included four studies, published between 2006 and 2012, providing data for 187 histologically confirmed NASH adult patients (105 on TZD and 82 controls) treated for 6-12months. Significant increase in adiponectin (80-178%) after TZD treatment was observed in all included studies. Improvement in steatosis following treatment was observed in all studies. A trend towards improvement in lobular inflammation was observed in all studies after pioglitazone, but not after rosiglitazone. Trends toward improvement in ballooning and fibrosis were observed in the two studies after pioglitazone using either the highest doses or the longest duration of therapy. Overall disease activity score was improved in all studies after pioglitazone, but not after rosiglitazone. Insulin resistance and liver function tests were also improved after treatment. Despite weight gain, circulating leptin was not increased after treatment. In conclusion, parallel increases in circulating adiponectin levels and histological improvement were observed in this systematic review. These results warrant further consideration of TZDs, but even more importantly point to a key role for novel potential treatments for NASH patients such as the newer selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ modulators, which increase adiponectin without significant weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Mintziori G, Polyzos SA. Emerging and future therapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1937-46. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1225727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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131
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Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Adipokines in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2016; 65:1062-79. [PMID: 26725002 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of adipose tissue as a higly active endocrine tissue, adipokines, peptides produced by adipose tissue and exerting autocrine, paracrine and endocrine function, have gained increasing interest in various obesity-related diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Data regarding the association between NAFLD and circulating leptin and adiponectin levels are generally well documented: leptin levels increase, whereas adiponectin levels decrease, by increasing the severity of NAFLD. Data regarding other adipokines in histologically confirmed NAFLD populations are inconclusive (e.g., resistin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein-4, chemerin) or limited (e.g., adipsin, obestatin, omentin, vaspin etc.). This review summarizes evidence on the association between adipokines and NAFLD. The first part of the review provides general consideration on the interplay between adipokines and NAFLD, and the second part provides evidence on specific adipokines possibly involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. A thorough insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking adipokines with NAFLD may result in the design of studies investigating the combined adipokine use as noninvasive diagnostic markers of NAFLD and new clinical trials targeting the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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132
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Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros CS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia: An update. Metabolism 2016; 65:1109-23. [PMID: 27237577 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, progressing from simple steatosis to necroinflammation and fibrosis (leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), and in some cases to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance are involved in NAFLD development and progression. NAFLD has been associated with several cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension and smoking. NAFLD is also characterized by atherogenic dyslipidemia, postprandial lipemia and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunction. Most importantly, NAFLD patients have an increased risk for both liver and CV disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. In this narrative review, the associations between NAFLD, dyslipidemia and vascular disease in NAFLD patients are discussed. NAFLD treatment is also reviewed with a focus on lipid-lowering drugs. Finally, future perspectives in terms of both NAFLD diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Disease Prevention Clinics), Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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133
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Winkler S, Hempel M, Brückner S, Tautenhahn HM, Kaufmann R, Christ B. Identification of Pathways in Liver Repair Potentially Targeted by Secretory Proteins from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1099. [PMID: 27409608 PMCID: PMC4964475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beneficial impact of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) on both acute and chronic liver diseases has been confirmed, although the molecular mechanisms behind it remain elusive. We aim to identify factors secreted by undifferentiated and hepatocytic differentiated MSC in vitro in order to delineate liver repair pathways potentially targeted by MSC. METHODS Secreted factors were determined by protein arrays and related pathways identified by biomathematical analyses. RESULTS MSC from adipose tissue and bone marrow expressed a similar pattern of surface markers. After hepatocytic differentiation, CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1, ICAM-1) increased and CD166 (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule, ALCAM) decreased. MSC secreted different factors before and after differentiation. These comprised cytokines involved in innate immunity and growth factors regulating liver regeneration. Pathway analysis revealed cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, chemokine signalling pathways, the complement and coagulation cascades as well as the Januskinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NOD-like receptor) signalling pathways as relevant networks. Relationships to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1-α) signalling seemed also relevant. CONCLUSION MSC secreted proteins, which differed depending on cell source and degree of differentiation. The factors might address inflammatory and growth factor pathways as well as chemo-attraction and innate immunity. Since these are prone to dysregulation in most liver diseases, MSC release hepatotropic factors, potentially supporting liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Winkler
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Madlen Hempel
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sandra Brückner
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Bruno Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Nobili V, Alisi A, Newton KP, Schwimmer JB. Comparison of the Phenotype and Approach to Pediatric vs Adult Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1798-810. [PMID: 27003600 PMCID: PMC4887388 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the main chronic noncommunicable diseases in Westernized societies; its worldwide prevalence has doubled during the last 20 years. NAFLD has serious health implications not only for adults, but also for children. However, pediatric NAFLD is not only an important global problem in itself, but it is likely to be associated with increases in comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. There are several differences between NAFLD in children and adults, and it is not clear whether the disease observed in children is the initial phase of a process that progresses with age. The increasing prevalence of pediatric NAFLD has serious implications for the future adult population requiring appropriate action. Studies of NAFLD progression, pathogenesis, and management should evaluate disease phenotypes in children and follow these over the patient's lifetime. We review the similarities and differences of NAFLD between children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nobili
- Hepato-metabolic Disease Unit and Liver Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - A Alisi
- Hepato-metabolic Disease Unit and Liver Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Kimberly P. Newton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Jeffrey B. Schwimmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California,Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
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Bekaert M, Verhelst X, Geerts A, Lapauw B, Calders P. Association of recently described adipokines with liver histology in biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2016; 17:68-80. [PMID: 26597657 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising, as is the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is increasingly recognized that an impaired pattern in adipokine secretion could play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the potential link between newly described adipokines and liver histology in biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. A computerized literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science electronic databases. Thirty-one cross-sectional studies were included, resulting in a total of seven different investigated adipokines. Studies included in this review mainly had a good methodological quality. Most adipokines were suggested to be involved in the inflammatory response that develops within the context of NAFLD, either at hepatic or systemic level, and/or hepatic insulin resistance. Based on literature, clinical studies suggest that chemerin, resistin and adipocyte-fatty-acid-binding protein potentially are involved in NAFLD pathogenesis and/or progression. However, major inconsistency still exists, and there is a high need for larger studies, together with the need of standardized assays to determine adipokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bekaert
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - X Verhelst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Geerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Calders
- Revalidation Science and Physiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Polyzos SA, Aronis KN, Kountouras J, Raptis DD, Vasiloglou MF, Mantzoros CS. Circulating leptin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2016; 59:30-43. [PMID: 26407715 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Clinical data regarding circulating leptin levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are conflicting. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare leptin levels between the following groups: patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD vs controls; simple steatosis (SS) patients vs controls; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients vs controls and NASH patients vs SS patients. METHODS We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library. We analysed 33 studies, published between 1999 and 2014, including 2,612 individuals (775 controls and 1,837 NAFLD patients). RESULTS Higher circulating leptin levels were observed in NAFLD patients vs controls (standardised mean difference [SMD] 0.640; 95% CI 0.422, 0.858), SS patients vs controls (SMD 0.358; 95% CI 0.043, 0.673), NASH patients vs controls (SMD 0.617; 95% CI 0.403, 0.832) and NASH patients vs SS patients (SMD 0.209; 95% CI 0.023, 0.395). These results remained essentially unchanged after excluding studies involving paediatric or adolescent populations and/or individuals undergoing bariatric surgery. There was moderate-to-severe heterogeneity among studies in all comparisons, but no significant publication bias was detected. Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that BMI was inversely associated with leptin SMD and accounted for 26.5% (p = 0.014) and 32.7% (p = 0.021) of the between-study variance in the comparison between NASH patients and controls and NAFLD patients and controls, respectively. However, when bariatric studies were excluded, BMI did not significantly explain the between-study variance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Circulating leptin levels were higher in patients with NAFLD than in controls. Higher levels of circulating leptin were associated with increased severity of NAFLD, and the association remained significant after the exclusion of studies involving paediatric or adolescent populations and morbidly obese individuals subjected to bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos, 546 42, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos N Aronis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos, 546 42, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios D Raptis
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos, 546 42, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria F Vasiloglou
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos, 546 42, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Zang S, Ma X, Zhuang Z, Liu J, Bian D, Xun Y, Zhang Q, Zhao F, Yang W, Liu J, Luo Y, Liu Y, Ye B, Ye D, Shi J. Increased ratio of neutrophil elastase toα1-antitrypsin is closely associated with liver inflammation in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 43:13-21. [PMID: 26444279 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shufei Zang
- Department of Endocrinology; Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
- Second Clinical Medical College; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Second Clinical Medical College; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Zhenjie Zhuang
- Centre for Translational Medicine; Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Jing Liu
- Second Clinical Medical College; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Dongxue Bian
- Second Clinical Medical College; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yunhao Xun
- Department of Liver Diseases; Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology; Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Falin Zhao
- Department of Health Management; School of Medicine; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Pathology; Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pathology; Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yan Luo
- Centre for Translational Medicine; Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yinlan Liu
- Centre for Translational Medicine; Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Bei Ye
- Centre for Translational Medicine; Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Junping Shi
- Centre for Translational Medicine; Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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138
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Dai YN, Zhu JZ, Fang ZY, Zhao DJ, Wan XY, Zhu HT, Yu CH, Li YM. A case-control study: Association between serum neuregulin 4 level and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2015; 64:1667-73. [PMID: 26476959 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a great health burden. Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) is a recently identified secret factor that may be associated with NAFLD. AIM To investigate the association between serum Nrg4 level and NAFLD by conducting a case-control study. METHOD A total of 174 subjects were included. 87 NAFLD subjects and 87 age- and sex-matched non-NAFLD controls were identified by hepatic ultrasound examination. Anthropometric and biochemical data were measured and recorded. Serum Nrg4 level was evaluated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SPSS software was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Compared to the controls, subjects with NAFLD presented with reduced level of serum Nrg4 (0.40 (0.27, 0.55) vs. 0.50 (0.30, 0.81)ng/mL (median (interquartile range)), P=0.029). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, reduced serum levels of Nrg4 were associated with higher NAFLD odds (OR=0.251, 95% confidence interval=0.081-0.779, P=0.017). By dividing the distribution of serum Nrg4 level into quartiles, there was borderline statistical difference of NAFLD prevalence among the four groups (P=0.058). There was no significant difference of serum Nrg4 levels in subjects according to the grades of fatty liver by ultrasound (P=0.080). No statistical difference of serum Nrg4 level was observed between obese and non-obese subjects (P=0.932). CONCLUSION Decreased serum Nrg4 level is prevalent in NAFLD subjects compared to non-NAFLD controls, and is an independent risk factor associated with NAFLD, indicating that Nrg4 might have a protective role in the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - De-Jian Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing-Yong Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua-Tuo Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chao-Hui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - You-Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
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139
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Zhou SJ, Yu DM, Yu P. Prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5113-5122. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i32.5113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently seen in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) population. Insulin resistance is the pathophysiologic bridge which links T2DM and NAFLD. Coexistence of both diseases indicates more severe diseases and higher risk of death. As a result, it is urgent to effectively control NAFLD in patients with T2DM. The advent of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors brings new hope for effectively managing NAFLD in T2DM patients. Bariatric surgery provides obese T2DM patients with a powerful means to treat NAFLD. The discovery of adipokines such as adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) may point to a new research direction for NAFLD. In this paper, we present therapeutic options currently available for NAFLD in T2DM patients as well as the present research progress in NAFLD with T2DM, with regards to epidemiology and pathophysiologic links between them.
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140
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Woods CP, Hazlehurst JM, Tomlinson JW. Glucocorticoids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:94-103. [PMID: 26241028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the global obesity and metabolic disease epidemic and is rapidly becoming the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and indication for liver transplantation worldwide. The hallmark pathological finding in NAFLD is excess lipid accumulation within hepatocytes, but it is a spectrum of disease ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis through to fibrosis, cirrhosis and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The exact pathophysiology remains unclear with a multi-hit hypothesis generally accepted as being required for inflammation and fibrosis to develop after initial steatosis. Glucocorticoids have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD across all stages. They have a diverse array of metabolic functions that have the potential to drive NAFLD acting on both liver and adipose tissue. In the fasting state, they are able to mobilize lipid, increasing fatty acid delivery and in the fed state can promote lipid accumulation. Their action is controlled at multiple levels and in this review will outline the evidence base for the role of GCs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD from cell systems, rodent models and clinical studies and describe interventional strategies that have been employed to modulate glucocorticoid action as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor P Woods
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Jonathon M Hazlehurst
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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141
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Delarue J, Lallès JP. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Roles of the gut and the liver and metabolic modulation by some dietary factors and especially long-chain n-3 PUFA. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:147-59. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; University Hospital and University of Brest; Brest France
- Breton Federation of Food and Human Nutrition (FED4216); University of Brest; Brest France
| | - Jean-Paul Lallès
- Breton Federation of Food and Human Nutrition (FED4216); University of Brest; Brest France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; UR1341; Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives; Nerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC); Saint-Gilles France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine-Ouest; Nantes Cedex 1 France
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Akinci B, Koseoglu FD, Onay H, Yavuz S, Altay C, Simsir IY, Ozisik S, Demir L, Korkut M, Yilmaz N, Ozen S, Akinci G, Atik T, Calan M, Secil M, Comlekci A, Demir T. Acquired partial lipodystrophy is associated with increased risk for developing metabolic abnormalities. Metabolism 2015; 64:1086-95. [PMID: 26139569 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acquired partial lipodystrophy (APL) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive selective fat loss. In previous studies, metabolic abnormalities were reported to be relatively rare in APL, whilst they were quite common in other types of lipodystrophy syndromes. METHODS In this nationwide cohort study, we evaluated 21 Turkish patients with APL who were enrolled in a prospective follow-up protocol. Subjects were investigated for metabolic abnormalities. Fat distribution was assessed by whole body MRI. Hepatic steatosis was evaluated by ultrasound, MRI and MR spectroscopy. Patients with diabetes underwent a mix meal stimulated C-peptide/insulin test to investigate pancreatic beta cell functions. Leptin and adiponectin levels were measured. RESULTS Fifteen individuals (71.4%) had at least one metabolic abnormality. Six patients (28.6%) had diabetes, 12 (57.1%) hypertrigylceridemia, 10 (47.6%) low HDL cholesterol, and 11 (52.4%) hepatic steatosis. Steatohepatitis was further confirmed in 2 patients with liver biopsy. Anti-GAD was negative in all APL patients with diabetes. APL patients with diabetes had lower leptin and adiponectin levels compared to patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls. However, contrary to what we observed in patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL), we did not detect consistently very low leptin levels in APL patients. The mix meal test suggested that APL patients with diabetes had a significant amount of functional pancreatic beta cells, and their diabetes was apparently associated with insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that APL is associated with increased risk for developing metabolic abnormalities. We suggest that close long-term follow-up is required to identify and manage metabolic abnormalities in APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Akinci
- Dokuz Eylul University, Division of Endocrinology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | - Huseyin Onay
- Ege University, Department of Medical Genetics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Yavuz
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Altay
- Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Radiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Secil Ozisik
- Dokuz Eylul University, Division of Endocrinology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Leyla Demir
- Ataturk Training Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Meltem Korkut
- Yeditepe University, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nusret Yilmaz
- Akdeniz University, Division of Endocrinology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Samim Ozen
- Ege University, Department of Medical Genetics, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Akinci
- Dr.Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tahir Atik
- Ege University, Department of Medical Genetics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Calan
- Dokuz Eylul University, Division of Endocrinology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Secil
- Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Radiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Tevfik Demir
- Dokuz Eylul University, Division of Endocrinology, Izmir, Turkey
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Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. An update on the validity of irisin assays and the link between irisin and hepatic metabolism. Metabolism 2015; 64:937-42. [PMID: 26130607 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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144
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Dalamaga M, Polyzos SA, Karmaniolas K, Chamberland J, Lekka A, Triantafilli M, Migdalis I, Papadavid E, Mantzoros CS. Fetuin-A levels and free leptin index are reduced in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a hospital-based case-control study. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:577-84. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1075523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, “Attikon” General University Hospital, Athens, Greece,
| | - Stergios A. Polyzos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
| | | | - John Chamberland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
| | - Antigoni Lekka
- Hematology Laboratory, 417 Army Share Fund General Hospital, Athens, Greece,
| | - Maria Triantafilli
- Hematology Laboratory, 417 Army Share Fund General Hospital, Athens, Greece,
| | - Ilias Migdalis
- Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund General Hospital, Athens, Greece,
| | - Evangelia Papadavid
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Athens, “Attikon”, General University Hospital, Athens, Greece, and
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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145
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Targher G, Lonardo A, Rossini M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and decreased bone mineral density: is there a link? J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:817-25. [PMID: 26003827 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver diseases are associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and evidence suggests that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects several extra-hepatic organs, interacting with the regulation of multiple endocrine and metabolic pathways. This review focuses on the rapidly expanding body of evidence that supports a strong association between NAFLD and the risk of decreased BMD, expression of low bone mass (osteoporosis), or reduced mineralization (osteomalacia). METHODS We identified studies by searching PubMed for original articles published in English through March 2015 using the keywords "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease" or "fatty liver" combined with "bone mineral density", "osteoporosis", or "osteomalacia". RESULTS Recent cross-sectional and case-control studies involving both adults and children have consistently shown that patients with NAFLD exhibit a greater prevalence of decreased BMD compared with age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls. Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests that NAFLD may contribute to the pathophysiology of low BMD, possibly through the direct contribution of NAFLD to whole-body and hepatic insulin resistance and/or the systemic release of multiple pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant, and pro-fibrogenic mediators. CONCLUSIONS Although more research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn, it appears that there is a non-chance, statistical association between NAFLD and low BMD. This finding argues for more careful monitoring and evaluation of BMD among patients with NAFLD. The potential contribution of NAFLD itself to the development and progression of decreased BMD warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Piazzale Stefani, 1, 37126, Verona, Italy,
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146
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Mantovani A, Pernigo M, Bergamini C, Bonapace S, Lipari P, Valbusa F, Bertolini L, Zenari L, Pichiri I, Dauriz M, Zoppini G, Barbieri E, Byrne CD, Bonora E, Targher G. Heart valve calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2015; 64:879-87. [PMID: 25957758 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) and mitral annulus calcification (MAC) are two powerful predictors of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the etiology of valvular calcification is uncertain. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor and is very common in type 2 diabetes, but whether NAFLD is associated with valvular calcification in this group of patients is presently unknown. METHODS We undertook a cross-sectional study of 247 consecutive type 2 diabetic outpatients with no previous history of heart failure, valvular heart diseases (aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, moderate or severe aortic and mitral regurgitation) or hepatic diseases. Presence of MAC and AVS was detected by echocardiography. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. RESULTS Overall, 139 (56.3%) patients had no heart valve calcification (HVC-0), 65 (26.3%) patients had one valve affected (HVC-1) and 43 (17.4%) patients had both valves affected (HVC-2). 175 (70.8%) patients had NAFLD and the prevalence of this disease markedly increased in patients with HVC-2 compared with either HVC-1 or HVC-0 (86.1% vs. 83.1% vs. 60.4%, respectively; p < 0.001). NAFLD was significantly associated with AVS and/or MAC (unadjusted-odds ratio 3.51, 95% CI 1.89-6.51, p < 0.001). Adjustments for age, sex, waist circumference, smoking, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, LDL-cholesterol, kidney function parameters, medication use and echocardiographic variables did not appreciably weaken this association (adjusted-odds ratio 2.70, 95% CI 1.23-7.38, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that NAFLD is an independent predictor of cardiac calcification in both the aortic and mitral valves in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mantovani
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Pernigo
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Corinna Bergamini
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonapace
- Division of Cardiology, "Sacro Cuore" Hospital, Negrar (VR) Italy
| | - Paola Lipari
- Division of Cardiology, "Sacro Cuore" Hospital, Negrar (VR) Italy
| | - Filippo Valbusa
- Division of General Medicine and Diabetes Unit "Sacro Cuore" Hospital, Negrar (VR) Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bertolini
- Division of General Medicine and Diabetes Unit "Sacro Cuore" Hospital, Negrar (VR) Italy
| | - Luciano Zenari
- Division of General Medicine and Diabetes Unit "Sacro Cuore" Hospital, Negrar (VR) Italy
| | - Isabella Pichiri
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Dauriz
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zoppini
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Barbieri
- Division of Cardiology, "Sacro Cuore" Hospital, Negrar (VR) Italy
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Enzo Bonora
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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147
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Sahin-Efe A, Polyzos SA, Dincer F, Zaichenko L, McGovern R, Schneider B, Mantzoros CS. Intracellular leptin signaling following effective weight loss. Metabolism 2015; 64:888-95. [PMID: 25998856 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of ex-vivo leptin treatment before and after weight loss on key-molecules of intracellular leptin signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of obese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five healthy obese women underwent a 12-week medical nutrition treatment aiming at inducing 10% weight loss. Isolated PBMCs at baseline, and at weeks 8 and 12 were treated with increasing leptin doses (0, 25 and 75 ng/ml) for 30 min. The phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), protein kinase B (Akt) and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) of PBMCs was analyzed using Western blotting. RESULTS Women lost 10 ± 1% and 13 ± 1% of weight at week 8 and 12, respectively. Circulating leptin and insulin significantly decreased from 39.5 ± 7.7 to 12.2 ± 2.4 ng/ml (p = 0.026) and from 13.0 ± 1.6 to 5.4 ± 0.9 μU/ml (p = 0.005) at week 12, respectively. In the ex vivo study, a significant decrease in STAT3 phosphorylation was observed in the control group after weight loss. Treatment of PBMCs with leptin 75 ng/ml increased significantly ERK, STAT3 and Akt phosphorylation, but no weight loss induced change was observed in response to leptin treatment ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS A 10%-15% weight loss decreases baseline STAT3 phosphorylation ex vivo, but does not alter the effect of increasing doses of leptin on the incremental intracellular phosphorylation of STAT3, ERK, Akt and AMPK. Supraphysiologic leptin doses (75 ng/ml) result in higher protein phosphorylation compared to either physiologic doses or no treatment, before and after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sahin-Efe
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Fadime Dincer
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lesya Zaichenko
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rosemary McGovern
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin Schneider
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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148
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Liu N, Mu H, Liang CD, Zheng JM, Zhang J. Effect of norepinephrine on expression of leptin and leptin receptor in hepatic stellate cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1052-1058. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i7.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) on the expression of leptin and leptin receptor in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro.
METHODS: Different concentrations of NE were applied on HSCs for 24, 48 or 72 h. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in activated HSCs. Western blot was used to detect the expression of leptin and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) proteins. Real-time PCR was used to examine the effect of NE on mRNA expression of leptin and sOB-R in HSCs.
RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry results showed that after 1, 10, or 100 μmol/L NE was used on HSCs, the expression of α-SMA increased significantly at 24 h (14.1 ± 4.4, 17.5 ± 5.2, 19.8 ± 4.1 vs 11.3 ± 4.5; P < 0.05), suggesting that NE could activate HSCs and promote their proliferation. When 10 μmol/L NE was applied for 24, 48 or 72 h, α-SMA expression gradually increased (17.5 ± 5.2; 18.5 ± 5.4; 19.2 ± 6.2, P < 0.05), indicating that NE induced HSC proliferation in a time-dependent manner. Western blot analysis showed that leptin protein expression was significantly higher in HSCs after treatment with 1, 10 and 100 μmol/L NE for 24 h compared with the control group (1.54 ± 0.08, 2.72 ± 0.09, 2.84 ± 0.18 vs 0.85 ± 0.12, P < 0.05); the expression of leptin receptor protein was also significantly higher than that in the control group (1.57 ± 0.18, 2.51 ± 0.17, 2.89 ± 0.19 vs 0.98 ± 0.15, P < 0.05). Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of leptin and leptin receptor, and the results showed that leptin mRNA expression was significantly higher than that in the control group (1.51 ± 0.08, 2.58 ± 0.09, 3.63 ± 0.12 vs 1.00 ± 0.07, P < 0.05); the expression of leptin receptor mRNA was also significantly higher than that in the control group (1.71 ± 0.08, 2.87 ± 0.10, 4.01 ± 0.14 vs 1.00 ± 0.08, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The sympathetic neurotransmitter NE plays a role in the process of liver fibrosis possibly by promoting leptin and sOB-R expression in activated HSCs.
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Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome pose significant risk for the progression of many types of chronic illness, including liver disease. Hormones released from adipocytes, adipocytokines, associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, have been shown to control hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis is the final common pathway that can result in cirrhosis, and can ultimately require liver transplantation. Initially, two key adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, appeared to control many fundamental aspects of the cell and molecular biology related to hepatic fibrosis and its resolution. Leptin appears to act as a profibrogenic molecule, while adiponectin has strong-antifibrotic properties. In this review, we emphasize pertinent data associated with these and other recently discovered adipocytokines that may drive or halt the fibrogenic response in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Saxena
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Howard Hall, Room 301, 660W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Frank A Anania
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Suite 201, 615 Michael Street, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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