101
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Determination of personal care products –benzophenones and parabens– in human menstrual blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1035:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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102
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Harley KG, Kogut K, Madrigal DS, Cardenas M, Vera IA, Meza-Alfaro G, She J, Gavin Q, Zahedi R, Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Parra KL. Reducing Phthalate, Paraben, and Phenol Exposure from Personal Care Products in Adolescent Girls: Findings from the HERMOSA Intervention Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1600-1607. [PMID: 26947464 PMCID: PMC5047791 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal care products are a source of exposure to potentially endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, triclosan, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) for adolescent girls. METHODS We enrolled 100 Latina girls in a youth-led, community-based participatory research intervention study to determine whether using personal care products whose labels stated they did not contain these chemicals for 3 days could lower urinary concentrations. Pre- and postintervention urine samples were analyzed for phthalate metabolites, parabens, triclosan, and BP-3 using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Urinary concentrations of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) decreased by 27.4% (95% CI: -39.3, -13.2) on average over the 3-day intervention; no significant changes were seen in urinary concentrations of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP). Methyl and propyl paraben concentrations decreased by 43.9% (95% CI: -61.3, -18.8) and 45.4% (95% CI: -63.7, -17.9), respectively. Unexpectedly, concentrations of ethyl and butyl paraben concentrations increased, although concentrations were low overall and not detected in almost half the samples. Triclosan concentrations decreased by 35.7% (95% CI: -53.3, -11.6), and BP-3 concentrations decreased by 36.0% (95% CI: -51.0, -16.4). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that techniques available to consumers, such as choosing personal care products that are labeled to be free of phthalates, parabens, triclosan, and BP-3, can reduce personal exposure to possible endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Involving youth in the design and implementation of the study was key to recruitment, retention, compliance, and acceptability of the intervention. CITATION Harley KG, Kogut K, Madrigal DS, Cardenas M, Vera IA, Meza-Alfaro G, She J, Gavin Q, Zahedi R, Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Parra KL. 2016. Reducing phthalate, paraben, and phenol exposure from personal care products in adolescent girls: findings from the HERMOSA Intervention Study. Environ Health Perspect 124:1600-1607; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Address correspondence to K.G. Harley, Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), UC Berkeley, 1995 University Ave., Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Telephone: (510) 643-1310. E-mail:
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Daniel S. Madrigal
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maritza Cardenas
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Irene A. Vera
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Gonzalo Meza-Alfaro
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Heath, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Qi Gavin
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Heath, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rana Zahedi
- Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Heath, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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103
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Kodani SD, Overby HB, Morisseau C, Chen J, Zhao L, Hammock BD. Parabens inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase: A potential role in paraben-enhanced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Toxicol Lett 2016; 262:92-99. [PMID: 27659731 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are a class of small molecules that are regularly used as preservatives in a variety of personal care products. Several parabens, including butylparaben and benzylparaben, have been found to interfere with endocrine signaling and to stimulate adipocyte differentiation. We hypothesized these biological effects could be due to interference with the endocannabinoid system and identified fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) as the direct molecular target of parabens. FAAH inhibition by parabens yields mixed-type and time-independent kinetics. Additionally, structure activity relationships indicate FAAH inhibition is selective for the paraben class of compounds and the more hydrophobic parabens have higher potency. Parabens enhanced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation in a dose dependent fashion, different from two other FAAH inhibitors URB597 and PF622. Moreover, parabens, URB597 and PF622 all failed to enhance AEA-induced differentiation. Furthermore, rimonabant, a cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1)-selective antagonist, did not attenuate paraben-induced adipocyte differentiation. Thus, adipogenesis mediated by parabens likely occurs through modulation of endocannabinoids, but cell differentiation is independent of direct activation of CB1 by endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Kodani
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Haley B Overby
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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104
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Chow ET, Mahalingaiah S. Cosmetics use and age at menopause: is there a connection? Fertil Steril 2016; 106:978-90. [PMID: 27545020 PMCID: PMC5027605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetics contain a vast number of chemicals, most of which are not under the regulatory purview of the Food and Drug Administration. Only a few of these chemicals have been evaluated for potential deleterious health impact: parabens, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and siloxanes. A review of the ingredients in the best-selling and top-rated products of the top beauty brands in the world, as well as a review of highlighted chemicals by nonprofit environmental organizations, reveals 11 chemicals and chemical families of concern: butylated hydroxyanisole/butylated hydroxytoluene, coal tar dyes, diethanolamine, formaldehyde-releasing preservatives, parabens, phthalates, 1,4-dioxane, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, siloxanes, talc/asbestos, and triclosan. Age at menopause can be affected by a variety of mechanisms, including endocrine disruption, failure of DNA repair, oxidative stress, shortened telomere length, and ovarian toxicity. There is a lack of available studies to make a conclusion regarding cosmetics use and age at menopause. What little data there are suggest that future studies are warranted. Women with chronic and consistent use of cosmetics across their lifespan may be a population of concern. More research is required to better elucidate the relationship and time windows of vulnerability and the effects of mixtures and combinations of products on ovarian health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T Chow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shruthi Mahalingaiah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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105
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Jiménez-Díaz I, Artacho-Cordón F, Vela-Soria F, Belhassen H, Arrebola JP, Fernández MF, Ghali R, Hedhili A, Olea N. Urinary levels of bisphenol A, benzophenones and parabens in Tunisian women: A pilot study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:81-88. [PMID: 27096629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenones and parabens are commonly used in the production of polycarbonate plastics, as UV-filters and as antimicrobial preservatives, respectively, and they are thought to exhibit endocrine disrupting properties. Exposure to these compounds remains poorly characterized in developing countries, despite the fact that certain behaviors related to westernization have the potential to influence exposure. The aim of this pilot study was to measure urinary concentrations of BPA, six different benzophenones and four parabens in 34 Tunisian women. In addition, we identified some socio-demographic and dietary predictors of exposure to these compounds. Chemical analyses were carried out by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS/MS). Detection frequencies of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP) and propylparaben (PP) ranged between 67.6 and 94.1%. Butylparaben (BP) was found in 38.2% of the analyzed samples; BPA in 64.7%; and benzophenone-1 (BP-1) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) were detected in 91.2 and 64.7% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Urinary geometric mean concentrations of MP, EP, PP, and BP were 30.1, 1.4, 2.0 and 0.5ngmL(-1), respectively. Geometric mean concentrations of BPA, BP-1, and BP-3 were 0.4, 1.3 and 1.1ngmL(-1), respectively. Our results suggest that Tunisian women are widely exposed to BPA, parabens and some benzophenones. Further studies on the general Tunisian population are needed in order to assess the levels of exposure to these compounds and to identify sources of exposure and population groups at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jiménez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada E-18012, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada E-18071, Spain.
| | - F Artacho-Cordón
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada E-18012, Spain; Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, University of Granada, Spain
| | - F Vela-Soria
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada E-18012, Spain
| | - H Belhassen
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - J P Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada E-18012, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada E-18071, Spain; Radiation Oncology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - M F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada E-18012, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada E-18071, Spain; Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, University of Granada, Spain
| | - R Ghali
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Hedhili
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - N Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada E-18012, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada E-18071, Spain; Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, University of Granada, Spain
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106
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Han J, Won EJ, Hwang UK, Kim IC, Yim JH, Lee JS. Triclosan (TCS) and Triclocarban (TCC) cause lifespan reduction and reproductive impairment through oxidative stress-mediated expression of the defensome in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 185-186:131-137. [PMID: 27067728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and Triclocarban (TCC) are used as antimicrobial agents and have been widely dispersed and detected in the marine environment. However, the toxicities of TCS and TCC have been poorly investigated in marine invertebrates. In this study, the effects of TCS and TCC on mortality, population growth, lifespan, and fecundity were examined in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus) using cellular ROS levels, GST enzymatic activity, and gene expression of defensomes. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of TCS (393.1μg/L) and TCC (388.1μg/L) was also determined in the same species. In TCS- and TCC-exposed B. koreanus, growth retardation and reduced fecundity were observed and were shown to have a potentially deleterious effect on the life cycle of B. koreanus. In addition, time-dependent increases in ROS content (%) and GST enzymatic activity were shown in response to TCS and TCC exposure. Additionally, transcript levels of detoxification proteins (e.g., CYPs), antioxidant proteins (e.g., GST-sigma, Cu/ZnSOD, CAT), and heat shock proteins (Hsps) were modulated in response to TCS and TCC exposure over a 24h period. Our results indicate that TCS and TCC induce oxidative stress and transcriptional regulation of detoxification, antioxidant, and heat shock proteins, resulting in changes in lifespan and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Un-Ki Hwang
- Marine Ecological Risk Assessment Center, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Incheon 22383, South Korea
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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107
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Guerra MT, Furlong HC, Kempinas WG, Foster WG. Effects of in vitro exposure to butylparaben and di-(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate, alone or in combination, on ovarian function. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1235-45. [PMID: 27135907 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parabens and phthalates are commercial chemicals widely used in the manufacture of industrial and consumer products frequently found as contaminants in biological fluids. We evaluated the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-7) m [1-100 nm; 0.39-39 ng ml(-1) ]) and butylparaben (BP) (ranging from 10(-8) to 10(-5) m [10 nm-10 μm; 1.9 ng ml(-1) to 1.9 μg ml(-1) ]), alone and in combination, on isolated mouse preantral follicle and human granulosa cell (hGC) cultures to study direct effects on follicle growth and ovarian steroidogenesis. Our results revealed that, in follicle culture, DEHP and BP attenuate estradiol output but only when present together. DEHP decreases progesterone concentrations in the spent media of hGC cultures, an effect that was attenuated when BP was added together with DEHP. Although changes in steroidogenesis were observed, no effects on follicular development or survival were noted in the culture systems. We suggest that BP and DEHP act with additive effect to decrease estradiol production whereas at later stages of follicle development BP blocks the effect of DEHP in hGCs resulting in decreased progesterone output. Taken together our results suggest that DEHP and BP adversely affect steroidogenesis from the preantral stage onward and the effects of these chemicals are both stage-dependent and modified by co-exposure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina T Guerra
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hayley C Furlong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilma G Kempinas
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Warren G Foster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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108
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Sun L, Yu T, Guo J, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Xiao X, Sun Y, Xiao H, Li J, Zhu D, Sai L, Li J. The estrogenicity of methylparaben and ethylparaben at doses close to the acceptable daily intake in immature Sprague-Dawley rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25173. [PMID: 27121550 PMCID: PMC4848538 DOI: 10.1038/srep25173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogenicity of parabens at human exposure levels has become a focus of concern due to the debate over whether the estrogenicity of parabens is strong enough to play a role in the increased incidence of breast cancer. In this study, the uterotrophic activities of methylparaben (MP) and ethylparaben (EP) at doses close to the acceptable daily intake as allocated by JECFA were demonstrated in immature Sprague-Dawley rats by intragastric administration, and up-regulations of estrogen-responsive biomarker genes were found in uteri of the rats by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR). At the same time, the urinary concentrations of MP and EP, as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in rats that received the same doses of MP and EP, were found to be near the high urinary levels reported in human populations in recent years. These results show the in vivo estrogenicity of MP and EP at human exposure levels, and indicate that populations exposed to large amounts of MP and EP may have a high burden of estrogenicity-related diseases. In addition, a molecular docking simulation showed interaction between the parabens and the agonist-binding pocket of human estrogen receptor α (hERα).
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Affiliation(s)
- Libei Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Yu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jilong Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Hu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingli Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Han Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyu Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Desheng Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linlin Sai
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Ji’nan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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109
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Boberg J, Axelstad M, Svingen T, Mandrup K, Christiansen S, Vinggaard AM, Hass U. Multiple Endocrine Disrupting Effects in Rats Perinatally Exposed to Butylparaben. Toxicol Sci 2016; 152:244-56. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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110
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Ahn KC, Ranganathan A, Bever CS, Hwang SH, Holland EB, Morisseau K, Pessah IN, Hammock BD, Gee SJ. Detection of the Antimicrobial Triclosan in Environmental Samples by Immunoassay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3754-61. [PMID: 26937944 PMCID: PMC4821808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of the antimicrobial triclosan (TCS; 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) was developed. Novel immunizing haptens were synthesized by derivatizing at the 4-Cl position of the TCS molecule. Compounds derived from substitutions at 4'-Cl and that replaced the 2'-OH with a Cl atom were designed as unique coating antigen haptens. Polyclonal rabbit antisera were screened against the coating antigen library to identify combinations of immunoreagents resulting in the most sensitive assays. The most sensitive assay identified was one utilizing antiserum no. 1155 and a heterologous competitive hapten, where the 2'-OH group was substituted with a Cl atom. An IC50 value and the detection range for TCS in assay buffer were 1.19 and 0.21-6.71 μg/L, respectively. The assay was selective for TCS, providing low cross-reactivity (<5%) to the major metabolites of TCS and to brominated diphenyl ether-47. A second assay utilizing a competitive hapten containing Br instead of Cl substitutions was broadly selective for both brominated and chlorinated diphenylethers. Using the most sensitive assay combination, we measured TCS concentrations in water samples following dilution. Biosolid samples were analyzed following the dilution of a simple solvent extract. The immunoassay results were similar to those determined by LC-MS/MS. This immunoassay can be used as a rapid and convenient tool to screen for human and environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Chang Ahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Anupama Ranganathan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Erika B. Holland
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kevin Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shirley J. Gee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Corresponding author phone: 530-752-8465, fax: 530-752-1537,
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111
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Pop A, Drugan T, Gutleb AC, Lupu D, Cherfan J, Loghin F, Kiss B. Individual and combined in vitro (anti)androgenic effects of certain food additives and cosmetic preservatives. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:269-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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112
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Zhang L, Ding S, Qiao P, Dong L, Yu M, Wang C, Zhang M, Zhang L, Li Y, Tang N, Chang B. n-butylparaben induces male reproductive disorders via regulation of estradiol and estrogen receptors. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 26:1223-1234. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
| | - Sijin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
| | - Peihuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Yimin Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 7 Panjiayuan nanli , Chaoyang district Beijing 100021 China
| | - Bing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health; National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; No. 29 Nanwei Road , Xicheng district Beijing 100050 China
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Environmental Exposure to Triclosan and Semen Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:224. [PMID: 26901211 PMCID: PMC4772244 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxy-diphenyl ether, TCS) is widely used in personal care, household, veterinary and industrial products. It was considered as a potential male reproductive toxicant in previous in vitro and in vivo studies. However, evidence from human studies is scarce. Our study aims to investigate the relationship between TCS exposure and semen quality. We measured urinary TCS concentrations in 471 men recruited from a male reproductive health clinic. TCS was detected in 96.7% of urine samples, with a median concentration of 0.97 ng (mg·creatinine)−1 (interquartile range, 0.41–2.95 ng (mg·creatinine)−1). A multiple linear regression analysis showed a negative association between natural logarithm (Ln) transformed TCS concentration (Ln-TCS) and Ln transformed number of forward moving sperms (adjusted coefficient β = −0.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) (−0.32, −0.02). Furthermore, among those with the lowest tertile of TCS level, Ln-TCS was negatively associated with the number of forward moving sperms (β = −0.35; 95% CI (−0.68, −0.03)), percentage of sperms with normal morphology (β = −1.64; 95% CI (−3.05, −0.23)), as well as number of normal morphological sperms, sperm concentration and count. Our findings suggest that the adverse effect of TCS on semen quality is modest at the environment-relevant dose in humans. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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114
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Kajornkavinkul S, Punrat E, Siangproh W, Rodthongkum N, Praphairaksit N, Chailapakul O. Graphene/polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyaniline nanocomposite-modified electrode for simultaneous determination of parabens by high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2016; 148:655-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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115
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Teitelbaum SL, Li Q, Lambertini L, Belpoggi F, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Bua L, Silva MJ, Ye X, Calafat AM, Chen J. Paired Serum and Urine Concentrations of Biomarkers of Diethyl Phthalate, Methyl Paraben, and Triclosan in Rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:39-45. [PMID: 26047088 PMCID: PMC4710607 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental chemicals, including phthalates and phenols such as parabens and triclosan, is ubiquitous within the U.S. general population. OBJECTIVE This proof-of-concept rodent study examined the relationship between oral doses of three widely used personal care product ingredients [diethyl phthalate (DEP), methyl paraben (MPB), and triclosan] and urine and serum concentrations of their respective biomarkers. METHODS Using female Sprague-Dawley rats, we carried out two rounds of experiments with oral gavage doses selected in accordance with no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) derived from previous studies: 1,735 (DEP), 1,050 (MPB), 50 (triclosan) mg/kg/day. Administered doses ranged from 0.005 to 173 mg/kg/day, 10-100,000 times below the NOAEL for each chemical. Controls for the MPB and triclosan experiments were animals treated with olive oil (vehicle) only; controls for the DEP serum experiments were animals treated with the lowest doses of MPB and triclosan. Doses were administered for 5 days with five rats in each treatment group. Urine and blood serum, collected on the last day of exposure, were analyzed for biomarkers. Relationships between oral dose and biomarker concentrations were assessed using linear regression. RESULTS Biomarkers were detected in all control urine samples at parts-per-billion levels, suggesting a low endemic environmental exposure to the three chemicals that could not be controlled even with all of the precautionary measures undertaken. Among the exposed animals, urinary concentrations of all three biomarkers were orders of magnitude higher than those in serum. A consistently positive linear relationship between oral dose and urinary concentration was observed (R2 > 0.80); this relationship was inconsistent in serum. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of carefully considering the oral dose used in animal experiments and provides useful information in selecting doses for future studies. CITATION Teitelbaum SL, Li Q, Lambertini L, Belpoggi F, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Bua L, Silva MJ, Ye X, Calafat AM, Chen J. 2016. Paired serum and urine concentrations of biomarkers of diethyl phthalate, methyl paraben, and triclosan in rats. Environ Health Perspect 124:39-45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409586.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to S.L. Teitelbaum, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029 USA. Telephone: (212) 824-7105. E-mail:
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciano Bua
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manori J. Silva
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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116
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Park BK, Gonzales ELT, Yang SM, Bang M, Choi CS, Shin CY. Effects of Triclosan on Neural Stem Cell Viability and Survival. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:99-107. [PMID: 26759708 PMCID: PMC4703359 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial or sanitizing agent used in personal care and household products such as toothpaste, soaps, mouthwashes and kitchen utensils. There are increasing evidence of the potentially harmful effects of triclosan in many systemic and cellular processes of the body. In this study, we investigated the effects of triclosan in the survivability of cultured rat neural stem cells (NSCs). Cortical cells from embryonic day 14 rat embryos were isolated and cultured in vitro. After stabilizing the culture, triclosan was introduced to the cells with concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 50 μM and in varied time periods. Thereafter, cell viability parameters were measured using MTT assay and PI staining. TCS decreased the cell viability of treated NSC in a concentration-dependent manner along with increased expressions of apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, while reduced expression of Bcl2. To explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of TCS in NSC, we measured the activation of MAPKs and intracellular ROS. TCS at 50 μM induced the activations of both p38 and JNK, which may adversely affect cell survival. In contrast, the activities of ERK, Akt and PI3K, which are positively correlated with cell survival, were inhibited. Moreover, TCS at this concentration augmented the ROS generation in treated NSC and depleted the glutathione activity. Taken together, these results suggest that TCS can induce neurodegenerative effects in developing rat brains through mechanisms involving ROS activation and apoptosis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Park
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck T Gonzales
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Soon Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, SMART-IABS and KU Open Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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117
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Chen Q, Pan C, Li Y, Zhang M, Gu W. The Combined Effect of Methyl- and Ethyl-Paraben on Lifespan and Preadult Development Period of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iev146. [PMID: 28076277 PMCID: PMC5778983 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used as preservative substances in foods, pharmaceuticals, industrial products, and cosmetics. But several studies have cautioned that parabens have estrogenic or endocrine-disrupting properties. Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model in vivo to detect the toxic effects of chemistry. The study was designed to assess the potential additive toxic effects of methylparaben (MP) and ethylparaben (EP) mixture (MP + EP) on lifespan and preadult development period in D. melanogaster The data revealed that the MP + EP can reduce the longevity of flies compared with the control group, consistent with a significant reduction in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in superoxide dismutase activities. Furthermore, MP + EP may have a greater toxic effect on longevity of flies than separate using with the same concentration. Additionally, parabens had a nonmonotonic dose-response effect on D. melanogaster preadult development period, showing that MP + EP delayed preadult development period compared with control group while individual MP or EP significantly shortened (P < 0.01) at low concentration (300 mg/l). In conclusion, MP + EP had the potential additive toxicity on lifespan and preadult development period for D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an 710119, China (; ; ; ) and
| | - Chenguang Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an 710119, China (; ; ; ) and
| | - Yajuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an 710119, China (; ; ; ) and
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an 710119, China (; ; ; ) and
| | - Wei Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an 710119, China (; ; ; ) and
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118
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Moos RK, Angerer J, Dierkes G, Brüning T, Koch HM. Metabolism and elimination of methyl, iso- and n-butyl paraben in human urine after single oral dosage. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2699-2709. [PMID: 26608183 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parabens are used as preservatives in personal care and consumer products, food and pharmaceuticals. Their use is controversial because of possible endocrine disrupting properties. In this study, we investigated metabolism and urinary excretion of methyl paraben (MeP), iso-butyl paraben (iso-BuP) and n-butyl paraben (n-BuP) after oral dosage of deuterium-labeled analogs (10 mg). Each volunteer received one dosage per investigated paraben separately and at least 2 weeks apart. Consecutive urine samples were collected over 48 h. In addition to the parent parabens (free and conjugated) which are already used as biomarkers of internal exposure and the known but non-specific metabolites, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) and p-hydroxyhippuric acid (PHHA), we identified new, oxidized metabolites with hydroxy groups on the alkyl side chain (3OH-n-BuP and 2OH-iso-BuP) and species with oxidative modifications on the aromatic ring. MeP represented 17.4 % of the dose excreted in urine, while iso-BuP represented only 6.8 % and n-BuP 5.6 %. Additionally, for iso-BuP, about 16 % was excreted as 2OH-iso-BuP and for n-BuP about 6 % as 3OH-n-BuP. Less than 1 % was excreted as ring-hydroxylated metabolites. In all cases, PHHA was identified as the major but non-specific metabolite (57.2-63.8 %). PHBA represented 3.0-7.2 %. For all parabens, the majority of the oral dose captured by the above metabolites was excreted in the first 24 h (80.5-85.3 %). Complementary to the parent parabens excreted in urine, alkyl-chain-oxidized metabolites of the butyl parabens are introduced as valuable and contamination-free biomarkers of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Moos
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of Ruhr Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of Ruhr Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Georg Dierkes
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of Ruhr Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of Ruhr Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of Ruhr Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
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119
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Fernández MF, Arrebola JP, Jiménez-Díaz I, Sáenz JM, Molina-Molina JM, Ballesteros O, Kortenkamp A, Olea N. Bisphenol A and other phenols in human placenta from children with cryptorchidism or hypospadias. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 59:89-95. [PMID: 26602963 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryo-foetal exposure to low doses of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been related to reproductive tract diseases in experimental animals but not convincingly in human populations. The aim of this case-control study was to explore the relationship between exposure to non-persistent EDCs during pregnancy and male genital development. Exposure to bisphenol-A (BPA), benzophenones (BPs) [BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-6, BP-8 and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP),] and parabens (PBs) [methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butyl-PB] was analyzed by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in placenta samples from a subsample of 28 cases and 51 healthy controls nested in a cohort of newborns recruited between 2000 and 2002. The multivariable regression analyses indicated a statistically significant association between exposure to BPA and propyl-PB and the risk of malformations [adjusted odd ratio (95% CIs) in the third tertile of exposure: 7.2 (1.5-35.5) and 6.4 (1.2-35.5) for BPA and propyl-PB, respectively].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan P Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Jiménez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José María Sáenz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Molina-Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Ballesteros
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute of the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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120
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Wang CF, Tian Y. Reproductive endocrine-disrupting effects of triclosan: Population exposure, present evidence and potential mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:195-201. [PMID: 26184583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan has been used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent for over 40 years worldwide. Increasing reports indicate frequent detection and broad exposure to triclosan in the natural environment and the human body. Current laboratory studies in various species provide strong evidence for its disrupting effects on the endocrine system, especially reproductive hormones. Multiple modes of action have been suggested, including disrupting hormone metabolism, displacing hormones from hormone receptors and disrupting steroidogenic enzyme activity. Although epidemiological studies on its effects in humans are mostly negative but conflicting, which is typical of much of the early evidence on the toxicity of EDCs, overall, the evidence suggests that triclosan is an EDC. This article reviews human exposure to triclosan, describes the current evidence regarding its reproductive endocrine-disrupting effects, and discusses potential mechanisms to provide insights for further study on its endocrine-disrupting effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Feng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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121
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Towers CV, Terry PD, Lewis D, Howard B, Chambers W, Armistead C, Weitz B, Porter S, Borman CJ, Kennedy RCM, Chen J. Transplacental passage of antimicrobial paraben preservatives. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:604-7. [PMID: 25944699 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used preservatives suspected of being endocrine disruptors, with implications for human growth and development. The most common paraben found in consumer products is methylparaben. To date, no study has examined whether these substances cross the human placenta. A total of 100 study subjects (50 mother-child pairs) were enrolled at two medical institutions, serving primarily African-American and Caucasian women, respectively. A maternal blood sample was drawn on admission and a paired cord blood sample was obtained at delivery. Of the 50 mothers, 47 (94%) showed methylparaben in their blood (mean level 20.41 ng/l), and 47 in cords bloods (mean level 36.54 ng/l). There were 45 mother-child pairs where methylparaben was found in both samples. Of these, the fetal level was higher than the maternal level in 23 (51%). For butylparaben, only 4 mothers (8%) showed detectable levels (mean 40.54 ng/l), whereas 8 cord blood samples (16%) were positive (mean 32.5 ng/l). African-American mothers and infants showed higher prevalence of detectable levels (P=0.017). Methylparaben and butylparaben demonstrate transplacental passage. Additional studies are needed to examine potential differences in exposure by geography and demographics, what products are used by pregnant women that contain these preservatives, as well as any potential long-term effects in the growth and development of exposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig V Towers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal, Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Paul D Terry
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - David Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Bobby Howard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal, Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Wesley Chambers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Casey Armistead
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Beth Weitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal, Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie Porter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal, Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher J Borman
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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122
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Perni S, Thenault V, Abdo P, Margulis K, Magdassi S, Prokopovich P. Antimicrobial activity of bone cements embedded with organic nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6317-29. [PMID: 26487803 PMCID: PMC4607059 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s86440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections after orthopedic surgery are a very unwelcome outcome; despite the widespread use of antibiotics, their incidence can be as high as 10%. This risk is likely to increase as antibiotics are gradually losing efficacy as a result of bacterial resistance; therefore, novel antimicrobial approaches are required. Parabens are a class of compounds whose antimicrobial activity is employed in many cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. We developed propylparaben nanoparticles that are hydrophilic, thus expanding the applicability of parabens to aqueous systems. In this paper we assess the possibility of employing paraben nanoparticles as antimicrobial compound in bone cements. The nanoparticles were embedded in various types of bone cement (poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA], hydroxyapatite, and brushite) and the antimicrobial activity was determined against common causes of postorthopedic surgery infections such as: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Nanoparticles at concentrations as low as 1% w/w in brushite bone cement were capable of preventing pathogens growth, 5% w/w was needed for hydroxyapatite bone cement, while 7% w/w was required for PMMA bone cement. No detrimental effect was determined by the addition of paraben nanoparticles on bone cement compression strength and cytocompatibility. Our results demonstrate that paraben nanoparticles can be encapsulated in bone cement, providing concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity; furthermore, lower concentrations are needed in calcium phosphate (brushite and hydroxyapatite) than in acrylic (PMMA) bone cements. These nanoparticles are effective against a wide spectrum of bacteria, including those already resistant to the antibiotics routinely employed in orthopedic applications, such as gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Perni
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ; Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Victorien Thenault
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pauline Abdo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katrin Margulis
- Casali Institute, Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Institute, Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ; Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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123
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Parabens in 24h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1995 to 2012. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:666-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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124
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Berger E, Potouridis T, Haeger A, Püttmann W, Wagner M. Effect-directed identification of endocrine disruptors in plastic baby teethers. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1254-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Berger
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Germany
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg; Research Institute and Natural History Museum; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Theodoros Potouridis
- Department Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Geosciences and Geography; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Germany
| | | | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Department Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Geosciences and Geography; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Germany
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125
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Vélez MP, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD. Female exposure to phenols and phthalates and time to pregnancy: the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:1011-1020.e2. [PMID: 25681860 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the potential effect of bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TCS), and phthalates on women's fecundity, as measured by time to pregnancy (TTP). DESIGN Pregnancy-based retrospective TTP study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) A total of 2,001 women during the first trimester of pregnancy recruited between 2008 and 2011 (the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study), with 1,742 women included in the BPA analysis, 1,699 in the TCS analysis, and 1,597 in the phthalates analysis. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Fecundability odds ratios (FORs) estimated using the Cox model modified for discrete time data. RESULT(S) The BPA concentrations were not statistically significantly associated with diminished fecundity either in crude or adjusted models. Women in the highest quartile of TCS (>72 ng/mL) had evidence of decreased fecundity (FOR 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.97) compared with the three lower quartiles as the reference group. Exposure to phthalates was suggestive of a shorter TTP, as indicated by FORs greater than 1, although the 95% confidence interval always included 1. CONCLUSION(S) Elevated TCS exposure may be associated with diminished fecundity. BPA and phthalates showed no negative impact; on the contrary, some phthalates might be associated with a shorter time to pregnancy. A major limitation of the study was that only one measurement of exposure was available for each woman after conception. Further research is necessary to test these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Vélez
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William D Fraser
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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126
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Jiménez-Díaz I, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros O, Navalón A. Analytical methods for the determination of personal care products in human samples: An overview. Talanta 2014; 129:448-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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127
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Stoffmonographie für Parabene – Referenzwerte für Parabene im Urin von Erwachsenen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-014-2055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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128
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Kolšek K, Gobec M, Mlinarič Raščan I, Sollner Dolenc M. Screening of bisphenol A, triclosan and paraben analogues as modulators of the glucocorticoid and androgen receptor activities. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:8-15. [PMID: 25192815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A homeostasis of the glucocorticoid and androgen endocrine system is essential to human health. Their disturbance can lead to various diseases, for example cardiovascular, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, infertility, cancer. Fifteen widely used industrial chemicals that disrupt endocrine activity were selected for evaluation of potential (anti)glucocorticoid and (anti)androgenic activities. The human breast carcinoma MDA-kb2 cell line was utilized for reporter gene assays, since it expresses both the androgen and the glucocorticoid-responsive reporter. Two new antiandrogens, 4,4'-sulfonylbis(2-methylphenol) (dBPS) and 4,4'-thiodiphenol (THIO), and two new antiglucocorticoids, bisphenol Z and its analog bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl] sulfone (BHEPS) were identified. Moreover, four new glucocorticoid agonists (methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and bisphenol F) were found. To elucidate the structure-activity relationship of bisphenols, we performed molecular docking experiments with androgen and glucocorticoid receptor. These docking experiments had shown that bulky structures such as BHEPS and bisphenol Z act as antiglucocorticoid, because they are positioned toward helix H12 in the antagonist conformation and could therefore be responsible for H12 conformational change and the switch between agonistic and antagonistic conformation of receptor. On the other hand smaller structures cannot interact with H12. The results of in vitro screening of fifteen industrial chemicals as modulators of the glucocorticoid and androgen receptor activities demand additional in vivo testing of these chemicals for formulating any relevant hazard identification to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katra Kolšek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Marija Sollner Dolenc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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129
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MacIsaac JK, Gerona R, Blanc PD, Apatira L, Friesen M, Coppolino M, Janssen S. Health care worker exposures to the antibacterial agent triclosan. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56:834-9. [PMID: 25099409 PMCID: PMC4133120 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to quantify absorption of triclosan, a potential endocrine disruptor, in health care workers with occupational exposure to soap containing this chemical. METHODS A cross-sectional convenience sample of two groups of 38 health care workers at separate inpatient medical centers: hospital 1 uses 0.3% triclosan soap in all patient care areas; hospital 2 does not use triclosan-containing products. Additional exposure to triclosan-containing personal care products was assessed through a structured questionnaire. Urine triclosan was quantified and the occupational contribution estimated through regression modeling. RESULTS Occupational exposure accounted for an incremental triclosan burden of 206 ng/mL (P = 0.02), while triclosan-containing toothpaste use was associated with 146 ng/mL higher levels (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Use of triclosan-containing antibacterial soaps in health care settings represents a substantial and potentially biologically relevant source of occupational triclosan exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. MacIsaac
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
- Former Consultant to the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
| | - Roy Gerona
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul D. Blanc
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew Friesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Sarah Janssen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- Former Senior Scientist, Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
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130
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Liscio C, Abdul-Sada A, Al-Salhi R, Ramsey MH, Hill EM. Methodology for profiling anti-androgen mixtures in river water using multiple passive samplers and bioassay-directed analyses. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 57:258-269. [PMID: 24726995 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals in surface waters is challenging as they comprise a variety of structures which are often present at nanomolar concentrations and are temporally highly variable. Hence, a holistic passive sampling approach can be an efficient technique to overcome these limitations. In this study, a combination of 4 different passive samplers used for sampling polar (POCIS Apharm and POCIS Bpesticide) and apolar compounds (LDPE low density polyethylene membranes, and silicone strips) were used to profile anti-androgenic activity present in river water contaminated by a wastewater effluent. Extracts of passive samplers were analysed using HPLC fractionation in combination with an in vitro androgen receptor antagonist screen (YAS). Anti-androgenic activity was detected in extracts from silicone strips and POCIS A/B at (mean ± SD) 1.1 ± 0.1 and 0.55 ± 0.06 mg flutamide standard equivalents/sampler respectively, but was not detected in LDPE sampler extracts. POCIS samplers revealed higher selectivity for more polar anti-androgenic HPLC fractions compared with silicone strips. Over 31 contaminants were identified which showed inhibition of YAS activity and were potential anti-androgens, and these included fungicides, germicides, flame retardants and pharmaceuticals. This study reveals that passive sampling, using a combination of POCIS A and silicone samplers, is a promising tool for screening complex mixture of anti-androgenic contaminants present in surface waters, with the potential to identify new and emerging structures with endocrine disrupting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Liscio
- University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Raghad Al-Salhi
- University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Michael H Ramsey
- University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK.
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131
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Witorsch RJ. Critical analysis of endocrine disruptive activity of triclosan and its relevance to human exposure through the use of personal care products. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:535-55. [PMID: 24897554 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.910754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the mammalian and human literature pertaining to the potential endocrine disruptive effects of triclosan (TCS). Dietary exposure to TCS consistently produces a dose-dependent decrease in serum thyroxine (T4) in rats without any consistent change in TSH or triiodothyronine (T3). Human studies reveal no evidence that the TCS exposure through personal care product use affects the thyroid system. TCS binds to both androgen and estrogen receptors in vitro with low affinity and evokes diverse responses (e.g., agonist, antagonist, or none) in steroid receptor transfected cell-based reporter assays. Two of three studies in rats have failed to show that TCS exposure suppresses male reproductive function in vivo. Three of four studies have failed to show that TCS possesses estrogenic (or uterotrophic) activity in rats. However, two studies reported that, while TCS lacks estrogenic activity, it can amplify the action of estrogen in vivo. The in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiologic studies reviewed herein show little evidence that TCS adversely affects gestation or postpartum development of offspring. Furthermore, previously reported toxicity testing in a variety of mammalian species shows little evidence that TCS adversely affects thyroid function, male and female reproductive function, gestation, or postpartum development of offspring. Finally, doses of TCS reported to produce hypothyroxinemia, and occasional effects on male and female reproduction, gestation, and offspring in animal studies are several orders of magnitude greater than the estimated exposure levels of TCS in humans. Overall, little evidence exists that TCS exposure through personal care product use presents a risk of endocrine disruptive adverse health effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J Witorsch
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
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132
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Błędzka D, Gromadzińska J, Wąsowicz W. Parabens. From environmental studies to human health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 67:27-42. [PMID: 24657492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are a group of substances commonly employed as preservatives, mainly in personal care products, pharmaceuticals and food. Scientific reports concerning their endocrine disrupting potential and the possible link with breast cancer raised wide discussion about parabens' impact and safety. This paper provides holistic overview of paraben usage, occurrence in the environment, methods of their degradation and removal from aqueous solution, as well as hazards related to their endocrine disrupting potential and possible involvement in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Błędzka
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Gromadzińska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348 Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wąsowicz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348 Łódź, Poland
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133
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Histological study of adult male rat seminiferous tubules following triclosan administration and the possible protective role of pomegranate juice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000446590.49937.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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134
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Ma D, Chen L, Zhu X, Li F, Liu C, Liu R. Assessment of combined antiandrogenic effects of binary parabens mixtures in a yeast-based reporter assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6482-6494. [PMID: 24469767 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To date, toxicological studies of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have typically focused on single chemical exposures and associated effects. However, exposure to EDCs mixtures in the environment is common. Antiandrogens represent a group of EDCs, which draw increasing attention due to their resultant demasculinization and sexual disruption of aquatic organisms. Although there are a number of in vivo and in vitro studies investigating the combined effects of antiandrogen mixtures, these studies are mainly on selected model compounds such as flutamide, procymidone, and vinclozolin. The aim of the present study is to investigate the combined antiandrogenic effects of parabens, which are widely used antiandrogens in industrial and domestic commodities. A yeast-based human androgen receptor (hAR) assay (YAS) was applied to assess the antiandrogenic activities of n-propylparaben (nPrP), iso-propylparaben (iPrP), methylparaben (MeP), and 4-n-pentylphenol (PeP), as well as the binary mixtures of nPrP with each of the other three antiandrogens. All of the four compounds could exhibit antiandrogenic activity via the hAR. A linear interaction model was applied to quantitatively analyze the interaction between nPrP and each of the other three antiandrogens. The isoboles method was modified to show the variation of combined effects as the concentrations of mixed antiandrogens were changed. Graphs were constructed to show isoeffective curves of three binary mixtures based on the fitted linear interaction model and to evaluate the interaction of the mixed antiandrogens (synergism or antagonism). The combined effect of equimolar combinations of the three mixtures was also considered with the nonlinear isoboles method. The main effect parameters and interaction effect parameters in the linear interaction models of the three mixtures were different from zero. The results showed that any two antiandrogens in their binary mixtures tended to exert equal antiandrogenic activity in the linear concentration ranges. The antiandrogenicity of the binary mixture and the concentration of nPrP were fitted to a sigmoidal model if the concentrations of the other antiandrogens (iPrP, MeP, and PeP) in the mixture were lower than the AR saturation concentrations. Some concave isoboles above the additivity line appeared in all the three mixtures. There were some synergistic effects of the binary mixture of nPrP and MeP at low concentrations in the linear concentration ranges. Interesting, when the antiandrogens concentrations approached the saturation, the interaction between chemicals were antagonistic for all the three mixtures tested. When the toxicity of the three mixtures was assessed using nonlinear isoboles, only antagonism was observed for equimolar combinations of nPrP and iPrP as the concentrations were increased from the no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) to effective concentration of 80%. In addition, the interactions were changed from synergistic to antagonistic as effective concentrations were increased in the equimolar combinations of nPrP and MeP, as well as nPrP and PeP. The combined effects of three binary antiandrogens mixtures in the linear ranges were successfully evaluated by curve fitting and isoboles. The combined effects of specific binary mixtures varied depending on the concentrations of the chemicals in the mixtures. At low concentrations in the linear concentration ranges, there was synergistic interaction existing in the binary mixture of nPrP and MeP. The interaction tended to be antagonistic as the antiandrogens approached saturation concentrations in mixtures of nPrP with each of the other three antiandrogens. The synergistic interaction was also found in the equimolar combinations of nPrP and MeP, as well as nPrP and PeP, at low concentrations with another method of nonlinear isoboles. The mixture activities of binary antiandrogens had a tendency towards antagonism at high concentrations and synergism at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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135
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Kolšek K, Mavri J, Sollner Dolenc M, Gobec S, Turk S. Endocrine disruptome--an open source prediction tool for assessing endocrine disruption potential through nuclear receptor binding. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1254-67. [PMID: 24628082 DOI: 10.1021/ci400649p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the endocrine disruption potential of compounds is a daunting but essential task. Here we report a new tool for this purpose that we have termed Endocrine Disruptome. It is a free and simple-to-use Web service that runs on an open source platform called Docking interface for Target Systems (DoTS). The molecular docking is handled via AutoDock Vina. Compounds are docked to 18 integrated and well-validated crystal structures of 14 different human nuclear receptors: androgen receptor; estrogen receptors α and β; glucocorticoid receptor; liver X receptors α and β; mineralocorticoid receptor; peroxisome proliferator activated receptors α, β/δ, and γ; progesterone receptor; retinoid X receptor α; and thyroid receptors α and β. Endocrine Disruptome is free of charge and available at http://endocrinedisruptome.ki.si.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katra Kolšek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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136
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Development of a multi-preservative method based on solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for cosmetic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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137
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Tefre de Renzy-Martin K, Frederiksen H, Christensen JS, Boye Kyhl H, Andersson AM, Husby S, Barington T, Main KM, Jensen TK. Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women to phthalates, parabens and phenols. Reproduction 2014; 147:443-53. [PMID: 24282315 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many phthalates, parabens and phenols are suspected to have endocrine-disrupting properties in humans. They are found in consumer products, including food wrapping, cosmetics and building materials. The foetus is particularly vulnerable and exposure to these chemicals therefore is of concern for pregnant women. We investigated current exposure to several commonly used phthalates, parabens and phenols in healthy, pregnant Danish women. A total of 200 spot urine samples were collected between 8 and 30 weeks of gestation and analysed for metabolites of ten phenols, seven parabens and 16 phthalate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry representing 26 non-persistent compounds. The majority of analytes were present in the urine sample collected from most women who participated. Thus, in 174 of the 200 women, metabolites of more than 13 (>50%) of 26 compounds were detected simultaneously. The number of compounds detected per woman (either as the parent compound or its metabolite(s)) ranged from 7 to 21 with a median of 16. The majority of compounds correlated positively with each other within and between chemical groups, suggesting combined exposure sources. Estimated daily intakes (DIs) of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) were below their individual tolerable DI (TDI) and with hazard quotients below 1. In conclusion, we found detectable levels of phthalate metabolites, parabens and phenols in almost all pregnant women, suggesting combined multiple exposures. Although the estimated DI of phthalates and BPA for an individual was below TDI, our results still raise concern, as current toxicological risk assessments in humans do not take into account simultaneous exposure. The true cumulative risk for the foetus may therefore be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Tefre de Renzy-Martin
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Section 5064, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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138
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Zhang L, Dong L, Ding S, Qiao P, Wang C, Zhang M, Zhang L, Du Q, Li Y, Tang N, Chang B. Effects of n-butylparaben on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis through changed E₂ levels in male rat offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:705-717. [PMID: 24607685 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used as antibacterial agents, which are concerned recently in the relationship between the use of parabens and reproductive toxicity. So that reassessment of the risk of parabens is needed. In this study, one of parabens, n-butylparaben (n-BP) was orally administered to pregnant Wistar rats (0, 64, 160, 400 and 1000 mg/kg/day) from gestation day (GD) 7 through postnatal day (PND) 21. Reduced anogenital distance (AGD) and delayed preputial separation (PPS) were observed in the male offspring. The weights of the testes were significantly reduced at PND 21-90. The weights of the epididymides were significantly reduced at all monitoring points, except PND 35. Seminal vesicle weights were significantly reduced on PND 21. Serum testosterone (T) was significantly decreased, especially on PND 49. The levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) showed an increase at each of the tested points except on PND 180. Serum luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in the n-BP treated groups were lower on PND 21, 35 and 49 but elevated on PND 90 compared to control levels. n-BP reduced epididymal cauda sperm counts and daily sperm production in a dose-dependent manner; this difference was statistically significant at exposure groups of 400 and 1000 mg/kg/day. The present study strongly suggests that exposure to n-BP in utero and during lactation has adverse effects on the reproductive system in male offspring, with a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 160 mg/kg/day. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports increased E2 levels of male rats following n-BP exposure; we suggest that E2 levels may be considered as biomarkers for some endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Li Dong
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Sijin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Peihuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chong Wang
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Qingcheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yimin Li
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Bing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
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139
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Axelstad M, Boberg J, Vinggaard AM, Christiansen S, Hass U. Triclosan exposure reduces thyroxine levels in pregnant and lactating rat dams and in directly exposed offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:534-40. [PMID: 23831729 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid disrupting chemicals can potentially disrupt brain development. Two studies investigating the effect of the antibacterial compound triclosan on thyroxine (T₄) levels in rats are reported. In the first, Wistar rat dams were gavaged with 75, 150 or 300 mg triclosan/kg bw/day throughout gestation and lactation. Total T₄ serum levels were measured in dams and offspring, and all doses of triclosan significantly lowered T₄ in dams, but no significant effects on T₄ levels were seen in the offspring at the end of the lactation period. Since this lack of effect could be due to minimal exposure through maternal milk, a second study using direct per oral pup exposure from postnatal day 3-16 to 50 or 150 mg triclosan/kg bw/day was performed. This exposure pointed to significant T₄ reductions in 16 day old offspring in both dose groups. These results corroborate previous studies showing that in rats lactational transfer of triclosan seems limited. Since an optimal study design for testing potential developmental neurotoxicants in rats, should include exposure during both the pre- and postnatal periods of brain development, we suggest that in the case of triclosan, direct dosing of pups may be the best way to obtain that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Axelstad
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Søborg, Denmark.
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140
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Watanabe Y, Kojima H, Takeuchi S, Uramaru N, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Comparative study on transcriptional activity of 17 parabens mediated by estrogen receptor α and β and androgen receptor. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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141
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Zhang Z, Sun L, Hu Y, Jiao J, Hu J. Inverse antagonist activities of parabens on human oestrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ): In vitro and in silico studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 270:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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142
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Ma D, Chen L, Lui R. Decrease of antiandrogenic activity in gray water and domestic wastewater treated by the MBR process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:668-676. [PMID: 23738366 DOI: 10.1039/c3em30737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to figure out the variation of the androgens/antiandrogens in wastewater treatment, androgenic/antiandrogenic activities were investigated in two membrane bioreactors (MBR) treating gray water and domestic wastewater, respectively, in Beijing city, China. The androgens and antiandrogens were extracted from water and solid samples by a solid phase extraction (SPE) method and the androgenic/antiandrogenic activities were detected with a recombined androgen receptor (AR) yeast assay. The results showed that there were no androgenic induction activities either in water or in solid samples, but all samples exhibited obvious antiandrogenic activities. The antiandrogenic activities in the suspended solids contributed to 27.4% of the total antiandrogenic activities in gray water and 37.7% in domestic wastewater. Although the concentration of flutamide equivalent (FEQ) of the domestic wastewater (3.1 mg L(-1)) was about three times higher than that of the gray water (1.1 mg L-(1)) in the liquid phase, the effluent FEQ of the two processes was comparable, and the concentrations were 53.7 ± 2.4 μg L(-1) and 68.9 ± 6.0 μg L(-1), respectively. By mass balance analysis, a total of 1825.2 mg FEQ antiandrogens flowed into the gray water and 4914.1 mg flowed into the domestic wastewater treatment process every day. More than 95% of the influent antiandrogens in the liquid phase was removed in both systems. And only 64.5 mg and 69.0 mg FEQ antiandrogens flowed out of gray water and domestic wastewater treatment processes every day. Biodegradation was considered to be the crucial antiandrogen removal mechanism in MBR, which contributed to 98% of the antiandrogen removal in the gray water treatment plant, and 91% in the domestic wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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143
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Shirai S, Suzuki Y, Yoshinaga J, Shiraishi H, Mizumoto Y. Urinary excretion of parabens in pregnant Japanese women. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 35:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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144
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Hontela A, Habibi HR. Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: A Case Study on the Effects of Triclosan in Fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398254-4.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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145
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James MO, Marth CJ, Rowland-Faux L. Slow O-demethylation of methyl triclosan to triclosan, which is rapidly glucuronidated and sulfonated in channel catfish liver and intestine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 124-125:72-82. [PMID: 22926334 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial personal care product triclosan is discharged in municipal waste, and converted in part by bacteria in sewage sludge and soil to its more lipid-soluble methyl ether, methyl triclosan. Triclosan and methyl triclosan have been detected in water, sediment, fish and invertebrates near sewage treatment facilities. Understanding the biotransformation of methyl triclosan and triclosan in a model food fish, the channel catfish, will be of value in assessing the likelihood that these compounds will bioaccumulate in exposed fish, and therefore potentially pass up the food chain. We hypothesize that cytochrome P450 will catalyze the O-demethylation of methyl triclosan to yield triclosan, which is likely to undergo glucuronidation or sulfonation of the phenolic hydroxyl group. Conversion of methyl triclosan to triclosan was measured by LC/MS/MS following aerobic incubation of varying concentrations of methyl triclosan with NADPH and hepatic and intestinal microsomes from untreated, 3-methylcholanthrene-treated (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or PCB-126-treated (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) channel catfish (n=4 per treatment group). The K(m) values for methyl triclosan were similar for untreated, 3-methylcholanthrene-treated and PCB-126-treated catfish liver microsomes, ranging from 80 to 250 μM. V(max) values for O-demethylation ranged from 30 to 150 pmol/min/mg protein, with no significant differences between controls, PCB-126-treated or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated fish, suggesting that methyl triclosan O-demethylation was not a CYP1-catalyzed reaction. Methyl triclosan O-demethylation activities in intestinal microsomes were similar to or lower than those found with liver microsomes. The calculated rate of O-demethylation of methyl triclosan in catfish liver at 1 μM, a concentration reported in exposed fish, and 21°C, an early summer water temperature, is 0.10 pmol/min/mg protein. This slow rate of metabolism suggests that upon continued exposure, methyl triclosan may bioaccumulate in the channel catfish. Triclosan itself, however, was readily glucuronidated by hepatic and intestinal microsomes and sulfonated by hepatic and intestinal cytosol. Triclosan glucuronidation followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics when rates were measured across a concentration range of 5-1000 μM, whereas triclosan sulfonation exhibited substrate inhibition at concentrations above 10-20 μM in both intestinal and hepatic cytosol. Based on the enzyme kinetic constants measured in hepatic and intestinal fractions at 21°C, triclosan at 1 μM could be glucuronidated at rates of 23 and 3.2 pmol/min/mg protein respectively in liver and intestine, and sulfonated at rates of 277 (liver) and 938 (intestine) pmol/min/mg protein. These rates are much higher than the rates of demethylation of methyl triclosan, and suggest that triclosan would be rapidly cleared and unlikely to bioaccumulate in catfish tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States.
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146
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147
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Katsiadaki I, Sanders MB, Henrys PA, Scott AP, Matthiessen P, Pottinger TG. Field surveys reveal the presence of anti-androgens in an effluent-receiving river using stickleback-specific biomarkers. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 122-123:75-85. [PMID: 22743050 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess whether the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other substances from a Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTW) effluent (receiving water: R. Ray, Swindon, UK) by granular activated carbon (GAC) affected biomarkers of exposure to EDCs [vitellogenin (VTG) and spiggin] in male and female three-spined sticklebacks in the receiving water. A nearby river (R. Ock), with a negligible effluent loading, was used as a control. On each river fish were sampled from four sites on five occasions both before and after remediation of the WWTW effluent. The results show for the first time in a UK field study a clear seasonality of blood VTG concentrations in wild male fish, following closely the VTG profile in female fish from both rivers. VTG levels in male fish from the R. Ray were significantly reduced after the GAC installation. However, VTG levels in males from the control sites also varied significantly across the same period, reducing the significance of this finding. A laboratory exposure to oestradiol (using site-specific lower and upper levels of oestrogenic activity) failed to elevate VTG concentrations in male sticklebacks suggesting that concentrations in the effluent, even prior to remediation, may not have exceeded a critical sensitivity threshold. Most importantly, a significant increase in female kidney spiggin content (a highly specific biomarker of xeno-androgen exposure) occurred in fish in the R. Ray after the GAC installation to levels comparable with those in fish from the control river. The significance of this finding is strengthened by the fact that during the pre-remediation period in the R. Ray, female spiggin levels increased with increasing distance from the WWTW. Our results provide the first in vivo evidence of the presence of anti-androgens in a UK WWTW effluent. To our knowledge this is the first UK-based comprehensive field study on the effects of a WWTW upgrade on biomarkers of EDC exposure using a sentinel fish species and our findings confirm the value of the stickleback as a model species for studying EDCs both in the laboratory and in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
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148
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Crawford BR, Decatanzaro D. Disruption of blastocyst implantation by triclosan in mice: impacts of repeated and acute doses and combination with bisphenol-A. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:607-13. [PMID: 23059059 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial additive in many personal care and household products, and evidence indicates that it can be estrogenic. As estrogen elevations can disrupt blastocyst implantation, we examined the influence of triclosan on implantation in inseminated mice. Doses of 18 and 27 mg/animal/day (about 523 and 785 mg/kg/day) on gestational days (GD) 1-3 reduced the number of implantation sites on GD 6. Single doses on GD 2 or 3 also reduced implantation sites. Subsequently, we examined triclosan in combination with bisphenol-A (BPA), which also can disrupt implantation. Although doses of 4 mg BPA (122 mg/kg) and 9 mg triclosan (262 mg/kg) on GD 1-3 were individually ineffective, in combination they reduced the number of implantation sites and also increased gestation length. All of these effects mimicked stronger effects of 17β-estradiol. These data are consistent with potential estrogenic properties of triclosan, and show that it can act together with BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent R Crawford
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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149
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Hu P, Chen X, Whitener RJ, Boder ET, Jones JO, Porollo A, Chen J, Zhao L. Effects of parabens on adipocyte differentiation. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:56-70. [PMID: 22956630 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parabens are a group of alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that include methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and benzylparaben. Paraben esters and their salts are widely used as preservatives in cosmetics, toiletries, food, and pharmaceuticals. Humans are exposed to parabens through the use of such products from dermal contact, ingestion, and inhalation. However, research on the effects of parabens on health is limited, and the effects of parabens on adipogenesis have not been systematically studied. Here, we report that (1) parabens promote adipogenesis (or adipocyte differentiation) in murine 3T3-L1 cells, as revealed by adipocyte morphology, lipid accumulation, and mRNA expression of adipocyte-specific markers; (2) the adipogenic potency of parabens is increased with increasing length of the linear alkyl chain in the following potency ranking order: methyl- < ethyl- < propyl- < butylparaben. The extension of the linear alkyl chain with an aromatic ring in benzylparaben further augments the adipogenic ability, whereas 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, the common metabolite of all parabens, and the structurally related benzoic acid (without the OH group) are inactive in promoting 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation; (3) parabens activate glucocorticoid receptor and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes; however, no direct binding to, or modulation of, the ligand binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor by parabens was detected by glucocorticoid receptor competitor assays; and lastly, (4) parabens, butyl- and benzylparaben in particular, also promote adipose conversion of human adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells. Our results suggest that parabens may contribute to obesity epidemic, and the role of parabens in adipogenesis in vivo needs to be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Hu
- Department of Nutrition, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
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150
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Mathews JM, Brown SS, Patel PR, Black SR, Banks TT, Etheridge AS, Fennell TR, Snyder RW, Blystone CR, Waidyanatha S. Metabolism and disposition of [14C]n-butyl-p-hydroxybenzoate in male and female Harlan Sprague Dawley rats following oral administration and dermal application. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:169-81. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.702935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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