101
|
Mantere O, Trontti K, García-González J, Balcells I, Saarnio S, Mäntylä T, Lindgren M, Kieseppä T, Raij T, Honkanen JK, Vaarala O, Hovatta I, Suvisaari J. Immunomodulatory effects of antipsychotic treatment on gene expression in first-episode psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 109:18-26. [PMID: 30463035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest immunological alterations in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). Some studies show that antipsychotic compounds may cause immunomodulatory effects. To evaluate the immunological changes and the possible immunomodulatory effects in FEP, we recruited patients with FEP (n = 67) and matched controls (n = 38), aged 18-40 years, from the catchment area of the Helsinki University Hospital and the City of Helsinki, Finland. Fasting peripheral blood samples were collected between 8 and 10 a.m. in 10 ml PAXgene tubes. We applied the NanoString nCounter in-solution hybridization technology to determine gene expression levels of 147 candidate genes reflecting activation of the immune system. Cases had higher gene expression levels of BDKRB1 and SPP1/osteopontin compared with controls. Of the individual medications used as monotherapy, risperidone was associated with a statistically significant upregulation of 11 immune system genes, including cytokines and cytokine receptors (SPP1, IL1R1, IL1R2), pattern recognition molecules (TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6, dectin-1/CLEC7A), molecules involved in apoptosis (FAS), and some other molecules with functions in immune activation (BDKRB1, IGF1R, CR1). In conclusion, risperidone possessed strong immunomodulatory properties affecting mainly innate immune response in FEP patients, whereas the observed effects of quetiapine and olanzapine were only marginal. Our results further emphasize the importance of understanding the immunomodulatory mechanisms of antipsychotic treatment, especially in terms of specific compounds, doses and duration of medication in patients with severe mental illness. Future studies should evaluate the response pre- and post-treatment, and the possible role of this inflammatory activation for the progression of psychiatric and metabolic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Outi Mantere
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875, LaSalle Boulevard Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Kalevi Trontti
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judit García-González
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ingrid Balcells
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Saarnio
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Mäntylä
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076, Aalto University School of Science, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Lindgren
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Kieseppä
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 590, FI-00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Tuukka Raij
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076, Aalto University School of Science, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 590, FI-00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Jarno K Honkanen
- Clinicum, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Clinicum, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Corsi-Zuelli F, Fachim HA, Loureiro CM, Shuhama R, Bertozi G, Joca SRL, Menezes PR, Louzada-Junior P, Del-Ben CM. Prolonged Periods of Social Isolation From Weaning Reduce the Anti-inflammatory Cytokine IL-10 in Blood and Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1011. [PMID: 30686977 PMCID: PMC6337063 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Life stressors during critical periods are reported to trigger an immune dysfunction characterised by abnormal production of inflammatory cytokines. Despite the relationship between early stressors and schizophrenia is described, the evidence on inflammatory biomarkers remains limited. We aimed to investigate whether an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain is reflected in the peripheral blood of rats submitted to post-weaning social isolation (pwSI), a model with validity to study schizophrenia. We evaluated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) simultaneously at blood, prefrontal cortex and hippocampal tissues (Milliplex MAP), including the respective cytokines gene expression (mRNA) (qRT-PCR TaqMan mastermix). We also performed a correlation matrix to explore significant correlations among cytokines (protein and mRNA) in blood and brain, as well as cytokines and total number of square crossings in the open field for isolated-reared animals. Male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were kept isolated (n = 1/cage) or grouped (n = 3–4/cage) since weaning for 10 weeks. After this period, rats were assessed for locomotion and sacrificed for blood and brain cytokines measurements. Prolonged pwSI decreased IL-10 protein and mRNA in the blood, and IL-10 protein in the hippocampus, along with decreased IL-6 and its mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex. Our results also showed that cytokines tend to correlate to one-another among the compartments investigated, although blood and brain correlations are far from perfect. IL-10 hippocampal levels were negatively correlated with hyperlocomotion in the open field. Despite the unexpected decrease in IL-6 and unchanged TNF-α levels contrast to the expected pro-inflammatory phenotype, this may suggest that reduced anti-inflammatory signalling may be critical for eliciting abnormal behaviour in adulthood. Altogether, these results suggest that prolonged early-life adverse events reduce the ability to build proper anti-inflammatory cytokine that is translated from blood-to-brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helene Aparecida Fachim
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Marcelino Loureiro
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rosana Shuhama
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Bertozi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sâmia Regiane Lourenço Joca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Basic Concept of Microglia Biology and Neuroinflammation in Relation to Psychiatry. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 44:9-34. [PMID: 30739307 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that the neuroimmune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of different psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disease, has attained increasing interest over the past years. Previously thought to have the sole purpose of protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from harmful stimuli, it is now known that the central immune system is critically involved in regulating physiological processes including neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, and circuit maintenance. Hence, alterations in microglia - the main immune cell of the CNS - and/or inflammatory factors do not unequivocally connote ongoing neuroinflammation or neuroinflammatory processes per se but rather might signify changes in brain homoeostasis. Despite this, psychiatric research tends to equate functional changes in microglia or alterations in other immune mediators with neuroinflammation. It is the main impetus of this chapter to overcome some of the current misconceptions and possible oversimplifications with respect to neuroinflammation and microglia activity in psychiatry. In order to do so, we will first provide an overview of the basic concepts of neuroinflammation and neuroinflammatory processes. We will then focus on microglia with respect to their ontogeny and immunological and non-immunological functions presenting novel insights on how microglia communicate with other cell types of the central nervous system to ensure proper brain functioning. And lastly, we will delineate the non-immunological functions of inflammatory cytokines in order to address the possible misconception of equating alterations in central cytokine levels with ongoing central inflammation. We hereby hope to help unravel the functional relevance of neuroimmune dysfunctions in psychiatric illnesses and provide future research directions in the field of psychoneuroimmunology.
Collapse
|
104
|
Ultrastructural pathology of oligodendrocytes adjacent to microglia in prefrontal white matter in schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2018; 4:26. [PMID: 30546020 PMCID: PMC6292874 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-018-0068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation has been proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). We hypothesized that dystrophic alterations of oligodendrocytes previously reported in the prefrontal white matter in SCZ might be associated with microglial activation in the acute state of SCZ. White matter of the prefrontal cortex (BA10) was studied in post-mortem brain tissue from 21 SCZ cases and 20 normal controls. The SCZ group included 12 subjects with predominantly positive symptoms and 9 subjects with predominantly negative symptoms. Electron microscopy was applied to estimate cell density, size, volume fraction (Vv) and the number (N) of organelles in oligodendrocytes adjacent to microglia and in oligodendrocytes adjacent to myelin, neurons and capillaries and not adjacent to microglia. Cell density of oligodendrocytes was not changed in the SCZ group as compared to controls. Vv and N of mitochondria were significantly decreased, while Vv of vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum and lipofuscin granules were significantly increased in oligodendrocytes adjacent to either microglia or myelin in the SCZ group and in patients displaying predominantly positive symptoms as compared to the control group. There were no significant differences between oligodendrocytes adjacent to microglia and to myelin. Vv and N of lipofuscin were also increased in peri-capillary oligodendrocytes. There was no effect of clinical subgroups on the parameters of peri-capillary and peri-neuronal oligodendrocytes. Though many ameboid and dystrophic microglia adjacent to oligodendrocytes were found in the SCZ samples, we provide no quantitative evidence that oligodendrocyte dystrophy is associated with microglial activation in white matter in SCZ.
Collapse
|
105
|
Kannan G, Prandovszky E, Severance E, Yolken RH, Pletnikov MV. A New T. gondii Mouse Model of Gene-Environment Interaction Relevant to Psychiatric Disease. SCIENTIFICA 2018; 2018:7590958. [PMID: 30631636 PMCID: PMC6305013 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7590958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), was linked to several psychiatric disorders. The exact mechanisms of a hypothesized contribution of T. gondii infection are poorly understood, and it appears that only a subset of seropositive individuals go on to develop a mental illness, suggesting genetic vulnerability. In order to stimulate mechanistic studies of how exposure to T. gondii could interact with genetic predisposition to psychiatric disorders, we have generated and characterized a mouse model of chronic T. gondii infection in BALB/c mice with inducible forebrain neuronal expression of a C-terminus truncated dominant-negative form of disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DN-DISC1). In this gene-environment interaction (GxE) model, exposing control and DN-DISC1 male and female mice to T. gondii produced sex-dependent abnormalities in locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle. No genotype- or sex-dependent effects were found on levels of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies or anti-NMDAR or C1q antibodies. Our work demonstrates that a psychiatric genetic risk factor, DN-DISC1, modulates the neurobehavioral effects of chronic T. gondii infection in a sex-dependent manner. The present T. gondii model of GxE provides a valuable experimental system for future mechanistic studies and evaluation of new treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Kannan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emese Prandovszky
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Emily Severance
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mikhail V. Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Nguyen TT, Dev SI, Chen G, Liou SC, Martin AS, Irwin MR, Carroll JE, Tu X, Jeste DV, Eyler LT. Abnormal levels of vascular endothelial biomarkers in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 28942562 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0842-6)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which has been linked to increased vascular risk and rates of cardiovascular disease. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) have been related to aging and neurodegeneration, but their role in schizophrenia remains uncertain. Using a cross-sectional, case-control design, this study included 99 outpatients with schizophrenia and 99 healthy comparison subjects (HCs). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and plasma levels of VEGF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were assayed. A "vascular endothelial index" (VEI) was computed using logistic regression to create a composite measure that maximally differed between groups. General linear models were conducted to examine the possible role of demographic, physical, and lifestyle factors. A linear combination of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels best distinguished the groups, with significantly higher levels of this composite VEI in persons with schizophrenia than HCs. Group differences in the VEI persisted after adjustment for BMI and cigarette smoking. Neither age nor gender was significantly related to the VEI. Schizophrenia patients with higher VEI had earlier age of disease onset, higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher insulin resistance, lower levels of mental well-being, and higher Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk scores. Schizophrenia is characterized by an elevation of vascular endothelial biomarkers, specifically cell adhesion molecules poised at the intersection between inflammatory response and vascular risk. Interventions aimed at reducing vascular risk may help reduce vascular endothelial abnormalities and prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Nguyen
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC 0931), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sheena I Dev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC 0931), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Guanqing Chen
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sharon C Liou
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Averria Sirkin Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC 0931), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judith E Carroll
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xin Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC 0931), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC 0931), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Abnormal levels of vascular endothelial biomarkers in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:849-860. [PMID: 28942562 PMCID: PMC8023592 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which has been linked to increased vascular risk and rates of cardiovascular disease. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) have been related to aging and neurodegeneration, but their role in schizophrenia remains uncertain. Using a cross-sectional, case-control design, this study included 99 outpatients with schizophrenia and 99 healthy comparison subjects (HCs). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and plasma levels of VEGF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were assayed. A "vascular endothelial index" (VEI) was computed using logistic regression to create a composite measure that maximally differed between groups. General linear models were conducted to examine the possible role of demographic, physical, and lifestyle factors. A linear combination of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels best distinguished the groups, with significantly higher levels of this composite VEI in persons with schizophrenia than HCs. Group differences in the VEI persisted after adjustment for BMI and cigarette smoking. Neither age nor gender was significantly related to the VEI. Schizophrenia patients with higher VEI had earlier age of disease onset, higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher insulin resistance, lower levels of mental well-being, and higher Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk scores. Schizophrenia is characterized by an elevation of vascular endothelial biomarkers, specifically cell adhesion molecules poised at the intersection between inflammatory response and vascular risk. Interventions aimed at reducing vascular risk may help reduce vascular endothelial abnormalities and prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
108
|
Abdel-Haq R, Schlachetzki JCM, Glass CK, Mazmanian SK. Microbiome-microglia connections via the gut-brain axis. J Exp Med 2018; 216:41-59. [PMID: 30385457 PMCID: PMC6314531 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for the gut microbiome in facilitating microglial maturation and shaping microglial physiology has emerged in recent years. This review highlights evidence demonstrating the various mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can influence microglia in both homeostatic and disease conditions. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are essential for modulating neurogenesis, influencing synaptic remodeling, and regulating neuroinflammation by surveying the brain microenvironment. Microglial dysfunction has been implicated in the onset and progression of several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases; however, the multitude of factors and signals influencing microglial activity have not been fully elucidated. Microglia not only respond to local signals within the brain but also receive input from the periphery, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Recent preclinical findings suggest that the gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in regulating microglial maturation and function, and altered microbial community composition has been reported in neurological disorders with known microglial involvement in humans. Collectively, these findings suggest that bidirectional crosstalk between the gut and the brain may influence disease pathogenesis. Herein, we discuss recent studies showing a role for the gut microbiome in modulating microglial development and function in homeostatic and disease conditions and highlight possible future research to develop novel microbial treatments for disorders of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Abdel-Haq
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | | | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Bai L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Cheng Q, Duan J, Gao J, Xu Z, Zhang H, Wang S, Su H. Ambient concentrations of NO2 and hospital admissions for schizophrenia. Occup Environ Med 2018; 76:125-131. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesSchizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder affecting more than 21 million people worldwide. Short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has been associated with hospital admissions (HAs) for mental disorders, but no study has evaluated the specific association of NO2 and schizophrenia. Additionally, the shape of the concentration–response (C–R) curve has not yet been assessed at present. This study aims to investigate the relationship between short-term exposure to NO2 and HAs for schizophrenia in Hefei, from 2014 to 2016. We also attempt to explore the C–R and the underlying effect modifiers of the association.MethodsDaily number of HAs for schizophrenia was derived from the computerised medical record system of Anhui Mental Health Center. We used a time-series Poisson generalised linear regression combined with distributed lag non-linear models to model the NO2–schizophrenia relationship.ResultsA total of 11 373 HAs were identified during the study period. An increase in levels of NO2 was significantly associated with elevated schizophrenia HAs. The estimated relative risk per IQR increase in NO2 at lag 01 was 1.10 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.18). Greater association was observed in young patients (relative risk: 1.11, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.19). The modelled C–R curves of the NO2–schizophrenia relationship suggested possible threshold effects of NO2 for all ages combined, young patients, men and both seasons.ConclusionsShort-term exposure to NO2 may be associated with increased schizophrenia HAs. Findings indicated potential threshold effects of NO2, which has important implications for health-based risk assessments.
Collapse
|
110
|
Plavén-Sigray P, Matheson GJ, Collste K, Ashok AH, Coughlin JM, Howes OD, Mizrahi R, Pomper MG, Rusjan P, Veronese M, Wang Y, Cervenka S. Positron Emission Tomography Studies of the Glial Cell Marker Translocator Protein in Patients With Psychosis: A Meta-analysis Using Individual Participant Data. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:433-442. [PMID: 29653835 PMCID: PMC7893597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the immune system may be an important target for new treatment approaches in schizophrenia. Positron emission tomography and radioligands binding to the translocator protein (TSPO), which is expressed in glial cells in the brain including immune cells, represents a potential method for patient stratification and treatment monitoring. This study examined whether patients with first-episode psychosis and schizophrenia had altered TSPO levels compared with healthy control subjects. METHODS PubMed was searched for studies comparing patients with psychosis with healthy control subjects using second-generation TSPO radioligands. The outcome measure was total distribution volume (VT), an index of TSPO levels, in frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus. Bayes factors (BFs) were applied to examine the relative support for higher, lower, or no difference in patients' TSPO levels compared with healthy control subjects. RESULTS Five studies, with 75 participants with first-episode psychosis or schizophrenia and 77 healthy control subjects, were included. BFs showed strong support for lower VT in patients relative to no difference (all BFs > 32), or relative to higher VT (all BFs > 422), in all brain regions. From the posterior distributions, mean patient-control differences in standardized VT values were -0.48 for frontal cortex (95% credible interval [CredInt] = -0.88 to 0.09), -0.47 for temporal cortex (CredInt = -0.87 to -0.07), and -0.63 for hippocampus (CredInt = -1.00 to -0.25). CONCLUSIONS The lower levels of TSPO observed in patients may correspond to altered function or lower density of brain immune cells. Future studies should focus on investigating the underlying biological mechanisms and their relevance for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Plavén-Sigray
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Granville J Matheson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Collste
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abhishekh H Ashok
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Zhang J, Yang L, Fang Z, Kong J, Huang Q, Xu H. Adenosine Promotes the Recovery of Mice from the Cuprizone-Induced Behavioral and Morphological Changes while Effecting on Microglia and Inflammatory Cytokines in the Brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:412-425. [PMID: 30069711 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that multiple sclerosis (MS) and schizophrenia share similarities in some respects, including white matter damage and neuroinflammation. On the other hand, adenosine was reported to promote oligodendrocyte precursor maturation and remyelinating while influencing microglia activation. The aim of the present study was to examine possible beneficial effects of adenosine on the recovery of cuprizone (CPZ)-exposed mouse which has been used as an animal model of MS and schizophrenia as the CPZ-exposed mouse presents demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, microglia accumulation, as well as behavioral changes. As reported previously, C57BL/6 mice, after fed CPZ for 5 weeks, showed salient demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss in the cerebral cortex (CTX) and hippocampus, in addition to displaying anxiety-like behavior, spatial working memory deficit, and social interaction impairment. Administration of adenosine for 7 days during the recovery period after CPZ withdrawal promoted the behavioral recovery of CPZ-exposed mice and accelerated the remyelinating process in the brains of mice after CPZ withdrawal in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the effective dose (10 mg/kg) of adenosine inhibited microglia activation and suppressed abnormal elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in CTX and hippocampus, but increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 or IL-10 in the same brain regions during the remyelinating process. These results provided an evidence-based rationale for the application of adenosine or its analogues as add-on therapy for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zeman Fang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Liu F, Zhang B, Xie L, Ruan Y, Xu X, Zeng Y, Messina L, Zhao J, Fan X. Changes in plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites and negative symptoms after 16-week minocycline treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018. [PMID: 29526457 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of adjunctive minocycline on psychopathology and possibly relevant biomarkers in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD In a 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, subjects received either minocycline (200mg per day) or placebo. Psychopathology was assessed using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and week 16. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide metabolites were assessed at both time points. RESULTS Fifty-five patients completed the study (27 in the minocycline group, 28 in the placebo group). The minocycline group had significant decreases in the SANS total sore, the PANSS total score and the PANSS negative symptoms score at week 16 compared to the placebo group. In addition, the minocycline group had a significant decrease in plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites, but no significant difference in changes in plasma levels of IL-1β or TNF-α, compared to the placebo group at week 16. Further, the more decrease in plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites was associated with less improvement in negative symptoms. CONCLUSION The beneficial effect of adjunctive minocycline treatment on negative symptoms might be through mechanisms other than the nitric oxide pathway. The implications for future studies were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingkui Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Liqin Xie
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ye Ruan
- Mental Health Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - XiuFeng Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Louis Messina
- Division of vascular surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School/UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaoduo Fan
- Psychotic Disorders Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School/UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Graf R, Longo JL, Hughes ZA. The location discrimination reversal task in mice is sensitive to deficits in performance caused by aging, pharmacological and other challenges. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1027-1036. [PMID: 29897000 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118779383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in hippocampal-mediated pattern separation are one aspect of cognitive function affected in schizophrenia (SZ) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). To develop novel therapies, it is beneficial to explore this specific aspect of cognition preclinically. The location discrimination reversal (LDR) task is a hippocampal-dependent operant paradigm that evaluates spatial learning and cognitive flexibility using touchscreens. Here we assessed baseline performance as well as multimodal disease-relevant manipulations in mice. Mice were trained to discriminate between the locations of two images where the degree of separation impacted performance. Administration of putative pro-cognitive agents was unable to improve performance at narrow separation. Furthermore, a range of disease-relevant manipulations were characterized to assess whether performance could be impaired and restored. Pertinent to the cholinergic loss in AD, scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg) produced a disruption in LDR, which was attenuated by donepezil (1 mg/kg). Consistent with NMDA hypofunction in cognitive impairment associated with SZ, MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) also disrupted performance; however, this deficit was not modified by rolipram. Microdeletion of genes associated with SZ (22q11) resulted in impaired performance, which was restored by rolipram (0.032 mg/kg). Since aging and inflammation affect cognition and are risk factors for AD, these aspects were also evaluated. Aged mice were slower to acquire the task than young mice and did not reach the same level of performance. A systemic inflammatory challenge (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 1 mg/kg) produced prolonged (7 days) deficits in the LDR task. These data suggest that LDR task is a valuable platform for evaluating disease-relevant deficits in pattern separation and offers potential for identifying novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radka Graf
- Pfizer Internal Medicine Research Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jami L Longo
- Pfizer Internal Medicine Research Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zoë A Hughes
- Pfizer Internal Medicine Research Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Sun L, Min L, Li M, Shao F, Wang W. Transcriptomic analysis reveals oxidative phosphorylation activation in an adolescent social isolation rat model. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:304-312. [PMID: 30142370 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors exert a sustained influence on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ). Adolescent social isolation is regarded as a typical paradigm for SCZ. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, adolescent Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were placed in isolation rearing (IR) or social rearing (SR) conditions from postnatal day (PND) 21 to 34 to establish a SCZ disease model and a control model, respectively. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) assays and elevated plus maze tests were performed on PND 56. Next, prefrontal cortex (PFC) tissues were isolated for transcriptomic sequencing and RT-qPCR analyses. The results indicated that adolescent social isolation induced anxious behaviors and disrupted PPIs as well as specific PFC gene expression patterns in adult SD rats. A total of 196 genes were identified as upregulated, and 748 genes were identified as down-regulated in the IR group compared with those in the SR group. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were highly enriched in the KEGG pathways associated with the comorbidity of neurological disorder and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS); 26 out of 27 comorbid neurological disorder-associated DEGs overlapped with 31 OXPHOS-associated DEGs. Those 26 overlapping DEGs were all upregulated in the IR group and could easily distinguish the IR group from the SR group; 6 of these DEGs (COX7C, NDUFB11, NDUFA2, NDUFC2, ATP5C1, and COX6A1) were verified by RT-qPCR. Here, we provide a systematic overview of gene expression alterations in adolescent-social-isolation-induced SCZ (ASI-SCZ), which suggests that genes that are associated with the comorbidity of neurological disorders, especially OXPHOS-related genes, contribute to the pathogenesis of ASI-SCZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Sun
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Feng Shao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Diviant JP, Vigil JM, Stith SS. The Role of Cannabis within an Emerging Perspective on Schizophrenia. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030086. [PMID: 30096776 PMCID: PMC6164121 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Approximately 0.5% of the population is diagnosed with some form of schizophrenia, under the prevailing view that the pathology is best treated using pharmaceutical medications that act on monoamine receptors. Methods: We briefly review evidence on the impact of environmental forces, particularly the effect of autoimmune activity, in the expression of schizophrenic profiles and the role of Cannabis therapy for regulating immunological functioning. Results: A review of the literature shows that phytocannabinoid consumption may be a safe and effective treatment option for schizophrenia as a primary or adjunctive therapy. Conclusions: Emerging research suggests that Cannabis can be used as a treatment for schizophrenia within a broader etiological perspective that focuses on environmental, autoimmune, and neuroinflammatory causes of the disorder, offering a fresh start and newfound hope for those suffering from this debilitating and poorly understood disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jegason P Diviant
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Jacob M Vigil
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Sarah S Stith
- Department of Economics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Prenatal inflammation and risk for schizophrenia: A role for immune proteins in neurodevelopment. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1157-1178. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrenatal inflammation is an established risk factor for schizophrenia. However, the specific inflammatory pathways that mediate this association remain unclear. Potential candidate systems include inflammatory markers produced by microglia, such as cytokines and complement. Accumulating evidence suggests that these markers play a role in typical neurodevelopmental processes, such as synapse formation and interneuron migration. Rodent models demonstrate that altered marker levels during the prenatal period can cause lasting deficits in these systems, leading to cognitive deficits that resemble schizophrenia. This review assesses the potential role of prenatal cytokine and complement elevations on the etiology of schizophrenia. The current neurobiological understanding of the development of schizophrenia is reviewed to identify candidate cellular mechanisms that may be influenced by prenatal inflammation. We discuss the functions that cytokines and complement may play in prenatal neurodevelopment, review evidence that links exposure to these factors with risk for schizophrenia, and consider how these markers may interact with genetic vulnerabilities to influence the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia. We consider how prenatal inflammatory exposure may influence childhood and adolescent developmental risk trajectories for schizophrenia. Finally, we identify areas of further research needed to support the development of anti-inflammatory treatments to prevent the development of schizophrenia in at-risk neonates.
Collapse
|
117
|
Gabrb2-knockout mice displayed schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes with interneuron-astrocyte-microglia dysregulation. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:128. [PMID: 30013074 PMCID: PMC6048160 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Intronic polymorphisms of the GABAA receptor β2 subunit gene (GABRB2) under adaptive evolution were associated with schizophrenia and reduced expression, especially of the long isoform which differs in electrophysiological properties from the short isoform. The present study was directed to examining the gene dosage effects of Gabrb2 in knockout mice of both heterozygous (HT) and homozygous (KO) genotypes with respect to possible schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes. The KO mice, and HT mice to a lesser extent, were found to display prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficit, locomotor hyperactivity, stereotypy, sociability impairments, spatial-working and spatial-reference memory deficits, reduced depression and anxiety, and accelerated pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure. In addition, the KO mice were highly susceptible to audiogenic epilepsy. Some of the behavioral phenotypes showed evidence of imprinting, gender effect and amelioration by the antipsychotic risperidone, and the audiogenic epilepsy was inhibited by the antiepileptic diazepam. GABAergic parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneuron dystrophy, astrocyte dystrophy, and extensive microglia activation were observed in the frontotemporal corticolimbic regions, and reduction of newborn neurons was observed in the hippocampus by immunohistochemical staining. The neuroinflammation indicated by microglial activation was accompanied by elevated brain levels of oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These extensive schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes brought about by Gabrb2 knockout, in conjunction with our previous findings on GABRB2 association with schizophrenia, support a pivotal role of GABRB2 in schizophrenia etiology.
Collapse
|
118
|
Zhang L, Zheng H, Wu R, Zhu F, Kosten TR, Zhang XY, Zhao J. Minocycline adjunctive treatment to risperidone for negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Association with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 85:69-76. [PMID: 29678772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We attempted to replicate the efficacy of minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline, as adjunctive therapy for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and to investigate its association with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. METHODS Seventy-five schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms entered a 3-month, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Subjects were assigned low dose (100 mg per day) or high dose minocycline (200 mg per day) or placebo combined with risperidone. The outcomes used the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)-negative subscale. We assessed three pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum: interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). RESULTS Subjects receiving high dose minocycline not only had greater improvements on the SANS total scores and PANSS negative subscale scores (P < 0.01), but also had greater reductions in IL-1β and IL-6 serum levels (P < 0.01) when compared with those receiving low dose minocycline or placebo. The improvement in negative symptoms with minocycline was significantly correlated with the reduction of IL-1β and IL-6 serum levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia patients showed a significant improvement in negative symptoms with the addition of minocycline to risperidone. Reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines may play an important role in the potential mechanism for efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongbo Zheng
- Guangzhou Baiyun Psychiatric Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rengrong Wu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Furong Zhu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.; The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Cattane N, Richetto J, Cattaneo A. Prenatal exposure to environmental insults and enhanced risk of developing Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder: focus on biological pathways and epigenetic mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 117:253-278. [PMID: 29981347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When considering neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), Schizophrenia (SZ) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are considered to be among the most severe in term of prevalence, morbidity and impact on the society. Similar features and overlapping symptoms have been observed at multiple levels, suggesting common pathophysiological bases. Indeed, recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and epidemiological data report shared vulnerability genes and environmental triggers across the two disorders. In this review, we will discuss the possible biological mechanisms, including glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmissions, inflammatory signals and oxidative stress related systems, which are targeted by adverse environmental exposures and that have been associated with the development of SZ and ASD. We will also discuss the emerging role of the gut microbiome as possible interplay between environment, immune system and brain development. Finally, we will describe the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the maintenance of long-lasting effects of adverse environments early in life. This will allow us to better understand the pathophysiology of these NDDs, and also to identify novel targets for future treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy
| | - Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy; Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Vikhreva OV, Rakhmanova VI, Orlovskaya DD, Uranova NA. [Ultrastructural pathology of oligodendrocytes in white matter in continuous attack-like schizophrenia and a role for microglia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:69-74. [PMID: 29927407 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20181185169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Previously the authors have reported the ultrastructural pathology and deficits of oligodendrocytes in gray and white matter of the prefrontal cortex in continuous paranoid schizophrenia. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of microglia on the ultrastructure of oligodendrocytes in white matter underlying the prefrontal cortex (BA10) in attack-like schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Postmortem morphometric electron microscopic study of oligodendrocytes in close apposition to microglia was performed in white matter underlying the prefrontal cortex (BA10). Nine cases of chronic attack-like schizophrenia and 20 normal controls were studied. Areas of oligodendrocytes, volume density (Vv) and the number of mitochondria, vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum and lipofuscin granules were estimated. Group comparison was performed using ANCOVA. RESULTS The schizophrenia group differed from the control group by paucity of ribosomes in cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, cytoplasm swelling, a significant increase in Vv and number of vacuoles and lipofuscin granules. Significant correlations between the parameters of vacuoles and lipofuscin granules and mitochondria were found only in the schizophrenia group. CONCLUSION Dystrophic alterations of oligodendrocytes apposed microglial cells were found in the white matter of the prefrontal cortex in chronic schizophrenia as compared to controls. Microglia might contribute to abnormalities of lipid and protein metabolism of oligodendrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - N A Uranova
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Zhu F, Zhang L, Liu F, Wu R, Guo W, Ou J, Zhang X, Zhao J. Altered Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1β in First-Episode Drug-Naive and Chronic Schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:296. [PMID: 29867314 PMCID: PMC5958184 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Abnormality of the immune system might play a significant role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We want to identity whether the serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels were changed in FEDN patients and CP and to investigate the relationship between both cytokines and psychopathological symptoms. Methods: We recruited 69 FEDN patients, 87 CP and 61 healthy controls. Schizophrenia symptomatology was evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). Serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels were examined using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: TNF-α and IL-1β levels in CP were significantly higher compared to healthy controls, but TNF-α and IL-1β levels in FEDN patients were significantly lower than in both CP and healthy controls. A moderate correlation between serum TNF-α or IL-1β levels and PANSS negative subscore was found in CP. But there was no correlation between altered cytokines and clinical symptoms in FEDN patients. Conclusions: Increased TNF-α and IL-1β levels in chronic patients may be associated with the progression, psychotropic drugs or other factors occur during chronic stage. Immune modulating treatments may become a new strategy of therapy for this subgroup of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Zhu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Renrong Wu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jianjun Ou
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China.,Guangzhou Hui Ai Hospital, Affliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Herrero-Zazo M, Brauer R, Gaughran F, Howard LM, Taylor D, Barlow DJ. Examining the potential preventative effects of minocycline prescribed for acne on the incidence of severe mental illnesses: A historical cohort study. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:559-568. [PMID: 29215319 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117743483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that the antibiotic and microglial activation inhibitor, minocycline, is likely to have a protective effect against the emergence of psychosis but evidence from human studies is lacking. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of exposure to minocycline during adolescence on the later incidence of severe mental illness (SMI). METHODS A historical cohort study using electronic primary care data was conducted to assess the association between exposure to minocycline during adolescence and incidence of SMI. The Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) was measured using Poisson regression adjusted for age, gender, time of exposure, socioeconomic deprivation status, calendar year and co-medications. RESULTS Early minocycline prescription ( n=13,248) did not affect the incidence of SMI compared with non-prescription of minocycline ( n=14,393), regardless of gender or whether or not the data were filtered according to a minimum exposure period (minimum period: IRR 0.96; 95% CI 0.68-1.36; p=0.821; no minimum period: IRR 1.08; 95% CI 0.83-1.42; p=0.566). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to minocycline for acne treatment during adolescence appears to have no effect on the incidence of SMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Herrero-Zazo
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| | - Ruth Brauer
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,3 Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,4 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - Louise M Howard
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,4 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - David Taylor
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK.,2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,4 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - David J Barlow
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Ben-Azu B, Omogbiya IA, Aderibigbe AO, Umukoro S, Ajayi AM, Iwalewa EO. Doxycycline prevents and reverses schizophrenic-like behaviors induced by ketamine in mice via modulation of oxidative, nitrergic and cholinergic pathways. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:114-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
124
|
Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Zanardini R, Tosato S, Ventriglia M, Ferrari C, Bonetto C, Lasalvia A, Giubilini F, Fioritti A, Pileggi F, Pratelli M, Pavanati M, Favaro A, De Girolamo G, Frisoni GB, Ruggeri M, Gennarelli M. Immune and metabolic alterations in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:315-324. [PMID: 29548996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular underpinnings associated to first episode psychosis (FEP) remains to be elucidated, but compelling evidence supported an association of FEP with blood alterations in biomarkers related to immune system, growth factors and metabolism regulators. Many of these studies have not been already confirmed in larger samples or have not considered the FEP diagnostic subgroups. In order to identify biochemical signatures of FEP, the serum levels of the growth factors BDNF and VEGF, the immune regulators IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17, RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1b/CCL4, IL-8 and the metabolic regulators C-peptide, ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin and visfatin were analysed in 260 subjects collected in the GET UP project. The results indicated an increase of MIP-1b/CCL4, VEGF, IL-6 and PAI-1, while IL-17, ghrelin, glucagon and GLP-1 were decreased in the whole sample of FEP patients (p < 0.01 for all markers except for PAI-1 p < 0.05). No differences were evidenced for these markers among the diagnostic groups that constitute the FEP sample, whereas IL-8 is increased only in patients with a diagnosis of affective psychosis. The principal component analysis (PCA) and variable importance analysis (VIA) indicated that MIP-1b/CCL4, ghrelin, glucagon, VEGF and GLP-1 were the variables mostly altered in FEP patients. On the contrary, none of the analysed markers nor a combination of them can discriminate between FEP diagnostic subgroups. These data evidence a profile of immune and metabolic alterations in FEP patients, providing new information on the molecular mechanism associated to the psychosis onset for the development of preventive strategies and innovative treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisella Bocchio-Chiavetto
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate (Como), Italy.
| | | | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation, AFaR Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Michele Pavanati
- Department of Medical Sciences of Communication and Behavior, Section of Psychiatry, The Consultation-Liaison Psychiatric Service and Psychiatric Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedaliera, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Battista Frisoni
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Dept. of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
KOZŁOWSKA ELŻBIETA, WYSOKIŃSKI ADAM, MAJEWSKI KAROL, AGIER JUSTYNA, MARGULSKA ALEKSANDRA, BRZEZIŃSKA-BŁASZCZYK EWA. Human cathelicidin LL-37 – Does it influence the homeostatic imbalance in mental disorders? J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
126
|
Mechanistic insights into the genetics of affective psychosis from Prader-Willi syndrome. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5:370-378. [PMID: 29352661 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are common, severe, and disabling psychotic disorders, which are difficult to research. We argue that the genetically determined neurodevelopmental disorder Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), which is associated with a high risk of affective psychotic illness, can provide a window into genetic mechanisms and associated neural pathways. People with PWS can all show non-psychotic psychopathology and problem behaviours, but the prevalence of psychotic illness differs markedly by genetic subtype; people with PWS due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy have higher prevalence of psychotic illness compared with patients with PWS due to 15q11-13 deletions of paternal origin. On the basis of this observation and the neural differences between genetic subtypes, we hypothesise that the combined effects of the absent expression of specific maternally imprinted genes at 15q11-13, and excess maternally imprinted or paternally expressed genes on chromosome 15, affect the γ-aminobutyric acid-glutamatergic pathways and associated neural networks that underpin mood regulation and sensory processing, resulting in psychotic illness. We propose a model of potential mechanisms of psychosis in PWS, which might be relevant in the general population, and should inform future research.
Collapse
|
127
|
Antonson AM, Balakrishnan B, Radlowski EC, Petr G, Johnson RW. Altered Hippocampal Gene Expression and Morphology in Fetal Piglets following Maternal Respiratory Viral Infection. Dev Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29539630 DOI: 10.1159/000486850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy increases the risk of neurobehavioral problems in offspring. Evidence from rodent models indicates that the maternal immune response to infection can alter fetal brain development, particularly in the hippocampus. However, information on the effects of maternal viral infection on fetal brain development in gyrencephalic species is limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess several effects of maternal viral infection in the last one-third of gestation on hippocampal gene expression and development in fetal piglets. Pregnant gilts were inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at gestational day (GD) 76 and the fetuses were removed by cesarean section at GD 111 (3 days before anticipated parturition). The gilts infected with PRRSV had elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels and developed transient febrile and anorectic responses lasting approximately 21 days. Despite having a similar overall body weight, fetuses from the PRRSV-infected gilts had a decreased brain weight and altered hippocampal gene expression compared to fetuses from control gilts. Notably, maternal infection caused a reduction in estimated neuronal numbers in the fetal dentate gyrus and subiculum. The number of proliferative Ki-67+ cells was not altered, but the relative integrated density of GFAP+ staining was increased, in addition to an increase in GFAP gene expression, indicating astrocyte-specific gliosis. Maternal viral infection caused an increase in fetal hippocampal gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ and the myelination marker myelin basic protein. MHCII protein, a classic monocyte activation marker, was reduced in microglia, while expression of the MHCII gene was decreased in hippocampal tissue of the fetuses from PRRSV-infected gilts. Together, these data suggest that maternal viral infection at the beginning of the last trimester results in a reduction in fetal hippocampal neurons that is evident 5 weeks after infection, when fetal piglets are near full term. The neuronal reduction was not accompanied by pronounced neuroinflammation at GD 111, indicating that any activation of classic neuroinflammatory pathways by maternal viral infection, if present, is mostly resolved by parturition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Antonson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Bindu Balakrishnan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily C Radlowski
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Geraldine Petr
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Ben-Azu B, Aderibigbe AO, Ajayi AM, Eneni AEO, Umukoro S, Iwalewa EO. Involvement of GABAergic, BDNF and Nox-2 mechanisms in the prevention and reversal of ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behavior by morin in mice. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:292-306. [PMID: 29548911 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) and neurotrophic derangements have important implication in schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disease. Previous studies have shown that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH-oxidase) alters GABAergic and neurotrophic activities via inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Thus, it has been proposed that agents with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties might be beneficial for the treatment of the disease. Morin is neuroactive bioflavonoid compound, which has been reported to demonstrate antipsychotic and anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we further evaluated its effects on the brain markers of GABAergic, neurotrophic and oxidative alterations in the preventive and reversal of schizophrenia-like behavior induced by ketamine (KET). In the prevention protocol, adult mice were treated intraperitoneally with morin (100 mg/kg/day), haloperidol (1 mg/kg/day), risperidone (0.5 mg/kg/day), or saline (10 mL/kg/day) for 14 consecutive days. In addition, the animals were administered KET (20 mg/kg/day) from the 8th to the 14th day. In the reversal protocol, the animals received KET or saline for 14 days. From 8th to 14th days mice were additionally treated with morin, haloperidol, risperidone or saline. Schizophrenic-like behaviors consisting of positive (stereotypy test), negative (behavioral despair in forced swim test) and cognitive (novel-object recognition test) symptoms were evaluated. Afterwards, brain levels of biomarkers of GABAergic (Glutamic acid decarboxylase-67, GAD67), neurotrophic (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) and oxidative [NADPH-oxidase, superoxide dismutase, (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] alterations were determined in the striatum, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, respectively. Morin significantly (p < 0.05) prevented and reversed KET-induced increased stereotypy, behavioral despair and deficit in cognitive functions when compared with KET-treated mice respectively. Also, morin and risperidone but not haloperidol, significantly (p < 0.05) prevented and reversed the decreases in expressions of GAD67 and BDNF immunoreactivity in the striatum, PFC and hippocampus caused by KET. Moreover, morin and risperidone significantly (p < 0.05) decreased regional brain expressions of NADPH-oxidase immunopositive cells and increased endogenous anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the striatum, PFC and hippocampus relative to KET controls respectively. Taken together, these findings further suggest that the antipsychotic-like activity of morin may be mediated via mechanisms related to enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission and neurotrophic factor, and suppression of NADPH-oxidase induced oxidative damage in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Adegbuyi Oladele Aderibigbe
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Aya-Ebi Okubo Eneni
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Umukoro
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel O Iwalewa
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Chelini G, Pantazopoulos H, Durning P, Berretta S. The tetrapartite synapse: a key concept in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2018; 50:60-69. [PMID: 29503098 PMCID: PMC5963512 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence points to synaptic pathology as a core component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Significant reductions of dendritic spine density and altered expression of their structural and molecular components have been reported in several brain regions, suggesting a deficit of synaptic plasticity. Regulation of synaptic plasticity is a complex process, one that requires not only interactions between pre- and post-synaptic terminals, but also glial cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, these elements are referred to as the ‘tetrapartite synapse’, an emerging concept supported by accumulating evidence for a role of glial cells and the extracellular matrix in regulating structural and functional aspects of synaptic plasticity. In particular, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), one of the main components of the ECM, have been shown to be synthesized predominantly by glial cells, to form organized perisynaptic aggregates known as perineuronal nets (PNNs), and to modulate synaptic signaling and plasticity during postnatal development and adulthood. Notably, recent findings from our group and others have shown marked CSPG abnormalities in several brain regions of people with SZ. These abnormalities were found to affect specialized ECM structures, including PNNs, as well as glial cells expressing the corresponding CSPGs. The purpose of this review is to bring forth the hypothesis that synaptic pathology in SZ arises from a disruption of the interactions between elements of the tetrapartite synapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
| | - Peter Durning
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA.
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115 USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Lyall AE, Pasternak O, Robinson DG, Newell D, Trampush JW, Gallego JA, Fava M, Malhotra AK, Karlsgodt KH, Kubicki M, Szeszko PR. Greater extracellular free-water in first-episode psychosis predicts better neurocognitive functioning. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:701-707. [PMID: 28348381 PMCID: PMC5617750 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Free Water Imaging is a novel diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging method that is able to separate changes affecting the extracellular space from those that reflect changes in neuronal cells and processes. A previous Free Water Imaging study in schizophrenia identified significantly greater extracellular water volume in the early stages of the disorder; however, its clinical and functional sequelae have not yet been investigated. Here, we applied Free Water Imaging to a larger cohort of 63 first-episode patients with psychosis and 70 healthy matched controls to better understand the functional significance of greater extracellular water. We used diffusion MR imaging data and the Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analytic pipeline to first analyze fractional anisotropy (FA), the most commonly employed metric for assessing white matter. This comparison was then followed by Free Water Imaging analysis, where two parameters, the fractional volume of extracellular free-water (FW) and cellular tissue FA (FA-t), were estimated and compared across the entire white matter skeleton between groups, and correlated with cognitive measures at baseline and following 12 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Our results indicated lower FA across the whole brain in patients compared with healthy controls that overlap with significant increases in FW, with only limited decreases in FA-t. In addition, higher FW correlated with better neurocognitive functioning following 12 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. We believe this is the first study to suggest that an extracellular water increase during the first-episode of psychosis, which may be indicative of an acute neuroinflammatory process, and/or cerebral edema may predict better functional outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Lyall
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Delbert G. Robinson
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Dominick Newell
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joey W. Trampush
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Juan A. Gallego
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | | | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip R. Szeszko
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Jeon S, Kim SH, Shin SY, Lee YH. Clozapine reduces Toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses through inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent Akt activation in microglia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:477-487. [PMID: 28431901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenia and severe mood disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is closely associated with the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Clozapine exerts anti-inflammatory activity. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of clozapine is poorly understood. In this study, we found that clozapine suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phosphorylation of IκBα at Ser-32 and of p65/RelA at Ser-468, as well as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-dependent transcriptional activity in microglial cells. Clozapine downregulated LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation at Ser-473. Pharmacological Akt inhibitors ameliorated LPS-induced NF-κB activation. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA or sequestration of intracellular Ca2+ by BAPTA-AM attenuated LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation. Treatment with calmodulin (CaM) antagonists and the CaM kinase inhibitor, KN-93, also prevented LPS-induced Akt and NF-κB activation, suggesting that Ca2+/CaM-dependent Akt activation is critical in LPS-induced NF-κB activation in microglia. These results suggest that clozapine exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of Ca2+/CaM/Akt-mediated NF-κB activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University International Hospital, Dongguk University Medical School, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Young Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Cancer and Metabolism Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Han Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Cancer and Metabolism Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Sobue A, Ito N, Nagai T, Shan W, Hada K, Nakajima A, Murakami Y, Mouri A, Yamamoto Y, Nabeshima T, Saito K, Yamada K. Astroglial major histocompatibility complex class I following immune activation leads to behavioral and neuropathological changes. Glia 2018; 66:1034-1052. [PMID: 29380419 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecules are mainly expressed in neurons, and neuronal MHCI have roles in synapse elimination and plasticity. However, the pathophysiological significance of astroglial MHCI remains unclear. We herein demonstrate that MHCI expression is up-regulated in astrocytes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) following systemic immune activation by an intraperitoneal injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) or hydrodynamic interferon (IFN)-γ gene delivery in male C57/BL6J mice. In cultured astrocytes, MHCI/H-2D largely co-localized with exosomes. To investigate the role of astroglial MHCI, H-2D, or sH-2D was expressed in the mPFC of male C57/BL6J mice using an adeno-associated virus vector under the control of a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. The expression of astroglial MHCI in the mPFC impaired sociability and recognition memory in mice. Regarding neuropathological changes, MHCI expression in astrocytes significantly activated microglial cells, decreased parvalbumin-positive cell numbers, and reduced dendritic spine density in the mPFC. A treatment with GW4869 that impairs exosome synthesis ameliorated these behavioral and neuropathological changes. These results suggest that the overexpression of MHCI in astrocytes affects microglial proliferation as well as neuronal numbers and spine densities, thereby leading to social and cognitive deficits in mice, possibly via exosomes created by astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sobue
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norimichi Ito
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wei Shan
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control Prevention, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences & Aino University, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control Prevention, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan.,Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences & Aino University, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Tsai SY, Catts VS, Fullerton JM, Corley SM, Fillman SG, Weickert CS. Nuclear Receptors and Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2018; 3:181-191. [PMID: 29888229 DOI: 10.1159/000485565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Several nuclear receptor family members have been associated with schizophrenia and inflammation. Vitamins A and D exert anti-inflammatory actions, but their receptors (mainly nuclear receptors) have not been extensively studied in either schizophrenia brains or in association with neuroinflammation. We examined the expression of vitamin A (RARs and RXRs) and vitamin D and protein disulphide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3) receptors, as well as nuclear orphan receptors (NR4As), in the context of elevated cytokine expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Methods mRNA levels of nuclear receptors were measured in DLPFC tissues via RT-qPCR. ANCOVAs comparing high inflammation schizophrenia, low inflammation schizophrenia and low inflammation control groups were performed. Results RARG, RXRB, NR4A1 and NR4A3 transcripts showed significant differential expression across the three groups (ANCOVA p = 0.02-0.001). Post hoc testing revealed significant reductions in RARG expression in schizophrenia with low inflammation compared to schizophrenia with high inflammation and to controls, and RXRB mRNA was significantly reduced in schizophrenia with low inflammation compared to controls. NR4A1 and NR4A3 mRNAs were decreased in schizophrenia with high inflammation compared to schizophrenia with low inflammation, with NR4A1 also significantly different to controls. Conclusion In schizophrenia, changes in nuclear receptor mRNA levels involved with mediating actions of vitamin A derivatives vary according to the inflammatory state of brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yuan Tsai
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vibeke S Catts
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan M Corley
- Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Fillman
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Wu YF, Sytwu HK, Lung FW. Human Aquaporin 4 Gene Polymorphisms and Haplotypes Are Associated With Serum S100B Level and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia in a Southern Chinese Han Population. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:657. [PMID: 30618856 PMCID: PMC6297372 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) polymorphism may influence the required dosage of antipsychotic drugs. However, the roles of AQP4 polymorphisms in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and different neuroprotective effects need further exploration. This study aims to investigate whether the gene polymorphisms and haplotype of AQP4 are associated with serum S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) level and clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). Methods: We recruited 190 patients with SCZ. They provided demographic data, completed relevant questionnaires, and submitted samples to test for four AQP4 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and eight haplotypes. The rating scales of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Personal and Social Performance (PSP), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) were assessed and serum S100B level were measured repeatedly during antipsychotic treatment at weeks 0 (baseline), 3, 6, and 9. Using generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses, log-transformed S100B (logS100B) level was tested for associations with haplotype and other dependent variables. Results: Discretization via the median split procedure showed that logS100B level >1.78 or ≤ 1.78 had the best discriminant validity to stratify the patients into two groups. After 9 weeks of treatment, the serum S100B level was decreased. The TAA haplotype of AQP4 SNPs was associated with increased serum S100B level (p = 0.006). The PANSS negative subscale (PANSS-N) (p = 0.001) and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) (p = 0.003) scores had a positive association with S100B level. Conclusion: Patients with the TAA haplotype of the AQP4 polymorphism are likely to have increased serum S100B level, negative symptoms and poor control of neuroinflammation. A logS100B level >1.78 may be sufficiently specific to predict a higher severity of negative symptoms. Further study including healthy controls and patients with first and recurrent episodes under selective AQP4 modulators will be necessary to explore the profound effects on the treatment of patients with SCZ and may positively influence their overall outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fu Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - For-Wey Lung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Calo Psychiatric Center, Pingtung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Notter T, Coughlin JM, Sawa A, Meyer U. Reconceptualization of translocator protein as a biomarker of neuroinflammation in psychiatry. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:36-47. [PMID: 29203847 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of interest in psychiatric research is currently centered upon the pathogenic role of inflammatory processes. Positron emission tomography (PET) using radiolabeled ligands selective for the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) has become the most widely used technique to assess putative neuroimmune abnormalities in vivo. Originally used to detect discrete neurotoxic damages, TSPO has generally turned into a biomarker of 'neuroinflammation' or 'microglial activation'. Psychiatric research has mostly accepted these denotations of TSPO, even if they may be inadequate and misleading under many pathological conditions. A reliable and neurobiologically meaningful diagnosis of 'neuroinflammation' or 'microglial activation' is unlikely to be achieved by the sole use of TSPO PET imaging. It is also very likely that the pathological meanings of altered TSPO binding or expression are disease-specific, and therefore, not easily generalizable across different neuropathologies or inflammatory conditions. This difficulty is intricately linked to the varying (and still ill-defined) physiological functions and cellular expression patterns of TSPO in health and disease. While altered TSPO binding or expression may indeed mirror ongoing neuroinflammatory processes in some cases, it may reflect other pathophysiological processes such as abnormalities in cell metabolism, energy production and oxidative stress in others. Hence, the increasing popularity of TSPO PET imaging has paradoxically introduced substantial uncertainty regarding the nature and meaning of neuroinflammatory processes and microglial activation in psychiatry, and likely in other neuropathological conditions as well. The ambiguity of conceiving TSPO simply as a biomarker of 'neuroinflammation' or 'microglial activation' calls for alternative interpretations and complimentary approaches. Without the latter, the ongoing scientific efforts and excitement surrounding the role of the neuroimmune system in psychiatry may not turn into therapeutic hope for affected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Notter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J M Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - U Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Haraguchi Y, Mizoguchi Y, Ohgidani M, Imamura Y, Murakawa-Hirachi T, Nabeta H, Tateishi H, Kato TA, Monji A. Donepezil suppresses intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization through the PI3K pathway in rodent microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:258. [PMID: 29273047 PMCID: PMC5741946 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are resident innate immune cells which release many factors including proinflammatory cytokines or nitric oxide (NO) when they are activated in response to immunological stimuli. Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is related to the inflammatory responses mediated by microglia. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is important for microglial functions such as release of NO and cytokines. In addition, alteration of intracellular Ca2+ signaling underlies the pathophysiology of AD, while it remains unclear how donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, affects intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in microglial cells. Methods We examined whether pretreatment with donepezil affects the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization using fura-2 imaging and tested the effects of donepezil on phagocytic activity by phagocytosis assay in rodent microglial cells. Results In this study, we observed that pretreatment with donepezil suppressed the TNFα-induced sustained intracellular Ca2+ elevation in both rat HAPI and mouse primary microglial cells. On the other hand, pretreatment with donepezil did not suppress the mRNA expression of both TNFR1 and TNFR2 in rodent microglia we used. Pretreatment with acetylcholine but not donepezil suppressed the TNFα-induced intracellular Ca2+ elevation through the nicotinic α7 receptors. In addition, sigma 1 receptors were not involved in the donepezil-induced suppression of the TNFα-mediated intracellular Ca2+ elevation. Pretreatment with donepezil suppressed the TNFα-induced intracellular Ca2+ elevation through the PI3K pathway in rodent microglial cells. Using DAF-2 imaging, we also found that pretreatment with donepezil suppressed the production of NO induced by TNFα treatment and the PI3K pathway could be important for the donepezil-induced suppression of NO production in rodent microglial cells. Finally, phagocytosis assay showed that pretreatment with donepezil promoted phagocytic activity of rodent microglial cells through the PI3K but not MAPK/ERK pathway. Conclusions These suggest that donepezil could directly modulate the microglial function through the PI3K pathway in the rodent brain, which might be important to understand the effect of donepezil in the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1033-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Haraguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshito Mizoguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiomi Imamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Murakawa-Hirachi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nabeta
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Monji
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Severance EG, Tveiten D, Lindström LH, Yolken RH, Reichelt KL. The Gut Microbiota and the Emergence of Autoimmunity: Relevance to Major Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 22:6076-6086. [PMID: 27634185 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160914183804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune phenotypes are prevalent in major psychiatric disorders. Disequilibria of cellular processes occurring in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract likely contribute to immune dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. As the venue of a complex community of resident microbes, the gut in a homeostatic state equates with a functional digestive system, cellular barrier stability and properly regulated recognition of self and non-self antigens. When gut processes become disrupted as a result of environmental or genetic factors, autoimmunity may ensue. METHODS Here, we review the issues pertinent to autoimmunity and the microbiome in psychiatric disorders and show that many of the reported immune risk factors for the development of these brain disorders are in fact related and consistent with dysfunctions occurring in the gut. We review the few human microbiome studies that have been done in people with psychiatric disorders and supplement this information with mechanistic data gleaned from experimental rodent studies. RESULTS These investigations demonstrate changes in behavior and brain biochemistry directly attributable to alterations in the gut microbiome. We present a model by which autoantigens are produced by extrinsicallyderived food and microbial factors bound to intrinsic components of the gut including receptors present in the enteric nervous system. CONCLUSION This new focus on examining activities outside of the CNS for relevance to the etiology and pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders may require new modalities or a re-evaluation of pharmaceutical targets found in peripheral systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology; Department of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 600 North Wolfe Street; Blalock 1105; Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Prytkova I, Brennand KJ. Prospects for Modeling Abnormal Neuronal Function in Schizophrenia Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:360. [PMID: 29217999 PMCID: PMC5703699 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory dopaminergic neurons, inhibitory GABAergic neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes have all been implicated in schizophrenia (SZ) network pathology. Still, SZ has been a difficult disorder to study, not only because of the limitations of animal models in capturing the complexity of the human mind, but also because it is greatly polygenic, with high rates of variability across the population. The advent of patient-derived pluripotent stem cells and induced neural and glial cultures has brought hope for modeling the molecular dysfunction underlying SZ pathology in a patient-specific manner. Here I review the successes of the patient-specific induced cultures in generating different cell types for the study of SZ, with special emphasis on the utility of co-culture techniques, both two- and three-dimensional, for modeling network dysfunction in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iya Prytkova
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, line>New York, NY, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, line>New York, NY, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Serpa MH, Doshi J, Erus G, Chaim-Avancini TM, Cavallet M, van de Bilt MT, Sallet PC, Gattaz WF, Davatzikos C, Busatto GF, Zanetti MV. State-dependent microstructural white matter changes in drug-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2613-2627. [PMID: 28826419 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have consistently shown white matter (WM) microstructural abnormalities in schizophrenia. Whether or not such alterations could vary depending on clinical status (i.e. acute psychosis v. remission) remains to be investigated. METHODS Twenty-five treatment-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 51 healthy-controls (HC) underwent MRI scanning at baseline. Twenty-one patients were re-scanned as soon as they achieved sustained remission of symptoms; 36 HC were also scanned twice. Rate-of-change maps of longitudinal DTI changes were calculated for in order to examine WM alterations associated with changes in clinical status. We conducted voxelwise analyses of fractional anisotropy (FA) and trace (TR) maps. RESULTS At baseline, FEP presented reductions of FA in comparison with HC [p < 0.05, false-discovery rate (FDR)-corrected] affecting fronto-limbic WM and associative, projective and commissural fasciculi. After symptom remission, patients showed FA increase over time (p < 0.001, uncorrected) in some of the above WM tracts, namely the right anterior thalamic radiation, right uncinate fasciculus/inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus/inferior longitudinal fasciculus. We also found significant correlations between reductions in PANSS scores and FA increases over time (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected). CONCLUSIONS WM changes affecting brain tracts critical to the integration of perceptual information, cognition and emotions are detectable soon after the onset of FEP and may partially reverse in direct relation to the remission of acute psychotic symptoms. Our findings reinforce the view that WM abnormalities in brain tracts are a key neurobiological feature of acute psychotic disorders, and recovery from such WM pathology can lead to amelioration of symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Serpa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21),Department and Institute of Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo, Centro de Medicina Nuclear,3o andar, LIM-21,Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos,s/n, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - J Doshi
- Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (SBIA), Department of Radiology,University of Pennsylvania,3600 Market St,Suite 380, Philadelphia, PA,USA
| | - G Erus
- Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (SBIA), Department of Radiology,University of Pennsylvania,3600 Market St,Suite 380, Philadelphia, PA,USA
| | - T M Chaim-Avancini
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21),Department and Institute of Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo, Centro de Medicina Nuclear,3o andar, LIM-21,Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos,s/n, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - M Cavallet
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21),Department and Institute of Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo, Centro de Medicina Nuclear,3o andar, LIM-21,Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos,s/n, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - M T van de Bilt
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Centro de Medicina Nuclear,3o andar, LIM-21,Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos,s/n, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - P C Sallet
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27,Department and Institute of Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo, Instituto de Psiquiatria,3o andar, LIM-27,Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos,s/n, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - W F Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27,Department and Institute of Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo, Instituto de Psiquiatria,3o andar, LIM-27,Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos,s/n, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - C Davatzikos
- Section of Biomedical Image Analysis (SBIA), Department of Radiology,University of Pennsylvania,3600 Market St,Suite 380, Philadelphia, PA,USA
| | - G F Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21),Department and Institute of Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo, Centro de Medicina Nuclear,3o andar, LIM-21,Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos,s/n, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - M V Zanetti
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21),Department and Institute of Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo, Centro de Medicina Nuclear,3o andar, LIM-21,Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos,s/n, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Psychoneuroimmunology of mental disorders. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2017; 11:115-124. [PMID: 28993125 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a key element in the organism's defence system and participates in the maintenance of homeostasis. There is growing interest in the aetiopathogenic and prognostic implications of the immune system in mental disorders, as previous studies suggest the existence of a dysregulation of the immune response and a pro-inflammatory state in patients with mental disorders, as well as an increased prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases or receiving immune treatments. This study aims to conduct a narrative review of the scientific literature on the role of Psychoneuroimmunology in mental disorders, with special focus on diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic issues. The development of this body of knowledge may bring in the future important advances in the vulnerability, aetiopathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of some mental disorders.
Collapse
|
141
|
The Role of microRNA Expression in Cortical Development During Conversion to Psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2188-2195. [PMID: 28186095 PMCID: PMC5603810 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a recent report of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS), clinical high-risk individuals who converted to psychosis showed a steeper rate of cortical gray matter reduction compared with non-converters and healthy controls, and the rate of cortical thinning was correlated with levels of proinflammatory cytokines at baseline. These findings suggest a critical role for microglia, the resident macrophages in the brain, in perturbations of cortical maturation processes associated with onset of psychosis. Elucidating gene expression pathways promoting microglial action prior to disease onset would inform potential preventative intervention targets. Here we used a forward stepwise regression algorithm to build a classifier of baseline microRNA expression in peripheral leukocytes associated with annualized rate of cortical thinning in a subsample of the NAPLS cohort (N=74). Our cortical thinning classifier included nine microRNAs, p=3.63 × 10-08, R2=0.358, permutation-based p=0.039, the gene targets of which were enriched for intracellular signaling pathways that are important to coordinating inflammatory responses within immune cells (p<0.05, Benjamini-Hochberg corrected). The classifier was also related to proinflammatory cytokine levels in serum (p=0.038). Furthermore, miRNAs that predicted conversion status were found to do so in a manner partially mediated by rate of cortical thinning (point estimate=0.078 (95% CIs: 0.003, 0.168), p=0.03). Many of the miRNAs identified here have been previously implicated in brain development, synaptic plasticity, immune function and/or schizophrenia, showing some convergence across studies and methodologies. Altered intracellular signaling within the immune system may interact with cortical maturation in individuals at high risk for schizophrenia promoting disease onset.
Collapse
|
142
|
Smith BL, Reyes TM. Offspring neuroimmune consequences of maternal malnutrition: Potential mechanism for behavioral impairments that underlie metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:109-122. [PMID: 28736323 PMCID: PMC8600507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition significantly increases offspring risk for both metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of maternal malnutrition have identified behavioral changes in the adult offspring related to executive function and reward processing. Together, these changes in executive and reward-based behaviors likely contribute to the etiology of both metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders associated with maternal malnutrition. Concomitant with the behavioral effects, maternal malnutrition alters offspring expression of reward-related molecules and inflammatory signals in brain pathways that control executive function and reward. Neuroimmune pathways and microglial interactions in these specific brain circuits, either in early development or later in adulthood, could directly contribute to the maternal malnutrition-induced behavioral phenotypes. Understanding these mechanisms will help advance treatment strategies for metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders, especially noninvasive dietary supplementation interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - T M Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of adjunctive minocycline as a treatment of schizophrenia. METHODS We conducted a PubMed/Scopus database search from inception to 3 February 2016 for randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs), open non-randomized studies, and case reports/series evaluating minocycline in patients with schizophrenia. Random-effects meta-analysis of positive, negative, depressive, and cognitive symptom rating scales, discontinuation and adverse effects rates calculating standardized mean difference (SMD), and risk ratios±95% confidence intervals (CI 95%) were calculated. RESULTS Six RCTs were eligible (minocycline n=215, placebo n=198) that demonstrated minocycline's superiority versus placebo for reducing endpoint Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores (SMD=-0.59; CI 95%=[1.15, -0.03]; p=0.04), negative (SMD=-0.76; CI 95%=[-1.21, -0.31]; p=0.001); general subscale scores (SMD=-0.44; CI 95%=[-0.88, -0.00]; p=0.05), Clinical Global Impressions scores (SMD=-0.50; CI 95%=[-0.78, -0.22]; p<0.001); and executive functioning (SMD=0.22; CI 95%=[0.01, 0.44]; p=0.04). Endpoint PANSS positive symptom scores (p=0.13), depression rating scale scores (p=0.43), attention (p=0.47), memory (p=0.52), and motor speed processing (p=0.50) did not significantly differ from placebo, before execution of a trim-and-fill procedure. Minocycline did not differ compared to placebo on all-cause discontinuation (p=0.56), discontinuation due to inefficacy (p=0.99), and intolerability (p=0.51), and due to death (p=0.32). Data from one open-label study (N=22) and three case series (N=6) were consistent with the metaanalytic results. CONCLUSIONS Minocycline appears to be an effective adjunctive treatment option in schizophrenia, improving multiple relevant disease dimensions. Moreover, minocycline has an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. However, more methodologically sound and larger RCTs remain necessary to confirm and extend these results.
Collapse
|
144
|
Terasaki LS, Schwarz JM. Impact of Prenatal and Subsequent Adult Alcohol Exposure on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Brain Regions Necessary for Simple Recognition Memory. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7100125. [PMID: 28973966 PMCID: PMC5664052 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are important and necessary for appropriate neural development; however, activation of microglia, concomitant with increased levels of secreted immune molecules during brain development, can leave the brain susceptible to certain long-term changes in immune function associated with neurological and developmental disorders. One mechanism by which microglia can be activated is via alcohol exposure. We sought to investigate if low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure can alter the neuroimmune response to a subsequent acute dose of alcohol in adulthood. We also used the novel object location and recognition memory tasks to determine whether there are cognitive deficits associated with low prenatal alcohol exposure and subsequent adulthood alcohol exposure. We found that adult rats exposed to an acute binge-like level of alcohol, regardless of gestational alcohol exposure, have a robust increase in the expression of Interleukin (IL)-6 within the brain, and a significant decrease in the expression of IL-1β and CD11b. Rats exposed to alcohol during gestation, adulthood, or at both time points exhibited impaired cognitive performance in the cognitive tasks. These results indicate that both low-level prenatal alcohol exposure and even acute alcohol exposure in adulthood can significantly impact neuroimmune and associated cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurne S Terasaki
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Jaclyn M Schwarz
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction Supplementation Improves Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia: Data From an 8-Week, Open-Label Pilot Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 37:468-471. [PMID: 28591067 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel treatment strategies for cognitive dysfunctions may prevent long-term disability in patients with schizophrenia, and polyphenolic compounds might be a promising strategy. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia), a citrus fruit characterized by a high amount of flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, may represent a potential nutraceutical approach to cognitive dysfunction. The present study was aimed to explore the efficacy of bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) supplementation on cognitive/executive functioning in a sample of patients with schizophrenia receiving second-generation antipsychotics. METHODS Twenty outpatients treated with second-generation antipsychotics assumed BPF at an oral daily dose of 1000 mg/d for 8 weeks. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Verbal Fluency Task-Controlled Oral Word Association Test, and Stroop Color-Word Test were administered. RESULTS At end point, (week 8) BPF supplementation significantly improved WCST "perseverative errors" (P = 0.004) and semantic fluency test (P = 0.004). Moreover, a trend for other cognitive variable (WCST "categories," phonemic fluency, and Stroop Color-Word Test) improvement was observed. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide evidence that BPF administration may be proposed as a potential supplementation strategy to improve cognitive outcome in schizophrenia. Further clinical trials with adequately powered and well-designed methodology are needed to better explore the BPF effectiveness on cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
146
|
Noda M. Thyroid Hormone in the CNS: Contribution of Neuron-Glia Interaction. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 106:313-331. [PMID: 29407440 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine system and the central nervous system (CNS) are intimately linked. Among hormones closely related to the nervous system, thyroid hormones (THs) are critical for the regulation of development and differentiation of neurons and neuroglia and hence for development and function of the CNS. T3 (3,3',5-triiodothyronine), an active form of TH, is important not only for neuronal development but also for differentiation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and for microglial development. In adult brain, T3 affects glial morphology with sex- and age-dependent manner and therefore may affect their function, leading to influence on neuron-glia interaction. T3 is an important signaling factor that affects microglial functions such as migration and phagocytosis via complex mechanisms. Therefore, dysfunction of THs may impair glial function as well as neuronal function and thus disturb the brain, which may cause mental disorders. Investigations on molecular and cellular basis of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism will help us to understand changes in neuron-glia interaction and therefore consequent psychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
|
148
|
Corsi-Zuelli FMDG, Brognara F, Quirino GFDS, Hiroki CH, Fais RS, Del-Ben CM, Ulloa L, Salgado HC, Kanashiro A, Loureiro CM. Neuroimmune Interactions in Schizophrenia: Focus on Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Activation of the Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Front Immunol 2017; 8:618. [PMID: 28620379 PMCID: PMC5449450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental disorders and is aggravated by the lack of efficacious treatment. Although its etiology is unclear, epidemiological studies indicate that infection and inflammation during development induces behavioral, morphological, neurochemical, and cognitive impairments, increasing the risk of developing schizophrenia. The inflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia is also supported by clinical studies demonstrating systemic inflammation and microglia activation in schizophrenic patients. Although elucidating the mechanism that induces this inflammatory profile remains a challenge, mounting evidence suggests that neuroimmune interactions may provide therapeutic advantages to control inflammation and hence schizophrenia. Recent studies have indicated that vagus nerve stimulation controls both peripheral and central inflammation via alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Other findings have indicated that vagal stimulation and α7nAChR-agonists can provide therapeutic advantages for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and epilepsy. This review analyzes the latest results regarding: (I) the immune-to-brain pathogenesis of schizophrenia; (II) the regulation of inflammation by the autonomic nervous system in psychiatric disorders; and (III) the role of the vagus nerve and α7nAChR in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Hiroji Hiroki
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Sobrano Fais
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Surgery, Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Helio Cesar Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Camila Marcelino Loureiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Mizoguchi Y, Monji A. TRPC Channels and Brain Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 976:111-121. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1088-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
150
|
Mattei D, Ivanov A, Ferrai C, Jordan P, Guneykaya D, Buonfiglioli A, Schaafsma W, Przanowski P, Deuther-Conrad W, Brust P, Hesse S, Patt M, Sabri O, Ross TL, Eggen BJL, Boddeke EWGM, Kaminska B, Beule D, Pombo A, Kettenmann H, Wolf SA. Maternal immune activation results in complex microglial transcriptome signature in the adult offspring that is reversed by minocycline treatment. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1120. [PMID: 28485733 PMCID: PMC5534948 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of developing psychiatric pathologies in later life. This link may be bridged by a defective microglial phenotype in the offspring induced by MIA, as microglia have key roles in the development and maintenance of neuronal signaling in the central nervous system. The beneficial effects of the immunomodulatory treatment with minocycline on schizophrenic patients are consistent with this hypothesis. Using the MIA mouse model, we found an altered microglial transcriptome and phagocytic function in the adult offspring accompanied by behavioral abnormalities. The changes in microglial phagocytosis on a functional and transcriptional level were similar to those observed in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease hinting to a related microglial phenotype in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Minocycline treatment of adult MIA offspring reverted completely the transcriptional, functional and behavioral deficits, highlighting the potential benefits of therapeutic targeting of microglia in psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Mattei
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Ivanov
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Charite Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Ferrai
- Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture Group, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Jordan
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Guneykaya
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Buonfiglioli
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Schaafsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Przanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany,Integrated Treatment and Research Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - O Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T L Ross
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - B J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Pombo
- Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture Group, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - S A Wolf
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany,Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|